All Submission Categories

Previous months:
2007 - 0702(58) - 0703(49) - 0704(4) - 0705(1) - 0706(8) - 0707(2) - 0708(3) - 0709(3) - 0710(1) - 0711(6) - 0712(3)
2008 - 0801(4) - 0802(4) - 0803(1) - 0804(8) - 0805(4) - 0806(1) - 0807(12) - 0808(6) - 0809(3) - 0810(16) - 0811(5) - 0812(9)
2009 - 0901(3) - 0902(7) - 0903(6) - 0904(4) - 0907(49) - 0908(110) - 0909(61) - 0910(66) - 0911(64) - 0912(51)
2010 - 1001(45) - 1002(52) - 1003(246) - 1004(138) - 1005(110) - 1006(67) - 1007(55) - 1008(91) - 1009(71) - 1010(61) - 1011(76) - 1012(51)
2011 - 1101(98) - 1102(55) - 1103(118) - 1104(81) - 1105(40) - 1106(59) - 1107(51) - 1108(46) - 1109(55) - 1110(67) - 1111(109) - 1112(82)
2012 - 1201(97) - 1202(76) - 1203(89) - 1204(88) - 1205(106) - 1206(89) - 1207(97) - 1208(218) - 1209(95) - 1210(154) - 1211(135) - 1212(128)
2013 - 1301(169) - 1302(140) - 1303(192) - 1304(145) - 1305(179) - 1306(197) - 1307(145) - 1308(135) - 1309(183) - 1310(235) - 1311(159) - 1312(197)
2014 - 1401(177) - 1402(137) - 1403(833) - 1404(235) - 1405(312) - 1406(166) - 1407(196) - 1408(206) - 1409(189) - 1410(177) - 1411(455) - 1412(230)
2015 - 1501(221) - 1502(208) - 1503(231) - 1504(206) - 1505(205) - 1506(196) - 1507(192) - 1508(337) - 1509(245) - 1510(439) - 1511(261) - 1512(422)
2016 - 1601(337) - 1602(325) - 1603(350) - 1604(314) - 1605(265) - 1606(288) - 1607(457) - 1608(387) - 1609(371) - 1610(340) - 1611(378) - 1612(380)
2017 - 1701(512) - 1702(286) - 1703(284) - 1704(336) - 1705(382) - 1706(398) - 1707(387) - 1708(445) - 1709(381) - 1710(300) - 1711(355) - 1712(563)
2018 - 1801(370) - 1802(369) - 1803(512) - 1804(421) - 1805(445) - 1806(395) - 1807(458) - 1808(545) - 1809(502) - 1810(400) - 1811(413) - 1812(384)
2019 - 1901(389) - 1902(399) - 1903(451) - 1904(486) - 1905(509) - 1906(450) - 1907(535) - 1908(545) - 1909(554) - 1910(571) - 1911(447) - 1912(453)
2020 - 2001(592) - 2002(519) - 2003(573) - 2004(588) - 2005(247) - 2006(247) - 2007(211) - 2008(197) - 2009(179) - 2010(233) - 2011(189) - 2012(209)
2021 - 2101(164) - 2102(161) - 2103(183) - 2104(155) - 2105(151) - 2106(152) - 2107(153) - 2108(163) - 2109(188) - 2110(161) - 2111(157) - 2112(153)
2022 - 2201(193) - 2202(161) - 2203(165) - 2204(163) - 2205(142) - 2206(146) - 2207(162) - 2208(163) - 2209(161) - 2210(155) - 2211(159) - 2212(207)
2023 - 2301(149) - 2302(139) - 2303(156) - 2304(216) - 2305(167) - 2306(160) - 2307(153) - 2308(203) - 2309(150) - 2310(142) - 2311(148) - 2312(162)
2024 - 2401(146) - 2402(156) - 2403(132)

Recent submissions

Any replacements are listed farther down

[42178] viXra:2403.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-28 19:04:12

Addressing Ten Fingers: a Tool as a Substitute for Human Voice

Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 57 Pages.

Processing combined Japanese Kana characters which are made by PC's Japanese 106 keyboard through a compact speech soft and so on in real time, we emit a sound over a speaker. If we specify speaking speed and pitch pointing a rectangle zone in a display with a head pointer and we send the two items of information to a compact speech soft or an outer interface and sound source, we get a singing sound by artificial voice.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

[42177] viXra:2403.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-28 10:55:47

On the Convergence of the Generalized Collatz Function

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 6 Pages.

The Collatz conjecture, which states that repeated application of the function ( f(n) = begin{cases} n/2, & text{if } n equiv 0 pmod{2} 3n+1, & text{if } n equiv 1 pmod{2} end{cases} ) to any positive integer ( n ) will eventually reach the number 1, has been a long-standing open problem in mathematics. In this paper, we investigate a generalized version of the Collatz function, denoted as ( f(E, T) ), where ( E ) is a positive integer and ( T ) is a fixed positive integer. We prove that for any positive integer ( E ), repeated application of ( f(E, T) ) will eventually lead to an even number. Furthermore, we show that any even number will eventually reach a power of 2 under repeated application of ( f(E, T) ), and once a power of 2 is reached, the sequence will enter the cycle ( 1 ightarrow 4 ightarrow 2 ightarrow 1 ). These results provide new insights into the behavior of the generalized Collatz function and its convergence properties.
Category: Number Theory

[42176] viXra:2403.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-28 19:08:01

A Possible Hypothesis to Alleviate Neijuan (Meaningless Zero-Sum Game)

Authors: Yutong Gao
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In ancient times, humans were able to ascend to the top of the food chain largely due to cooperation in facing natural enemies and collectively extracting food and resources from nature. However, in the present day, it seems that humans no longer have natural adversaries. Consequently, the drive for cooperation has diminished, leading to more frequent competitions among people for resources.Even if resources are sufficient to meet everyone’s basic survival needs, humans still have individual desires for self-fulfillment that surpass mere existence. Competition for status among people is inevitable. However, when this competition becomes meaningless, driven solely by the desire to outperform others, it leads to a phenomenon known as neijuan.Since ranked matches are unavoidable, why not innovate the competition mechanism? Or, to put it another way, let’s introduce a common adversary (the unknown in science, engineering, agriculture, and medicine). Let’s compete based on contributions to natural sciences. Whether it’s investing money, putting in effort, or using our intellect, as long as we break through the boundaries of existing knowledge, we can achieve victory in ranked matches, gaining self-fulfillment, prestige, and substantial profits. Victory will inevitably lead to open discussions, questioning, overturning, rediscovery, and further discussions.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

[42175] viXra:2403.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-28 20:19:55

Weirdness: Quantum Mechanics Versus General Relativity

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The consensus among physicists is that General Relativity, a Classical theory, is a straightforward deterministic theory and Quantum Mechanics is weird. In this paper we present the alternative: for General Relativity, a classical theory in which the Equivalence Principle requires that a free falling frame - a non-inertial frame by definition - is to be considered as an inertial frame, its weirdness principally lies in its indispensable requirement of a space-time coordinate system in a non-Euclidean geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42174] viXra:2403.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-27 20:00:44

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages. In German

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - being searched for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42173] viXra:2403.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-27 02:46:44

A Theory of the Quiescent Proton

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive or quiescent state, after years of effort, using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics, Planck Law, can describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42172] viXra:2403.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-27 19:04:48

Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 20 Pages.

We study the head words of the dictionary, the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary edited by R.S. McGregor, the $62^{nd}$ impression, 2023.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by BW(c=0.01),the magnetisation curve of the Ising Model in the Bragg-Williams approximation in the presence of external magnetic field, H. $c=frac{ H}{gamma epsilon}=0.01$ with $epsilon$ being the strength of coupling between two neighbouring spins in the Ising Model, $gamma$ representing the number of nearest neighbours of a spin, which is very large.
Category: Linguistics

[42171] viXra:2403.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-27 13:28:56

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

QCD has a low-energy footprint that affects electrons, atoms, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon pion condensate dynamics. We propose that electron motion occurs via quark and antiquark flavor waves of electrons and pions condensate gas. We propose that a polarized pion tetrahedrons sphere of about 1.1% of the Bohr radius may cause the hydrogen atom ground state hyperfine energy split. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We expand the electrons and pion tetrahedrons gas model to a virtual cosmological scale box and propose that the pion tetrahedrons condensate density should be added to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42170] viXra:2403.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-27 19:15:58

Attempt at a Proof of Collatz Conjecture

Authors: Ryujin Choi
Comments: 2 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

This is an attempt of a proof of Collatz Conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

[42169] viXra:2403.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-27 19:22:04

Contributions to the Langlands Program

Authors: Romain Viguier
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references as reminded previously - Future non-compliant submission/repalcement will not be accepted!)

This article is a contribution to the Langlands Program.
Category: Number Theory

[42168] viXra:2403.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-26 20:21:09

[On] Cosmogenesis: Initial Stage

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 24 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite scientific references!)

In this paper, I attempt to suggest a model of physical genesis that excludes the idea of the big bang and proposes a different hypothesis. The basic hypothesis attributes to the cosmos a lower limit of density that cannot be be violated, since space collapses when the density reaches that limit.
Category: Classical Physics

[42167] viXra:2403.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-26 21:06:26

The Great Climate Surprise

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite references numerically in the text and list them at the end of the article in the future)

Humanity is radically transforming our biospherewith belching carbon dioxide and other greenhousegases. Beyond our human near future there areclimate surprises ahead for the general population.Climate scientists can calculate and predict muchof what is to happen in future "human time," basedon geological cycles. Modern society will encountera great climate surprise, if any of us are still alive when it arrives.
Category: Climate Research

[42166] viXra:2403.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-25 19:41:46

On the Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 7 Pages.

Essentially, the nonlocality of quantum mechanics is manifested between entangled particles that are far enough apart from each other, such that the measurement of an observable in one of them, for example thespin, is correlated with the other particle. Ruling out the transmission of information between these particles not even at the speed of light. This experimental fact being widely confirmed in all the experiments that havebeen repeated throughout all these years since the thought experiment of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.It is therefore a problem not resolved by quantum mechanics to explain how the cause-effect of correlation can be produced. Quantum mechanics simply accepts experimentalfacts without explaining them.We think that there must be an agent that mediates the cause that produces the effect of the correlation. And this agent, we theorize, must be the structure of space. A space of more than four dimensions and that is totally interconnected or intertwined by the own characteristics of this space and that we will show in this article.Themain fact would be how this space moves at the same time and in all its extension.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42165] viXra:2403.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-25 06:33:09

An Analytical Survey on Differential Privacy

Authors: Priyanshi Thakkar, Nishant Doshi
Comments: 14 Pages.

In the realm of cybersecurity, the preservation of privacy in data analysis processes is of paramount importance. This paper explores the application of privacy-preserving techniques, particularly focusing on the pivotal role of differential privacy. Differential privacy offers a rigorous mathematical framework to quantify privacy guarantees, ensuring that data analysis outcomes do not compromise individual privacy. Amidst escalating concerns surrounding privacy breaches and data vulnerabilities, the adoption of robust privacy-preserving measures becomes imperative. Through an extensive literature review, this paper delves into the theoretical foundations of differential privacy, evaluates its effectiveness in practical applications, and outlines future research directions. By elucidating the potential of this technique, the paper aims to contribute to the advancement of privacy-preserving practices and bolster the overall security posture in the cybersecurity landscape.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42164] viXra:2403.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-25 06:34:03

An Analytical Survey on Security Issues in the IoT

Authors: Priyanshi Thakkar, Nishant Doshi
Comments: 9 Pages.

The Internet of Things (IoT) represents a transformative paradigm shift in technology, enabling the seamless integration of physical objects into the digital realm through internet connectivity. This paper explores the foundational components of IoT, including devices, sensors, and connectivity infrastructure, and examines its wide-ranging applications across industries such as healthcare, smart cities, and manufacturing. While IoT promises unparalleled automation and efficiency, the paramount importance of cybersecurity cannot be overstated. As IoT devices proliferate, the need to safeguard data integrity, confidentiality, and availability becomes increasingly critical. Robust cybersecurity measures are essential to protect against potential threats and vulnerabilities that could compromise sensitive information or grant unauthorized access to interconnected devices. This paper underscores the imperative of prioritizing cybersecurity in IoT deployment to ensure the reliability and trustworthiness of interconnected systems in our increasingly digitized world.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42163] viXra:2403.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-25 19:47:24

Simple Arrangement in Which it is Possible to Arrange the Prime Numbers in Order to Obtain a Range of Occupied Consecutive Positions Greater Than Those Defined by the Legendre Conjecture

Authors: Andrea Berdondini
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Legendre conjecture tells us that there always exists a prime number between ��^2 and (�� + 1)^2. In this article, we will see that it is possible to arrange prime numbers less than or equal to N in order to obtain a consecutive number of occupied positions greater than the interval from ��^2to (�� + 1)^2. It is important to note that this result does not define a counterexample to the Legendre conjecture, but it represents an interesting theoretical result that can help us resolve many of the conjectures regarding the gap between two prime numbers
Category: Number Theory

[42162] viXra:2403.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-25 19:56:36

On AI Governance

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

The concept of AI governance has been developed to promote responsible behavior in the use of artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence can be used for the betterment of mankind, and has proven itself to be very useful in completing a large number of tasks both quickly and efficiently. Sadly, AI can also be used in support of criminal behavior, ranging from the creation and distribution of misinformation to audio and video impersonations. AI governance can be described as a philosophy developed to minimize the misuse of artificial intelligence for unethical and criminal behavior.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42161] viXra:2403.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-24 01:08:31

A Bound for the Isotropic Constant

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 4 Pages.

We obtain a dimension independent bound for the isotropic constants for the convex bodies.
Category: Geometry

[42160] viXra:2403.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-24 22:19:44

Unequal Volumetric and Shear Modulus in Einstein Field Equations

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations))

In the Einstein Field Equations space-time undergoes volumetric and shear deformations due to presence of matter as described by the stress-energy tensor. In the Einstein field equations the modulus associated to those two type of deformations is identical. In this paper we show that, in case this assumption is removed, proper solutions for the space-time metric can still be derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42159] viXra:2403.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-23 00:16:13

Addendum to "The Feynman-Dyson Propagators for Neutral Particles (Locality or Non-Locality)?"*

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We answer several questions of the referees and readers arised after publication of the commented article. Moreover, we see that is impossible to consider correct relativistic quantum mechanics without negative energies, tachyons, and without appropriate forms of discrete symmetries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42158] viXra:2403.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-23 20:42:01

Unication of Electric and Gravitational Interaction in Classical Physics

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper challenges the quantum-focused search for a unified theory of fundamental interactions by exploring the potential unification of electric and gravitational forces within classical physics. Highlighting the similarities between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, it suggests that signs of unification should be observable on a acroscopic scale. The concept of gravitomagnetic fields, akin to magnetic fields in electromagnetism, is introduced, supported by experimental evidence from rotating masses and a notable experiment with a superconducting disk. This experiment hinted at the generation of a powerful gravitomagnetic field, suggesting a gravitational analogue to electromagnetic phenomena. The discussion extends to gravitational synchrotron radiation, proposing that celestial bodies in orbit emit this radiation, influencing their orbital dynamics. This concept is used to explain the observed mergers of black holes and neutron stars detected by gravitational wave observatories, framing these events as influenced by gravitational waves rather than spacetime vibrations. A central argument for unification is the treatment of rest mass as the true invariant gravitational charge, challenging the current understanding of black holes and suggesting they are states of matter with finite density without traditional event horizons. The paper concludes with a reevaluation of the Schwarzschild radius and event horizons, proposing thought experiments that question established interpretations and advocate for a classical physics approach to unifying gravitational and electric interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42157] viXra:2403.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-23 20:41:36

The Double-Slit Experiment is not as Mysterious

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper presents a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics, specifically addressing the mysteries of wave-particle duality and the collapse of the wave function upon measurement. It challenges the notion that consciousness affects wave function collapse, proposing instead that nature inherently performs continuous, observer-independent measurements. The author argues for a universe that operates on a discrete, pixelated spacetime, contradicting traditional views of continuous mo- dels. This is based on the idea that the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics implies a digital, computational framework for the universe, termed the "Random Machine."The concept of the "Random Machine" is applied to explain quantum phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment and entanglement, suggesting that these events are determined by computational processes rather than physical properties. By reinterpreting these foundational experiments, the paper advocates for an indeterministic quantum universe, where events are outcomes of randomly made choices.This approach redefines the understanding of quantum mechanics, proposing a shift from deterministic interpretations to a model where quantum events are dictated by a cosmic random mechanism. The manuscript offers significant implications for the conceptual underpinnings of quantum physics, advocating for a reconsideration of the nature of reality as fundamentally computational.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42156] viXra:2403.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 00:40:46

The Dharmasastra and Modern Law

Authors: Sunil Sondhi
Comments: 25 Pages. Indian concept of Dharma and the Dharmasastra texts constotuent the foundation of Indian tradition of law and jurisprudence.

In India, the social and cultural concepts of law that emerge out of the several frames of reference in the Veda, Dharmasastra, the constituent assembly debates and the judicial decisions, enable us to view the law in an integrative perspective that is closer to Indian cultural tradition. The value of such historical and sociological approach lies in its unifying vision of the social, cultural and positivist aspects of the concepts of law in Indian tradition. A juridical system that does not correspond to the social and cultural sensitivities of a society can not be owned by the people as their system but will be seen as something foreign and imposed. Without a conducive social and cultural conceptualization mere formal law cannot create willing legal and moral obligation. A holistic concept of law including both ethical and legal perspectives seems to provide a more realistic picture of Indian legal tradition.
Category: Social Science

[42155] viXra:2403.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 20:35:03

Emulation of Quantum BP Neural Network using Python

Authors: Ki Song Kim, UiSong Hwang, SongHak Hong, HyonSok Han, YongChol Jang
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recently, the Quantum Neural Network(QNN) is the newly appeared discipline by combining the quantum computing theory and neural network attracts attention. As a matter of fact, the quantum artificial intelligence is no more than the beginning, however the theoretical research and analysis have already been developed for the quantum associative storage, quantum state superposition and quantum parallel learning, etc, in the quantum computing ranges in the world, so the theoretical basis has been laid for development of the quantum neural computing. In this paper, we described a simulation method of quantum BP neural network constructed with multiple Control-NOT(CNOT) gates in the "Jupyter lab" using python language. This QNN consist of the multiple CNOT gates and phase control gates, and is emulated with the sequence quantum steps in the emulator. In this work, we simulated this QNN using MNIST database, and have got the same results in accuracy as the classical neural network.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42154] viXra:2403.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 07:37:28

Advanced Continued Fraction Approximations and Bounds for the Gamma Function and the Generalized Wallis

Authors: YunJong Kang, HyonChol Kim HyonChol Kang, Kwang Ri
Comments: 26 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a main method for construction of continued fraction based on a given power series using Euler connection. Then we establish very innovative results in continued fraction approximation for the Gamma function as applications of our method. Also new continued fraction bounds for the Gamma function are obtained. Finally new continued fraction approximations and bounds for Wallis ratio are established.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42153] viXra:2403.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 07:40:12

Public-Key Certificate Verification Method by Tree-List Structure

Authors: Sin Chol-Nam, Ri Kuk-Jin, Cha Hung-Dok
Comments: 14 Pages.

Certificate verification and revocation are important aspects of public-key infrastructures (PKI). This paper presents the Tree-List Certificate Verification (TLCV) scheme, which uses a novel tree-list structure to provide efficient digital certificate verification. Under this scheme, users in a public-key infrastructure are partitioned into clusters and a separate blacklist of revoked certificates is maintained for each cluster. The verification proof for each cluster’s blacklist comes in the form of a hash path and a digital signature. An algorithm to derive an optimal number of clusters that minimizes the TLCV response size was described. The characteristics of TLCV were examined. Simulations were carried out to compare TLCV against a few other schemes and the performance metrics that were examined include computational overhead, network bandwidth, overall user delay and storage overhead. In general, we find that TLCV performs relatively well against the other schemes in most aspects.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42152] viXra:2403.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 09:03:08

Proving & Teaching Beal Conjecture

Authors: A. A. Frempong
Comments: 8 Pages. Copyright © by A. A. Frempong

By applying basic mathematical principles, the author surely, and instructionally, proves, directly, the original Beal conjecture which states that if A^x + B^y = C^z, where A, B, C, x, y, z are positive integers and x, y, z > 2, then A, B and C have a common prime factor. One will let r, s, and t be prime factors of A, B and C, respectively, such that A = Dr, B = Es, C = Ft, where D, E, and F are positive integers. Then, the equation A^x + B^y = C^z becomes D^xr^x + E^ys^y = F^zt^z. The proof would be complete after showing that the equalities, r^x = t^x, s^y = t^y and r = s = t, are true. More formally, the conjectured equality, r^x = t^x would be true if and only if (r^x /t^x) =1; and the conjectured equality s^y = t^y would be true if and only if (s^y/ t^y) = 1. These conjectures would be proved in the Beal conjecture proof. The main principle for obtaining relationships between the prime factors on the left side of the equation and the prime factor on the right side of the equation is that the power of each prime factor on the left side of the equation equals the same power of the prime factor on the right side of the equation. High school students can learn and prove this conjecture for a bonus question on a final class exam.
Category: Number Theory

[42151] viXra:2403.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 20:41:09

On the Contraction Effect of Objects in the Time Expansion Effect: Experimental Verification

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 3 Pages.

Relativity theory discusses the effects of velocity time expansion and gravity time expansion. This article will verify through experiments that when an object generates the time expansion effect, its volume will undergo all-round contraction simultaneously, that is, the object contraction effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42150] viXra:2403.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 14:35:57

Leveraging Generative AI Models To Enhance Cloud Security Threat Detection

Authors: Yemi Adetuwo
Comments: 18 Pages.

As organizations increasingly adopt cloud services for storing and processing sensitive data, the need for robust cloud security threat detection mechanisms becomes paramount. This research paper explores the application of large language models (LLMs) in the context of cloud security threat detection. Building upon the growing demand for robust cybersecurity measures in cloud environments, this study investigates the use-cases and practical implications of integrating LLMs to support threat detection capabilities. Log analysis, natural language processing (NLP) for security alerts, threat intelligence analysis, and social engineering detection were identified as key areas where LLMs can significantly enhance cloud security threat detection. While acknowledging the potential of LLMs to enhance threat detection, this paperemphasizes their role as complementary tools toexisting techniques, such as cloud SOC (securityoperations center), anomaly detection, networkmonitoring, and user behaviour analytics.Considerations pertaining to ethics, data privacy, and transparency are also discussed to ensure responsible deployment and usage of LLMs in cybersecurity.Through an extensive review of relevant literature,providing practical examples, and offering expertanalysis, this research paper not only sheds light on the potential of LLMs for cloud security threat detection but also delivers actionable recommendations for practitioners and organizations seeking to integrate LLMs effectively into their existing security infrastructure. The findings presented in this study contribute to the advancement of AI-driven cybersecurity and lay the groundwork for further research and development in this critical domain.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42149] viXra:2403.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 17:49:47

Elementary Matrix Algorithm of Order 3

Authors: Ruslan Pozinkevych
Comments: 3 Pages. The author analyzes algorithm for 3 component vector bases

The aim of our research is to establish relationship between linearly independent vectors and the R^3 Space The means for that are going to be taken from Balanced Ternary analysis e.g triplets with entries (-1,0,1) This is not going to be any specific vector, for instance (-1,0,1) It’s going to be rather a Coordinate system with 8 quadrants and directional vectors The novelty of the proposed research lies in the fact that unlike traditional Cartesian system-vector basis our system uses 8 vectors which are at the same time a polyvector
Category: Number Theory

[42148] viXra:2403.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-22 20:46:45

Spin Glass Theory and the Statistical Mechanics of Language Models

Authors: Eliza Kosloff
Comments: 3 Pages.

The recent success of large language models (LLMs) in artificial intelligence has drawn significant attention from the machine learning community. However, the theoretical foundations of these models remain poorly understood. In this paper, we explore the deep connections between LLMs and spin glass theory, a well-established framework in statistical physics. We show how key concepts from spin glasses, such as frustration, random interactions, and phase transitions, can provide a powerful lens for understanding the behavior of LLMs. We argue that this interdisciplinary perspective can facilitate knowledge transfer between the machine learning and physics communities, leading to novel insights and algorithmic improvements.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42147] viXra:2403.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 20:16:15

Energy-Space-Time Plateau-Rayleigh Instability, Quantum Phenomenon & the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: George Coman
Comments: 17 Pages.

In general, fluids in motion or at rest tend to minimize their surface area due to their surface tension. It is shown that kinetic energy flow through space-time experience the same Plateau-Rayleigh instability observed in fluid dynamics. Energy, space-time act like fluids, and the space-time reaction to the energy action is the equivalent of an interface tension between energy and space-time. Energy cannot continuously flow through space-time due to an energy-space-time Plateau-Rayleigh instability, space-time compression (contraction) on kinetic energy direction of motion induces an energy wave like motion (a space-time compression wave acting as kinetic energy waveguide), the particle or energy packet must follow when moving through space-time, the reason for the observed wave-particle duality. Quantum phenomenon is simply a consequence of the space-time compression on kinetic energy direction of motion. Kinetic energy and space-time are fluids and energy quanta can reach a critical point when energy quanta can change from linear to circular motion and assume a spherically symmetrical shape (the minimum surface area possible to minimize the tension at the space-time energy interface ) and so it condensates as mass energy. It is shown that energy quanta to mass transformation occurs via Plateau—Rayleigh energy-space-time instability and it is governed by an energy-space-time Young-Laplace equation. Electric field lines are described as space contraction energy shock waves induced by a dynamic space-time phase transition at maximum kinetic energy-space-time interface tension which is the "charge". Space-time always reacts to the presence of energy and that reaction is the interface tension at the energy-space-time boundary : gravitational & electric energy fields are consequences of energy-space-time interface tension ( at either rest or kinetic energy boundary ) also governed by an energy-space-time instability Young-Laplace equation. Gravitational constant G and the fine structure constant ∝ are respectively, the energy interface fields interaction constants. The Strong force is a consequence of a direct contact between the nucleon's energy-space-time interface tension fields and has no interaction constant. The range and variation in the strength of the Strong force is due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42146] viXra:2403.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 02:28:00

Negation of Atanassov’s Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets from the Perspective of Maximum Entropy

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 15 Pages.

In fuzzy systems, how to represent uncertainty is a crucial research topic. Negation is an inherent characteristic of knowledge, and it provides a brand-new perspective of solving problems from the opposite of the events. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs), as a generalization of the fuzzy sets, have the ability to better express fuzzy information. However, since the existing methods have not completely broken through the constraints of the first (classical) negation and inconsistent calculation standards, IFSs still have limitations in expressing uncertainty. To address this issue, and strengthen the performance of fuzzy systems to represent uncertain information, this paper proposed a novel method to obtain the negation of the IFS from the perspective of maximum entropy. Some desired theorems and properties are investigated to denote the nature of the negative IFS. Moreover, entropy is used to describe the connection between the IFS and uncertainty in the negation process. Futhermore, based on the negation, this paper designed a new approach to measure the uncertainty of the IFS. Then, a new pattern classifi- cation algorithm is developed. Finally, the practical applications show the effectiveness of the negation method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42145] viXra:2403.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 02:31:57

On the Negation Intensity of a Probability Distribution

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Chongru Huang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 11 Pages.

How to obtain negation knowledge is a crucial topic, especially in the field of artificial intelligence. Limited work has been done on the negation of a probability distribution, which has been studied in depth throughout the literature. However, the aspect of the intensity level of negation enforcement has not yet been investigated. Moreover, let us note that the main characteristic of intelligent systems is just the flexibility for the sake of being able to represent knowledge according to each situation. In general, researchers have a tendency to express the need for cognitive range in the negation. Thus, it would seem very useful to find a wide range of negations under intensity levels in a probability distribution. Based on these ideas, this paper first proposes a new approach of finding a probability distribution negation and gives a domain of intensity in which the negation is executed, which is called the negation space. Then, we investigate a number of desirable properties and explore their correlation with entropy. Numerical examples show the characteristics of the proposed negation solution. Finally, we validate the efficiency of the proposed method from the point of view of the Dempster- Shafer belief structure.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42144] viXra:2403.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 02:44:05

Generalized Soft Likelihood Functions in Combining Evidence

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Ye Tian, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 40 Pages.

Information fusion is an important topic in scientific research. Soft likelihood function is a common method of fusing evidence from multiple sources. However, when the combined evidence contains equally important decision information, the fusion results obtained using existing methods do not reflect the attitudinal characteristics of decision makers. To address this problem, a novel generalised soft likelihood function is developed in this paper. First, a new notion of decision maker (DM) pair is defined, which is used to char- acterise the outcome of the decision as well as the reliability of the evidence. Then, a series of algorithms for correcting the initial evidence set data are formulated. Eventually, a generic soft likelihood function for fusing com- patible evidence information is proposed. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42143] viXra:2403.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 02:46:50

Evidential Aggregation-Based Dematel Functions and Its Application in Expert Decision System for Criminal Cases

Authors: Xiangjun Mi, Pengdan Zhang, Bingyi Kang
Comments: 24 Pages.

In real criminal cases, the decision outcome is often influenced by many complex factors, such as the importance of initial evidence and the prioritization of evidence. How to model these information in an integrated manner to provide technical tools for case detection so as to find the real suspect is of great importance for social security and stability. To address the above issues, this paper proposes a novel soft likelihood function based on the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. Firstly, the proposed method well preserves the preference of decision-maker (DM) in the soft likelihood function proposed by Yager et al. Secondly, the method takes into account the modeling of associated information. In addition, it also extends the soft likelihood function to reflect the preferences of DMs through the importance of evidence. Finally, based on these designed algorithms, a decision processing model for criminal cases is constructed, which systematically provides a guiding process for case detection. Numerical examples and applications show the practicality as well as effectiveness of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42142] viXra:2403.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 20:23:31

Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication on Bias and Information Loss in Non-academic and Academic Writing Contexts

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 10 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future!)

This paper aims to explore the impact of Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC), specifically through large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Claude, and Gemini, on positivity bias and information loss in non-academic and academic writing contexts. Through a dual-study approach involving both non-academic and academic texts, the research will assess whether texts refined by LLMs exhibit a significant positivity bias compared to original texts and if they exacerbate the problem of information loss in text-based communication. Empirical tests will determine the presence of these phenomena by analyzing participants' perceptions and understanding of AI-refined versus original texts. Confirmation of the hypotheses would highlight the nuanced effects of AI-MC on communication accuracy and integrity, while disconfirmation would suggest the potential of LLMs to maintain objectivity and information fidelity in written discourse.
Category: Social Science

[42141] viXra:2403.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-20 20:36:08

Collatz Conjecture Integer Series Has no Looping Except One

Authors: Tsuneaki Takahashi
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

If the series of Collatz Conjecture integer has looping in it, it is sure the members of the looping cannot reach to value 1. Here it is proven that the possibility of looping is zero except one case.
Category: Number Theory

[42140] viXra:2403.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-20 20:37:08

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky Conjecture into a Unified Second Order Prime Axiom and Investigating Much Beyond the Goldbach Conjecture and the Prime Number Theorem

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 30 Pages.

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky conjecture into a Unified second order Prime Axiom and investigating much beyond the Goldbach conjecture and the prime number theorem.
Category: Number Theory

[42139] viXra:2403.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-20 20:38:01

Electron Elastic Collision Superconductivity Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 19 Pages.

The BCS theory hypothesis explains the superconducting properties of Class I conventional metal and alloy superconductors, but it violates Coulomb's law and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, cannot interpret the superconducting phenomenon of Class II unconventional superconductors. Based on the elastic collision theory of Newtonian classical mechanics, this paper proposes Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, which reveals that the microscopic mechanism of superconducting states is that the free electrons in a current-carrying wire only undergo complete elastic collisions with the atomic lattices, and there is no energy exchange between the free electrons and the atomic lattices. The current-carrying wire shows zero-resistance superconducting states. The Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory proposes the superconducting state free electron critical speed VC, and theoretically derives the formula for calculating the critical temperature TC: 2 ΔE = 2.55 kB TC. The Elastic collision superconductivity theory interprets the microscopic mechanism of the superconducting state critical temperature TC, the critical magnetic field HC, the critical current density jC, the superconducting state energy gap and the high-pressure superconductor. Unlike Class I conventional superconductors, Class II unconventional superconductors have anisotropic lattices. There are different critical speeds VC, different critical temperatures TC and different critical magnetic fields HC in different directions. When the direction of lattices is the same as that of the current carrying wire, it is beneficial for the formation of superconducting current. Therefore, unconventional superconductors can achieve high-temperature superconductivity. Based on the Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, it is feasible to achieve a zero-resistance superconducting state at normal temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter

[42138] viXra:2403.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-20 21:01:36

Which Application Layer Protocol Is Best Suited for Networked Monitoring of Beehives? A Comparison of HTTP And MQTT in IoT

Authors: Jan Langen, Kerstin Sahler, Claus Brell
Comments: 13 Pages.

Today, the Internet of Things (IoT) is here to stay. In addition to various application areas, IoT is useful in the context of beekeeping, especially for digital and networked monitoring of hives. For practical implementation, differ-ent application layer protocols can be chosen. But which protocol is more suitable in the context of beekeeping? HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) or MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport)? This is one of the questions addressed in the Biene40 project, which focuses on networked sensors. In this paper, we derive the advantages and disadvantages of each protocol based on a literature review and the development of two IoT-based prototypes that communicate via either HTTP or MQTT. Our research show that the message overhead of the MQTT protocol is lower than that of HTTP. However, the connection cost of MQTT is quite high, especially at the beginning of a connection. Therefore, the choice of protocol depends on the specific use case. If only a few messages are transmitted at long intervals, HTTP is more resource efficient. With respect to the developed prototypes and the application context of beehive monitoring, HTTP is the preferred choice.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

[42137] viXra:2403.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 19:47:25

Exploring the Balance of Power Humans vs. Artificial Intelligence with Some Question

Authors: Budee U. Zaman
Comments: 15 Pages.

Who dominates the destiny of the world, humans or artificial intelligence (AI)? This question strikes at the very heart of contemporaryhumanity’s existential anxieties about its future. If we want to seriouslyconsider whether or not unfriendly AI ‘neurons’ pose any threat to humancivilisation and humanity’s continual existence and evolution in the Universe, we need to know as much as possible about the Universe in whichwe find ourselves, our place in it, and what cognition, consciousness andmentality really are.How might we combine philosophical, cognitive science and technological perspectives, to explore the evolving relationship between humansand AI, in order to engage and address the questions at the core of thishuman-AI complex, namely the future of civilisation — what will it looklike, who can claim to be our successors, towards what goals and ends?The evolution and development of human cognition as well as the emergence of AI can help us define these potential paths of future development.Where do we stand today, in relation to our own history and developmentand to the possibilities that artificial intelligence can offer us? The essayexplores the ethical, social and existential questions that arise from theincreasing automation of artificial intelligence and how it relates to thestory of humanity, from its origins to its contemporary cultural expression.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42136] viXra:2403.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 19:48:12

Continued Fraction Approximation and Bounds for the Psi Function

Authors: Pak SongBom, Han CholSok, Kim HyonChol
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we provide a new continued fraction approximation for the psi function. Then we establish continued fraction bounds for the psi function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42135] viXra:2403.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 12:33:53

The Expanding Universe

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42134] viXra:2403.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 19:49:48

The 55-Entity Triangular Genetic Code Matrix and the 3 to 2 Ratio: the Genetic Code as a Geometric Algebra Biological System

Authors: Jean-Yves Boulay
Comments: 39 Pages.

From the table of the standard genetic code at 64 codons, 61 amino acids and 3 Stop signals, it is invested a reduced triangular matrix of the genetic code comprising just twice fifty-five entities. In relationship with number theory, many symmetrical and asymmetrical geometric sub-configurations of this triangular matrix show that the amino acids are distributed very singularly in various 3 to 2 value ratios according to the concept of their numbering, a concept recently introduced by the author in a published article.
Category: Physics of Biology

[42133] viXra:2403.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 19:51:03

Preparation of High-Concentration Charged Solutions Through Dual Electrostatic Method for Ice Crystals and Desalination

Authors: Zhongzheng Miao
Comments: 46 Pages.

Under typical circumstances, it is commonly believed that solutions carrying a single type of charge are either non-existent or unstable. We have investigated the principles of high-concentration charged solution preparation techniques, employing methods such as electrostatic attraction, gravity separation, positive feedback, and self-powered mechanisms to effectively separate anions and cations in solution. Through electrostatic repulsion and the use of electrostatic separation networks, the partition of homoelectric ions has been achieved. Through water and electric separation, the capability for sustained accumulation of single-charge species has been attained, thus overcoming application bottlenecks and establishing evidence for the existence of charged solutions. We have proposed voltage limits and predicted phenomena such as electrostatic boiling, topological ice crystals, and strange ice crystals, thereby opening new perspectives and possibilities for enriching the understanding and research of electrostatics and electrochemistry. The introduction of the high-concentration charged solution and its controllable preparation are expected to facilitate or pioneer research in various fields including seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, hydrovoltaic power generation, and topological ice crystals, etc. This advancement holds the potential to rectify relevant discussions in textbooks. Implementing the dual electrostatic method for self-powered desalination and purification, coupled with wind, solar, and pumped hydro storage technologies, can aid in mitigating the intermittency and waste of wind and solar power, thus advancing the cause of seawater for land.
Category: Condensed Matter

[42132] viXra:2403.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 21:43:00

Brainstorming Physics: What to do About a Patent Policy that is Hurting Physics

Authors: Peter Horst Rehm
Comments: 11 Pages.

Well-intentioned laws and policy that prohibit the patenting of laws of nature have had unintended consequences. Patenting, with its emphasis on novelty and an objective standard of non-obviousness, is a manner of scientific publication that excels at finding and filling literature gaps. The denial of these benefits to natural laws have slowed progress in the fundamentals of physics. Several specific literature gaps are identified herein, each suggesting material that would be both novel and non-obvious according to patent law standards. These examples include the need to reevaluate the role of the electrical force in the atomic nucleus, overlooked mechanics that may explain how mass bends spacetime, and why a very early theory of inertia deserves reconsideration.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[42131] viXra:2403.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 07:43:46

Unification of the Hiperoperators Theory and the Serial Operators Theory

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper I combined all the hiperoperations theory with the theory of series of functions developing new notation when it was necessary.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42130] viXra:2403.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 02:53:36

Topological Theory of Hopf Bundle and Mass

Authors: Gary Goodwin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Why a particle has the specific rest mass it does is an open question. An alternative theory of mass is put forward. Mass is the intersection of a Hopf bundle and 3-space. The masses of six lighter hyperons and electron are derived as functions of the proton and neutron masses. Nine free parameters are thereby reduced to two. The most significant outcome is the derivation of the electron mass.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[42129] viXra:2403.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 02:52:53

Zernike Expansion of Chebyshev Polynomials of the First Kind

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 8 Pages.

The even Chebyshev Polynomials T_i(x) can be expanded into sums of even Zernike Polynomials R_n^0(x), and the odd Chebyshev Polynomials can be expanded into sums of odd Zernike Polynomials R_n^1(x). This manuscripts provides closed forms for the rational expansion coefficients as products of Gamma-functions of integer and half-integer arguments.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42128] viXra:2403.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 02:51:59

A Simple Fully Conformal Solution of Einstein's Gravitational Equations and the Comparison of Its Implications With Astrophysical Data

Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift can be caused also by another mechanism, similar to the gravitational redshift of massive stars - in principle due to differences in the global metric field between a source in the past and an observer in the present. In this paper, we analyse spacetime using a fully conformal metric, where the character of natural physical time is preserved and the scaling factor acts identically on all four spacetime coordinates. Unlike the Robertson-Walker metric, the fully conformal metric preserves the time independence of the speed of light and energy-momentum tensor. The motivation was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c — 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for farthest supernovae. Confronting the model of conformal metric with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the fully conformal metric mentioned above naturally determines global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42127] viXra:2403.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-19 02:49:58

On Almost Trivial Zeros of the Function ζ

Authors: Berkouk Mohamed
Comments: 14 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

I don't know to what extent the demonstration of the Riemann hypothesis could help to find an explicit and non-recurring formula, which generates the prime numbers, I don't think because the prime numbers were designed so that we do not discover their secrets, they are too clever to divulge it to the mind.We will see how from Euler's formula we constructed numbers of the form ZPT = 0.000(k times zeros)000c1c2c3u2026cm, depending on the order of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial numbers Zo such that Zo =1 /2+bi and ζ(1/2+bi)=0, that the more we advance in the successive order of b, the more we come across a ZPT almost equal to zero; ζ(ZPT) ≈ 0
Category: Number Theory

[42126] viXra:2403.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 21:09:00

Erosion Protection of Tokamak and Magnetic Force on Single Charge

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The walls of Tokamaks are heavily eroded by plasma which suggests that a mysterious force pushes the plasma to the wall. We have theoretically discovered this force and named it extra-force. This force appears only on single charges but not on current carrying wire, which is why the Lorentz force law does not contain it. This discovery not only brings new knowledge to electromagnetism, but also gives a solution against the erosion, which could improve the technology for controlled nuclear fusion. We have proposed an experiment to test this new force.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42125] viXra:2403.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 22:37:29

Kochanski's Approximation of pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 2 Pages.

The problem of the exact rectification of a circle cannot by solved by classical geometry. Many approximate methods have been developed. Such an elegant one is Kochanski's construction.
Category: Number Theory

[42124] viXra:2403.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-17 13:08:50

Heat Bath Algorithm for Lattice Gauge Theories with Fermions

Authors: Mohamed Hafidouni
Comments: 3 Pages.

The heat bath algorithm is applied to the lattice gauge theories with fermions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42123] viXra:2403.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-17 16:59:13

Integrability of Continuous Functions And Dynamical Systems

Authors: Hans Detlef Hüttenbach
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper consists of three parts: Starting with the field $mathbb{C}$ of complex numbers,the Banach space $mathcal{C}(V)$ of continuous, $mathbb{C}$-valued functions on a simply connected compact region $Vsubsetmathbb{C}$ is shown to decompose the topological direct sum of two complementary subspaces: a subspace of integrable and therefore analytic functions,and a subspace of un-integrable and anti-analytic functions. Introducing orientation as a central notion, orientation inversion (parity) turns out to be the complex conjugation, which maps integrable (w.r.t. positive orientation) to un-integrable functions, which are integrable w.r.t. negative orientation, and vice versa. Orientation allows the extension of complex analyticity to $mathbb{R}^2$, which ends part 1. Part 2 is devoted to the extension of analyticity to multi-dimensions.These results are then applied in part three to continuous mechanical dynamical systems, where it is shown that Hamilton-Jacoby theory yields the unrestricted integrability of any continuous, mechanical dynamical system of either parity and represents their solutions as geodesics of (integrated) action functions of positive/negative parity, i.e.: as fermionic and bosonic solutions.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[42122] viXra:2403.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 00:10:12

Division by Zero is Incoherent and Contradictory

Authors: Paul Ernest
Comments: 3 Pages.

A number of authors have claimed that Division by Zero and in particular the Division of Zero by Zero (0/0) can be computed and has a definite value (Mwang 2018, Saitoh & Saitoh 2024). I refute these claims. This is trivial, but despite its elementary standing, some peripheral or recreational mathematicians make claims about 0/0 or k/0 having some value, or in some cases, several values in different contexts, according to the author’s whim. Division by zero is undefined and attempts to define it lead to contradiction.
Category: Number Theory

[42121] viXra:2403.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 00:17:18

Why Transfinite Set-Theory is Wrong and an Alternative Theory of Numeric Structures

Authors: David Peralta
Comments: 55 Pages. (Abstract added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

Set Theory is a formalization of the existence and fundamental properties of mathematical objects as collections of elements and/or elements included in collections. Its formulation is so basic and comprehensive that it has been postulated as the foundation of all mathematics. Perhaps, the major achievement of Set Theory is that, after being criticized by many reputable mathematicians and philosophers since its appearance, it is now commonly accepted as the primary explanation of the most basic components of mathematics: numbers; and not only the numbers we have needed or we may ever need but all the numbers that could potentially exist. In Set Theory, an infinite sequence of numbers exists not as the mere projection of a construction algorithm but as a complete and self-identical mathematical object: a set. In Set Theory the words infinite and infinity do not refer to the property of growing endlessly (potential infinity) but to a definite magnitude; a number; the actual infinity. As a result of such a conception, Set Theory arrives at the conclusion that there exist infinitely many infinities, each one with a different value. The set of postulates, proofs and theorems used to justify the existence of such infinities is commonly known as Transfinite Set-Theory.The first part of this work shows how some of the properties and theorems applied to infinite sets, in Set Theory, necessarily lead to internal and fundamental contradictions under classical logic, even when the idea of actual infinity is accepted. Throughout the second part, motivated by the necessity of an alternative to Transfinite Set-Theory, due to the incapacity of such a theory to explain some of the findings shown in the first part (especially the proof of the existence of as many rational as irrational numbers), the author develops a theory to provide a better understanding of infinite sequences of numbers.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

[42120] viXra:2403.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 00:22:05

Collatz Conjecture, Pythagorean Triples, and the Riemann Hypothesis: Unveiling a Novel Connection Through Dropping Times

Authors: Darcy Thomas
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in the future))

In the landscape of mathematical inquiry, where the ancient and the modern intertwine, few problemscaptivate the imagination as profoundly as the Collatz conjecture and the quest for Pythagorean triples. The former, a puzzle that has defied solution since its inception in the 1930s by Lothar Collatz, asks us to consider a simple iterative process: for any positive integer, if it is even, divide it by two; if it is odd, triple it and add one. Despite its apparent simplicity, the conjecture leads us into a labyrinth ofdiverse complexity, where patterns emerge and dissolve in an unpredictable dance. On the other hand, Pythagorean triples, sets of three integers that satisfy the ancient Pythagorean theorem, have been a cornerstone of geometry since the time of the ancient Greeks, embodying the harmony of numbers and the elegance of spatial relationships. This exploratory paper embarks on an unprecedented journey to bridge these seemingly disparatedomains of mathematics. At the heart of this exploration is the discovery of a novel connectionbetween Collatz dropping times and Pythagorean triples. I will demonstrate how the dropping timeof each odd number can be uniquely associated with a Pythagorean triple. As you will see, the triplesseem to be encoding spatial information about Collatz trajectories. As we begin to work with triples, we’ll be motivated to move from the number line to the complex plane where we find structure and behavior resembling that of the Riemann Zeta function and it’s zeros.
Category: Number Theory

[42119] viXra:2403.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 00:44:49

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/659378 (Note by viXra Admin: Please make the article printable and remove the blocked texts!)

I project a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complex plane-wave(1) electric field onto cross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of the electric field versus diffraction angle in the far field(2)? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’ electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ rays traces Lissajous curves(3) particular to the diffraction(4) angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependent lines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringing interference of transverse field undulations(5) summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law(6,7) since the vector sum(1), somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentially retro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’s Double-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell, Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion(8.9).
Category: Classical Physics

[42118] viXra:2403.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-18 00:48:10

Special Aether or Special Relativity?

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 5 Pages.

The advent of elegant theories, such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, ushered modern physics into an era marked by fantasized contemplation of phenomena, a trend that even persists today. In principle, every phenomenon is physical and can be comprehended mechanistically, given access to the necessary information. In a previous study, we explored the discussion on the equivalence of quantum mechanics with Fick's second law as its classical analogous for Brownian particles which reveals that there should be underlying particles that govern the motion of subatomic particles in quantum mechanics. In this context, we delve into how the description of a special aether medium in space enables the system to adhere to Galilean relativity instead of special relativity, which assumes the absence of aether. Given this, we emphasize that space and time are absolute; rather, it is indeed the velocity that is relative to the initial frame of reference.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42117] viXra:2403.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-16 22:51:10

Geometric Facts of a Circle Through Its Equation

Authors: Rajesh Sharma, Vijay Sharma
Comments: 4 Pages.

We derive equation of a circle passing through three distinct points in a different way and demonstrate that several basic geometric properties of a circle can be derived easily by means of this equation alone.
Category: General Mathematics

[42116] viXra:2403.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 06:52:28

Fractional Quantization of the Residual Resistivity and the Normal State Resistivity at the Superconducting Transition

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 25 Pages.

The author provides a literature study showing that the residual resistivity and the normal state resistivity at the superconducting transition might be fractionally quantized. Surprisingly, fractional quantized resistivity is observed in the absence of strong magnetic fields. The presented phenomenological classification of 280 single crystals is based on six universal resistivity quanta that are only dependent on natural constants.
Category: Condensed Matter

[42115] viXra:2403.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 19:05:49

The Symmetry of D2n+2n 、D2n×2n 、D1/2×1/2、D∞+i and Numbers Conjectures

Authors: Yajun Liu
Comments: 12 Pages. (Auther name re-ordered by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission/repalcement will not be accepted)

In this paper, we discuss the symmetry of D2n+2n 、D2n×2n 、D1/2×1/2、D∞+i and we find that using the symmetry characters of Natural Numbers we can give proofs of the Prime Conjectures: Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture (Twins Prime Conjecture) and Riemann Hypothesis. . We also gave a concise proofs of Collatz Conjecture in this paper. And we found that if the Goldbach Conjecture、Polignac’s conjecture (Twins Prime Conjecture) were proofed, we also can get a concise proof of Fermat Last Theorem and get an Unified Field Theory for physic.
Category: Number Theory

[42114] viXra:2403.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 19:07:51

Beyond Classical Physics and Relativity

Authors: Ioannis Xydous
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Frequent replacements/withdrawals are not acceptable))

This study seeks to unveil groundbreaking concepts challenging conventional ideas, providing a fresh outlook on the underpinnings of classical physics and relativity. Employing a meticulous and systematic analytical approach, this work unearths innovative understandings that transcend the traditional constraints associated with these domains. The findings not only enrich the theoretical framework of classical physics and relativity but also carry practical implications. Embracing these novel ideas is poised to trigger a paradigm shift in the comprehension of classical physics and relativity, unlocking new avenues for exploration and advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

[42113] viXra:2403.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 19:09:19

Sommerfeld Functional Equation

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We derive the well-known Sommerfeld expansion of the Fermi-Dirac integral, and then deduce a functional equation for the chemical potential which we denote here by h(y) where y is the absolute temperature in energy units.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[42112] viXra:2403.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 17:51:31

A proof of the Kakeya Maximal Function Conjecture Via Big Bush Argument

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper we reduce the Kakeya maximal function conjecture to the tube sets of unit measure. We show that the Kakeya maximal function is essentially monotonic. So by adding tubes we can reduce the conjecture to the case of unit measure tube set if we allow the technicality that there are possibly two tubes on the same direction. Then we proof by Kakeya maximal function conjecture by a density argument.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42111] viXra:2403.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 19:16:37

Geometric Foundations: a Unified Field Theory From Hypersphere Rotations

Authors: Jason Robert Leonard
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel geometric model that derives both quantum mechanical and relativisticphenomena from first principles of nested rotating higher-n fractal hyperspheres. Through a series of mathematical analyses, we establish the fundamental premises, including the stereographic projection of rotating hyperspheres onto the complex plane, tracing out helical worldlines characterized by anangular velocity ω and radii r1, r2. Key results include deriving the velocity of light, gravitational and quantum constants from geometric ω/r ratios, formulating uncertainty principles and wave phenomena from ω/r fluctuations, and scale recursion relations connecting different levels.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42110] viXra:2403.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-15 22:51:30

Squaring the Circle and Approximations to pi

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the 19th century when von Lindemann set out a proof of the transcendental properties of the mathematical constant Pi, mathematicians have taken the view that squaring the circle using a straight edge and compass is not possible.
Category: General Mathematics

[42109] viXra:2403.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-16 03:03:22

Syracuse Conjecture

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 7 Pages. In French

IL s'agit d'une séquence très simple d'opérations sur les nombres qui ramène toujours au même endroit, le nombre 1. D'abord un amusement, cette étonnante suite est devenue troublante pour les mathématiciens qui ne se lassent pas de l'explorer sans avoir encore réussi à la domestique.

This is a very simple sequence of number operations that always returns to the same place, the number 1. At first an amusement, this astonishing sequence has become disturbing for mathematicians who never tire of exploring it without having yet succeeded in domesticating it.
Category: Number Theory

[42108] viXra:2403.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-16 02:23:03

Stellar Black Holes Do Not Exist

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 4 Pages.

Considering the importance of rotation during the collapse of a type II supernova of a very massive star, the metric that must be considered for the possibility of black hole formation is, of course, the Kerr metric. On the other hand, there are many different types of matter that are possible for neutron matter under high densities, such as a Fermi gas of neutrons, a superfluid of neutrons, etc. And the latest LHC data (from the TOTEM Collaboration) on the nucleon hard core indicate that when two nucleons get at distances smaller than 0.5 fm, there is a gigantic repulsion between them which has been observed at energies of up to 13 TeV. When we take all this information together into account, we find out for the first time that stellar black holes do not exist at all. It is also shown that stars made up of a quark-gluon plasma are not generated by means of the core-collapse mechanism of a massive star.
Category: Astrophysics

[42107] viXra:2403.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 02:09:56

Cyclical Log Annealing as a Learning Rate Scheduler

Authors: Philip Naveen
Comments: 6 Pages.

A learning rate scheduler is a predefined set of instructions for varying search stepsizes during model training processes. This paper introduces a new logarithmic method using harsh restarting of step sizes through stochastic gradient descent. Cyclical log annealing implements the restart pattern more aggressively to maybe allow the usage of more greedy algorithms on the online convex optimization framework. The algorithm was tested on the CIFAR-10 image datasets, and seemed to perform analogously with cosine annealing on large transformer-enhanced residual neural networks. Future experiments would involve testing the scheduler in generative adversarial networks and finding the best parameters for the scheduler with more experiments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42106] viXra:2403.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:19:57

[Critical Explorations of the Relativity Theory]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 227 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

[This paper contains a collection of my critical explorations of the relativity theory. The reader is encouraged to check the calculations.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42105] viXra:2403.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:07:05

On Quantum Spacetime-Line Element with Scalar Curvature from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-line element of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42104] viXra:2403.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:08:03

Intelligence Via Compression of Information

Authors: J. G. Wolff
Comments: 143 Pages.

As the title of this book suggests, it is about how intelligence may be understood as information compression (IC). More specifically, the book is about the {em SP Theory of Intelligenc} (SPTI) and its realisation in the {em SP Computer Model}---and their potential applications, benefits, and associated ideas. The SPTI draws on substantial evidence for the importance of IC in human learning, perception, and cognition. Since the SPTI also has much to say about issues in artificial intelligence (AI), it is a theory of both natural and artificial intelligence. In the SPTI, IC is achieved largely via the powerful concept of {em SP-Multiple-Alignment}, a major discovery which is largely responsible for the versatility of the SPTI in aspects of human intelligence and beyond. Strengths of the SPTI include: the modelling of several kinds of intelligent behaviour, including several kinds of probabilistic reasoning; the representation and processing of several kinds of intelligence-related knowledge; and the seamless integration of diverse aspects of intelligence, and diverse kinds of knowledge, in any combination. That seamless integration appears to be {em essential} in any AI system that aspires to the fluidity and versatility of human-level intelligence. Related to the SPTI is another major discovery: {em that mathematics may be seen as a set of techniques for IC, and their application}. This suggests the creation of a {em New Mathematics} via the integration of mathematics with the SPTI, combining the strengths of both. The SPTI also suggests new thinking in concepts of probability and new thinking about `computation’, with potential benefits in both areas. The SPTI has been shown in peer-reviewed papers to be relevant to areas not closely associated with AI. These include: the management of `big data'; the development of autonomous robots; medical databases; sustainability of computing; transparency in computing; and computer vision.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42103] viXra:2403.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 18:17:53

Exploring the Complexities of AI-Mediated Communication and Human-Machine Interaction

Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper delves into the intricate distinctions between Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC) and Human-Machine Communication (HMC), providing a thorough analysis of their definitions, applications, and impacts on human interactions. Through a comprehensive review of recent literature and the development of a novel conceptual framework, it differentiates AI-MC, where AI facilitates communication between humans under human oversight, from HMC, characterized by direct interactions between humans and AI systems. The study further introduces two subcategories within AI-MC: AI-Assisted Communication (AI-AC), where AI serves a supportive role in enhancing human-generated content, and AI-Dominated Communication (AI-DC), where AI takes a primary role in creating and disseminating content. The paper evaluates the ethical implications of AI in communication, focusing on issues of authorship, creativity, authenticity, and trust, especially in the context of Large Language Models (LLMs). It argues for human responsibility in AI-generated content and advocates for transparency in the use of AI in scientific publications and other knowledge dissemination forms. This theoretical exploration aims to clarify the evolving landscape of AI in communication studies, contributing to a more ethical and responsible future integration of AI technologies.Keywords: Artificial Intelligence-Mediated Communication (AI-MC), Human-Machine Communication (HMC), Large Language Models (LLMs), Artificial Intelligence Assisted-Communication (AI-AC), Artificial Intelligence Dominated-Communication (AI-DC), Ethical Implications of AI
Category: Social Science

[42102] viXra:2403.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:16:41

What is the Event Horizon of a Black Hole?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 10 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

In this study, the conventional understanding of the event horizon in black holes within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity is reevaluated. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that the event horizon acts as a physical barrier from which nothing can escape, it is proposed that it should instead be understood as an abstract mathematical concept, arising from a misinterpretation of escape velocity.Through detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the gravitational field intensity at the event horizon is significantly lower than previously believed, challenging the existence of phenomena such as Hawking radiation which rely on the traditional concept of the event horizon as a one-waymembrane. Utilizing relativistic formulas for the first and second cosmicvelocities, the study shows that for any black hole, the escape velocities remain below the speed of light, regardless of the black hole's mass or radius. This finding implies that the concept of an insurmountable event horizon is not supported by the equations of general relativity. The paper concludes by suggesting that black holes represent a distinct state ofmatter characterized by high but finite density, and questions the traditional view of black holes within the cosmological narrative. Throughrigorous mathematical analysis, this research challenges established paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding the nature of blackholes and the fabric of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42101] viXra:2403.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:14:13

The Physical Basis of the Quantum of Resistance is Relativistic Rotational Motion

Authors: Preston Guynn
Comments: 2 Pages.

The physical basis of the quantum of resistance, also called the von Klitzing constant, is relativistic rotational motion. The result of the model matches the experimentally determined value to 12 significant digits.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[42100] viXra:2403.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:36:11

Multiverse Supersymmetry (SUSY) and Paradoxical MOND Inertia

Authors: David Brown
Comments: 2 Pages.

In July 2017 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Nima Arkani-Hamed gave a lecture entitled "Where in the World are SUSY & WIMPS?" — is it possible that evidence for SUSY occurs not in the form of particles, but in the form of paradoxical MOND inertia caused by multiverse boundary conditions? Can MOND-string theory explain MOND’s empirical successes?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42099] viXra:2403.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 21:04:55

A New Numerical Interpretation of the Concept of Exponentory (θ Notation)

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper I show a possible change in the theory of series beyond product. Instead of a resolution Bottom-to-Top we will see a necessary application of the method for exponents that is a process Top-to-Bottom. That implies a change in the numerical results in a same proposition of a series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42098] viXra:2403.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 17:38:59

Microscopic Heat and First Law of Thermodynamics

Authors: Juan R. Gonzalez Alvarez
Comments: 31 Pages.

Heat is defined in classical thermodynamics as an energy transfer mechanism, but its fundamental nature is not yet fully understood. After reviewing previous macroscopic, mesoscopic, and microscopic approaches to heat, we propose a fundamental definition of heat in terms of a fully detailed microscopic description and apply this definition to a one-component gas with constant composition for comparison with the usual macroscopic formulae. Using the new definition, we debunk common claims in the literature that associate heat with our ignorance of the microscopic details of a thermodynamic system.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

[42097] viXra:2403.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 20:37:38

Will Covid-19 Become Mild, Like a Cold?

Authors: Patrick Douglas Shaw Stewart
Comments: 15 Pages.

Several recent studies conclude that an increase in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be ruled out. However, it should be noted that SARS-CoV-2 is a "direct" respiratory virus - meaning it is usually spread by the respiratory route but does not routinely pass through the lymphatics like measles and smallpox. Providing its tropism does not change, it will be unique if its pathogenicity does not decrease until it becomes similar to influenza and common cold viruses. Ewald noted in the 1980s that respiratory viruses may evolve mildness because their spread benefits from the mobility of their hosts. This review examines factors that usually lower respiratory viruses' severity, including heat sensitivity (which limits replication in the warmer lungs) and changes to the virus's surface proteins. Other factors may, however, increase pathogenicity, such as replication in the lymphatic system and spreading via solid surfaces or fecal matter. Furthermore, human activities and political events could increase the harmfulness of SARS-CoV-2, including the following: large-scale testing, especially when the results are delayed; transmission in settings where people are close together and not free to move around; poor hygiene facilities; and social, political, or cultural influences that encourage sick individuals to remain active, including crises such as wars. If we can avoid these eventualities, SARS-CoV-2 will likely evolve to be milder, although the timescale is uncertain. Observations of influenza-like pandemics suggest it may take around two decades for COVID-19 to become as mild as seasonal colds and flu.
Category: Biochemistry

[42096] viXra:2403.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-12 23:57:58

Ideals of the Algebra

Authors: Shao-Dan Lee
Comments: 6 Pages.

We construct an algebra A such that A has a nonempty finite set Δ of associative and commutative binary operations. Then we may define an ideal with respect to a nonempty subset of Δ. If some hypotheses are satisfied, then we have that a union of the ideals is an ideal. An ideal M is maximal with respect to a subset of Δ if there is not an ideal J ≠ A such that J contains M. And an algebra is local with respect to a subset of Δ if it has a unique maximal ideal. Suppose that the algebra A is local with respect to Φ and Ψ, M and N are the maximal ideals, respectively, and J is an ideal with respect to Φ∪Ψ. Then we have that J ⊆ M∩ N if some conditions hold. Let A be a local algebra with respect to Φ, M the maximal ideal. For all Ψ with Φ ⊆ Ψ⊂ Δ, if M is an ideal with respect to Ψ, then A is local with respect to Ψ. A preimage of an ideal with respect to Φ under a homomorphism is an ideal with respect to Φ.
Category: Algebra

[42095] viXra:2403.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-12 07:14:48

MTNSA: Microblogging Text Network Sentiment Analysis (Incorporating Hashtags and Emojis)

Authors: Abdalrhman Alquaary
Comments: 9 Pages.

In an era where social media platforms play a crucial role in shaping public discourse, microblogging data emerges as a vital resource for understanding complex social interactions. This paper introduces MTNSA (Microblogging Text Network Sentiment Analysis), a groundbreaking approach that harnesses the richness of social media communication by analyzing three separate categories: the relationships between words, relationships between hashtags, and relationships between emojis. MTNSA utilizes innovative techniques leveraging network theory to unravel the thoughts and opinions in microblogging environments, enriching itself by integrating sentiment analysis into this framework. This innovative method provides a comprehensive view of the sentiments associated with each node, offering deeper insights into the emotional nuances of online discourse. MTNSA's unique design enables its application across multilingual discourses, as it focuses on uncovering relationships between nodes, making it a versatile tool for global analysis in diverse linguistic contexts. The ability of MTNSA to blend nodes and emotional contexts into a unified analytical model presents a significant advancement in our understanding of digital communication patterns. It equips researchers, marketers, and policymakers with a robust tool to decode the intricate language of social media, contributing profoundly to our comprehension of how emotions and ideas are expressed and disseminated in the digital realm, thereby opening new frontiers for analysis in the dynamic landscape of social media.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

[42094] viXra:2403.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 00:01:52

The Sound of the Aeolian Harp in the Madelung Model of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Madelung, Bohm and Vigier, Wilhelm, Rosen and others, the original Schroedinger equation can be transformed into the hydrodynamical system of equations by using the so called Madelung ansatz. We derive in such quantum hydrodynamics, the non-relativistic and relativistic Strouhal number from the socalled vortex street. The relativistic derivation of this formula follows from the addition formula for velocities. The Strouhal friction tones are generated also during the motion of cosmic rays in relic photon sea, during the motion of bolids in atmosphere, during the Saturn rings motion in the relic black-body sea, during the motion of bodies in superfluid helium and so on.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42093] viXra:2403.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-12 14:50:53

On the Interpretation of Metric Signature of Temporal Dimensions

Authors: Thomas Emilio Villa
Comments: 3 Pages.

Is time a spectrum, that is, a negative dimension? We suggest in this work a modest yet quite speculative idea: what if the negative sign in front of time-like dimensions is not just a mathematical tool after all? What if the minus sign follows a natural behaviour of time flowing? In this work we are suggesting an unorthodox philosophical interpretation and an explaination of the way that causality is conserved in equations, using the negative sign in front of temporal dimensions. To do so, we use non-conventional approaches like inductive dimension, Lebesgue covering dimension and Minkowski-Bouligand dimension to better understand the nature of time.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[42092] viXra:2403.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-11 20:14:40

On Deterministic Quantum Gravity from Linear Cosmology

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 3 Pages.

Recent advances in linear cosmology have led us to a deterministic approach to quantum gravity based on the Planck force in a flat universe. In this context, we propose generalizing the Planck force equation from linear cosmology to the entirety of deterministic quantum gravity. We try to extend the notion of force in relativity to a quantum context.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42091] viXra:2403.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-10 23:17:59

Solution to the Ground State of the Spin Glass Model

Authors: Akira Saito
Comments: 5 Pages.

We present a method for determining the order parameters of the spin glass Ising model (a general Ising model) in its ground state. This solution is valid specifically for the ground state, revealing the final outcomes of interactions and providing a solution to combinatorial optimization problems. The solution is presented through differential equations related to the inverse temperature, which can be solved using Euler's method. If the tracing of states through inverse temperature allows for the determination of state variables in a practically finite time, it becomes relevant to the P=NP problem. Furthermore, the set of equations obtained is also shown to be equivalent to those used in Boltzmann machines.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

[42090] viXra:2403.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-11 02:12:14

Control of Propulsion in Horizontal Direction for EHD and Electrostatic Propulsion Device

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. When a high voltage is applied to the EHD device, levitaion force is generated and the EHD device levitates. I have already revealed the levitation property of the EHD device in the gravitational direction. I had also demonstrated a control method for hovering, ascent, and descent by applying pulse voltage to the EHD propulsion device. However, the method for horizontal propulsion was not yet demonstrated. In this time, with the object of controlling propulsion in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity, I proposed a method of dividing the upper wire electrode of the double ring electrodes, or adding a new single-pole capacitor composed of multiple electrodes to the lower part. Experiments had been conducted to proof that the two methods actually work.
Category: Classical Physics

[42089] viXra:2403.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-11 20:22:56

A (1.999999)-Approximation Ratio for Vertex Cover Problem

Authors: Majid Zohrehbandian
Comments: 6 Pages.

Until the authenticity of the unique games conjecture is proven, it can be thought to be false. Therefore, I request you, dear reader, to read this paper carefully, and if you don't find any mistake in it, think about the option that maybe unique games conjecture is not correct! If the unique games conjecture is true then it is impossible to produce a less than 2 approximation ratio for the vertex cover problem. Vertex cover problem is a famous combinatorial problem, which its complexity has been heavily studied over the years and while a 2-approximation for it can be trivially obtained, researchers have not been able to approximate it better than 2-textit{o}(1). In this paper, by a combination of a new semidefinite programming formulation along with satisfying new proposed properties, we introduce an approximation algorithm for the vertex cover problem with a performance ratio of 1.999999 on arbitrary graphs, en route to answering an open question about the unique games conjecture.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

[42088] viXra:2403.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-11 20:24:08

AB485: A Simplified Data Transfer Protocol for Process Control and Automation

Authors: Abdalrhman Alquaary, Hasan Bayhan
Comments: 11 Pages.

In industrial environments, achieving effective communication between electronic devices poses a multifaceted challenge that hinges on the seamless integration of both hardware and software protocols. This paper introduces AB485, a purpose-built data transfer protocol designed primarily for microcontroller-based systems, offering a streamlined solution to the complexities of software protocol implementation. We delve into AB485's design principles and features, underscoring its minimal hardware and software requirements. Notably, AB485 stands out for its ease of implementation, enabling engineers or system integrators to seamlessly integrate it into their projects. We also explore potential applications where AB485's efficiency and low overhead make substantial contributions to ensuring reliable data transmission. By presenting AB485, our research contributes to the field of data transfer protocols, offering an accessible and efficient solution for resource-constrained applications, while addressing the intricate interplay of hardware and software in data communication.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

[42087] viXra:2403.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-10 20:53:03

A Machine Learning Guided Proof of Beal's Conjecture

Authors: Jonathan Wilson
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper presents a proof of Beal's conjecture, a long-standing open problem in number theory, guided by insights from machine learning. The proof leverages a novel combination of techniques from modular arithmetic, prime factorization, and the theory of Diophantine equations. Key lemmas, including an expanded version of a modular constraint and a pairwise coprimality condition, are derived with the help of patterns discovered through computational experiments. These lemmas, together with a refined conjecture based on the distribution of prime factors in the dataset, are used to derive a contradiction, proving that any solution to Beal's equation must have a common prime factor among its bases. The proof demonstrates the potential of machine learning in guiding the discovery of mathematical proofs and opens up new avenues for research at the intersection of artificial intelligence and number theory.
Category: Number Theory

[42086] viXra:2403.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-10 20:55:59

Decay of a Superbradyon Into a Baryonic Particle and Its Antiparticle

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 Figures

Superbradyons are hypothetical elementary particles that can travel faster than light keeping real values of their mass and energy. They were suggested by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres. Superbradyons do not fit Einstein’s theory of relativity. But they do fit the new theory of gravity which is called the 3D-brane universe model. Within the framework of this new theory we study the decay of a superbradyon into a baryonic particle and its antiparticle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42085] viXra:2403.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-10 20:57:20

The Potential Zero-Resistance Phenomenon of the Pb-cu-P-S-O Compound and Its Synthesis Method

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong
Comments: 10 Pages. 10 figures, 1 table

We have developed a new synthesis method for producing the Pb-Cu-P-S-O compound samples in order to replicate zero resistance of the PCPOSOS (Pb1−xCux[P(O1−ySy)4]6O1−zSz), which we refer to as the Daecheol-Mingi (DM) synthesis method. The potential zero resistances of the samples were observed through I-V measurements.
Category: Condensed Matter

[42084] viXra:2403.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-09 02:42:50

Probabilistic Modeling in the Inference of Fungi Viability

Authors: Jorge Fernandez-de-Cossio, Ariadna Mendoza-Cuevas, Amanda Paz
Comments: 19 Pages.

Preservation of large volumes of documentary materials requires massive treatments to control fungal biodeterioration. Multi-inoculum in limited-dilution experiments is an economical format to provide informative data for fungal viability. Data gathering can be simpler and more precise, when the model for the assessment of viability depends on the number of colonized wells instead of the number of colonies, since the later vary in shape and definition. Probabilistic modeling for this kind of data led us to a truncated form of the Beta-exponential function, a variant from a family of generalized distributions, recently derived. We discuss performance from actual experimental data, and evaluate antifungal effect of biocide treatments in terms of viability.
Category: Quantitative Biology

[42083] viXra:2403.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-09 00:11:02

Knot in Low Heat Schwarzschild Black Hole

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a topological object, a gravitational knot, could exist in low heat Schwarzschild black hole (Newton's theory of gravitation) by assuming that the Ricci curvature tensor especially the metric tensor consists of a scalar field i.e. a subset of the Ricci curvature tensor. The Chern-Simons action is interpreted as such a knot.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42082] viXra:2403.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-08 07:11:13

More Accurate Objective Definition of Quality: Quality Is the Degree of Positivity

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 17 Pages.

The existing quality definition established by the authority mainly based on J. M. Juran is "quality is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements". Among them, "requirements" can be an individual's requirement and there is no positive restriction, and there are no restrictions on motivation . A high degree of meeting unreasonable requirements can also be called good quality. The judgment of the degree to which individual consumer demands are met is subjective. In this way, the quality definition of Juran can only be subjective. At least the two major shortcomings of subjectivity and lack of enthusiasm in existing quality definitions must be overcome. As long as the "requirements" in the definition of Juran’s quality are limited to objective social general requirements (which are also positive requirements), the goal can be achieved. The definition of Juran’s quality naturally became "quality is the degree of positivity". The new definition of quality has positive guiding significance for management theory and practice.
Category: Economics and Finance

[42081] viXra:2403.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-08 10:50:17

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part I: Algebra of Stignatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 24 Pages. doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0765.v1

This article is the first part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics". This study is based on two main postulates: 1) independence of the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in vacuum from their frequency; 2) the constancy of the averaged zero vacuum balance, associated with the assertion that only mutually opposite formations are born from vacuum, so that on average they completely compensate for each other’s manifestations. In this part of the "Geometrized Vacuum Physics" the foundations of the Algebra of Stignatures are laid, which is the mathematical and logical foundation of the entire project. In the next articles of this project it will be shown that the Algebra of Stignatures can be used for the development of "zero" (vacuum) technologies, algebraic genetics, vacuum cosmology, the vacuum standard model of "elementary particles", vacuum gravity and levitation, vacuum energy, ethics and aesthetics and many other branches of knowledge. At the end of this article, one of the many possible applications of the Algebra of Stignatures is given, in particular, the basics of the stignature-spectral analysis are outlined, with the help of which the possibilities of communication channels can be significantly expanded.
Category: Classical Physics

[42080] viXra:2403.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-08 10:59:09

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part II. Algebra of Signatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 27 Pages. doi: 10.20944/preprints202307.0716.v1

This article is the second part of a scientific project under the general name "Geometrized vacuum physics". On the basis of the Algebra of Stignatures presented in the previous article [1], this article develops the main provisions of the Algebra of Signatures. Both of the above algebras are aimed at studying the properties of an ideal vacuum, but at the same time they are universal and can be applied in various branches of knowledge. It is shown that the signature of a quadratic form is related to the topology of the metric space for which the given quadratic form is a metric. Conditions are given under which an additive imposition of metric spaces with different topologies (or signatures) leads to a total Ricci flat space similar to a Calabi-Yau manifold. A spin-tensor representation of metrics with different signatures is considered and a Dirac bundle of quadratic forms is presented. This article does not contain physical applications of the Algebra of Signatures, but the potential power of this mathematical apparatus will be demonstrated in subsequent articles of this project.
Category: Classical Physics

[42079] viXra:2403.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-08 11:05:34

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part III. Curved Vacuum Area

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 28 Pages. doi: 10.20944/preprints202308.0570.v3

This article is the third part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first two papers [1,2], the ideal (i.e., non-curved and immobile) local region of vacuum was studied and the foundations of the Algebra of Signatures were laid. This article considers the possibilities of describing the curved and moving state of the same vacuum region on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of the Algebra of Signatures. The reasons for the multilateral consideration of vacuum and twisting of intra-vacuum processes into spiral bundles are disclosed. The 4-tensor is introduced for two-sided and 16-sided consideration of the curvature of the local vacuum region. On the basis of kinematic models, the following assumptions were made: about the inert properties of vacuum layers; about the possibility of displacement of vacuum layers relative to each other at a speed significantly exceeding the speed of light; about the possibility of "rupture" of the local region of vacuum. The proposed kinematic models of the movement of vacuum layers can be a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e., vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

[42078] viXra:2403.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-08 11:33:04

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part IV: Dynamics of Vacuum Layers

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 25 Pages. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1244.v3

This article is the fourth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first three articles [1,2,3], the foundations of the Algebra of Stignatures were laid and the main aspects of the kinematics of vacuum layers were considered. This article continues the development of the mathematical apparatus of the proposed project, in particular, the dynamics of vacuum layers is developed based on the Algebra of Signatures. The development of this direction of research (with simplifications related to Riemann's differential geometry) led to the possibility of a geometrized representation of the electric field strength and magnetic field induction. This geometrized mathematical apparatus allows one to interpret the electromagnetic field as an interweaving of accelerated and rotational flows of the adjacent layers of vacuum. The proposed dynamic models of accelerated movements and rotations of vacuum layers can provide a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e. vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

[42077] viXra:2403.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-07 23:56:30

From Cognitive Psychology to the Theory of Psychological Programs

Authors: Xian Xiang Duan
Comments: 87 Pages. (Correction made by viXra admin)

This article believes that there is a general theory of psychology in various schools of psychology. The establishment of this general psychological theory can be extended from cognitive psychology and cognitive behavioral therapy, and the study of cognitive processes can be extended to all psychological processes. Cognitive behavioral therapy has a "three-step approach", namely: finding the psychological process + describing the psychological process + modifying the psychological process. The article extends this practice to all fields of psychology, so as to establish a general theory of psychology. The article uses a different method from "cognitive psychology analogy to computer structure", compares "psychological process" with computer program, and regards psychological activity as a program. The paper also proposes completely different research methods from the current mainstream psychology, and completely different research methods in physics, namely "introspection" and "physiological observation", but this "introspection" is different from the "introspection" of Wundt. The article believes that the term "psychological process" is not accurate, so it was changed to "psychological program", the real name of the theory is called "psychological program". This paper attempts to reveal through case analysis that psychological activities are a set of programs and that the cause of mental illness is error in operation of the programs or the establishment of erroneous programs. By modifying or learning to use these psychological programs correctly, mental illness can be treated precisely and thoroughly. The complete psychotherapy process is represented by the following: analysis + modification of psychological programs.In order to perform certain tasks, life bodies need to initiate a series of psychological or physiological activities, which is the process of psychological or physiological activities called "psychological program". Psychological program is an abstract concept, and it is not a material entity. The search for psychological activity programs mainly depends on psychological analysis and scientific hypnosis.
Category: Mind Science

[42076] viXra:2403.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-07 23:50:42

On Shocks

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

A speculative and philosophical essay on the possibility of gene pool regulation of large-scale human population, akin to ant colonies in Nature. Human gene pools are considered as oscillating entities wavering between expansionist, peaceful, and open phases to phases of consolidated, militaristic, and closed societies. Religion is considered as a beneficial evolutionary fitness creation to help safeguard excess extremism during consolidated phases and as a critical archive of techniques to assist populations when presented with rare and dangerous existential shocks.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[42075] viXra:2403.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-07 07:52:34

Geometric Interpretations of Riemann Hypothesis and the Proof

Authors: Tae Beom Lee
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Riemann zeta function(RZF), ζ(s), is a function of a complex variable s=x+iy. Riemann hypothesis(RH) states that all the non-trivial zeros of RZF lie on the critical line, x=1/2. The symmetricity of RZF zeros implies that if ζ(α+ iβ)=0, then ζ(1-α+ iβ)=0, too. In geometric view, if RH is false, two trajectories ζ(α+ iy) and ζ(1-α+ iy) must intersect at the origin when y=β. But, according to the functional equations of RZF, two trajectories ζ(α+ iy) and ζ(1-α+ iy) can’t intersect except when α=1/2. So, they can’t intersect at the origin, too, proving RH is true.
Category: Number Theory

[42074] viXra:2403.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-07 23:48:14

The Real Value of Vacuum Density and Information Theory

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The value calculated by quantum field theory for the energy of the vacuum disagrees greatly with the observational value. In this article weshow how to calculate it using information theory and the E8 group.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42073] viXra:2403.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 01:24:54

A Geometric Algebra Solution to a "Divided Triangle" Problem

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 6 Pages.

We show how to use properties of Geometric Algebra bivectors to solve the following problem: "A triangle is divided into three smaller triangles and a quadrilateral by two lines drawn from vertices to the opposite sides. Given only the areas of the three triangles, find the area of the quadrilateral."
Category: Geometry

[42072] viXra:2403.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:36:57

[Protection of] Art and Creativity: A Prevention Framework for Unauthorized Learning of Text to Image AIs

Authors: Jinho Kim, Jooney Han
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this work, we aim to solve the problem of unauthorized learning of works arising from the process of collecting large amounts of data from Text to Image (TTI) AI models represented by Stable Diffusion. The TTI model performs indiscriminate web data crawling to collect a substantial number of images, and these images are used for model learning without the consent of the original author. The TTI model is capable of learning the drawing style of an image, which undermines the value of the original work. Therefore, we suggest a method of transforming images to deteriorate the learning accuracy of TTI models. Then, we compare the quality of original images to images processed by the modification method presented in this study, using both quantitative measurement and qualitative measurement. Thus, we confirm that the image modification method we propose prevents AI models from learning literary works without permission.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42071] viXra:2403.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:35:11

On Analogy of Black Hole and Phase Singularities

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. Black hole singularity is considered as the extremely high speed changing of the eikonal. We investigate the analogy of a black hole singularity and the phase singularity in optics known as optical vortex.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42070] viXra:2403.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 02:39:57

Set Theory Can’t be Directly Representative of Algebraic Constructions in Goldbach Conjecture and Other NT Problems

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper I want to express my thoughts on the non possible link between set theory arguments in Number Theory. It is maybe good a first approximation to a problem to think in relation to sets, but my actual thinking is that you can’t solve an algebraic construction with a direct implication between the set and the algebraic variable. As example I will analyze my past trying to prove strong Goldbach conjecture. Finally I explain other version of this topic also with Goldbach conjectures as examples.
Category: Number Theory

[42069] viXra:2403.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:32:36

Quantum Measurements Generating Forces with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle [:] An Alternative Understanding of Quantum Mechanics by Using Concepts From Thermodynamics, Special, and General Relativity.

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum. Newton's second law states that a changing momentum is due to a force on the particle. Therefore, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum and generates a force on the particle. Understanding the consequences of measurements creating forces requires a conceptual derivation using thermodynamics and relativity concepts.Motion is not absolute; a quantum particle requires a second particle to provide a relative position and momentum. A measurement generates a force and creates a non-inertial reference frame. Without a measurement, velocity, momentum, and position are undefined. The particle occupies every possible allowed state simultaneously until a measurement defines the observables, increases entropy, and collapses the wavefunction.Many quantum mechanics interpretations use the complex wavefunction to obfuscate the underlying mechanics. Interpretations describe observable particle properties as consequences of ideas which science cannot falsify. It is impossible to measure imaginary numbers experimentally. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle eliminates the need for the Born rule, as it already contains the squared wavefunctions. Applying oscillating uncertainties provides a logical mechanism for forces and extends into the spherical harmonics of atomic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42068] viXra:2403.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:31:00

Two Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes with Variable Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 34 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with variable velocities and with or without lapse functions using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematicalcalculations in order to outline the final results found in our work which are the following ones: For both cases with variablevelocities and with or without the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function andin the variable velocities that affects the whole spacetime geometry these solutions allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42067] viXra:2403.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 07:43:20

Data Science Plus Plus (DS++): The Definition

Authors: Satish Gajawada
Comments: 2 Pages.

Data Science and Artificial Intelligence are popular fields of research. A significant contribution was made to Artificial Intelligence in the recent past by defining branches like "Artificial Intelligence Plus Plus (AI++)", "The Interesting and Complete Artificial Intelligence (ICAI)", "Out of the Box Artificial Intelligence (OBAI)", "Twenty Second Century Artificial Intelligence (TSCAI)". A similar significant contribution can be made to Data Science by defining branches like "Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)", "The Interesting and Complete Data Science (ICDS)", "Out of the Box Data Science (OBDS)", "Twenty Second Century Data Science (TSCDS)". This article is based on these research gaps. The primary focus of this work is to coin, define and invent a new Data Science field titled "Data Science Plus Plus (DS++)".
Category: Artificial Intelligence

[42066] viXra:2403.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:26:06

The Nature of Space, Time and the Infinity in Physics or the Real World

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper logically explains in details that space and time in physics or the real world is of 3 types: the absolute physical space, the relative physical space, the relative psychological space, the absolute physical time, the relative physical time and the relative psychological time and explains the distinct qualities and their interrelationship. We also prove that Consciousness or Pure Existence is the only infinity in physics or the real world from which the whole universe has sprung up and which is present everywhere all the time. We use logic rather than any metaphysics or belief to prove this because we believe that "what is the truth can never be illogical and what is illogical can never be the truth!"
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42065] viXra:2403.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-06 21:21:43

On Two Proprieties of the UTM Projection

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 5 Pages. In French

In this note, we give the proof of one propriety of the UTM plane representation.
Category: Geophysics

[42064] viXra:2403.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 23:09:58

Beyond Flesh and Fantasy: The Rise of AI in Reshaping the [Mature Material] Landscape

Authors: Chen Yu
Comments: 26 Pages.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the [mature material] industry represents a significant paradigm shift, influencing not only the production and distribution of pornographic content but also societal perceptions and ethical considerations surrounding sexuality. This article [] delves into the historical context of technological advancements in [mature material], highlighting the current state of the industry and the role of digital platforms in content dissemination. It explores the advent of AI technologies, such as deepfake technology, AI-generated content, and interactive experiences, and examines their impact on content creation and personalization. Ethical considerations are addressed, including consent issues, exploitation concerns, and the psychological impact on consumers. The article also discusses the opportunities AI presents for creating safer, more inclusive content, enhancing sexual education, and developing new business models. Predictions for the future of AI in [mature material] are made, forecasting near-term developments and long-term visions for immersive experiences, alongside potential societal shifts. Recommendations are provided for industry stakeholders and policymakers to navigate the integration of AI responsibly. Ultimately, this article offers a comprehensive analysis of how AI is reshaping the [mature material] landscape, heralding a new era of digital sexuality that balances innovation with ethical responsibility.
Category: Social Science

[42063] viXra:2403.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 07:16:36

Spontaneous Disentanglement and Thermalisation

Authors: Eyal Buks
Comments: 10 Pages.

The problem of quantum measurement can be partially resolved by incorporatinga process of spontaneous disentanglement into quantum dynamics. We propose amodified master equation, which contains a nonlinear term giving rise to bothspontaneous disentanglement and thermalisation. We find that the addednonlinear term enables limit cycle steady states, which are prohibited instandard quantum mechanics. This finding suggests that an experimentalobservation of such a limit cycle steady state can provide an importantevidence supporting the spontaneous disentanglement hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42062] viXra:2403.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 23:13:11

New Physics of Our Four Dimensional Space: How it Recognizes the Existence of Fourth Space Dimension?

Authors: Ratikanta Das
Comments: 22 Pages.

[1] How this 4D physics provides simple classical derivations of de Broglie hypothesis, Schrödinger equation and Coulomb’s law? [2] How the puzzle behind matter wave and dual nature of radiation is resolved? [3] Why there are two kinds of charges? [4] How nature dopes exactly equal amount charge (e) into fundamental particle of different mass? [5] How charge of a fundamental particle is forced to concentrate near a point where there are forces of repulsion between its constituent parts? [6] How proton mass is 1836 times the mass of electron? [7] How technique of two exactly reversible processes, emission and absorption of photon, is explained classically? [8] How repulsive Coulomb force becomes strong force as d2w/dx2 changes sign at the point of inflexion? [9] Why electron-positron pair annihilates but electron-proton pair forms a stable combination? [10] Why n-n or p-p combination is unstable in spite of strong attractive force, whereas n-p combination (deuteron) is stable? [11] How spin of a particle is attributed to the existence of extra space dimension? [12] How similar or dissimilar is our 4D universe with Einstein’s universe?

All these above can be explained intuitively or derived classically by this new 4d physics, whereas, our traditional 3d physics cannot achieve these feats. This fact, itself, is a strong proof that 4th space dimension exists.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[42061] viXra:2403.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 14:51:12

Superluminal Photons

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of dynamic space-matter are considered, a special case of its fixed state is the Euclidean space-time of modern theories. Such dynamic space-matter is already represented in the quantum coordinate system. And already under such conditions the possibility of the presence and detection of superluminal photons is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42060] viXra:2403.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 15:38:35

Geometric Entity Dualization in the Geometric Algebra PGA G(3,0,1)

Authors: Robert Benjamin Easter, Daranee Pimchangthong
Comments: 23 Pages.

In Geometric Algebra, the degenerate-metric algebra G(3,0,1) is known as the Projective Geometric Algebra (PGA) for 3D space (3DPGA). In PGA, there is a point-based geometric algebra (point-based PGA) and a plane-based geometric algebra (plane-based PGA). Both algebras have homogeneous geometric entities for points, lines, and planes. The two algebras of PGA are dual to each other through a new geometric entity dualization operation J_e, which is introduced in this paper as its main subject and contribution. The new dualization J_e is an anti-involution with inverse −J_e = D_e. Using J_e, the dual of a point-based PGA entity is its corresponding plane-based PGA entity representing the same geometry (point, line, or plane) with the same orientation. Using D_e = −J_e, the inverse dual (undual) of a plane-based PGA entity is its corresponding point-based PGA entity with the same orientation. The new dualization operation Je maintains the correct orientation of an entity. J_e is defined by a table of duals that are found empirically by observation to maintain correct entity orientation through the dualization. We define a Hodge star dualization operation to be purely an involution, or else purely an anti-involution, between all basis blades and their dual basis blades. As an anti-involution, J_e is also implemented by algebraic methods using Hodge star dualizations in non-degenerate algebras that correspond to PGA. In the prior literature, there are other definitions for the duals in PGA that may not maintain the correct entity orientation and are different than J_e.
Category: Algebra

[42059] viXra:2403.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 15:08:53

JAPANESE CAPITALISM: Self-Destructing Cryptocurrency Backed by Government Authority

Authors: Weston Koyama
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this article I propose a version of capitalism centered on digital currency backed by government authority. I call this version of capitalism Japanese Capitalism because I believe that the monetary and fiscal policy outlined herein would benefit Japan greatly given its unique economic challenges, however, I think that all countries should eventually embrace Japanese Capitalism, which promises to eliminate the risk of economic depression, lessen the impact of economic recession, and maximize the welfare of all citizens.
Category: Economics and Finance

[42058] viXra:2403.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 15:50:27

Dual Quaternion Geometric Algebra in PGA G(3,0,1)

Authors: Robert Benjamin Easter, Daranee Pimchangthong
Comments: 28 Pages.

In Geometric Algebra, the algebra G(3,0,1) is known as PGA, the plane-based and point-based geometric algebras, or projective geometric algebra, of points, lines, and planes in 3D space. The even-grades subalgebra of PGA, which we call Dual Quaternion Geometric Algebra (DQGA), represents Dual Quaternion Algebra (DQA). In the plane-based algebra of PGA, there are entities for points, lines, and planes and many operations on them, including dualization to the point-based entities, reflections in planes, rotations, translations, projections, rejections, and intersections (meet products). In this paper, we derive a complete set of identities that relate all of the plane-based entities and operations in PGA to their corresponding entities and operations in DQGA. Therefore, this paper contributes into the literature on dual quaternions and PGA the complete details on how to use DQA or DQGA as a geometric algebra of points, lines, and planes with many useful operations. All DQGA entities and operations are defined or derived such that the orientations of the entities are maintained correctly through all of the operations. We also define three new part operators for taking the point, line, or plane part of a dual quaternion, which may improve the computational efficiency of intersection (meet) operations. Dual quaternions already have some applications in computer graphics and kinematics. This paper expands on the understanding of dual quaternions and introduces DQA as a versatile geometric algebra of points, lines, and planes with many new operations that do not appear in prior literature, expanding the possible applications of dual quaternions.
Category: Algebra

[42057] viXra:2403.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-05 18:12:43

Calculation of the Muon Mass

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, the formation of muons is attributed to the decay of neutrons by the action of very hard γ-radiation. This is based on a model of the neutron that we presented in a paper recently published here1. From the decay mechanism, a mass of 206.781 electron masses (me) could be calculated for the muon, which agrees very well with the measured 3value of 206.768 me. This decay mechanism also very plausibly explains the occurrence of the three types of muonium, muon μ-, anti-muon μ+ and muonium μ+-
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[42056] viXra:2403.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-04 23:37:36

Is there a Subconscious Cause for Our Love of Music?

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A speculative essay proposing that the human subconscious mind can understand language but, while it can communicate with the sleeping mind via images in dreams, it can only communicate to an individual’s awake mind via what appear to the individual as a random recall of a musical song in working memory. Remarkable lyrics of a given song can thus be used by the subconscious as a means to communicate to the awake mind. A theory of subconscious communication from Cormac McCarthy in his Kekule’ Problem essay and the research of Jeff Hawkins and Numenta Corporation showing the human brain storing sequences of patterns including songs, are used to support the proposal.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[42055] viXra:2403.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-04 23:39:45

An Improved Belief Entropy Measuring Total Uncertainty in the Evidence Theory

Authors: Xiaoyan Su, Jian Zhong, Ziying Hong, Hong Qian
Comments: 17 Pages.

Dempster-Shafer evidence theory is widely used in many fields due to its advantages in dealing with uncertain information. However, measuring the uncertainty of information in evidence theory remains an open question. In recent years, Deng entropy has gained attention as a representative measure of uncertainty. However, Deng entropy cannot express the uncertainty of conflict well. Inspired by Jousselme's mathematical expressions for non-conflict, this paper proposes an improved belief entropy that generalizes Deng entropy and can better express the uncertainty of conflict. Additionally, this paper highlights the difference between generalized condition and traditional condition in which DS evidence theory is used. Based on this difference, the paper also discusses the basic principles proposed by Klir and Wierman. These research findings are significant for further advancing the application and development of DS evidence theory.
Category: General Mathematics

[42054] viXra:2403.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-02 19:31:07

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert Lloyd Jackson
Comments: 20 Pages.

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, espectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[42053] viXra:2403.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-02 20:03:07

The Origins of Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra admin - Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted)

Based on Bekenstein-Hawking formula, the black hole maximal entropy , the maximum amount of information bits that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). Since any sphere is limited to the amount of information bits it can contain within its volume of space, up to the limit of the information within a black hole with an event horizon at the radius of this sphere, the Bekenstein-Hawking formula is the upper limit for information contained within any sphere (or volume) of space. This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit onto its surrounding surface area. This can lead to the idea that the fabric of spacetime is a fabric of entangled information units at the size of Planck length (for each information unit). Due to entanglement, the information in a volume of space is entangled to the information on its surrounding sphere and is limited by the surrounding sphere area divided by Planck area, just as Bekenstein-Hawking calculated for the black hole entropy. The best candidate to carry the entangled information quantum bits in empty space, will be the virtual particles quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, that pop in and out of existence due to The Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Some of these virtual particles that pop in and out of existence in empty space are non-correlated random noise fluctuations that cancel each other, and some are correlated information fluctuations. The correlated information fluctuations on the surface of the sphere represent information regarding the energy and mass within the volume of this sphere. As the information carrying, correlated virtual particle pairs pop in and out of existence, they define the pulse of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42052] viXra:2403.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 20:49:42

Langenscheidt's Pocket Chinese Dictionary and The Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 27 Pages.

We study the Chinese head entries of the Langenscheidt's Pocket Chinese Dictionary written in Pinyin, a Romanized pronunciation system.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised(unnormalised). We find that the head entries underlie a magnetisation curve of a Spin-Glass in the presence of little external magnetic field.
Category: Linguistics

[42051] viXra:2403.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 10:39:21

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons with Intrinsic Angular Momentum

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work analyzes a recently reported numerical solution to a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons by computing its energy, momentum, invariant mass, and intrinsic angular momentum. While the invariant mass is used to improve the model's Born-Infeld parameter, the computed energy and intrinsic angular momentum provide new insights into the model. Specifically, the computed energy is negative, which might be a consequence of the model describing a bound state in the form of a massive particle. The computed intrinsic angular momentum agrees with the spin of electrons within the accuracy of the numerical approximations; however, the actual predictive power of the model remains unclear because one of the parameters of the model is the reduced Compton wavelength of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

[42050] viXra:2403.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 20:52:49

The Instanton: a Conspicuous Case of Scale Transition

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 261 Pages.

Light is the only physical phenomenon of our experience that transits all three scales of the world we inhabit: infrafinite, finite, as well as transfinite. The concept of instanton accomodates the transition of thesescales in space and time. This fact indicates that the quantization might be in fact, the only true law of nature. In this respect the world we inhabit is unique: the Planck’s quantization procedure asks for a special fundamentalstructure of the universe as an optical medium, which must be a Maxwell fish-eye. In order to apply the Planck’s procedure of quantization to matter, one needs to extend the electromagnetic properties of the light fields to matterfields. At this juncture, the special relativity aroused a thesis which acts implicitly in all initiatives of theoretical physics: the length — which is a differentia of the concept of matter — is identical to the distance, which is aproperty of the vacuum concept, and can be revealed only by light. A proper usage of this thesis leads to the idea of Yang-Mills fields: the equivalents in matter of the electromagnetic fields from vacuum. The planetary atomicmodel, as the fundamental structure of the physical world is considered from this point of view. Consequences are suggested and/or described; some of them are pursued up to their conclusions, some remain at the level oflogical speculations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42049] viXra:2403.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 12:38:44

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

Yes, I claim that the ether that fills the vacuum space is a type of fluid that permeates everywhere in the vacuum space. Therefore, fluid dynamics can be used to describe the entire structure of the universe according to general relativity and quantum physics for describing subatomic particles.
Category: Astrophysics

[42048] viXra:2403.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 22:11:27

Derivation of the Mass Due to the Elementary Electric Charge and Newton’s Constant from the Uncertainty Principle Extended to 26 Dimensions

Authors: Angel Garces Doz
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use a shorter/concise title and avoid repetition/regurgitation))

The first string theory was a purely 26-dimensional bosonic theory. He did not implement fermions. But there is a notable empirical fact that seems to indicate that these twenty-six dimensions could refer to the number of elementary particles of the standard model on the energy scale of the Higgs vacuum. Or maybe that there really are 26 dimensions, 22of them compacted into circles. Perhaps there is some ingredient that can convert the original 26-dimensional purely bosonic string theory intoa string theory with bosons and fermions. A mass that could be either the scale of the unification energy or even the mass of gravitino, and even that of the magnetic monopole. We do not know. In this work we obtainthe value of a mass in the way indicated in the title of this article. The Gaussian system of units is used to obtain the dimensions of the electric charge as a function of mass, length and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42047] viXra:2403.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 22:20:43

Construction and Description of an Object/machine at the Interface of Physics and Computer Science

Authors: Romain Viguier
Comments: 18 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite scientific references)

This article involves many things (hologram, computation, time, fields etc..) with the leading object being called Unifying Circuit.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42046] viXra:2402.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-29 13:59:45

Topological Theory of Hopf Bundle and Mass

Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 7 Pages.

Why a particle has the specific rest mass it does is an open question. To address this problem an alternative theory of mass is put forward. Mass is the intersection of a Hopf bundle and 3-space. The masses of six lighter hyperons and electron are derived as functions of the proton and neutron masses. Nine free parameters are thereby reduced to two. The most significant outcome is the derivation of the electron mass.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[42045] viXra:2402.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-29 17:06:16

Addition of Velocities: An Adjusted Equation

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the ideas of the constancy of speed of light and time dilation, a revised equation of addition of velocities is obtained, which coincides with Einstein’s similar equation only in one-dimensional cases. The necessity of abandoning the idea of a ruler as a tool for instant measuring of distances, which is tantamount to instant transfer of information, is discussed. In the absence of a ruler, electromagnetic waves remain the only tools for measuring distances, and a quantum, the smallest portion of an electromagnetic emission, becomes the smallest portion (i.e. the smallest unit of measurement and the size of uncertainty) of space-time as well.
Category: Classical Physics

[42044] viXra:2402.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-29 23:10:30

Isolating the Prime Numbers

Authors: Adrian M. Stokes
Comments: 4 Pages.

Prime numbers greater than 3 belong to the number sequences 6n ± 1 wheren ≥ 1. These sequences also include the composites that are not divisible by 2 and/or3 and therefore their factors must also be of the form 6n ± 1. This allows all of the6n±1 composites to be equivalently written in the form of factors (6n1±1)(6n2±1),where n1 and n2 ≥ 1, creating three sub-sequences that exclude prime numbers.Finding and isolating the prime numbers can be achieved by selecting a numberrange and creating a set of 6n ± 1 numbers for that range before subtracting thesubsets (6n1 ± 1)(6n2 ± 1) to isolate and identify all the primes in the set.
Category: Number Theory

[42043] viXra:2402.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-29 23:09:24

What is Mass?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

Mass should be understood in terms of potential energy arising from vector potentials of force elds. It reevaluates Einstein's famousequation E = mc2 and suggests that rest mass (denoted as mr) is essentially a form of potential energy. The text challenges traditional views by proposing that the rest mass of subatomic particles is not con- stant but varies with the potential of the elds in which they are located. Through a series of theoretical discussions and thought experiments, the author explores the implications of this view for understanding the uni- verse, including the additivity of rest mass, the variability of subatomic particle masses, and the principle of minimum potential energy (or rest mass) governing all interactions and processes in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42042] viXra:2402.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-29 23:08:04

Why Are the James Webb Space Telescope's Data so Surprising?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages.

The implications of recent astronomical observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and compares them with thosefrom the Hubble Space Telescope. Specically, it discusses the discovery of galaxies such as GN-z11 and JADES-GS-z13-0, which appear to have formed at very early stages of the universe, challenging previous assumptions about galaxy formation and the age of the universe.The author uses a thought experiment involving relativistic speeds and redshift calculations to question the current estimates of the universe'sage, suggesting that the universe might be older than widely accepted. The piece critically examines the methodologies used in determiningthe age of distant galaxies and the universe, proposing that new data from JWST could necessitate a revision of cosmological models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42041] viXra:2402.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-29 23:21:13

Hypothesis on the Fifth Dimension and Dark Light: A New Cosmological Model

Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 86 Pages.

The proposed hypothesis explores an interdisciplinary and innovative vision of cosmology, integrating notions of the fifth dimension, "dark light", and dynamic interactions between our universe and an anti-universe. This ambitious theory aims to unify and explain a variety of cosmological and quantum phenomena still unexplained by standard models, such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, the nature and properties of dark energy and dark matter, as well as the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement. At the heart of this hypothesis is the idea of a fifth dimension that transcends the known four-dimensional space-time, acting as a mediator not only between the visible universe and a potential anti-universe but also as a source of the mysterious "dark light", conceptualized here as a form of dark energy. This additional dimension would offer a new framework for understanding the fundamental interactions of nature, proposing that the forces and phenomena observed in our universe could be influenced or directly derived from this omnipresent dimension. The goal of this hypothesis is to lay the foundation for a unified theory that could potentially fill gaps in current theories by providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of the universe, while paving the way for technological advances revolutionaries in communications, space propulsion, energy generation, and beyond. By envisioning a complex and multidimensional interaction between visible light, dark light, and fundamental forces across a fifth dimension, this theory aspires to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, its formation, its expansion, and the fundamental laws that govern it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42040] viXra:2402.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-28 22:00:29

Hubble Force and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please only submit finalized work)

It is common knowledge that vacuum has an intrinsic energy and exerts negative pressure (force), one which acts against gravity to drive and accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Little is known, however, about the force it causing this pressure. Indeed it is controversial whether there is any force at all behind this phenomenon so the situation must be carefully weighed. Here I shall venture to argue briefly that there does exist a force driving the expansion, the force I call the `Hubble Force'. Then, with an explicit force at hand, the whole machinery of continuum mechanics would be at our service to analyze the expansion thoroughly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42039] viXra:2402.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-28 11:27:16

A New Explanation for the Red Shift

Authors: Ronald Hall
Comments: 25 Pages.

The concept of a universal ideal elastic medium is developed to show that protons, neutrons and stars can be represented as stress patterns whose characteristics are determined by the structure of the hydrogen atom and the nature of thermal radiation. One characteristic of the stress pattern of a star such as the sun is the radial velocity of light in the pattern, which is shown to be a function of both the distance from the star and the mass of the star. This velocity is equivalent to Hubble's velocity of recession.
Category: Astrophysics

[42038] viXra:2402.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-28 22:07:11

The Zeta Function and the Euler-Maclaurin Formula

Authors: Marco Burgos
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name is required on the article in pdf)

The Riemann Zeta function is very famous because hidden within it lies the much-desired prime counting function. In this paper, we will unlock the door using the Euler-Maclaurin formula and present the proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

[42037] viXra:2402.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 20:48:26

Designing Performance Testing Software for Cloud Based Enterprise Applications

Authors: Pranshu Mishra, Surbhi Agarwal
Comments: 4 Pages. Performance Engineering, System Design, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0

The paper presents the design and implementation of performance testing software designed forcloud-based enterprise applications. With the increasing adoption of cloud computing in enterprise environments, ensuring the performance and scalability of these cloud-based applications is crucial. Traditional performance testing tools may not fully address the unique challenges posed by cloud environments as these tools are, generally speaking, usually designed as load generators. Therefore, we propose a comprehensive approach to designing performance testing software specifically for cloud-based enterprise applications in which load generation is one component of it’s architecture.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42036] viXra:2402.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 20:46:06

Approaching EEG Pathological Spikes in Terms of Solitons

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 13 Pages.

A delicate balance between dissipative and nonlinear forces allows traveling waves termed solitons to preserve their shape and energy for long distances without steepen and flatten out. Solitons are so widespread that can generate both destructive waves in oceans’ surface and noise-free message propagation in silica optic fibers. They are naturally observed or artificially produced in countless physical systems at very different coarse-grained scales, from solar winds to Bose-Einstein condensates. We hypothesize that some of the electric oscillations detectable by scalp electroencephalography (EEG) could be assessed in terms of solitons. A nervous spike must fulfill strict mathematical and physical requirements to be termed a soliton. They include the proper physical parameters like wave height, horizontal distance and unchangingshape, the appropriate nonlinear wave equations’ solutions, the correct superposition between sinusoidal and nonsinusoidal waves. After a thorough analytical comparison with the EEG traces available in literature, we argue that solitons bear striking similarities with the electric activity recorded from medical conditions like epilepsies and encephalopathies. Emerging from the noisy background of the normal electric activity, high-amplitude, low frequency EEG soliton-like pathological waves with relatively uniform morphology and duration can be observed, characterized by repeated, stereotyped patterns propagating on the hemispheric surface of the brain over relatively large distances. Apart from the implications for the study of cognitive activities in the healthy brain, the theoretical possibility to treat pathological brain oscillations in terms of solitons has powerful operational implications, suggesting new therapeutical options to counteract their detrimental effects.
Category: Mind Science

[42035] viXra:2402.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 21:01:00

磁场应该用能量流重新来定义而不是矢量势的旋度
The Magnetic Field Should be Redefined in Terms of Energy Flow Rather Than the Curl of Vector Potential

Authors: shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 77 Pages. In Chinese

本文从两个载流线圈之间的能量的纽曼公式推导了准静态电磁场方程,然后讨论了3种方法从准静态方程过度到辐射电磁场方程。1)Maxwell提出的位移电流方法,2)洛伦兹的滞后势方法,3)作者提出的基于能量守恒的包含超前波的方法。作者分析了磁场的不同定义,按照安培力,洛伦兹力,矢量势的旋度,滞后矢量势的旋度,法拉第电磁感应,坡印廷矢量,互能流定义的磁场。磁场定义还分在环路上和在直线上求平均值两种不同类型定义方法。在这些不同方法中,作者认为用互能流定义的磁场是正确的。按照这个磁场定义电磁波的磁场和电场保持90度相位差。不是像麦克斯韦电磁理论那样磁场和电场保持同相位。这样电磁波的确是无功功率的波。这种波的能量是不会溢出宇宙的。单独靠电磁波并不能传递能量。传递能量得靠互能流。互能流由同步的滞后波和超前波构成。互能流具有光子的性质,作者认为互能流就是光子。本文的重点是由互能流定义了磁场。由于互能流不管是在准静态条件下,按照麦克斯韦电磁理论,还是按照作者的电磁理论都成立。因此这样定义的磁场是合理的。这个定义和麦克斯韦按照磁矢量势定义磁场是不相同的。

This article derives the quasi-static electromagnetic field equation from the Newman formula of the energy between two current-carrying coils, and then discusses three methods to transition from the quasi-static equation to the radiation electromagnetic field equation. 1) The displacement current method proposed by Maxwell, 2) Lorentz's hysteresis potential method, 3) The method based on energy conservation and including advanced waves proposed by the author. The author analyzes different definitions of magnetic fields, including magnetic fields defined in terms of Ampere force, Lorentz force, curl of vector potential, curl of hysteresis vector potential, Faraday electromagnetic induction, Poynting vector, and mutual energy flow. The definition of magnetic field is also divided into two different types of definition methods: averaging on a loop and averaging on a straight line. Of these different approaches, the authors consider the magnetic field defined in terms of mutual energy flow to be correct. According to this magnetic field definition, the magnetic field and electric field of electromagnetic waves maintain a phase difference of 90 degrees. It is not like Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that the magnetic field and the electric field remain in the same phase. In this way, electromagnetic waves are indeed waves of reactive power. The energy of this wave will not overflow into the universe. Electromagnetic waves alone cannot transmit energy. The transfer of energy depends on mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow consists of synchronized delayed waves and advanced waves. Mutual energy flow has the properties of photons, and the author believes that mutual energy flow is photon. The focus of this article is on the magnetic field defined by mutual energy flow. Since the mutual energy flow is established no matter under quasi-static conditions, according to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory or according to the author's electromagnetic theory. Therefore the magnetic field defined in this way is reasonable. This definition is different from Maxwell's definition of magnetic field in terms of magnetic vector potential.
Category: Classical Physics

[42034] viXra:2402.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 21:15:56

Hypothèse Sur la Lumière (Hypothesis About Light)

Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 82 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

L'hypothèse proposée explore une vision interdisciplinaire et novatrice de la cosmologie, en intégrant des notions de la cinquième dimension, de la "lumière sombre", et des interactions dynamiques entre notre univers et un anti-univers. Cette théorie ambitieuse vise à unifier et à expliquer une variété de phénomènes cosmologiques et quantiques encore inexpliqués par les modèles standards, tels que l'expansion accélérée de l'univers, la nature et les propriétés de l'énergie sombre et de la matière noire, ainsi que les principes de superposition et d'intrication quantiques.Au cœur de cette hypothèse se trouve l'idée d'une cinquième dimension qui transcende l'espace-temps à quatre dimensions connu, agissant comme un médiateur non seulement entre l'univers visible et un potentiel anti-univers mais aussi comme une source de la mystérieuse "lumière sombre", conceptualisée ici comme une forme d'énergie sombre. Cette dimension supplémentaire offrirait un nouveau cadre pour comprendre les interactions fondamentales de la nature, en proposant que les forces et phénomènes observés dans notre univers pourraient être influencés ou directement issus de cette dimension omniprésente.L'objectif de cette hypothèse est de jeter les bases d'une théorie unifiée qui pourrait potentiellement combler les lacunes des théories actuelles en offrant de nouvelles perspectives sur la structure et la dynamique de l'univers, tout en ouvrant la voie à des avancées technologiques révolutionnaires en matière de communication, de propulsion spatiale, de génération d'énergie, et au-delà. En envisageant une interaction complexe et multidimensionnelle entre la lumière visible, la lumière sombre, et les forces fondamentales à travers une cinquième dimension, cette théorie aspire à révolutionner notre compréhension de l'univers, sa formation, son expansion, et les lois fondamentales qui le régissent.

The proposed hypothesis explores an interdisciplinary and innovative vision of cosmology, integrating notions of the fifth dimension, "dark light", and dynamic interactions between our universe and an anti-universe. This ambitious theory aims to unify and explain a variety of cosmological and quantum phenomena still unexplained by standard models, such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, the nature and properties of dark energy and dark matter, as well as the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement. At the heart of this hypothesis is the idea of u200bu200ba fifth dimension that transcends the known four-dimensional space-time, acting as a mediator not only between the visible universe and a potential anti-universe but also as a source of the mysterious "dark light", conceptualized here as a form of dark energy. This additional dimension would offer a new framework for understanding the fundamental interactions of nature, proposing that the forces and phenomena observed in our universe could be influenced or directly derived from this omnipresent dimension. The goal of this hypothesis is to lay the foundation for a unified theory that could potentially fill gaps in current theories by providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of the universe, while paving the way for technological advances revolutionaries in communications, space propulsion, energy generation, and beyond. By envisioning a complex and multidimensional interaction between visible light, dark light, and fundamental forces across a fifth dimension, this theory aspires to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, its formation, its expansion, and the fundamental laws that govern it.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42033] viXra:2402.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 03:11:18

Simple, Mysterious, New Type and Best Possible Integral Inequalities

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this note, we give simple, mysterious, new type and best possible integral inequalities.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42032] viXra:2402.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 03:05:52

Correlation Between μ0ε0 and Time Course

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 13 Pages.

In nature, matter and its motion take precedence. Time serves merely as a conceptual tool and a method utilized by people to gauge the rate of motion of matter. μ0ε0 constitutes an intriguing pair of physical quantities. When directly measured, they remain constant. However, they can vary when indirectly measured. Research has revealed that μ0ε0 influences the motion rate of all matter within a local area. Correlated with the passage of time, μ0ε0 affects and reflects the motion rate of matter. Time, like other physical concepts, has a specific scope of applicability and is not universally valid across all physical phenomena under study.
Category: Astrophysics

[42031] viXra:2402.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 23:46:38

The Neutron Enigma II

Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 9 Pages.

We had already dealt with the neutron enigma in an earlier paper5 and calculated values that were in excellent agreement with the decay times determined experimentally for the two measurement methods solely on the basis of the underlying masses or mass differences. However, this approach was formal, as no knowledge of the decay mechanisms was available and consequently the individual calculation steps could not be justified. The solution approach presented here was based on the neutron decay mechanism described in a recent publication 1 for calculating the decay curve. In combination with the specific structure of the two competing measurement methods, it was possible to predict that, in contrast to the bottle method,energy is continuously extracted from the system in the beam method, which leads to an increase in the lifetime of the neutrons, since energy and decay time are indirectly proportional, as already explained in the paper 5 cited at the beginning. The energy loss during the beam experiment could be quantified on the basis of a simple calculation model. From the resulting residual energy, it was possible to calculate the decay time, which corresponds to that measured by Greene3 within the standard deviation. From the knowledge of the overall mechanism outlined above, some experimental modifications for the beam method can be proposed, which should lead to an approximation of the decay times for both methods:- A reduction in diameter for the beam tube- An increase in the suction voltage to remove the proton- A reduction in the particle density in the beam tube If these experimental changes lead in the direction we predicted, we can consider the neutron enigma solved.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[42030] viXra:2402.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 13:47:15

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 35 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- andparticle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity; the ontological foundations of the two share common language, concepts, and principles. It explains the phenomenology of standard quantum theory, but offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that themathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42029] viXra:2402.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 22:54:50

Derivation of Weinberg Angle, Quark Mixing Matrix Angles and Neutrino Oscillation Matrix Angles

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 9 Pages.

Following the path of our previous articles on the masses of charged leptons and quarks, in this paper we derive in a theoretical way the Weinberg angle and in a heuristic-empirical way the angles of the mixing matrices of quarks and neutrinos.Except for the CP violation angle of the neutrino mixing matrix which has a large indeterminacy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42028] viXra:2402.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-26 03:42:18

Comparison of the Dimensionless Toe of S. Pellis and S. Jarvis with the Dimensioned Toe of the Author

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to title made by viXra Admin)

In 2019, the author postulated "12 π c3 =1" as a framework for a final ToE (Theory of Everything) and worked this out over the years until 2024 into the world formula "Space / Time = 12 π3". Here, the competing approaches of Stergios Pellis and Stephen Jarvis, both of whom present a dimensionless number theory as ToE, will be briefly compared and placed in an overall picture. Finally, it will be briefly discussed whether and in what form natural constants can exist and what distinguishes a dimensionless world formula from a dimensional world formula.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42027] viXra:2402.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-26 04:55:22

Tom: a New Model for HTML

Authors: Hui Wang
Comments: 8 Pages.

Today modern web site accelerated by scripts1, but the foundation, web page its self is still a static structure. Document Object Model (DOM) represents the structure of web page. Here we show a new approach: It is possible to put timetree and DOM together to shape a new structure named Time Object Model. TOM represents not only a static page but also a dynamic stream. We believe the best way for using TOM is to embed it into a HTML5 page in real time without changing the existence, it is the only way works now.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42026] viXra:2402.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 08:58:51

Special Relativity — Alternative Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. We will build an alternative theory to SR. We will derive new transformations between the two reference systems. It will be easy to compare these two theories. We will show that if all the steps taken during the derivation apply the existing mathematics, logic and physics, our transformations will be flawless, contradiction free! We follow the same steps, the same way of thinking as one do in [B1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42025] viXra:2402.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:30:27

Complementary Elements of The Theory of The Surfaces

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 63 Pages. In French

In this fascicle, we give some complementary elements concerning the theory of surfaces like the lines of curvature, the asymptotic lines.
Category: Geometry

[42024] viXra:2402.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 12:03:56

The New Cosmology and the New Gravity

Authors: John R. Rix
Comments: 117 Pages.

Traditional cosmology and gravity feature dark matter, dark energy, and an expanding universe. These features (plus general relativity) generate predictions for observations. Recent observations by the James Webb space telescope and improved observations of the Hubble parameter have generated a tension with traditional predictions that has passed the breaking point. The time has come to consider a replacement for tradition—this document (NCNG). NCNG studies a wide range of astrophysics topics of interest. NCNG is structured as a textbook or as a series of lecture notes for graduate students. A good starting point for a new reader is Appendix A, where there is a brief history of traditional development. There is also a brief history of how my ideas for NCNG were born, and why I believe I am qualified to launch this revolution.
Category: Astrophysics

[42023] viXra:2402.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:23:53

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 25 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory ofparticles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks: strange (s), charm (c), bottom (b), top (t), resulted in the range (0.8/4.2)x1018 kg/m3 , as values which could be specific to possible quark stars —in concordance with previous results. [] The theoretically resulting cold quark stars could explain a part of the Universe’s dark matter. [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

[42022] viXra:2402.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:17:44

The Lived Experiences of Working Professionals Living in Slum Areas

Authors: Lalaine E. Crisologo, Carmille Claire B. Cuate, Grace C. Echauz, Sara Joy C. Gallano, John Lexous M. Nadua
Comments: 20 Pages.

This study explores the lived experiences of working professionals residing in slum areas within Taguig City and Pasig City, Philippines. The study employs a qualitative phenomenological research design, utilizing semi-structured interviews,observations, and audio materials to gather in-depth insights from 7 participants. Thematic analysis is employed to identify common themes and patterns within participants' descriptions of their experiences, the ways they make sense of theseexperiences, reasons behind their choice to stay in slum areas, and the impact of their environment on their quality of life. Findings reveal that participants describe their life experiences through financial expectations, community cohesion, and safety concerns. Despite challenges, they exhibit adaptive resilience, emotional attachment, aspirational determination, and a positive outlook. The decision to stay in slum areas is influencedby strong community bonds, emotional connections, and practical considerations. Participants face various challenges affecting their quality of life, including safety issues, health concerns, and poor sleep quality due to noise pollution. Their copingmechanisms and responses highlight the complex nature of life in slum areas. Recommendations include advocating for improved living conditions, addressing inadequate professional salaries, and encouraging participants to broaden their outlook beyond emotional attachments. The study provides afoundation for future programs aimed at securing improved housing for individuals residing in slum areas, fostering economic growth, and positively impacting the well-being of working professionals in these environments.
Category: Education and Didactics

[42021] viXra:2402.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:08:54

[On a] Theory of Everything

Authors: Oussama Basta
Comments: 17 Pages.

In this paper, a new paradigm is proposed for understanding the interplay between gravitation, electromagnetism, and spin. Building upon the principles of quantum mechanics [1] and general relativity [2], we develop a unified theory that reconciles the fundamental forces of nature. Our approach provides a novel perspective on the nature of spacetime, the behavior of particles, and the origins of the universe. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework by addressing longstanding problems in physics, including the cosmological constant issue and the hierarchy problem. Our findings pave the way for a deeper understanding of the universe and its mysteries and open up new avenues for exploration and discovery.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[42020] viXra:2402.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:05:36

Einstein's Spacetime Curvature Claim Belied By One Second Loophole Of His Own Perihelion Precession Equation

Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 25 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org))

I have potentially discovered a loophole inside Einstein's two equations for perihelion precession, known as:ε = 24π3 a2 / T2 c2 (1-e2)ε = 6πGM / c2 (1-e2) aand two ultra-simple alternative equations thereto, defined as:ε = 6π x (v/c)2 / (1-e2) (d0.0)ε = (6π / Dc2) / (1-e2)All these discoveries appear to demonstrate that Einstein's spacetime curvature claim from Mercury's perihelion precession is contradictory in its own mathematical principle:Einstein's spacetime curvature claim was braced with the entire orbit of Mercury, as curvature (of spacetime) must logically imply the full orbital period, but his equations were braced with one second-based sampling without repetition thereof.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42019] viXra:2402.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 20:58:55

A Theoretical Analysis of Firearm Accuracy: Insights from a Virtual Lab

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 3 Pages. 3 figures

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the factors influencing firearm accuracy, with a focus on the comparative accuracy of rifles and pistols. The investigation includes mathematical models, theoretical experiments conducted in a virtual lab, and results interpretation. Theoretical experiments explore the impact of barrel length, muzzle velocity, stability, and recoil on firearm accuracy.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

[42018] viXra:2402.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 03:31:22

Planck Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 15 Pages.

Particles do not have rest mass in 5-dimensional space-time. Different kinds of particles in 4-dimensional space-time can be unified into a single particle field in 5-dimensional space-time. Particles have the property of a quantized intrinsic length. This intrinsic length can be identified using the Planck length. This phenomenon can be called length quantization. This intrinsic length of a particle, which originates from quantization, is invariant in all frames of reference, much like physical quantities such as charge, spin, and zero-point energy. Based on the propagator and intrinsic length of particle fields, a pure quantum gravity theory can be derived using the methods of quantum field theory. Gravitational force is only an additional effect of the particle field, and there is no independent gravitational field. The commutators that transmit the gravitational force are the particles themselves, and there is no independent graviton. Gravitons do not exist. In other words, gravitons are the particles themselves. There is an unknown mapping between 5-dimensional space-time and 4-dimensional space-time. Through this mapping, the intrinsic length of particles in 5-dimensional space-time is divided into two physical quantities in 4-dimensional space-time, one is the Compton wavelength of the particle and the other is the gravitational radius of the particle. The particle's Compton wavelength and gravitational radius form a dual relationship, and the product of the two is equal to Planck length squared. This unknown mapping brings two results in 4-dimensional space-time. The first result is the rest mass of the particle in 4-dimensional space-time, and the second is the gravitational effect in 4-dimensional space-time. The gravitational force in 4-dimensional space-time is the mapping result of the gravitational force in 5-dimensional space-time. The gravitational effect of the particle field limits the maximum energy of the virtual particle, preventing the divergence of the integrals of propagators. Gravitational properties are an indispensable part of quantum field theory, and only quantum field theory that includes gravitational effects can be formed into a complete theoretical framework. The gravitational potential and the Coulomb potential have similar inverse distance properties, and the phenomenon has a common origin, both of which are the result of quantum field theory propagators. In 4-dimensional space-time, gravity has a special property of spatial background field, which can be treated as a space-time structure. Gravity imposes a limitation on coordinate transformations, which do not eliminate the intrinsic length of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42017] viXra:2402.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-23 18:15:15

An Essay on Afro-Indonesian Population Development Prior to the Twentieth Century

Authors: William John Page
Comments: 37 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

The study includes a multi-discipline analysis to identify the main process through which Afro-Indonesians became established on Madagascar within the first Millennium.The conclusion proposes an extended and extensive exploration of the great rivers of Mocambique by Paleo-Indonesian expeditions. They bartered their Asian food plants grown on homes set up on islands or riverside settlements with aquatic Bantu on periodic expeditions. This process left trace patterns reflecting: 1. the Paleo-Indonesian river trade and, 2. dispersion of these crops by the Bantu agriculturalists and led to the formation of Afro-Indonesians ancestral to the Sakalava and Vezo people of western Madagascar. This paper was prepared from 1980 to 1990 and donated to the Mitchell Library in Sydney, Australia.
Category: Archaeology

[42016] viXra:2402.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-23 16:57:15

Fundamental Force Coupling Constants Are Wavenumbers

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submission!)

This started as a [trial] derivation for force coupling constants but it is the simplest derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. The derivation shows that coupling constants are wavenumbers. Another derivation using Newton's law of gravity also provides the coupling constant for the gravitational force. I argue that alpha and the coupling constants represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths of light for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42015] viXra:2402.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-23 20:56:27

Theory of Time Frames: Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within the framework of the Theory of Time Frames, we have revealed an intuitive explanation for the longstanding enigma surrounding the constancy of light speed in a vacuum. This was achieved through the astonishingly straightforward logic that acknowledges a photon's speed varies in proportion to the flow of time and the established fact that photons do not possess rest mass. Consequently, our research indicates that the speed of light is not constant but variable. However, this insight does not contradict the laws of physics or empirical evidence. Moreover, we propose a new dimensionless constant,nc = 299,792,458, to replace the traditional constant of light speed, c. This novel constant is consistent with all observed measurements of light speed conducted within the observer's local time flow. Although this interpretation of light speed deviates from Einstein's theory, it is grounded in solid theoretical and empirical evidence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42014] viXra:2402.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-23 21:55:27

Field Theoretic Thrust of an Accelerating Frame

Authors: Kevin Player
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the field theoretic picture where Unruh radiation was initially uncovered. We demonstrate how thrust serves as a more accurate and direct explanation of the Unruh effect and hence Hawing radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42013] viXra:2402.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 04:29:42

On Eikonal and Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. We assume that the mass is the mass of a black hole and it is related to a black hole entropy through its area.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[42012] viXra:2402.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 02:29:41

Towards an Intuitive Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 18 Pages.

The successful development of a mathematical theory of quantum gravity remains an elusive goal despite decades of intense research. The mathematics involved with string theory is far out of reach for most scientists but perhaps an intuitive theory of quantum gravity could grant them an understanding of the phenomenon. This article moves in that direction and approaches quantum gravity from the angle of an easy-to-understand theory of relativistic quantum spacetime. In the process, a new theory of mass is discovered and several suggestions are made for further development of an intuitive model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[42011] viXra:2402.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-22 06:08:32

A Weak Galerkin Finite Element Method for the Incompressible Viscous Magneto-Hydrodynamic Boundary Value Problems

Authors: SongBom Kim, KwangJin Ro, MyongHyok Sin
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we have studied the weak Galerkin finite element method for the incompressible viscous Magneto-hydrodynamic(MHD) equations.A weak Galerkin finite element methods are based on new concept called discrete weak gradient, discrete weak divergence and discrete weak rotation, which are expected to play an important role in numerical methods for magneto-hydrodynamic equation.This article intends to provide a general framework for managing differential, divergence, rotation operators on generalized functions. With the proposed method, solving the magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) equation is that the classical gradient, divergence, rotation operators are replaced by the discrete weak gradient, divergence, rotation and apply the Galerkin finite element method. It can be seen that the solution of the weak Galerkin finite element method is not only continuous function but also totally discontinuous function. For the proposed method, optimal order error estimates are established in various norms.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[42010] viXra:2402.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-22 06:15:16

Method for Detecting the Top of a Mountain by Using Fractal Technique

Authors: JongChol Ri, HyonSu Kim
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we consider the method that detects the top area of a mountain to decrease the research area in the image processing system.The curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on ground background forms in a woods, a rock , a crookedness of the ground and so on . The curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on sky background generally forms in the relatively very great clouds group.Therefore, the curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on sky background generally forms in great patterns, the curved surface of image brightness (CSIV) on ground background relatively forms in small patterns.On the basis of consideration about the fractal characteristics between the sky and ground background, the top area of a mountain where the appearance probability is very great was detected by using calculation of fractal dimension between sky and ground.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

[42009] viXra:2402.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-22 19:45:16

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels [of] Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments;and,based on the atomoc structure,gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

[42008] viXra:2402.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-22 19:48:41

The Origin of Observed Soul/spirit and Evils on Near Death Times in a New Quantum Theory of Intelligence

Authors: Alireza Sepehri
Comments: 8 Pages.

Some patients near death time lose ability of speech and see things like spirit; soul and evils. Question arises that if these creatures are real? To response; a team has asked from patients who return from Coma. They have reported similar observations. Also; some of them have claimed that not only saw all events in medium but even communicate with some persons during coma. To test reality; a holography for a sleeping person has been designed. The sleeping person not only saw the predicred scenes of holography but observed more creatures and silent eyes and faces from dead persons. Summing over these considerations; one conclude that a creature has an intelligence. Signature of this intelligence may be seen in quantum scales.This quantum intelligence employs matter and energy and build body of creature.Then; maybe; soul enters to it. Thus; intelligence may be a thing separated of matter. The place of intelligence isnt limitted to brain but brain even makes some errors in process of its communications with medium and remove images that its analyzers diagnose as non reasoning pictures from visible scenes in normal conditions. But; near death; analyzers of brain lose their ability and all creatures even those non reasoning ones could be seen. After body or brain death; intelligence becomes free and could continue its life and communication with other intelligences. But; intelligences that are confined to bodies; see free intelligences with the shape of bodies that they were confined or shape of evils or holy persons. Maybe; in good conditions of medium and space-time; free intelligences employ matters or energies and rebuild creatures again.
Category: Mind Science

Replacements of recent Submissions

[15717] viXra:2403.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-21 23:34:49

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky Conjecture into a Unified Prime Axiom of Second-Order Logic and Investigating Much Beyond the Goldbach's Conjecture and the Prime Number Theorem

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 31 Pages.

Merging the Goldbach and the Bunyakovsky conjecture into a Unified Prime Axiom of second-order logic and investigating much beyond the Goldbach's conjecture and the prime number theorem.
Category: Number Theory

[15716] viXra:2403.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-19 03:01:07

The Collatz Conjecture, Pythagorean Triples, and the Riemann Hypothesis: Unveiling a Novel Connection Through Dropping Times

Authors: Darcy Thomas
Comments: 15 Pages.

In the landscape of mathematical inquiry, where the ancient and the modern intertwine, few problems captivate the imagination as profoundly as the Collatz conjecture and the quest for Pythagorean triples. The former, a puzzle that has defied solution since its inception in the 1930s by Lothar Collatz, asks us to consider a simple iterative process: for any positive integer, if it is even, divide it by two; if it is odd, triple it and add one. Despite its apparent simplicity, the conjecture leads us into a labyrinth of diverse complexity, where patterns emerge and dissolve in an unpredictable dance. On the other hand, Pythagorean triples, sets of three integers that satisfy the ancient Pythagorean theorem, have been a cornerstone of geometry since the time of the ancient Greeks, embodying the harmony of numbers and the elegance of spatial relationships. This exploratory paper embarks on an unprecedented journey to bridge these seemingly disparatedomains of mathematics. At the heart of this exploration is the discovery of a novel connection between Collatz dropping times and Pythagorean triples. I will demonstrate how the dropping time of each odd number can be uniquely associated with a Pythagorean triple. As you will see, the triples seem to be encoding spatial information about Collatz trajectories. As we begin to work with triples, we’ll be motivated to move from the number line to the complex plane where we find structure andbehavior resembling that of the Riemann Zeta function and it’s zeros.
Category: Number Theory

[15715] viXra:2403.0076 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-21 23:47:08

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. fixed inconsistent coordinates/wrong constants, misc/minor edits, upgrade to html abstract

Iproject a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complexplane-wave(1) electric field ontocross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of theelectric field versus diffraction angle in the far field(2)? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ raystraces Lissajous curves(3)particular to the diffraction(4)angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependentlines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringinginterference of transverse field undulations(5)summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law(6,7)since interference (the 3-d vector sum)(1),somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentiallyretro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’sDouble-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell,Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion oflight as a wave(8.9).


Category: Classical Physics

[15714] viXra:2403.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-21 14:39:11

A proof of the Kakeya Maximal Function Conjecture Via Big Bush Argument

Authors: Johan Aspegren
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper we reduce the Kakeya maximal function conjecture to the tube sets of unit measure. We show that the Kakeya maximal function is essentially monotonic. So by adding tubes we can reduce the conjecture to the case of unit measure tube set if we allow the technicality that there are possibly two tubes on the same direction. Then we proof the Kakeya maximal function conjecture from our lemma.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[15713] viXra:2403.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-13 22:26:33

A New Numerical Interpretation of the Concept of Exponentory (Θ Notation)

Authors: Juan Elias Millas Vera
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this paper I show a possible change in the theory of series beyond product. Instead of a resolution Bottom-to-Top we will see a necessary application of the method for exponents that is a process Top-to-Bottom. That implies a change in the numerical results in a same proposition of a series.
Category: Functions and Analysis

[15712] viXra:2403.0040 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-13 21:33:17

The Potential Zero-Resistance Phenomenon of the Pb-cu-P-S-O Compound and Its Synthesis Method

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong
Comments: 10 Pages. 10 figures, 1 table

We have developed a new synthesis method for producing the Pb-Cu-P-S-O compound samples in order to replicate zero resistance of the PCPOSOS (Pb10−xCux[P(O1−ySy)4]6O1−zSz), which we refer to as the Daecheol-Mingi (DM) synthesis method. The potential zero resistances of the samples were observed through I-V measurements.
Category: Condensed Matter

[15711] viXra:2403.0030 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-09 20:25:44

On Shocks

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages. Final version updated with references and grammar fixes.

A speculative and philosophical essay on the possibility of gene pool regulation of large-scale human population, akin to ant colonies in Nature. Human gene pools are considered as oscillating entities wavering between expansionist, peaceful, and open phases, to phases of consolidated, militaristic, and closed societies. Religion is considered as a beneficial evolutionary fitness creation to help safeguard excess extremism during consolidated phases and as a critical archive of techniques to assist populations when presented with rare and dangerous existential shocks.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

[15710] viXra:2403.0003 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-16 22:43:29

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 8 Pages.

I claim that the ether that fills the vacuum space is a type of fluid that permeates everywhere in the vacuum space. Therefore, fluid dynamics can be used to describe the entire structure of the universe according to general relativity and quantum physics for describing subatomic particles.
Category: Astrophysics

[15709] viXra:2402.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-03 08:48:31

Topological Theory of Hopf Bundle and Mass

Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Why a particle has the specific rest mass it does is an open question. An alternative theory of mass is put forward. Mass is the intersection of a Hopf bundle and 3-space. The masses of six lighter hyperons and electron are derived as functions of the proton and neutron masses. Nine free parameters are thereby reduced to two. The most significant outcome is the derivation of the electron mass.
Category: Mathematical Physics

[15708] viXra:2402.0145 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-07 06:33:55

­Special Relativity and Length Contraction

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The special theory of relativity, SR, is based on two so-called postulates/axioms:1) The constancy of the speed of light The special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant equal to c for all observers in uniform relative motion.2) Principle of relativityAll systems, where observers move at constant speed, inertial systems, are equivalent and therefore the laws of physics must give the same result for all of them.As a consequence of SR comes two concepts/physical phenomena: - time dilation- length contraction.In this article we take a look at length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[15707] viXra:2402.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-18 00:04:56

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 34 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory of particles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

[15706] viXra:2402.0124 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-29 23:24:26

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels of Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments;and,based on the atomoc structure,gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

[15705] viXra:2402.0123 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-25 15:13:53

The Origin of Observed Soul/spirit and Evils on Near Death Times in a New Quantum Theory of Intelligence

Authors: Alireza Sepehri
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this research; we define a quantum intelligence for any creature and consider its communications with free intelligences in environment. To this aim; we use of experiences on near death times. Some patients near death time lose ability of speech and see things like spirit; soul and evils. Question arises that if these creatures are real? To response; a team has asked from patients who return from Coma. They have reported similar observations. Also; some of them have claimed that not only saw all events in environment but even communicate with some persons during coma. To test reality; a holography for a sleeping person has been designed. The sleeping person not only saw the predicred scenes of holography but observed more creatures and silent eyes and faces from dead persons. Summing over these considerations; one conclude that any creature has an intelligence. Signature of this intelligence may be seen in quantum scales.This quantum intelligence employs matter and energy and build body of creature.Then; maybe; soul enters to it. Thus; intelligence may be a thing separated of matter and soul or spirit. The place of intelligence isnt limitted to brain but brain even makes some errors in process of its communications with environment. For example; brain removes images that its analyzers diagnose as non reasoning pictures like images of souls and evils from visible scenes in normal conditions. But; near death; analyzers of brain lose their ability and all creatures even those non reasoning ones like evils and souls could be seen. After body or brain death; intelligence becomes free and could continue its life and communication with other intelligences. But; intelligences that are confined to bodies; see free intelligences with the shape of initial bodies that they were confined to them when they were alive or with the shape of evils or holy persons. Maybe; in good conditions of envirnment and space-time; free intelligences employ matters or energies and rebuild creatures again.
Category: Mind Science