Relativity and Cosmology

Fractal Holographic Lattice Cosmology: A Λ-Free Resolution of the Hubble Tension

Authors: Joshua D. Smith
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references; AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

Fractal Holographic Lattice (FHL) Cosmology resolves the Hubble tension without a cosmological constant, achieving H(0) = 73.2 km/s/Mpc locally and H(z = 1100) = 67.4 km/s/Mpc at the CMB epoch, matching SH0ES and Planck constraints. It reproduces intermediate expansion and growth rates (H(z = 0.51) = 74.7 km/s/Mpc, f(z = 0.51) ≈ 0.71) per DESI BAO, validated across z = 0 to z ≈ 1100against supernovae, cosmic chronometers, Lyman-alpha forest, and clustering data. FHL eliminates dark energy, leveraging a fractal lattice geometry, and aligns with gravitational wave dispersion, shortdistance gravity tests, and black hole entropy corrections.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity and Light Speed Novel Concept for Stellar Aberration

Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 22 Pages.

This work presents, for the first time in history, a coherent and correct concept for stellar aberration based on the wave nature of light and classical physics. Considering the spherical propagation of the light wavefront and the motion of the observer relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) leads to a physically meaningful formula that, unlike the classical formulas, relates to the squares of the velocities for light and the CMB. Moreover, stellar aberration is explained by the entire light path from the star to the observer, with significant consequences for the concept of a dragged ether and the reinterpretation of a large number of experiments. It is demonstrated that all relevant experiments can be consistently explained within the framework of an ether fully dragged by gravity. The anisotropy of light is presented from a new perspective, and time dilation and length contraction become obsolete.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Space-Time Equation for Electromagnetic Interaction.

Authors: Davide Cericola
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Authors' names should be listed right after the title)

In the present work is explored the profound symmetry between the theories of gravity and electromagnetism, with particular attention to the similarity between the fundamental forces of nature: the weight force and the electric Lorentz force, Newton's law and Coulomb's law, as well as Maxwell's equations and the equations of gravitational electromagnetism. There are papers that explain how to obtain the gravitational electromagnetism equations by applying the weak field approximation to the Einstein field equations. Precisely in honour of this symmetry, this work aims to obtain Einstein field equations valid for electromagnetism, i.e. field equations from which to derive, under weak field approximation, Maxwell's equations. This research suggests a parallel vision between electromagnetism and gravity, suggesting that perhaps there could be a curved electromagnetic field in 4 dimensions alongside the curved gravitational field (Einstein's space-time).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solution to Gravity Divergence and Effective Renormalization of Gravity

Authors: Hyoyoung Choi
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please remove "Physics Department")

By using the fact that the mass M changes to M_eff, which reflects the binding energy, we can obtain the RG flow and gravitational coupling constant G(k). G(k)=(1 − R_gp/R)G_N. When k^*=5Rc^3/3G_N, G(k^*)=0, which means that gravity is zero. Therefore, we can solve the problem of gravitational divergence at high energy. This work presents an effective renormalization approach to gravity, where the running G(k) naturally leads to the resolution of gravitational divergence without requiring quantum corrections. If R > R_gp , G(k)>0, and attractive force acts. If R = R_gp , G(k)=0, and gravity is also zero. If R < R_gp , G(k)<0, and repulsive force or antigravity acts. This repulsive force prevents the formation of a singularity at the center of the black hole. Therefore, the singularity problem is also solved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Emergent Time Theory: From Timeless Quantum Fields to Physical Time

Authors: Nir Platek
Comments: 19 Pages. Copyright © 2025 Nir Platek.

Emergent Time Theory (ETT) posits that time is not fundamental but emerges from the dynamics of a timeless quantum scalar field, Φ. Our framework develops a rigorous quantum field theory that makes specific, falsifiable predictions—a 10^-4-level deviation from Newtonian gravity at millimeter scales, atomic clock frequency shifts on the order of 10^-18, and Casimir force modifications at the 10^-5 level—that are accessible with current or near-future experiments. Recognizing that groundbreaking theories often blend mathematical precision with deep conceptual insights, we present ETT in two parts: a Core Theory addressing immediate experimental implications, and a Visionary Roadmap outlining speculative extensions—from cosmic bounces and black hole transitions to potential links with consciousness and unconventional information transfer. This structured approach clearly distinguishes established predictions from exploratory ideas, inviting further investigation into the nature of time, space, and physical reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Thermodynamics and the Source of Dark Matter

Authors: Robert Street
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Friedmann equations and the ΛCDM model describe the adiabatic expansion of the universe. The model explains the red-shift and decrease in total energy of the photons but the equations also require energy conservation according to the first law of thermodynamics, an apparent contradiction that has proved hard to understand. Further consideration of the thermodynamics of adiabatic expansion demonstrates how to reconcile the loss of energy of the photons with overall conservation of energy, and points to the source of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Informational Physical Model: Detection of Dark Matter Particles

Authors: Sergey V. Shevchenko, Vladimir V. Tokarevsky
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the paper dark matter particles detection problem is considered in framework of the Planck scale informational physical model. It is shown that the detection practically for sure is impossible.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mechanical Transcription of Canonical Geodesics of the Regular Metric Tensor

Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 27 Pages. In Portuguese

Geodesics of a metric tensor describes the motion of a test particle in the gravitational field of a central mass by a second-order differential equation. A resolution gives the trajectory the shortest distance, demonstrated by variational principles, and carries out parallel transport of the velocity tensor, according to the covariant derivative. The characterization by geometric principles makes the kinematic effect resolvable, but untangling the dynamic cause in Christoffel's symbol remains intricate. The canonical representation of the equation in its geometric purpose introduces terms that disturb mechanical understanding. Geodesics also appears in the derivative of the Lorentz invariant, which conditions parallel transport to the conservation of the invariant velocity modulus. The vectorial elaboration of this equation involving geodesics reduces the tensor system to a closed scalar sentence. The correspondence between terms can be inferred from the reciprocity between space and time in the metric tensor by the variational pattern.Considering the covariance isometry property, we establish equivalences between the terms of the geodetic equation and expose the dynamics of geodetic acceleration in a concise equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does the Red Shift Contradict GR and SRT?

Authors: Vladislav Mirkin
Comments: 16 Pages.

The contradiction between the provisions of the general and special theories of relativity and the spectral characteristics of radiation from distant galaxies has been identified and explained within the framework of the unipolar ether paradigm. It has been established that space within atoms has nonlinear properties caused by fluctuations in the density of the ethereal medium.

Выявлено и объяснено в рамках парадигмы униполярного эфира противоречие между положениями общей и специальной теорий относительности и спектральными характеристиками излучений отдаленных галактик. Установлено, что пространство в пределах атомов обладает нелинейными свойствами, обусловленными колебаниями плотности эфирной среды.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Time Symmetry in Special Relativity Is Broken?

Authors: Linyi Wu
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper presents a fundamental revision of the theoretical framework of special relativity by abandoning both the Lorentz transformations and the concept of time dilation. By critically analyzing symmetry issues in relativistic effects, this study argues that time is a universally invariant quantity, remaining unaffected by the relative motion between reference frames. By re-evaluating the core principles of relativity, the study rederives the mass-energy equivalence formula without invoking time dilation or Lorentz transformations. This novel approach resolves long-standing paradoxes in relativity, such as the twin paradox, and opens new possibilities for theoretical and experimental research in fundamental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Once More About G. Gamow’s "fireball"

Authors: Samvel Srapioni Poghosyan
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: A labeled abstract in the article is required)

The article presents a new hypothesis that the theory of Gamow’s "Fireball’’ does not refer to our universe or the Metagalaxy, it refers to the main structural unit (component) of the Metagalaxy - superclusters of galaxies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Armon Structure of Metauniverse

Authors: Samvel Srapioni Poghosyan
Comments: 335 Pages.

In Chapter 1 the author sets forth his philosophical concept of matter, where he justifies the existence of two opposite forms (sides) of matter: positive and negative pra-matters. Chapter 2 recounts the physical theory of matter: the physical essence and nature of matter, as well as the types of fundamental components of non-free physical systems is explained. In Chapter 3 Samvel Pogosyan represents his approaches to the solution of Einstein’s Great Dream. He uncovers the physical nature of inertia, ideally flat space, its structure and regularities of its formation, as well as physical consequences. The basics of GchԱ - physical theory are developed. It is a general physical theory that describes free and non-free local (finite) physical systems and their types. A new cosmic model is created, within the framework of which the physical nature and micro-structure of Dark energy, as well as the direct physical reason of accelerated expansion of the Universe is brought to light. It is to be mentioned that many observable phenomena, which do not go into the frames of ΛСDМ — cosmic model, receive natural explanation within the GchԱ-cosmic model. Chapter 4 is devoted to Armons — fundamental components of the Metauniverse, to these peculiar "pumps", thanks to which the eternal circulation of matter takes place, providing the eternal existence of the Metauniverse. Here the author continues the development of Cosmology, setting forth his views on the structure of our Universe, evolution of Primary black holes, the Universe, D bodies, etc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Signal Transmission in the Schwarzschild Metric: The Case of Forced Motion at a Constant Fraction of the Speed of Light

Authors: Miquel Piñol
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this article, we examine the case of a body following a nongeodesic centripetal trajectory in the Schwarzschild metric while maintaining a constant fraction of the speed of light. At any moment, light signals can be sent to the body and recovered after reflecting off its surface. Nevertheless, in its own comoving reference frame, the body would require only a finite amount of proper time to reach the Schwarzschild radius. This raises a paradox: the ability to send and recover signals implies that the body remains outside the event horizon, contradicting the usual interpretation of gravitational collapse based on finite proper time. As the body follows a nongeodesic trajectory, we compute the four-force necessary to sustain its motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Time as an Imaginary Space: A New Framework for a Predetermined Universe

Authors: Sardar Dilbag Singh Khalsa
Comments: 28 Pages.

Interpreting spacetime as a 4-dimensional manifold, an entity that locally resembles $mathbb{R}^4$ but may possess global geometric or topological characteristics, leads to asymmetry when time is treated differently from space. We propose a manifold having three spatial dimensions $mathbb{R}^3$ and time as three spacelike imaginary construct where every spatial dimension associated as $t = itau quad text{with} quad tau in mathbb{R}$ treated as an imaginary space $iotamathbb{R}$. It preserves the Minkowski interval $Delta s^2$ without explicit time requirement for lorentz boost along (x). Conventionally, time is treated as an entity passing from one time $t_1 text{ to } t_2$, and all the objects observed at a single instance are called $t_{now}$. Contrary to this, objects that are in two distinct times called $t_{now}^{1}$ and $t_{now}^{2}$ can exist simultaneously! We can explain this perspective of reality by viewing time as an imaginary space within the 6-dimensional Space-Imaginary Space manifold. We will raise the conjecture that the 6-dimensional volume ( for simplicity, we take it for the cubic object) $V =[ (text{length}),(text{breadth}),(text{height}),bigl(i,c_xbigr)Delta T_x bigl(i,c_ybigr) Delta T_y bigl(i,c_zbigr) Delta T_z$] of the object is independent of the observer in a frame. Where $Delta T_x$, $Delta T_y$ and $Delta T_z$ are the time intervals along the length, breadth and height, respectively. We also postulate that the now-frame of time isn't a single specific time but an interval $iotadelta$.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Alternative Special Theory of Relativity Applicable to Physical Theorems of Rotation in the Uniform Rotating Frames

Authors: Guangyi Pu
Comments: 11 Pages. Thanks to Chengxi Pu for her assistance.

Albert Einstein formulated the Special Theory of Relativity in 1905 based on the principles of relativity and constancy of light velocity principles. The Lorentz transformation, applicable to inertial frames, ensures the form of physical laws remains the same when transformed between them. It should be noted that the viewpoints expressed in this paper are merely the personal insights of the authors and do not necessarily represent absolute correctness. This paper notes that physical rotation theorems have the same form in uniform rotating frames (Alternative Principle of Relativity). Relativity states no object can exceed light speed. Similarly, this paper postulates that the rotational angular speed of a "structural body" in nature has a maximum limit. Photons in vacuum are the "structural body" with the fastest rotational angular velocity (Ωmax = c/2π, unit: rad/s), called the principle of constancy of light angular velocity. Using analogy, the paper obtains the Alternative Lorentz Transformation for rotational physics in uniform rotating frames and derives the Alternative Special Theory of Relativity within angular displacement space - time. Photons thus have dual properties: the fastest - moving "particles" and the "structural body" with the fastest rotational angular velocity. This theory may offer new insights into rotational physical phenomena in uniform rotating frames and photon behavior. It could bridge the gap between the special theory of relativity for linear motion and the field of rotational motion. Future research should focus on experimentally validating predicted phenomena, like the maximum angular velocity limit and the effects of the Alternative Lorentz Transformation. Exploring its application in other physics areas, such as rotating celestial bodies in astrophysics, could also bring new understandings. Although this work is just a start with many uncertainties, the authors hope to contribute to scientific progress.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Development of Hypersphere World-Universe Model (Narrative) Part X: Paradigm Shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, Classical Physics

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 78 Pages.

Four Spatial Dimension World-Universe Cosmology presents a fresh approach to understanding the Observable World and the science of Cosmology. It builds on the foundations of Classical Physics and has the potential to challenge core assumptions in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Rather than claiming to explain all existing cosmological data or presenting a fully developed theory, WUC serves as a starting point for a New Cosmology envisioned by Paul Dirac in 1937. While further refinement by the global physics community is essential, World-Universe Cosmology’s insights, combined with the groundbreaking discoveries of the JWST and the legacy of Dirac's ideas over 87 years, underscore the need for a Paradigm Shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution to the Dark Energy Conundrum

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 20 Pages.

This study examined a hitherto untested theoretical model as a solution to the longstanding conundrum of dark energy. We demonstrated in a quantitative manner how a cosmic scale factor-dependent evolution of the Rydberg constant has yielded the illusions that our detectable matter density drives the universe to expand as if there exists a critical density and that the expansion even seems to be accelerating. As a natural conclusion from the mathematics of the Bernoulli trials and spatial symmetry breaking, the characteristics of the universe, more specifically the value of the Planck constant and the elementary charge and the mass of elementary particles, should evolve in accordance with the size of the universe. The cosmic scale factor-dependent increase of the Rydberg constant is a culmination of such an evolution of fundamental physical constants, which implies that we have doubly overestimated the Hubble's constant and that our redshift data needs a non-linear reinterpretation. We also demonstrated how such a cosmic scale factor-dependent evolution of physical constants solves the hierarchy problems in fundamental physics. We presented implications of our hypothesis to particle physics as well. By showcasing its capability to purely mathematically explain the mass and electric charge of quarks and exotic baryons without a single God-given parameter, and to provide vivid explanations for the underlying mechanism of quark confinement and asymptotic freedom, we provided evidence that underpins our newly proposed model as a promising paradigm for theoretical physics. Finally, as a responsible scientific theory, we predicted a detectable decrease over an annual span in both the mass of electron and the elementary charge in the 9th digit of their significant figures, which serves as a test for falsification of our hypothesis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galactic Geons: Revisiting the Dark Matter Paradigm

Authors: Rudi Van Nieuwenhove
Comments: 6 Pages.

This study presents the mathematical derivation of geons, gravitationally stable spacetime structures, as an alternative to dark matter. Assuming galaxies are embedded in galactic-sized geons, the observed flat galaxy rotation curves can be explained without requiring the standard dark matter halo. This concept has been applied to the case of the Milky Way and profiles of density, pressure and rotation velocity have been derived, demonstrating a close correspondence with the observations. The geon’s Gaussian density profile naturally explains the flat central density cores observed in dwarf galaxies, providing a compelling solution to the core-cusp problem. Furthermore, the early formation of geons shortly after the Big Bang offers a framework for understanding the rapid emergence of massive galaxies, addressing the challenges posed by recent James Webb Space Telescope observations. These findings suggest that geons could serve as both the gravitational scaffolding for galaxy formation and a replacement for cold dark matter, unifying multiple cosmological phenomena under a single theoretical framework.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Extremely Slow Expansion in the Early Universe

Authors: Zhengxi Wang
Comments: 3 Pages.

300,000 years after the Big Bang, the first atoms formed. Subsequently, matter began to clump together, giving rise to stars and galaxies. As matter accumulated, its mass increased while its motion velocity decreased significantly. Simultaneously, under the influence of gravity, the expansion rate of the universe was substantially reduced, leading to a period of extremely slow expansion. During this period, stars and galaxies developed, grew, and matured. Subsequently, as temperatures continued to drop, dark energy came into play, and the universe entered a phase of slow expansion, gradually accelerating to reach the Hubble velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dynamic Sources, Dynamic Multi-Folds, and General Relativity Lense-Thirring and Frame Dragging Effects

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 25 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they are real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, which is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity, as well as to open issues with the Standard Cosmological Model The paper discusses how multi-folds apply when sources of gravity, or the center of mass of entangled systems, are dynamically moving: multi-folds mechanisms remain the same but using the evolving center of mass. As a result gravity, or gravity-like, contributions are to be vectorially integrated over the retarded multi-fold spacetime location that can contribute to a point at a certain time (spacetime location), instead of all the multi-folds for all directions. It is illustrated in the case of a rotating sphere as source of gravity: we recover the Lense-Thirring results with its centripetal, Coriolis and axial contributions. The analysis allows us to settle contradictory, and incorrect, results encountered in the literature. It also shows how non-linearity of General Relativity (GR) appears in the multi-fold mechanisms, something that may not have been obvious to all in the original papers. The ability for the multi-fold mechanisms to explain such GR effects help better understand these effects, but more importantly, it is another way to illustrate and validate that multi-folds recover GR and GR recovers the multi-folds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Aberration of Light Doesn't Negate the Aether Drag Hypothesis [:] New Possibility of Existence of Aether

Authors: Yukihiko Hoshino
Comments: 9 Pages. (English version of viXra:1709.0055 with new materials added)

Aether was widely believed to be the medium of light that fills the universe. However, the Michelson-Morley experiment failed to detect the aether wind that should have been observed if the Earth was moving through the aether, so the existence of aether was not proven, and aether is now considered an obsolete physics theory. At that time, one of the hypotheses to explain the existence of aether even without the aether wind was the aether drag hypothesis, which proposed that the aether moves with the Earth. However, this hypothesis was rejected because it could not explain the aberration of light. Consequently, modern physics has progressed and developed on the premise that aether does not exist. Here I show that the aberration of light can be explained even if aether moves with the Earth. I clarified that the moving aether does not receive light directly from above, but receives it from an upward diagonal forward angle according to the same principle as the aberration of light and transmits it linearly. This means that, for an observer on Earth moving at the same speed as the aether, the direction of light matches the direction observed in the aberration of light. This consideration strongly suggests the possibility of the existence of aether. Therefore, I propose that various physical phenomena should be reconsidered based on the premise of the existence of aether.This paper is a rewrite in English of a Japanese paper originally published in 2012, with new findings added.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe is Derived from the Permanent Omniverse Justified by the Existential Paradox

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Title modified to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!))

Regarding fundamental physics, this study replaces the "old moons" such as: uniqueness by duality; absolute inertial zero by symmetrical dipole zero; the notions of "principle", "model" or hypothesis, by the logico-deductive approach; the notion of "creation" by the notion of state transformation. This study denounces the amalgams between "describing or explaining, and cause or effect. Symmetry, consubstantial with Nature, is never broken, because it only changes scale. The common name "Universe" is ambiguous because it denies its duality of state: 1) the eternal Omniverse state justified by the inertial paradox and characterized by its informational entropy which tends towards infinity. 2) the BUE state (Expanding Universe Bubble), declined from the Omniverse by a partial and random synchronization, forming BEC (Bose Einstein Condensate). From the rigorous study of the inertial paradox, arises multiple mutual occurrences and with observations. It lifts the more than 60 enigmas of the standard model. Each piece of evidence will be compared to observation, justified by an explanation ofmthe causes (other than describing the effects) and some confirmed by a numerical occurrence equal to 7σ. All of this lifts the more than 80 enigmas of the standard model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[exploration] of the Main Law of Cosmomicrophysical Evolution

Authors: Samvel Srapiobi Poghosyan
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pleease cite and list scientific references)

The main path of the evolution of Physics is the complex path of overcoming infinities and various kinds of uncertainties. That is why it is impossible to create a unified or generalized physical theory free of uncertainties by means of universal constants with G, c, ħ -dimensionality and simple, one-dimensional variables - m, r, t. In order to build such a theory, a dimensionless universal constant is also necessary: Ա=〖2,7∙10〗^63=const. , as well as a dimensionless variable: 〖 N〗_Ա∈(1,Ա). We call that maximum value of the armonic variable N_Ա - the Armonic Constant and denote it with the capital letter "Ա" of the Armenian alphabet. In the article, we are trying to find the experimental confirmation of the constant numerical value of the Ա-constant, to discover the main law of cosmomicrophysical evolution and identify the role and significance of the Ա-constant in that law. The future General Physical Theory (GPT) should be a theory composed of four constants (G, c, ħ, Ա) and four variables (m,r,t,N_Ա).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Intrinsic Spin Quantum Gravity Universe Metatheory

Authors: Thomas Neil Neubert
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Pleease cite and list scientific references; also AI assisted content is in general not acceptable)

Everything in the universe rotates of spins; except the universe as portrayed in the classical Λ-CDM Standard Cosmic (big bang) Model implicit metatheory. This intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe is a working metatheory. It is not a working model. What it brings to the table is a different way to connect and interpret our extraordinary physics and astronomy subspecialties. This intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe metatheory visualizes a more credible universe than the Λ-CDM model. What it lacks in mathematical detail and rigour; it gains in physical logic and usefulness. A metatheory is not a patchwork of subspecialties. It is an overall framework based on generalization of specific observations into a physical and logical whole. By definition, it misses much detail. Charles Darwin’s evolution is the best scientific example of a metatheory. It gave a useful big picture without specifying the detailed mechanisms of how evolution works. Genetics and epigenetics were unknown. In a certain sense, Darwin’s evolution provided the framework for the Λ-CDM model. But Darwin’s framework of evolution, while appropriate for life on Earth and the life cycle of a galaxy, is not so useful for building an understanding of our entire Universe. Nevertheless, the classical Λ-CDM model of our visible universe has many proponents. Their help will be needed to turn this intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe metatheory into a robust quantum metatheory. In this intrinsic spin quantum gravity universe metatheory, everything in the Universe rotates of spins; including our visible universe and the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Four Spatial Dimension World-Universe Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)

This article represents the culmination of a decade-long effort to develop the World-Universe Cosmology (WUC), building upon a series of published works. These include the first one, "5D World-Universe Model. Space-Time-Energy" [1] and the last one, "JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model. Transformative New Cosmology" [2], both featured in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. WUC is a unified model of the World built around the concept of the Cosmic Medium, composed of particles (protons, electrons, photons, neutrinos, and universe-created particles). WUC provides a mathematical framework that enables precise calculation of Medium-bound physical parameters: Gravitational parameter, Hubble’s parameter, Absolute age of the World, Intergalactic plasma parameters, Temperature of microwave background radiation and the Minimum energy of photons. This paper aligns WUC with the theoretical framework developed by P. Wesson and J. Overduin [3], [4], albeit assigning a new physical meaning to the fourth spatial coordinate associated with the total energy of the observable World.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Refutation of Wiltshire's "Timescape Cosmology"

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 9 Pages.

I use previously-published observed astronomical facts to refute Wiltshire's recently-hyped "Timescape cosmology" in 1 page.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Use Bernoulli's Force to Explain How Galaxies Move Between Them

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, we try to solve the problem of motion between two adjacent galaxies by using the motion of the dark matter fluid driven by the rotation of galaxies. In this study, it is believed that when two adjacent galaxies differ in their direction and relative position, it is easy to lead to differences in the speed of dark matter fluid motion between the two galaxies, which will form the so-called Bernoulli force. This Bernoulli force is one of the reasons why the positions of galaxies in many of the multigalaxies we have observed so far are relatively random. If Newton's theory of gravity or general relativity is used to explain it, then the motion of galaxies due to gravitational effects purely should be circular. This is not quite the same as what we have observed. In fact, in the multigalaxies that we now observe, the movements of the various galaxies exhibit a state of random motion similar to Brownian motion. The existence of this state of random motion can be well explained by dark matter fluids. The estimates in this paper are also largely similar to those of my previous work that the effects of dark matter fluids are on the same order of magnitude as gravitational effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relic Black Holes, in Terms of a Quantum Number n, Linked to Torsion and Quantum Hair on Black Holes

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. Contest entry in the 2025 gravity award foundation contest run by George Grideout.

Our idea is that a particular set of values of initial conditions for relic black holes will enable using the idea of torsion to formulate a cosmological constant and resultant dark energy. Relic Planck-sized black holes will allow for a spin-density term presenting an opportunity to cancel torsion. Meanwhile, speculation given by Corda replaces traditional firewalls in relic black holes with a quantum number, n. In addition, thisidea can offer a solution to the incompleteness of hairless black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Elementary Particles Crystallization Process in a Proto-Galactic Egg According to the BSM-SG Unified Theory

Authors: Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required - Please conform!)

The article presents a graphical illustration of the elementary particles crystallization in a protogalactic egg during a hidden phase of galaxy evolution. The process is predicted and derived in the Basic Structures of Matter — Supergravitation Unified Theory. The article also shows the matter-energy balance at the different levels of matter organization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Microcosm and Its Model

Authors: Zheng-Guang Wang
Comments: 25 Pages. In Chinese

Suppose B is a celestial body in the universe, B is called the microcosm, if and only if: (i) B contains the metagalaxy; (ii) all celestial bodies in B do not contain the metagalaxy. Based on the hypothesis that the microcosm exists, a model of the microcosm is established by axiomatic method. The results show that: (i) the microcosm is spherical, and it is constantly shrinking and rotating; (ii) the force which causes the microcosm to shrink is a kind of new fundamental force. The model is simple and natural. It not only can explain some important observed facts, such as redshifts of extragalactic galaxies and dipole anisotropy of spiral galaxy rotation direction distribution, but also can be consistent with other existing astronomical observations. This shows that: (i) the microcosm is most likely existent; (ii) the model is most likely correct.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is it Necessary to Reinterpret the Theory of Relativity?

Authors: Attilio Colombo
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)

As it is known, the Lorentz Transformation is the transformation of coordinates between reference systems in uniform relative motion that is at the basis of the Theory of Relativity. But what is its physical meaning? What do the variables obtained by applying this mathematical transformation represent, physically? The interpretation that currently prevails in the context of contemporary physics is that these variables represent the physical space and time coordinates of a given event for a reference system in uniform and rectilinear motion with respect to another one. According to this interpretation, two events that are simultaneous for a given reference system are not simultaneous for another reference system that is in motion with respect to the first one, the so-called "relativity of simultaneity", and therefore time and space are no longer absolute, invariant in the passage from one reference system to another, but become relative, resulting dependent from the state of motion ofthe system being considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Chaos to Cosmos: Quantum Whispers and The Cosmic Genesis

Authors: Owais Farooq, Romana Zahoor
Comments: 14 Pages.

Quantum fluctuations, usually arising from the inherent uncertanity in the quantum fields, are pivotal in understanding the the universe at both the small and large scales. Despite the fact that fluctuations are usually unob-servable rather small, they give significant observable effects during specific epochs under specific conditions. During the early epochs of the universe the fluctuations were scaled, resulting into the primordial density perturbations that gave rise to the large scale structure of universe and the observedinhomogenities. In this paper we study the basic origin, structure, evolution and the imprints of fluctuations during inflationary period resulting into the large-scale structure formation. We use the Mukhanov-sasaki formalism to model scalar perturbations, embedding the theoretical results into observations.Theoretical predictions show almost scale-invariant power spectrum with stringent constraints on the inflationary parameters. It further states that in the very early universe the inflatons that is quanta of primordial field were highly filled in the degenerate quantum state. This carry large potential energythat resulted in an exponential expansion of universe. During post inflationary period the inflaton dominated the Universe’s energy density; they interact among themselves and due to non-linear effects, these inhomogeneities grow which amalgamate into spatially distinguishable patches in our observableuniverse. Our understanding projects us towards the fact that fluctuations play a pivotal role in understanding the structure formation at micro, macro, and far-macro scales. This study also addresses the significance of quantum fluctuations in cosmic evolution and manifests the enduring relevance in addressing some of the profound mysteries of our universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Photons in General Relativity

Authors: Elio Proietti
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper is grounded exclusively on the GR-Hamilton’s variational principle,reducible to the principle of geodesics in the case of a body in free motion in agravitational field. The first two sections deal with the theory of gravitational lightbending, available in all general relativity texts, but rewritten here using exclu-sively formulas between quantities, more suitable for the physical interpretationthan the formulas between measurements commonly used (c = 1, G = 1).The third section deals the main question: what properties should GR assignto a particle moving according to a null-geodesics? Without resorting to anyprevious theory, the general relativity itself imposes very stringent and interestingproperties for "photons" (of course in agreement with those asserted by specialrelativity in the absence of a gravitational field).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Question of Primordial Black Holes

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references)

The question of whether or not primordial black holes actually exist is examined. Stellar and supermassive black holes are described to offer a comparison. The lack of observable, hard supporting evidence, after 58 years, makes the concept of primordial black holes less and less likely, in spite of the imaginative, though somewhat unrealistic scenarios used to theorize their existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Problems of General Relativity, from "Equivalent Principle" to "Local Inertial Frame"

Authors: Zheng-Hua Zhang
Comments: 2 Pages. In Chinese

Analysis shows that the situation described in the "equivalence principle" thought experiment where gravity and inertia force are equivalent cannot be observed in the same reference frame, meaning it does not occur in the universe; The "local inertial frame" defined based on the "equivalence principle" does not meet the equivalent conditions set by the "equivalence principle" thought experiment, that is, the "local inertial frame" has no relationship with the "equivalence principle".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Relativistic Length Contraction Consistent?

Authors: Lars Frølund Jensen
Comments: 5 Pages.

An important part of special relativity (SR) is length contraction. According to this theory, it is a coordinate-dependent and ‘symmetrical’ effect, such that two observers, moving relative to each other, both with their own measuring rod, can both rightly claim that the other observer’s measuring rod is contracted, even though the rest lengths of the rods are exactly the same. However, with the help of thought experiments, it can be shown that this cannot be true in the real world — and that SR predicts two fundamentally different length contractions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of Whiteholes, Blackholes and the Energy Cycle of the Universe

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted article is in general not acceptable)

Abstract. This paper proposes and explores the theory that whiteholes and blackholes serve as complementary structures in the cosmos, facilitating a continuous energy cycle between a dynamic universe and a static Latent realm. Whiteholes are proposed as sources of energy and entropy, giving rise to dynamic universes, while blackholes transition the complexity of matter and energy back into a latent, negentropic state. The interplay between these phenomena is governed by a temporal spectrum, wherein energy fluctuates between near-zero values in the latent realm and greater-than-zero values in a dynamic universe. The proposed model offers an integrated framework for understanding the universe’s origin, evolution, and potential termination within a broader cosmological context.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Metric Problem in Polar Coordinates: A Comprehensive Analysis and a Solution

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the common method for calculating the metric tensor in polar coordinates is incorrect. However, it does not lead to erroneous results due to the presence of another error that cancels out the effects of the first error in calculations. Nerveless, these offsetting errors creates a problem in understanding the metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A 3D Spherical Warp Drive Vector Created Using a New Methodology But with the Same Physical Properties of the Natario Warp Drive

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 12 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001.Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than lightpredated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates using the Hodge Star but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate orde-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed a new warp drivevector different than the original Natario warp drive vector using a new methodology and without the Hodge Star that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a tridimensional 3D object inserted inside a tridimensional 3D warp bubble that must bedefined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in tridimensional $3D$ Spherical Coordinates without the Hodge Star for both constant or variable speeds.Our new proposed warp drive vectors also satisfies the Natario requirements for a warp drive spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cellular Generation Number as an Invariant Measure of Biological Time in Relativistic Inertial Systems: Biological Systems Do Not Experience Time Dilation

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 18 Pages.

This work presents a thought experiment where the number of cellular duplications or generations (G) is used as a biological clock to investigate the effects of relativistic environments on biological time. We demonstrate that, although physical clocks in different reference systems measure varying times due to relativistic time dilation, biological time remains invariant and corresponds to the "proper" time. This invariance holds not only across inertial reference frames but also extends to non-inertial, accelerated, and gravitational systems. The invariance arises because G is defined as the ratio of the growth time to the duplication time, ensuring that any relativistic effects influencing these intervals mathematically cancel out. These findings challenge the classic interpretation of Einstein's twin paradox, which suggests differential aging due to relativistic velocities. In reality, while physical clocks indicate differing times, biological time, and thus the biological age of living organisms, remains unaffected, aligning consistently with proper time. Although bacterial cultures were used as a model in this study, the results are generalizable to all cellular systems, provided identical growth conditions are maintained. This study provides new insights into the interplay between biological processes and relativistic effects, establishing G as a reliable and invariant measure of biological time across all reference frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Approach to Conceive the Measurement of the Ono-Way Speed of Lightbased on an Astounishing Conflict Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 18 Pages.

The measurement of the speed of light one-way can be easily conceived since we can consider a rod with length l_1 between the extremities A´ and B´ and emit light from A´ to B´ and reciprocally emit light from B´ to A´. If we measure the time A´B´ and the time B´A´ we know the speed of light A´B´ and B´A´. However, standard approach affirm astonishingly that this is not possible. Because we need to know the speed of light to synchronize the clocks at A´ and B´, to measure the times A´B’ and B´A´. Why? Because standard approach accept the necessity to have synchronized clocks. And astonishingly also affirm that the one-way speed of light one-way is the two-way speed of light measured in one-clock with the value c in vacuum. In the following approach we defend that this standard approach can not subsist based on the conceptualization of the measurement one-way. For this we use a new method using a gap of synchronization that standard approach can not be aware.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is General Relativity Really General Relativity?

Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper we briefly discuss the issue of the theory of general relativity as a supposed generalization of the theory of special relativity to see if general relativity did really generalize special relativity as a relativity theory. The simple conclusion that we reach in this discussion is that the theory of general relativity is not actually a generalization of the theory of special relativity and hence general relativity is neither a general theory nor a relativity theory. In short, the so-called "general theory of relativity" should more appropriately be called the "special theory of general covariance" since it is special in content (as it is essentially a gravitation theory) and it lacks the physical substance of relativity (as it is actually about mathematical artwork of general covariance rather than about physical relativity).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ether and Its Geometric Changes [as] Origin of Mass, Energy and Light

Authors: Ahmad Torfi
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents a novel model that introduces ether and its geometric changes as the fundamental source of matter, energy, gravity, electromagnetic properties, light, and quantum phenomena such as wave-particle duality and tunneling. This model proposes that the behavior of fundamental particles and forces can be interpreted through the dynamic and complex geometry of ether.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Trial Experiments for the Technology [Predicted by] Theories

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted)

There are amazing properties of mathematics to model and calculate physical properties of matter. Mathematics describes physical experiments, generalizes and predicts physical properties. And mathematical models are created in the Euclidean axiomatics of points ("...having no parts"), lines ("...length without width"), a system of numbers equal by analogy to units. A set of Euclidean points at one point, is it a point or a set of them? A set of Euclidean lines at one "length without width", is it a line or a set of them? Euclidean axiomatics does not give answers to such questions. But it is this axiomatics that is our technology of theories in space-time. There is another technology of theories of dynamic space-matter, in which the technology of theories in Euclidean axiomatics is a limiting, special case. To test the reality of such a technology of theories, in essence, research is conducted by examining trial experiments that follow from such a technology of theories of dynamic space-matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Black Hole Universe Hypothesis

Authors: Stefanos Kiriakidis
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Listed scientific references should be cited in the article) Contact info: stefan.kiriakidis@outlook.com

This paper proposes a novel hypothesis exploring the formation of black holes and their potential role as conduits to new universes. Building on general relativity and quantum gravity concepts, the hypothesis suggests that singularities within black holes create ruptures in the fabric of space-time, giving rise to white holes that initiate new space-time continua. This process reinterprets the Big Bang as a white hole event linked to a black hole in a parent universe, offering a cyclical model of cosmic regeneration. Observational predictions are outlined, including potential traces of parent universes in the cosmic microwave background, unique gravitational wave signatures, and anomalies in antimatter behavior. Mathematical formulations are provided to describe energy conservation and entropy dynamics during black hole transitions, while future experimental tests are suggested to validate the theory. If proven, this hypothesis could revolutionize our understanding of black holes, the multiverse, and the nature of cosmic evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Duni Model and H0 Tensions

Authors: Mohammad Hadi Mohammadi
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this study, we introduce the Dark Universe (DUNI) model, a novel cosmological framework addressing the Hubble tension and the fine-tuning problem associated with vacuum energy. Unlike the ΛCDM model, which exhibits significant discrepancies with the R21 (Adam Rises) data , the DUNI model proposes that dark energy, rather than radiation, dominates the early universe’s expassion. This distinctive approach significantly reduces the Hubble tension to a consistency level of 0.22σ while maintaining the same number of free parameters as the ΛCDM model . By assuming an exponential function for dark energy and its effects on matter, the DUNI model also addresses the hierarchy problem by predicting a lower effective mass for particles like the Higgs boson in the early universe. Using CosmoMC tools, we validate the DUNI model against observational datasets including R21(Adam Riess), Type Ia Pantheon supernovae, the cosmic microwave background (CMB), and baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO), demonstrating its robust compatibility with current observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Sn1987a and the Neutrino Mass

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: Pages.

In this paper, the multi-messenger event SN1987A is analyzed from the point of view of special relativity of fields. We will first obtain the speed of the neutrinos which, together with the estimate of their kinetic energy, will allow us to get an idea of their mass. The characteristics of the next Betelgeuse event will also be predicted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spacetime Quantization Via Null Geodesics in a Static Manifold

Authors: Christopher R. Brown
Comments: 13 Pages.

We construct a static, spherically symmetric cosmological solution that reproduces the observed linear redshift-distance relation without resorting to metric expansion. By defining the radial coordinate via null geodesics and introducing the dimensionless parameter Hr/c, the matter density profile and metric emerge directly from the Einstein field equations. The solution admits a stable static configuration with a density distribution scaling as ρ(r) ∝ [1 + (Hr/c)]^-2, and recovers standard redshift-distance behavior through gravitational redshifts alone. No cosmological constant or fine-tuning is required, and the resulting spacetime is consistent with basic observational constraints. This model also predicts a Schwarzschild horizon and associated Hawking radiation. The factor of change needed to blue shift this radiation to the 2.725 K observed in the CMB is shown by (2.725 K)/(T_K) = √(r_H/2l_p). The quantization of spacetime simply emerges as a consequence of the presence of mass. This entire framework should be considered with a great deal of skepticism, as it deviates considerably from standard practices. However, the approach does offer a theoretically consistent model that has the potential to resolve several long-standing mysteries in physics and warrants investigation from the broader community based on the scholarly arguments alone.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometrical Meaning of Covariant and Contravariant Vector

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

This article presented the accurate understanding of the geometrical meaning of covariant and contra-variant vectors, critically analyzing three prevalent misconceptions about this concept found in numerous sources.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Generalized Scalar Field Lagrangian for Cosmological Phenomena

Authors: A. Solomon
Comments: 8 Pages.

We establish a generalized scalar field field framework with a universal speed of ( v_t ). Implications for quantum mechanics, particularly in the context of pilot wave theory, suggest a novel perspective on non-locality and quantum entanglement. The corresponding generalized scalar field Lagrangian provides a unified description of inflation, dark matter, and dark energy. In the early universe, the theory predicts inflationary observables with a modified Lorentz factor; at galactic scales, it accommodates MOND phenomenology; and in the late universe, it reduces to a modified quintessence model with corrections of order $c^2/v_t^2$ to the dark energy equation of state. The extremely high value of $v_t$ ensures compatibility with existing constraints while allowing for small, potentially observable effects at cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Long-lasting Dilemma Around the Relativistic Mass in the Special Theory of Relativity Resolved With Experimental Proof

Authors: Bhasanpal Thiru
Comments: 2 Pages.

The glitch in the Special Theory of Relativity that has been unresolved for very long time due to its insignificance in the day to day practical application, but will be of greater significance in the upcoming era has been finally resolved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Redshift from the Early Universe

Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 4 Pages.

A simple gravitational alternative to Hubble’s Law is presented. Measured redshifts are attributed to gravitation rather than recessional velocity. The measured redshift-distance data fits a gravitational potential with constant mass. Redshift is then a measure of the gravitational potential and the space-time curvature of the early universe. The redshift-distance data is fitted to a constant mass of 3.35 x 1053 kg (1.67 x 1023Msol) which is 2.23 times the estimated total mass of ordinary matter in the current universe. The expanding and accelerating universe are not predicted and the speculation of dark energy is no longer required.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discussion About Certain Axioms in Physics

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please move the author's credentials etc to a footnote)

An Axiom is a statement whose truth or validity is accepted, without providing any additionalproof or explanation why this statement is accepted as true or valid. On the other hand, Physics is about providing explanations about the Existence and the Universe, and it is expected that the Physics explanations should be accompanied by reason and proof. However, Physics does still contain statements which are presented as Axioms, even though, suchstatements are usually the basis, or the corner stones, of structures, which are built over these statements. This paper addresses this issue, about some of such statements that Physics presents as Axioms, and this paper also intends to provide an additional tentative explanation for one of these statements, which might help in providing additional validity to these statements.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Hole Dynamics: Transition Across Temporal Spectra

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a novel interpretation of black holes, proposing that they represent a transitional process between realms of increasing and decreasing entropy. The event horizon is redefined as the beginning of this transition, where matter and energy shift from dynamic states of high gravitational interaction to a latent realm of static energy. Within this framework, space, time, entropy, and gravity progressively diminish, forming a temporal spectrum of decreasing frequency values. The core of the black hole is characterized as an asymptotic state of stasis and potentiality, a latent realm of pure potential energy. This theory challenges traditional notions of singularities and offers new perspectives on the cyclical nature of dynamic and latent realms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving Dark Matter/Dark Energy Through Gravitational and RSC Fields

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Great Attractor and Great Repeller are two prominent large-scale structures in the universe, influencing the motion of galaxies through their gravitational and proposed levitational effects. This paper proposes that the Great Attractor represents a region of strong positive spacetime curvature (gravitational field), while the Great Repeller corresponds to a region of strong negative spacetime curvature (Replusive spacetime curvature "RSC"). These dual fields generate dynamic cosmic flows, analogous to atmospheric high and low-pressure gradients on Earth. By incorporating RSC fields into cosmological models, this framework offers an alternative explanation for phenomena currently attributed to dark matter and dark energy. This perspective suggests that these enigmatic entities may not be as abundant or necessary as previously assumed, providing a new paradigm for understanding the universe’s large-scale structure and evolution.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fabrika Theory Part 1: A Pixel-Based Framework for Deriving the Gravitational Constant

Authors: Ali Movahedian
Comments: 21 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin on the Submission Form - Please conform!)

Fabrika Theory introduces a novel framework in which space-time is fundamentally discrete, composed of Planck-scale cubic pixels. Gravity, within this paradigm, emerges from the annihilation dynamics of these pixels in the vicinity of mass. This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical derivation of the gravitational constant based on the principles of pixel annihilation. By setting the radial distance to the Planck length and expressing the speed of light in terms of Planck units, we derive an expression that aligns closely with its observed value. The implications of this derivation suggest a profound connection between quantum-scale structures and macroscopic gravitational phenomena, offering a potential pathway towards unifying General Relativity and Quantum Mechanics [1][2].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Gravitational Force that is Independent of Speed Contradicts the Equivalence Principle and the Equality of Heavy and Inertial Mass.

Authors: Ulrich Brosinsky
Comments: 4 pages in English, 4 pages in German

This consideration is concerned with the effect of a given gravitational field on a sample body and not with the contributions made bygravitational sources according to the energy-momentum tensor.The special theory of relativity is therefore sufficient for the investigation in local approximation.a) Using the example of a movement in the direction of a gravitational field, it is shown that either the equivalence principle only applies approximately or gravity does not act on the mass but on the energy of falling bodies.b) If the equivalence of gravity and inertia should also apply to bodies with internal kinetic and potential energies, then gravity isproportional to the respective energy of theindividualcomponents. Otherwise, gravity and inertia would only be approximately equal.The proportionality is transferred to the energy of the entire body despite any internal velocities.c) The planetary motion suggests a velocity-dependent gravitational force, from which the exact validity of the equivalence principlefollows as well as the exact equality of gravity and inertia, even taking into account special relativistic effects.d) Newton's law of gravitation for two masses can be formulated in special relativistic terms by replacing their product with the scalar product of the "mass tangential vectors" to the world lines. This is a conclusion that is possible without recourse to general relativity.e) Short reference to the difference between the gravitational field and the electrostatic field, the force of which is independent of velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Temporal Spectrum: Understanding the Universe as an Unbounded Continuum

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores a conceptual universe model that rejects traditional notions of beginnings, ends, boundaries, infinity, and nothingness. It describes the universe as a spectrum of scales and energy values, where realms of expanding voids and contracting matter coexist within a dynamic framework of implicit and explicit phenomena. The paper examines human perception and its limitations and argues that significant portions of the universe lie well beyond our perceptual and cognitive range. Using examples from cosmology, quantum mechanics, and relativity, this paper seeks to support the assertion that our understanding is necessarily incomplete yet enriched by recognizing the universe's transitional, asymmetric, and spectral nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Flaws in a Resent Extension of Schwarzschild Geometry to Accelerated Masses

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this article, I attempted to demonstrate that generalizing the Schwarzschild solution to cases involving the motion of the gravitational source by decomposing the definition of the metric tensor, transforming the differential elements between reference systems and then reassembling it in the desired system, as presented in some recently published papers on arXiv and elsewhere, is an incorrect approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relational Dynamics of Space-Time

Authors: Daniel Marques Rodrigues
Comments: 18 Pages.

This article proposes a theoretical framework for an emergent model of spacetime, conceptualized as a relational structure built from fundamental discrete interactions. The formulation is guided by the central postulate: "Nothing is empty, nothing is solitary; interactions define reality", alongside the Dual Stability Principle and the Triple Existence Principle. In the proposed model:u2022 Binary interactions (EAB) establish local equilibrium and static structure.u2022 Triple interactions (EABC) introduce dynamical complexity and emergentnon-linearity.u2022 Higher-order interactions (EA...N ) describe quantum-scale fluctuations,endowing space-time with intrinsic granularity.A mathematical formalism is developed to sum these contributions into an emergent metric tensor, which smoothly transitions between discrete (microscopic) and continuous (macroscopic) scales. Notably, the model recovers classical General Relativity (GR) solutions, including the Schwarzschild, Kerr, and FLRW metrics, in the macroscopic limit.At extreme regimes—such as black holes and the primordial universe—the model regularizes classical singularities via quantum-induced oscillations and fluctuations, ensuring finite curvature and physical consistency.Testable predictions are presented, including quantum corrections to gravitational waves near horizons (detectable by LIGO, Virgo, and LISA) and nonGaussian signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), observablethrough Planck and future CMB-S4 missions. These results pave the way toward a unified gravitational description across all physical scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Complex Dynamics and Primordial Gravity

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.

We recently pointed out that, under suitably defined conditions, the Schrödinger equation represents a limit case of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE). As generic prototype of complex dynamics, CGLE is naturally tied to dimensional fluctuations conjectured to develop far above the electroweak scale. The goal of this work is to uncover an unforeseen connection between CGLE and the equation of geodesic deviation in General Relativity (GR). This connection is likely to come into play in primordial cosmology, where strongly fluctuating gravitational fields evolve in far-from-equilibrium conditions. Our findings unveil the duality between primordial gravitation and Kolmogorov entropy and suggest a potential gateway towards field unification outside Lagrangian theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

World-Universe Cosmology: Principal Points

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted; Please cite and list scientific references)

The Hypersphere World—Universe Cosmology (WUC) addresses numerous unresolved issues in modern Astrophysics and Cosmology by providing alternative explanations to the prevailing Big Bang Theory (BBT). WUC solves critical problems such as: 1) The Hubble tension; 2) The missing baryon problem; 3) The origin of Fermi bubbles; 4) The age of the Universe discrepancy; 5) The coronal heating problem; 6) Internal heating and diversity of gravitationally-rounded objects in the solar system; 7) The presence of Plutonium-244, with an 80-million-year half-life, in nature; 8) Faster core rotations of the Sun and Earth compared to their surfaces; 9) The faint young Sun paradox; 10) The black-body spectrum of cosmic microwave background radiation.Additionally, WUC eliminates fundamental issues, including: 1) The need for the Universe to begin at t=0 , avoiding a temporal singularity; 2) The angular momentum problem in galaxies and extrasolar systems evolution; 3) The matter-antimatter asymmetry; 4) The magnetic monopole problem; 5) The uneven distribution of matter and voids; 6) Singularities leading to black holes; 7) The formation of supermassive black holes; 8) The "Axis of Evil" anomaly in cosmic microwave background measurements; 9) The wave—particle duality dilemma.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Rebuttal to Lann N. Ramez's [Commentaries]

Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 15 Pages. Those who want to accept my open challenge should read it first.

The papers written by Lann N. Ramez are as a consequences of not understanding the fact that Einstein had used two different velocities of light in two coordinate systems though explained in great detail in the paper Mohammad ShafiqKhan (2012) thereby Einstein had violated the very postulate of constancy of velocity of light which he had introduced in Albert Einstein (1905) as in one coordinate system he adopts the velocity of light as ‘c’ which is in accordance with the postulate of constancy of velocity of light whereas in other coordinate system headopts the velocity of light as constant ‘c’ not with respect to the observer but with respect to space as he uses c+v and c-v as velocity of light. The purpose of writing the paper Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-I) was to show that in the Einstein’s ‘equation of trickery’ [as declared in the Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012)]the term ∂τ/∂t' is simply baseless, incorrect and mathematical manipulation whereas it has been shown in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012) that ∂τ/∂t'= 0 and also in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-II) it is again shown, by using simple calculus, that ∂τ/∂t'= 0. This demonstrates that both the papers of Lann N. Ramez are preposterous, absurd and as the result of not understanding the papers Mohammed 2 Shafiq Khan (2012) and Mohammed Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-I). Lann N. Ramez and Einstein have not given any logic for using two different velocities of light in two coordinate systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Weak Gravity Knot in Empty (2+1)-Dimensional Anti de-Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 10 Pages.

We propose the existence of a topological object, a weak gravity knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small negative cosmological constant (anti-de Sitter) in empty (2+1)-dimensional space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Weak Gravitational Knot in (2+1)-Dimensional Empty Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 9 Pages.

We propose the existence of a topological object, a weak gravitational knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small positive cosmological constant in (2+1)-dimensional empty space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Newtonian Knot in Empty (2+1)-Dimensional Anti-de Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose the existence of a topological object, a Newtonian knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small negative cosmological constant (anti-de Sitter) in empty (2+1)-dimensional space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Common Reality

Authors: Tarun Sharma
Comments: 109 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit in pdf only; please cite and list scientific references)

This manuscript presents a theory that challenges the current understanding of gravity and introduces the existence of a fifth force of nature, which is, in fact, a redefined version of gravity. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that gravity is a result of an object’s mass, this theory posits that gravity arises from a different mechanism altogether. By redefining gravity, the theory proves the nature of dark matter and dark energy, offering explanations for phenomena that have long puzzled scientists and astronomers. This redefined gravity not only explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy but also addresses numerous other phenomena within our solar system and on a larger, universal scale. Additionally, this theory offers a completely new perspective on black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Design for a Gravitational Wave Generator/Thruster V7

Authors: Peter C.M. Hahn
Comments: 23 Pages.

This device generates gravitational waves which can be utilized as a thruster or as a communication device. It is comprised of a linear antenna array that is injected with a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The antennas are configured to convert electromagnetic (EM) waves into gravitational waves.When the antennas are arranged in a linear phased-array configuration, a thrust is produced that allows the device to be used as a method of propulsion. Part I of this article describes the device when configured as a thruster and documents the test results.Part II will document the test results of the device when configured as a gravitational wave transmitter. If the injected RF signal is modulated with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, the gravitational waves produced are also modulated. The invention can then function as a communication device by using the gravitational waves as a carrier instead of EM waves. A gravitational wave detector at the receiving end will demodulate the gravitational waves, thereby extracting the original (IF) signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

From Straight Beams to Curved Paths: A Unified Perspective on Energy, Fields, and Spacetime

Authors: Marco Maccarrone
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper proposes a conceptual and athematical framework that replaces the straight-line propagation of energy and fields, as traditionally assumed in quantum field theory (QFT), with a curved-wavefront perspective that aligns with the geometry of spacetime in general relativity (GR). By redefining straight beams as curved paths where the length of any beam equals the radius of a spherical wave-front at a given instant we achieve a unified description of energy propagation, reconciling wave-particle duality with spacetime curvature. This approachresolves inconsistencies between QFT and GR, offering a new lens for understanding phenomena like redshift, gravitational lensing, and wave-particle interactions in curved spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Solution of the Nordstrom-Einstein Paradox

Authors: Constantin Sandu
Comments: 9 Pages.

The main goal of this paper is to solve the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox in the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) and open a new perspective on understanding the generation of gravitational fields. At present it is not exactly known how the gravitational field is generated. This field is responsible for attraction at the distance of bodies in Newton’s sense and for space-time distortion in Einstein’s sense. In 1913, Nordstrom blamed Einstein’s GTR that it cannot explain why the electromagnetic waves confined in a mass-less box with reflective walls have a gravitational mass while the invariant of the stress-energy tensor of the electromagnetic field is zero. This is the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox in GTR. The fact that his paradox was not solved for 111 years created a niche in GTR which blocked progress in the field of gravity.The present paper solves the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox for the hypothetical case of a sphere with a mass-less reflective surface filled with electromagnetic waves. It demonstrates that the gravitational field of such a sphere is generated only during the reflection of electromagnetic waves by the sphere’s reflective surface and not in its volume. The methodology used is specific to GTR, establishing a new form of the stress-energy tensor for the case of the mentioned hypothetical sphere. Solving this paradox has significant implications for understanding the gravitational field essence. It can serve as a basis for further theoretical and experimental research, with important implications for the development of Quantum Gravity, String/Superstring theory, and Unified Field theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Geodesic Principle and the Nature of Passive Mass

Authors: M. Wolnik, R. Wolnik
Comments: 7 Pages.

The geodesic principle represents an essential aspect of general relativity and is the physical manifestation of the space-time manifold but can also be considered as the metric field effect on the passive mass of a freely falling test particle. The equation of motion is derived on the basis of the universal conservation condition from the given stress-energy tensor field of an isolated body, with the help of its moments in the near limit case. Then the reduced stress-energy tensor, which is based on the energy density of the body, is being used in the context of its local energy balance to get the global solution in the form of the geodesic equation. The influence of an external force field on such a solution is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discussion About Human's Ability to Evaluate Exactly Energy Amounts and Whether This Might Have Possible Implications on the Energy Conservation Principle

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 13 Pages.

A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will provide the exact amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, which implies that Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will conclude, with complete validity, that the amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, can be indeed represented by a constant value. Moreover, the fact, that the nowadays Science of Physics does agree that in addition to the Detectable Energy, the Universe embeds a very large amount of undetectable, or Dark Energy, (about 70% of the estimated Total Energy which is estimated to be embedded in the whole Universe is estimated to be Dark Energy), might further imply, that Humans cannot evaluate the actual amount of the Total Energy embedded in the Universe, which might further support the assumption, that Humans cannot prove, that all the Energy embedded in the Universe, is indeed conserved. The above implies that Humans are not able to provide a proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, which means, that the Energy Conservation Principle is presented only as an axiom, and no discussion was yet provided as to the extent of validity that Humans can attribute to the Energy Conservation Principle, even though, it is a corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics. Thus, in view of the above, this paper tries to examine the extent of the validity that Humans can attribute, to the Energy Conservation Principle. Initially, this paper tries to explore, if the evaluation of the amount of Energy, only in certain specific Energy components, in the Universe, will result in the evaluations of the same Energy amounts, by all Human evaluators, or, if separate Human evaluators might arrive at different results, relating to the Total Energy Content, of these certain several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. Thus, in view of the above, this paper provides arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. The arguments mentioned above, relating to the possibility that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated, appear also in an additional paper, by the author of this paper, titled: "A discussion related to the Energy Relativity and its Implications" (4).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity: Types of Forces

Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 12 Pages.

In special relativity, this paper presents four net forces, which can be applied in any massive or non-massive particle, and where the relationship between net force and special acceleration is as in Newton's second law (that is, the special acceleration of any massive or non-massive particle is always in the direction of the net force acting on the particle).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Little Correction About Special Relativity

Authors: Christian Suavet
Comments: 10 Pages.

A small experimental inaccuracy could be the cause of a conceptual error in special relativity, an error which could hinder the resolution of problems in physics and cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitation and the Casimir Effect: A Potential Coupling Between Gravity and Quantum Fluctuations

Authors: Helena Kivelitz
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper investigates the potential coupling between gravitational fields and quantum vacuum fluctuations, as evidenced by variations in the Casimir effect. The Casimir effect is a quantum phenomenon that arises from electromagnetic vacuum modes between two closely spaced plates, resulting in a force inversely proportional to the fourth power of their separation. This study hypothesizes that gravitational fields, by curving spacetime, may influence these vacuum modes, leading to measurable changes in the Casimir force. Existing precision experiments on the Casimir effect and short-range gravity tests are reviewed for their suitability in probing this hypothesis. Proposed experiments under varying gravitational conditions—Earth’s surface, high-altitude stations, and microgravity environments—are detailed, along with the inclusion of a strong local gravitational source (e.g., a massive tungsten sphere). If verified, such interactions would provide experimental evidence for a direct connection between quantum mechanics and general relativity, with profound implications for physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Extension of the Schwarzschild Solution: Combined Gravitational Field of Two or More Sources

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages. I will not agree to publish this work in any journal that requires payment from the writer for publication.

There is no direct mathematical tool that enables us to generalize Schwarzschild solution to cases where there is more than one source of gravitational field. In this paper, we explained that this generalization can be made if we develop an equivalent and parallel description to the geometric description based on the metric tensor, and we found that this method succeeds in generalizing the Schwarzschild solution for any number of gravitational sources that move relative to each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

URTG: Theoretical Extensions and Applications

Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents significant theoretical extensions and practical applications of the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG). We develop the mathematical framework to incorporate hyperbolic geometry into URTG, demonstrating the integral connection between motion trajectories and space geometry. The enhanced formulation includes modified field equations, an extended hyperbolic metric tensor, and refined gravitational lensing equations. We analyze URTG's predictions for gravitational lensing against historical data from the 1919 Eddington eclipse expedition, showing alignment with observational evidence while suggesting subtle deviations that could be detected in future high-precision measurements. The paper addresses the treatment of singularities in URTG, demonstrating how the theory reinterprets black holes, the Big Bang, as well as Wormholes, as transitions between frame-dependent and frame-independent states, potentially resolving the black hole information paradox. Additionally, we explore gravitational waves through URTG's causal structure framework, deriving wave solutions from the Causality Emergence Equation that maintain consistency with current observations while offering new insights into gravity's quantum nature. These theoretical developments extend URTG's explanatory power while maintaining its foundational principles of relational space-time and emergent phenomena. The work provides testable predictions that could differentiate URTG from standard general relativity in future experiments, particularly in scenarios involving strong gravitational fields or quantum-scale effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Definitive Experimental Test of Lorentzian Relativity

Authors: Simon WW Manley
Comments: 15 Pages.

In contrast with Special Relativity, the Lorentzian formulation allows absolute motion of the laboratory against a putative preferred frame of reference to be revealed by small but non-zero signals in Michelson-Morley experiments with light beams passing through a refractive medium. Testing this hypothesis, we developed a rotating Mach-Zehnder interferometer to compare the phase velocity of light in gas and vacuum. The new experiment reduces by three orders of magnitude the drift velocity against a preferred frame derived from historical Michelson-Morley data under the assumptions of Lorentzian Relativity, rendering this formulation untenable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Equation to Calculate the Gaussian Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.

The Flamm paraboloid is a space-time solution to the problem posed by Schwarzschild concerning finding a solution other than the trivial one to Einstein's equations in an empty space. For this reason, it also represents the space that exists in the contour of a gravitational point mass. The solution of J. Droste that we study here, the Flamm paraboloid, leads to calculating values of the Gaussian curvature of its space-time that require a complicated process of obtaining. We have found a simple equation that allows calculating these values in a simple way. This equation obtained here by means of an algebraic expansion is exact in the space-time represented by the Flamm paraboloid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origin of Our Universe and the Potential Influence of External Cosmic Energy Events: Gravitational Waves, Neighboring Universes, and the Role of Redshift

Authors: Jan Srowig
Comments: 11 Pages. In English & German

This hypothesis views the universe as a dynamic structure that was formed not by a single, all-encompassing Big Bang, but through several independent cosmic energy bursts cite{penrose2010cycles, steinhardt2002colliding}. Such events could have occurred over very long periods in various regions of a possibly unbounded cosmic space, where universes expand freely without separating membranes or isolating structures. The aim of this hypothesis is not to challenge the Big Bang theory but to broaden it with a more comprehensive perspective. While the classical Big Bang theory provides us with the image of a singular origin, this hypothesis suggests that various cosmic events may have contributed jointly to the formation and structuring of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Energy from Cosmological Energy Conservation

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 4 Pages.

The value of the gravitational wave energy density is unknown. Current progress in gravitational wave detection suggests that the energy density of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) will be estimated in the next decades. We present a derivation of its value under the assumption that energy lost due to cosmic redshift is fully responsible for the energy gained by the cosmological constant in the expanding universe. This unknown non-local mechanism of energy conservation on the cosmic scale could explain dark energy and hint at a property of a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Regular Negative Mass Black Holes Under Unitary Time and Proper Antichronous Transformations

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 10 Pages.

A non-singular black hole solution is briefly presented which violates energy conditions only at its interior by postulating a consistent shift to negative energies and gravitationally repulsive negative masses at the event horizon. This shift is the unitary parity-time $PT$ transformation of relativistic quantum mechanics and the proper antichronous transformation of the full Lorentz group. The transformation at the event horizon respects Einstein's equivalence principle, and the considered negative mass interaction does not result in the runaway motion paradox or vacuum instability. The correspondence of these regular black holes with observed ones is studied by proposing another mechanism of black hole growth independent of accretion and merging due to interior increasing entropy, which attempts to solve the unexplained size and formation of high-redshift supermassive black holes, the intermediate mass gap, and the information paradox.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relative Nonlocality or the Illusion of Superluminal Speed Due to Curvature Difference Between Different Spacetime Intervals

Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 29 Pages.

The relative nonlocality in general relativity is the illusion of superluminal speed due to curvature difference between different spacetime intervals, as I will show later the relative nonlocality is very useful to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact, we could harmonize both theories if we put the relative nonlocality in our perspective, it is derived from Einstein work in 1911, as I will show that the condition of curvature difference is the master key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, by following this line of work, I found that Einstein field equations are compatible with the uncertainty principle in such a way that the stress energy tensor can be extracted from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle; this happens only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses larger than or equal to half Planck mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime. Then, by using a quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half the Planck mass or more, I put here the requirements for an experiment to generate an artificial gravitational singularity as a falsifiability requirement to prove or disprove my work experimentally in particles accelerators
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypersphere World-Universe Model — Natural Extension of Classical Physics. Digest

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and we do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture. Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is radically different from the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 and explores various themes of the World. It concludes a Series of 38 articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the published articles for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment a first ensemble of particles was created (≅10^(-18) c). Classical Physics deals with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Matter Annihilates & is Neutrinos Entirely, and Galaxies Emerge from Population III Stars

Authors: Bernd Clemens Huber
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in a scholarly format))

Details of the dynamic in how different types of galaxies and their interplay emerges frompopulation III stars, alongside evidence speaking for their past existence. But foremostly, a long listof mainly astronomical evidences of which I have identified that they support the hypothesis thatdark matter annihilates has been created upon thorough search for predicted instances in which suchannihilation signs should and indeed do show up, on the scale of large planets, stars, and galaxies.Several other unexplained or mis-understood but thought to already have been explainedphenomena are covered as well and dark matter annihilation should contribute partially or entirely,depending on the case, to their qualitative explanation. The paper however does not cover reasonsfor why cosmic web pressure between mainly black holes of galaxies represents the concretemechanism that describes at least a majorly contributing part of the dark energy phenomenon thateventually leads to a big crunch.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Many Fundamental Constants Are Necessary and Sufficient to Express All Physical Laws and Parameters of the Universe?

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The divergent views of Duff, Okun and Veneziano on the number of fundamental constants in nature are examined from a new perspective. It is shown that the problem of the minimum number of dimensional fundamental constants can be solved by choosing the fundamental constants of the electron as the primary and independent constants. Three dimensional constants of the electron (me, re, te) and two dimensionless constants, the fine structure constant "alpha" and the large Weyl number (D0 = 4.16561... x 10^42), are proposed as a complete basis for independent fundamental constants. Numerous examples have shown that the fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are the primary basis for both physical constants and parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe, physical constants, and large Weyl-Eddington-Dirac numbers originate from the primary fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do). Five fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are sufficient to express the entire set of observable physical laws. Veneziano's statement about the non-fundamental status of the constants G, ћ is confirmed. Duff's statement about the non-fundamental status of all three constants G, ћ, c is confirmed. Duff's statement about the zero number of dimensional fundamental constants in Nature is not confirmed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG)

Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 7-page conceptual basis, 27-page mathematical framework, 5-page framework extension, 9-page variational formulation, Bianchi Identities & reduction to GR & SR, 4-page physical & testable conditions, 3-page glossary. Original work in english

AbstractThis paper presents the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG), a novelframework that extends and unifies Special and General Relativity. URTG posits thatspace, time, mass and motion are relative and inter-causal properties emerging frominteractions. The theory introduces the concept of a frame-independent unified field anda speed of causality, redefining our understanding of light, gravity, and spacetimegeometry. URTG treats scalar, inertial, and tensor fields as mathematical descriptions ofemergent effects rather than fundamental ontological entities, aligning with aprocess-based ontology. The framework incorporates a causal structure tensor andcosmic inertia field, offering new insights into the nature of mass, energy, andelectromagnetic interactions. Key equations, including the UnifiedMass-Energy-Geometry-Light Relationship and the Causality Emergence Equation,demonstrate how URTG integrates various physical phenomena within a single,comprehensive model. By reinterpreting concepts such as light's momentum andmass-energy equivalence, URTG provides a fresh perspective on fundamental physics.This theory offers potential resolutions to long-standing issues in physics and opensnew avenues for exploring the universe's underlying structure and behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fringes of the Double-Slit Experiment with Changes in Brightness and Darkness

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 6 Pages.

We have always been using the theory of coherent waves to explain the double-slit experiment. Recently, I conducted an experiment with a redesigned double slit and obtained an unexpected result. By simultaneously and symmetrically adjusting the widths of the left and right slits and observing the fringes in the double-slit experiment, I noticed that as the slits gradually narrowed, the brightness of the fringes in the double-slit experiment underwent an uneven change with the middle part gradually getting darker and the two sides gradually getting brighter. This is very difficult to explain using the traditional theory of coherent waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unified Cosmology Proposal: Vacuum as a System of Harmonic Oscillators Expanding at Relativistic Velocities Within an Antimatter Universe

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 108 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel cosmological framework that interprets the vacuum as a dynamic system of harmonic oscillators, expanding at relativistic velocities within a universe composed of dual matter and antimatter dimensions. By modeling the vacuum as an RLC circuit, we propose that the vacuum itself functions as a resonant system of harmonic oscillators. Within this framework, we derive new relationships between fundamental constants—including the speed of light, gravitational constant, and fine-structure constant— suggesting these constants arise from the vacuum’s intrinsic properties and oscillatory dynamics.Based on these relationships, we propose a novel mechanism of energy exchange across the boundary between matter and antimatter domains, conceptualized as a microscopic "Quantum "black" hole" network. These "holes" in the boundary facilitate energy transfer, generating local spacetime deformations that we perceive as gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. This model suggests that spacetime curvature and force interactions are emergent phenomena, stemming from quantum fluctuations within the vacuum as it oscillates and expands. By reinterpreting the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, we offer a cohesive framework that may unify quantum mechanics and general relativity while aligning with observed cosmological expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Influence of Gravitation оn the Origin and Propagation of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages.

Impressively, against the background of extraordinary advances in physics and technology, the mainstream continues to support the two most obvious delusions in 20th-century physics: "special relativity" and "the accelerating expansion of the universe". Both of these problems are based on a lack of understanding of the nature and behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the gravitational field. In this paper, an attempt is made to present a new approach to this problem.To understand the real fabric of the Universe, to understand the influence of gravitation on the characteristics of light (frequency, wavelength, speed of light in vacuum), we must first be aware of the nature of electromagnetic radiation and the nature of the medium of propagation of electromagnetic radiation. In this respect, as discussed at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics, 20 — 23 July 2015, in Athens, Greece, the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation must be considered in two aspects:1) in the "local time-spatial domains in any place of the Universe" (the regions with a uniform intensity of the gravitational field), and 2) in the "global physical reality of the Universe" (related to the regions with different intensities of the gravitational field as an infinite set of local time-space domains).On the basis of the modern achievements of science and the analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the local and global physical reality of the Universe, this article contains the following scientific contribution: "Thesis On the Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Gravitational Field of the Universe", which should replace the erroneous "postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all inertial frames of reference". This thesis also ends the delusion that the speed of light in vacuum measured on the Earth’s surface is the limit speed for the entire Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modification of the Complex Scalar Field Lagrangian in FLRW Space-Time and Its Cosmological Outcomes.

Authors: Subhayan Maity, Parna Patra
Comments: 7 Pages.

The most popular approach of understanding the cosmic evolution is Einstein’s General Relativity(GR). GR is the classical gateway to obtain the dynamics of the cosmic fluid and it canat best describe the macroscopic evolution of the Universe. In this work, we have accomplishedan alternative tool to examine the microscopic dynamics of the cosmic fluid particles via quantumfield theory (QFT). We have proposed a cosmic fluid model with complex scalar field Lagrangiancorresponding to the modified Klein-Gordon equation (KG equation) of the scalar field in FLRWspace-time. Following this Lagrangian, the cosmic fluid system has been quantized under certainrestrictions on the parameters. This restrictions are used to determine the cosmic evolution patternin the macroscopic level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ehrenfest Paradox Explained: How Misapplication of Length Contraction Leads to Contradictions

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.

It can be clearly, simply and decisively explained that the Ehrenfest Paradox arises from an incorrect application of the length contraction rule, and that a correct analysis of the case of the rotating disk leads to the fact that the relationship between the radius and the circumference remains as usual.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Comparison of Light Path Equations in General Relativity Using a Taylor Series Approach vs Jacobian Elliptic Functions

Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 31 Pages.

Based on a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity, a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the General Relativity (GR) geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series be taken to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a photon or light packet originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R< 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for small radial distances but diverge as r increases. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R ≥ 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Modern Physics Moving Towards Metaphysics?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract and scientific references in the article are required)

The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, the author suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Negative Mass, the e-Dimensional Universe and the Hubble Tension

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the earlier paper, The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics, various insights on different kinds of matter and the existing ideas such as the Dark Matter and the Dark Energy were presented. The article, Non-Stellar Black Holes, including microscopic Black Holes, brings into attention a very pertinent aspect overlooked by all earlier researchers. The present article probes further into such various overlooked aspects of our universe. Various other important inferences are drawn from the said model that seem to agree to the experimental results better than the existing models, such as the possible reason for Hubble Tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Observing Multiple Big Bangs Within the Only Universe

Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper shows how big bangs, which do not produce new universes, can be used to build a framework that enables the location of the centre of our big bang to be estimated. The calculation also requires the use of failed big bangs that are apparently conjoined with commoving objects within our own big bang flow to calculate that flow over time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Power with Joule Heating Applied to Cosmology?

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Form of Newton's Second Law of Motion

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article presents a relativistic extension of Newton's second law of motion, adapted to a four-dimensional spacetime construct where time and space are treated under the framework of special relativity. By introducing a unique concept of"U-space", where time functions as a spatial coordinate with its own metric pro-perties, the study explores Newtonian dynamics through a relativistic lens. Thisexploration includes the derivation of relativistic force and acceleration equations,considering both constant and variable rest mass scenarios. The derived formulations, based on the principles of special relativity, are presented with modications that incorporate mass-energy equivalence, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of force interactions within relativistic contexts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Conflict Between the Relativity of Rotation and the Fact that the Speed of Light is the Maximum Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 6 Pages.

When analysing the issue of relative motion between two bodies, one of which is rotating around itself, it becomes clear that the common perception that fixing the reference system on the rotating body means the movement of the other body around it at a speed equal to the angular velocity multiplied by the distance between the two bodies is a false perception based on mixing the concept of relative motion with another different concept. Therefore, the rotational motion is relative motion and does not conflict with the fact that the speed of light is the maximum speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space Theory: Evolution of the Expansion of the Universe and Rotation Speed of Galaxies

Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 69 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English)

The book entitled "[] Space Theory" by Khalid Jerrari offers an exploration of concepts relating to the expansion of the Universe and the rotation speed of spiral galaxies, without using energy or dark matter. Structured in several parts, it begins with a reminder of the foundations of space theory presented in a previous work entitled "The mysteries of space". This concept is based on the notion of "spatial density", a new interpretation of space as a form of energy linked to matter. The book is divided into three parts. The first summarizes the basic principles of space theory, notably the idea that space and matter are inseparable. It also discusses the "principle of universal balance", which suggests that the Universe constantly seeks to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. The second part studies the expansion of the Universe through the evolution of spatial density, an alternative to current explanations involving dark energy. The author develops several mathematical models to describe spatial density, proposing functions such as the inverse power law or the increasing exponential function. These models make it possible to simulate universal acceleration and the distribution of mass in the Universe. Finally, the third part examines the rotation curves of galaxies. Based on spatial density, the author explains how the distribution of visible matter can influence the rotation speed of galaxies without resorting to dark matter. The work is intended to be an introduction to an alternative theory of the expansion of the Universe and the rotation curves of galaxies, offering avenues for future research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Iron-56 Just Mond in Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

JWST Discoveries and the Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Transformative New Cosmology

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.

Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report was built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fallacy of Time Dilation in Relativity

Authors: Akash Dixit
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, we critically examine general and special relativity, with a particular focus on the concept of time dilation. Relativity introduces counterintuitive predictions, including the distortion of time and space, the speed of light as the ultimate velocity limit, and bizarre results like the omnipresent photon and theoretical time travel. Given these contradictions, we argue that the foundational assumptions of relativity demand thorough reevaluation. Alongside highlighting these contradictions, we also provide alternative reasoning for some of the experimental results commonly thought to validate relativity, offering interpretations that shift the validation away from relativity. We propose that many of these experimental results, traditionally interpreted through a relativistic lens, could instead be reexamined within a classical framework. This paper challenges the prevailing belief that classical mechanics is restricted to specific physical domains, suggesting that with the inclusion of additional forces and effects, Newtonian mechanics can account for phenomena typically attributed to relativistic physics. In summary, this paper advocates for a science grounded in human intuition and their logical consistency over science that is counterintuitive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Road to Reality on How the Universe Works

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-3 and Italian, pages 4-6 (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetitions will not be accepted)

The model of the Universe supported by the scientific community is unsustainable because, among other things, it predicts that its expansion is accelerating, in contrast with the law of conservation of energy.But what is the primary cause for which this model was theorized?It is that of having considered the isotropy of the speed of light relative to the Earth as real, while it is only apparently so.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the space, I have theorized a very simple model of the Universe, whose expansion is decelerating and therefore compatible with the law of conservation of energy. I have also developed a theory on how the Universe really works, compatible with this model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Covariant Gravity Theory with the Subsidiary Dynamic Symmetry of General Coordinate Transformation Covariance

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physical phenomena, sometimes with the exception of gravity, are usually assumed to be described by Lorentz transformation covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. The Einstein equation of gravity theory, however, has an infinite set of metric solutions, an infinite subset of which aren't Lorentz covariant, and one of the latter might be taken as valid, e.g., the Robertson-Walker metric for cosmology. But if all of nongravitational physics is in fact Lorentz covariant, it would almost certainly be physically inconsistent for gravity theory not to be Lorentz covariant as well. The solution ambiguity of the Einstein equation is a consequence of its important symmetry of general coordinate transformation covariance. However the four-vector potential form of electromagnetic theory has an analogous solution ambiguity as a consequence of its important symmetry of gauge transformation invariance, but in that case it is standard practice to break this symmetry by imposing the retarded Lorentz gauge condition, the simplest gauge condition which is Lorentz covariant and causal. Here we show that both gauge transformation invariance in electromagnetic theory and general coordinate transformation covariance in gravity theory arise spontaneously from fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions. These subsidiary dynamic symmetries crucially affect the structure of the equations of their respective theories, but any solutions they happen to admit which aren't fully Lorentz covariant are ipso facto excluded by the fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Acceleration History Breaks Symmetry Principle and Resolves the Twin Paradox

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper, we examine the symmetry of motion in special relativity and show that the 'twin paradox' resolves when considering the history of acceleration. Acceleration creates a permanent asymmetry in motion, which persists even after the acceleration stops and the objects move uniformly in inertial frames. This suggests that the apparent symmetry of motion, as described in Einstein's theory, arises largely from ignoring acceleration history. When acceleration is accounted for, the symmetry unravels, revealing a deeper asymmetry rooted in the objects' dynamic histories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantum Relativity Cosmos Theory(QRC) Theory by Vaishnav Shailesh Kakade

Authors: Vaishnav Shailesh Kakade
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Quantum Relativity Concepts (QRC) Theory introduces a pioneering framework that seeks to bridge one of the most profound gaps in modern physics: the unification of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). By reimagining spacetime as an emergent property arising from quantum informational relationships, QRC presents a fundamentally new approach to understanding the universe. Central to the theory is the concept of Quantum Entanglement-Induced Gravitational Waves (QEIGWs), where quantum entanglement between massive particles generates detectable gravitational waves. This groundbreaking theory offers not only novel mathematical models but also testable experimental designs, positioning QRC as a revolutionary step towards unraveling the quantum-gravitational divide.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Model for Synchronous Physical Law Variation and Space Typology Based on Gravitational Fields

Authors: Anton Rudy
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a new model in which the fundamental physical constants, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, vary synchronously across the entire universe. This variation depends on the local gravitational field, leading to a classification of space into different "types" based on gravitational strength. These space types influence the manifestation of both quantum and classical laws. Our model offers a novel approach to unify quantum mechanics with classical physics and potentially explains phenomena such as dark matter, dark energy, quantum gravity, and the mass of neutrinos. Additionally, we discuss how this model aligns with the theory of relativity and accounts for phenomena like time dilation observed in GPS systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

Special relativity can be explained mathematically and can be confirmed by applying laboratory measurements, but it is not intuitive and sometimes confusing. This paper will combine dark energy with the length contraction of special relativity, and the outcome will lead to a revolutionary model of quantized space time and staggered frames of reference ,sometimes will be referred to in this paper also as reference frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Field Equations be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 16 Pages.

This work is based on idea of extending Einstein field equations leading to more general statement about gravity field, this leads to new field equations and new idea about gravity field. Gravity field is now directly connected to matter field. From it follows that matter field in given point of space is responsible for spacetime curvature in that point so matter field can't vanish in any point of space. Field equations now become fourth order equations and include Riemann tensor Ricci tensor and metric tensors with Ricci scalar, same goes for stress-momentum tensor that is now composed out of stress-momentum tensor,metric tensors and its trace.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Notes on Critical Phenomena and Primordial Cosmology

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 Pages.

Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality. Recent studies suggest that both dimensions run the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Temporal Cavitation Model of Cosmology

Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 36 Pages.

The Cavitational Model of Cosmology presents a novel framework for understanding the Universe, emphasizing the interconnected roles of Time and Space. It delves into key cosmological concepts, such as the Latent and Patent realms, Time-Space fields, Spacetime fabric, gravity, levity, quantum fields, whiteholes, and blackholes. This model challenges traditional views in cosmology by offering alternative explanations for phenomena like gravity, dark matter, and dark energy, suggesting that these can be addressed through a reinterpretation of Time, Space, Energy, and Matter.The model suggests that the transition from the Latent realm (a potential energy state) to the Patent realm (the observable universe) is driven by energy fluctuations, creating a temporal cavity where Time and Space fields interact dynamically. These fields influence energy flow across Spacetime, which in turn affects fundamental constants like the speed of light and the universe's curvature.A key proposition is that Time’s inflation and deflation, tied to the interaction of these fields, controls the universe’s expansion and influences how we measure cosmic age and distances. The relationship between levity and gravity is redefined as complementary forces, potentially explaining phenomena like dark matter and dark energy without requiring new forms of unseen matter.The model also reexamines blackholes and whiteholes. Black holes absorb energy, while whiteholes disperse it, representing two ends of cosmic processes. The idea challenges traditional views on blackhole singularity, proposing that they may dissipate into the Latent realm over time, cycling energy between the realms.Further implications include the emergence of Matter and Antimatter, linked to the dominance of levity or gravity fields during their formation, which contrasts with conventional particle physics theories.Empirical validation is essential for this model to transition from theoretical speculation to a widely accepted cosmological framework. Suggested experiments involve studying the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) for anomalies, analyzing gravitational wave data, examining redshift patterns, and conducting high-energy particle physics experiments. If validated, the Cavitational Model could revolutionize our understanding of the universe's structure, evolution, and the interplay of its fundamental forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Aspects of the Temporal Evolution of the Universe

Authors: Martin Schauer
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative commons CC BY 4.0.

In 1929, Edwin Hubble measured the redshift and brightness (magnitude) of distant stars and plotted the redshift against the derived distance in what is now known as the Hubble diagram. This plot revealed a linear relationship, leading to the conclusion that the universe is expanding as a function of distance. However, to fully comprehend the temporal evolution of the universe, redshift must be plotted against time. When this is done consistently, it becomes evident that redshift has been continuously decreasing over time, suggesting that the expansion of the universe is also progressively slowing down. This observation challenges the necessity of postulating dark energy, and it is therefore recommended that the standard physical model be thoroughly reevaluated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Significant Gaps and Errors in the Interpretations of Special Relativity

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

This article critically examines the commonly overlooked gaps and errors in the interpretations of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), particularly in the treatment of the external and internal observers, the role of the Lorentz transformation, and the misapplication of moving reference frames. The core argument revolves around the objective versus subjective observations within STR, emphasizing the pivotal role of an external observer who perceives spacetime as a whole, in contrast to the limited perspective of internal observers. The discussion further extends to mathematical misinterpretations, such as the dimensional alignment of time and space, the improper handling of inertial frames, and inconsistencies in the application of Newtonian mechanics within relativistic contexts. These gaps underscore the needfor a refined conceptual framework in interpreting STR, paving the way for a more rigorous understanding of relativistic dynamics and its implications for modern physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Bubble Theory and Cosmic Phenomena: A Higher-Dimensional Perspective

Authors: Jameel Chamberlain
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Bubble Theory proposes a higher-dimensional framework in which the fourth spatial dimension hosts multiple energy-matter structures, or "bubbles," coexisting within the same spatiotemporalcoordinates. Central to this theory is the ’S’ Energy Field, a higher-dimensional field through whichunique ’S’ Energy wavelengths propagate, binding matter and maintaining bubble integrity. This paper extends the Bubble Theory to explore its implications for black holes, dark matter, dark energy,and quantum phenomena. By modeling these cosmic phenomena through the lens of the BubbleTheory, we aim to provide new insights and propose potential avenues for experimental validation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Zero-Expansion Behavior for the New $3D$ Spherical Warp Drive Vector Compared with the Natario Original Warp Drive

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 13 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetimedistortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than lightpredated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or togenerate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drivevector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates and PolarCoordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a realspaceship is a tridimensional 3D object inserted inside atridimensional 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3DSpherical Coordinates.The "ex-libris" of the Natario 2001original paper was the so-called "zero-expansion" behavior in theexpansion of the normal volume elements that occurs only in 2DPolar Coordinates but not in tridimensional $3D$ SphericalCoordinates.We demonstrate this affirmation in the present work.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Universal Resonance and Unified Fields

Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 48 Pages. In French

The **Universal Resonance Theory (URT)** proposes a new approach to explaining gravitation by unifying the principles of quantum physics and general relativity through the concept of resonance in a fundamental quantum field, analogous to space-time. According to this theory, the universe is structured by a vibrating web, where each matter particle generates resonant waves proportional to its mass.Particle Resonance: Massive particles generate specific frequencies in a universal resonance field. These frequencies interact to create resonances that can be interpreted as attractive forces between particles, thereby replacing the traditional concept of gravitation.Space-Time Structure: Space-time is perceived as a dynamic matrix of resonances. Masses cause distortions in this matrix, creating paths of lower resonance, analogous to geodesics in general relativity.Unification of Forces: URT suggests that gravity could be an electromagnetic phenomenon on a cosmic scale, thereby linking gravity and electromagnetism. This could provide a new understanding of the fundamental forces, including dark matter and dark energy.Predictions and ImplicationsURT proposes that gravitational interactions are emergent effects of quantum resonances between particles, which could explain previously unexplained gravitational phenomena. The theory also predicts that the speed of light and other fundamental constants can be reinterpreted in terms of resonance.Technological Perspectives:Understanding and manipulating these resonances at the quantum scale could lead to major technological innovations, such as gravity control, new propulsion methods, and advanced communication systems.In summary, URT offers a new perspective to unify quantum physics and general relativity, opening potential avenues for solving cosmological mysteries and developing revolutionary technologies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Friedmann Versus Einstein Coordinates for Cosmology

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 13 Pages.

The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a large population of bright compact galaxies in the early universe. Their abundance suggests that the early universe may not have expanded as explosively as Big Bang cosmology implies, that it may have been relatively more compact for a longer period of time. It is plausible that the physical issue with the Robertson-Walker metric form in this regard is Friedmann's 1922 coordinate condition, which makes gravity effectively Newtonian, devoid of gravitational time dilation. Einstein's successful 1915 coordinate condition in contrast permits the metric to be Lorentz covariant and compels it to always have a matrix inverse, a constraint which the Big Bang flouts. We exhibit a transformation of the Robertson-Walker metric form to Einstein coordinates, and we study in detail the radial evolution, in respectively Friedmann and Einstein coordinates, of the very simplest expanding-dust-sphere cosmology model. The deceleration of cosmic expansion in Friedmann coordinates is changed in Einstein coordinates to its acceleration, and the Big Bang in Friedmann coordinates is swapped in Einstein coordinates for a peak in that inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Generalisation of Sommerfeld’s "On the Composition of Velocities in the Theory of Relativity"

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Theory Towards How the Universe Really Works

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-39 and Italian, pages 40-79

In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, i.e., the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only one relative to which its speed could be truly isotropic.But the experiment found that the speed of light is isotropic relative to the Earth too, and therefore did not detect any motion relative to the ether.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the ether undergo a slowing down of time and a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light appear isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead, Einstein justified this result by arguing that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all reference frame, regardless of the motion between them, specifying however that this is a stipulation and, therefore, an apparent but not real phenomenon. But later he considered this isotropy as real. And this is how relativists still consider it, overbearingly, since they do not accept discussions on this statement.In truth, it is precisely thanks to the real slowing down of time and the real contraction of matter that the speed of light appears isotropic. And it is a very useful appearance, because considering it as real has allowed the development of the law of gravitation of General Relativity (which is also apparent) and, above all, to make the GPS system work. Which cannot work according to reality, because the precise speed of the Earth relative to the ether is not known and, therefore, not even the real speed of light relative to the Earth, which would be needed to make the GPS work according to reality.But, as I will demonstrate in this article, this appearance does not allow us to calculate the speeds and distances of celestial objects, too. So, using it anyway, relativists have obtained a complicated and incompatible with observation model of Universe, whose expansion is accelerating.So I developed a theory, which I called Space Quanta in Expansion, which considers the appearance useful for gravitation and GPS, but not for calculating distances and velocities of distant celestial objects, where it uses its own formulas. And so I obtained a model of Universe that is reasonable and compatible with observations and quantum mechanics, whose expansion results in deceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modeling Dark Matter Through the Effects of Relativistic Mass

Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages.

Dark matter remains a conundrum within the field of cosmology. While the behavior is wellunderstood, the underlying cause remains mysterious. Many models have been proposed to explain the phenomenon, whether it be new particles or modifications to the law of gravity. This document attempts to explain dark matter through the effect of relativistic mass and the effect of a relativistic gravitational field. The goal is that this model might be able to fit with observations of dark matter as well as Modified Newtonian Gravity (MOND) within galactic orbits.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Tired Light in the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: A Novel Approach to Cosmological Redshift

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper presents a novel interpretation of cosmological redshift within the framework of the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH). We revisit the concept of "tired light" in the context of a superfluid spacetime, proposing a mechanism for photon energy loss during propagation through the cosmic medium. Our model provides a physical basis for redshift without invoking universal expansion, potentially offering new insights into longstanding cosmological puzzles. We derive the fundamental equations governing light propagation in superfluid spacetime, present predictions for observational tests, and discuss the implications for our understanding of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Multi-Fold Dark Matter Effects & Rotation Curve Differences in Galaxies in Clusters, Yet Respect of the Strong Equivalence Principle

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

A recent paper suggests that MOND would better explain the difference in the distribution of rotation curves inside versus at the outer edges of galaxies. It would be due to the External Field Effect (EFE) encounter with MOND for galaxies in a uniform external field due to surrounding systems. ΛCDM, based on General Relativity (GR), respects the (strong) equivalence principle. Accordingly, for ΛCDM, such differences are not directly explainable. As the observed difference is argued to be statistically significant, something still to be confirmed, it could be a convincing argument in favor of MOND.The paper explains how the multi-fold dark matter effects explain qualitatively the observed differences: inner entanglement is more disrupted by the rest of the galaxy content, before creating a halo effect. With this we can argue that MOND is not necessarily the only answer to the observations. In previous papers, we argued that the multi-fold theory at large enough scale recovers GR, and that it is compatible with the equivalence principle. The paper therefore explains that these can be multi-fold gravity results. The multi-fold dark matter effects result from entangled real systems, which are extra contribution to gravity, which results only from virtual particles. There are therefore no inconsistencies: the equivalence principle can be respected while rotation differences may exist. To that effect, we show that while multi-fold gravity follows the (strong) equivalence principle, multi-fold dark matter effects can bring in an EFE effect without any contradiction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Standard Form Metric and Static Charged Sphere

Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 4 Pages.

For a system of a static charged sphere we make gauge and coordinate transformations so that the electromagnetic vector potential has a unit time component and zero space components. Beginning with a spherically symmetric metric in standard form and electromagnetic vector potential having this special form we solve the Einstein field equations outside the sphere. We show the solution has charge outside the sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Light Trajectories Near a Point Mass

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

Light trajectories near a static point mass have been calculated for two cases: the first is the usual black-hole solution in general relativitythat results from using Schwarzschild coordinates to determine the curvature of spacetime, and the second is for a model described in a previous paper, viXra:2409.0030, in which spacetime is completely regular with no event horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Testing a Sound Postulate

Authors: Anival Barca
Comments: 11 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment, foundational in challenging classical understandings of light propagation, played a crucial role in the development of special relativity. This paper re-examines this pivotal experiment from a new perspective, investigating the equivalence between optical and audio interferometry. By generalising the events within a MM interferometer, the study proposes a method to test if audio waves exhibit relativistic properties or not. This exploration of optical and acoustic analogy aims to deepen our understanding of wave mechanics and relativity, offering novel insights into relativistic experimental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Expressions for Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name should be after the article title, the abbstract should be labeled as such, & please cite and list scientific references)

Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proposed Resolution to Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Replacing Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry Via Axiomatization of Torricelli's Homogeneous Infinitesimals

Authors: Jeffrey P. Baugher
Comments: 35 Pages.

The conundrum of Dark Matter coupled with the discovery in 1998 that the universe is paradoxically accelerating its expansion has led some cosmologists to question the correctness of the non-Euclidean geometric theory of gravity, General Relativity. In the 17th century, there was also a great paradox between two views for the geometric constituents of a line, heterogeneous (made of points) versus homogeneous (made of infinitesimal segments). Evangelista Torricelli, a protege of Galileo, elucidated his logical reasoning on why lines must be made of segments and not points and created one particular fundamental example among many. In this paper, I produce unknown corollaries to Torricelli's argument allowing me to falsify the relationship between infinitesimals and the Archimedean axiom, resolve L'Hopital's paradox, rewrite the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and derive Gaussian curvature. I hypothesize that the intractability of Dark Energy and Dark Matter is due to the points of coordinate systems within General Relativity actually being a logically flawed heterogeneous interpretation with basis vectors as a stand-in for the properties of homogeneous infinitesimals. I propose a novel but geometrically logical model for gravity based on the changing area of ``surfaces" that suffers from no Cosmological Constant but can model red-shift of light. I present hypothetical arguments to demonstrate that there is sufficient compelling similarities to support the investigation of rewriting Euclidean/non-Euclidean geometry, the Calculus and all the laws of physics with axiomatic homogeneous infinitesimals of three components that each follow the theory of proportionality. They are relative cardinality, homogeneous infinitesimal and lastly their sum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Review of Emergent Spacetime and Matter Unified Field Theory (in Russian)

Authors: Andrey Smirnov
Comments: 35 Pages.

An axiomatic deterministic theory of physics based on a unified field is proposed.In the model of the theory, time is absent and dynamics are absent at the fundamental level. It is shown how space-time with matter and fields arise in such a model. It is shown that the anthropic principle arises as a consequence of the theory. The principle of causality is derived. Mass, energy and other concepts of mechanics are obtained. The Schrödinger equation is derived. Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are obtained without using the postulates of STR. It is shown that the speed of light and the maximum speed of interactions are exactly equal. The special theory of relativity with all its equations is obtained. It is shown that the standard model does not contradict the proposed theory. The nature of gravity is considered. The principle of equivalence of gravity and acceleration is proved, all the assumptions on which the general theory of relativity is based are proven. Based on this, it can be argued that the equations of the general theory of relativity satisfy the theory of emergent space-time-matter. It is shown that gravity cannot have quanta. Thus, this theory states that no theory of quantum gravity can exist. An explanation of the origin of the Universe is proposed. An explanation of the nature of dark energy and dark matter is proposed. The physical foundations of mathematics are considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Newton's Law of Gravitation, GR, SR and the Correspondence Principle

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.

This paper contains reflections on how Newton's classical inverse-square law of gravitation corresponds to both Einstein's theory of special relativity adapted for an accelerated object, as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity for the free-fall of an object in a curved spacetime. Using a model described in detail in a related paper, viXra:2409.0004, it is shown that space and time are regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematicalartefacts. In addition, since gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approach each other, there is no singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Solution to Einstein's Field Equations that Results in a Sign Change to the Analogous Friedmann Acceleration Equation

Authors: Greg P. Proper
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 4: JPA-4-151.

This brief paper demonstrates that a mathematical solution to Einstein's field equations exists that features a sign change in what proves to be the analog to the Friedmann 2 (acceleration) equation. The purpose here is not to physically challenge the FLRW (Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson-Walker) solution, but to demonstrate that this sign change is mathematically possible. In order to achieve this result, the metric is modified so that the temporal increment is affected by the expansion in the same manner as the spatial increments. Unlike the Schwarzschild, there is no theorem that states that the R-W is mathematically unique. Therefore, from a purely mathematical perspective there is no prohibition on the exploration of other alternatives to the R-W. In this particular instance the four principal equations of cosmology reduce to two mathematically consistent equations and total energy is conserved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Complete Set of Proofs for the Invalidity [?] of the Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: G. V. Sharlanov
Comments: 29 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics: 2024; 7(1):1-29.

This article reveals the essence of the special theory of relativity. To date, there have been no scientific arguments against the proofs presented at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics in 2015 in Athens, Greece. The "Introduction" presents the foundation of the real explanation of all "unexpected" and "inexplicable" results of the experiments related to the measurement of the speed of light in our time-spatial region "near the Earth’s surface". Subsequent factual analyses of the most famousexperiments related to the velocity of light behaviour prove that the speed of light differs in different directions from the local constant "speed of light in vacuum". The exception is only the experiments that use the "Michelson-type" interferometer. These interferometers use perfectly the same paths in two opposite directions for each light beam, which is why the difference between the speeds of light in the two opposite directionsof each light beam is completely compensated. The analysis of the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" shows exactly where and how the claim "the speed of light is the same for all inertial frames of reference" is applied. Einstein’s conclusion that "we cannot give anyabsolute meaning to the concept of simultaneous" is unfounded and absurd and is shown to be based solely on this erroneous claim. At the end of the article, the essence of the so-called "fundamental tests" of the special theory of relativity is presented too.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

"Dark Matter", "Dark Energy", and Other Problems in Physics Today

Authors: S. G. Sharlanov
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics, 2024; 7(1):1-8.

The cause of the hypotheses of the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" is a consequence of the second biggest blunder in physics of the 20th century: "the accelerating expansion of the Universe". This is undoubtedly a big problem in physics because it is illogical for the Universe to expand, despite the existing and undeniably proven universal attraction (Newton’s law of universal gravitation). Modern physics tries to explain this delusion by the existence of an illogically high percentage of some unknown type of "dark matter" in the Universe (which, if it existed, should have been discovered by now), as well as by the inexplicable myth of "dark energy" (the nature of which is inexplicable even to modern cosmologists themselves)!The root cause of this delusion is based mainly on the unproven claim that the redshift of the spectral lines of the emitted electromagnetic radiation from remote galaxies is due to the Doppler Effect. Throughout his life, Hubble did not support Vesto Slipher’s supposition that the"redshift" is a "velocity-like displacement" (as a result of the Doppler Effect). The Doppler Effect is an effect of the mechanical waves, but not of the electromagnetic waves. The real explanation of the incorrectly called "Doppler radar" with Schrödinger’s dynamic interpretation is presented in the article.According to the assistant and successor of Hubble, Allan Sandage, Hubble believed that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature".The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of this "unrecognized principle of nature"— that is the "energy-spatial relationship" existing in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe, that the so-called "empty space" between the celestial bodies and between the particles of matter is actually a "soup" of energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Relativity, Cosmology and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 32 Pages.

In the paper, with the help of various models, the thesis on the fundamental nature of the field form of matter in physics is considered. In the first chapter a model of special relativity is constructed, on the basis of which the priority of the massless form of matter is revealed. In the second chapter, a field model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of weighty bodies is revealed. In the third chapter, the example of geons shows the fundamental nature of a massless form of matter on the Planck scale. The three-dimensionality of the observable space is substantiated. In the fourth chapter, we consider a variant of solving the problem of singularities in general relativity using the example of multidimensional spaces. The last chapter examines the author's approach to quantum gravity, and establishes the basic equation of quantum gravity. The conclusions do not contradict the main thesis of the paper on the fundamental nature of the massless form of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Relation Between Linear Speed and Angular Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Newtonian formula for the relationship between linear motion and rotational motion is not suitable for application in the theory of relativity. Therefore, the relativistic relationship between linear speed and angular speed must be derived. This can be done by taking advantage of the rules of summing speeds in special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Have They Got it Wrong About Black Holes?

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.

By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold as in Einstein'sgeneral theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass,and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur and that gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approacheach other, which also removes the singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New 3D Spherical Warp Drive Vector Created Using the Methodology Developed by Natario

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 54 Pages.

The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime. Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate or de-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed the extension for the original Natariowarp drive vector that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinates for both constant or variable speeds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Physical Foundations of Gravitation with a Dual Space

Authors: David L. Berkahn, James M. Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 9 Pages.

Starting from first principles, we point out an apparent contradiction in the behavior of light in the metric space of a stationary frame in gravity. We show that the issue is resolved provided an independent moving ’dual space’ exists along side the metric space of general relativity (GR). In this dual space clocks run at equal rates to first order but coincide with the time dilation of metric space, due rather to different light path lengths. We find its mathematical properties coincide with the Gullstrand—Painleve coordinates, however the interpretation dictated by this model requiressome different concepts to that of the standard river model. Objects fall at equal rate in this space not because of equality of gravitational and inertial mass but because they are stationary in the dual space which itself is falling. The space behaves more Galilean than one might expect. We explore how escape velocity is modelled in this moving spacetime and address how the dual space re-interprets gravitational redshift to unify it with doppler and Hubble and as well as perhaps dark energy. natural aplications for mass variation and radiating charges stationery in gravity are also presented as a logical result of adopting the framework. We then touch on how the dual space can be modelled as a vector field in geometric algebra.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Measurement of Physical Quantities under Differently Calibrated Rulers and Clocks

Authors: Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu
Comments: 19 Pages.

The theory of special relativity is developed with two stipulations that any propagating electromagnetic wave travels at the same constant speed c, with respect to all inertial reference frames irrespective of their relative velocities and any IRF shall synchronize its spatially separated clocks by the assumption or convention that the one way speed of light within that IRF is constant and equal to c in all directions. The mathematical development of these concepts lead us to the principle of the relativity of simultaneity, the space-time continuum and the block universe that implies the existence of past, present, and future in a four-dimensional space-time continuum. The principle of relativity of simultaneity essentially means that the tenses, past, present, and future, are an illusion. Time order of events are subjective and thus all events in the universe exist together on the continuum. We show that the characteristics of light propagation are the same whether we use the Lorentz Transformation (LT) or the Galilean Transformation (GT) in the sense that the amplitude of the propagating wave at any space-time location remains the same in both the transformations. We argue that the space and time coordinates assigned to any space-time point are different in LT and GT but the identity of a space-time point is not compromised. The different numbers of space and time coordinates assigned to a space-time point by LT and GT arise out of calibration differences and do not indicate any altered reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gödelian Index Theorem in Discrete Manifolds: A Unified Framework for Logical Complexity Across Cosmic and Quantum Scales (Part 4)

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 75 Pages.

This paper extends the Gödelian Index Theorem from smooth manifolds to discrete structures, an advancement crucial for applications in quantum physics. By developing a unified framework applicable across scales—from quantum to cosmic—this work aims to bridge the gap between relativity and quantum mechanics. We hypothesize that the geometry of spacetime encodes logical complexity, potentially incorporating topos-theoretic data, and explore how this complexity manifests in discrete geometric settings.Mathematical innovations in this paper include the introduction of discrete analogs of significant concepts such as the Gödelian Chern character and Todd class. Additionally, we establish a discrete version of the Gödelian McKean-Singer formula, leveraging spectral graph theory to analyze the Gödelian index in these settings. Our framework offers new insights into the quantum-to-classical transition and contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of spacetime.Finally, this work connects with our previous analysis of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation data, linking Gödelian complexity to early cosmic evolution, and further solidifying the relevance of logical complexity in the geometry of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gödelian Index Theorem on Smooth Manifolds: Extending the Atiyah-Singer Framework and Its Cosmological Implications (Part 3)

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 79 Pages.

This paper extends the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem by incorporating logical complexity into geometric and topological structures through the development of the Gödelian Index Theorem. Building upon previous work on Gödelian categories, this novel theorem introduces Gödelian manifolds, which are equipped with a Gödelian structure function that quantifies logical complexity, and explores the implications of Gödelian-Ricci flow, where logical flow evolves alongside the metric. Our approach synthesizes differential geometry, geometric flow techniques, and logical structures, drawing inspiration from Perelman's work on the Poincaré conjecture.Applying this mathematical framework, we improve predictions of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) in cosmological data. However, the model reveals an unexpected result: a negative Gödelian index (G), which reflects the logical complexity embedded in the manifold. This finding has profound implications for our understanding of dark energy and the early cosmos, suggesting that the interplay between logical complexity and geometric structures could be key to re-evaluating current cosmological theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Relative Non-Locality

Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages.

[This paper] investigate[s] the mathematical and physical applications of relative non-locality in general relativity and using it to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact both theories are compatible when we put the relative non-locality in perspective, it's first introduced by Einstein in 1911, the relative non-locality is the illusion of superluminal speed phenomena due to the difference in spacetime gravity potential between two points in space, this illusion of superluminal speed is a direct indicator of spacetime curvature difference between two intervals in space such that the conditions of curvature difference is the key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, then by following this line of work I found that Einstein field equation is compatible with uncertainty principle in a way that the stress energy tensor could be extract from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle, this happened only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses of bigger than or equal to half Planck-mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime, then by using quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half Planck mass or more and then by using this knowledge I put the requirements for an experiment to generate artificial gravitational singularities in particle accelerators as a good way to test this paper and its very promising way for both nuclear fusion and superluminal space travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Ricci Flow-Inspired Model for Cosmic Expansion: New Insights from BAO Measurements Preliminary Report

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 19 Pages.

Recent precision measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) by surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) have revealed tensions with predictions from the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. This paper presents a novel approach to addressing these discrepancies by incorporating geometric flow concepts inspired by Perelman’s work on Ricci flow. We introduce a modified Friedmann equation that includes a Ricci flow term, providing a geometric framework for understanding potential deviations from standard cosmology. Our model shows significant improvement in fitting DESI BAO measurements across a wide range of redshifts, suggesting a possible geometric origin for observed cosmic expansion anomalies. Parameter space analysis reveals subtle interplay between logarithmic and power-law contributions to the expansion history, potentially offering new insights into the nature of dark energy or modifications to general relativity on cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmological Redshift Indicates the Speed of the Earth's Move Away from the Emitter and not the Expansion of Space

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-15 and Italian, pages 16-30

In a video that I found online, to justify certain observations of the WEBB telescope, it is stated that "It is also possible that our interpretations of the redshift of light are wrong and that for decades we have measured incorrect distances within the Cosmos ".But this is precisely what I have been stating for years in my articles, so I thought I would write one with the main objective of demonstrating that the cosmological redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, as the scientific community claims, but the speed at which the Earth moves away from the emitter.This incorrect interpretation of the cosmological redshift, among other things, has had the consequence that the scientific community claims that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, while in reality it is decelerating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Navigator's Solution to the Michelson-Morley Problem

Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem that is compatible with Einstein’s paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Question of Primordial Black Holes

Authors: Keith D. Foote
Comments: 4 Pages.

The question of whether or not primordial black holes actually exist is examined. Stellar and supermassive black holes are described to offer a comparison. The lack of observable, hard supporting evidence, after 58 years, makes the concept of primordial black holes less and less likely, in spite of the imaginative, though somewhat unrealistic scenarios used to theorize their existence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Metric Problem in Polar Coordinates: A Comprehensive Analysis and a Solution

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the common method for calculating the metric tensor in polar coordinates is incorrect. However, it does not lead to erroneous results due to the presence of another error that cancels out the effects of the first error in calculations. Nerveless, these offsetting errors creates a problem in understanding the metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Gravitational Force that is Independent of Speed Contradicts the Equivalence Principle and the Equality of Heavy and Inertial Mass

Authors: Ulrich Brosinsky
Comments: 4 pages in English, 4 pages in German

This consideration is concerned with the effect of a given gravitational field on a sample body and not with the contributions made by gravitational sources according to the energy-momentum tensor. The special theory of relativity is therefore sufficient for the investigation in local approximation.a) Using the example of a movement in the direction of a gravitational field, it is shown that either the equivalence principle applies only approximately or gravity does not act on the mass but on the energy of falling bodies.b) If the equality of gravity and inertia is also to apply to bodies with internal kinetic and potential energies, then gravity is proportional to the respective energy of the individual components. Otherwise, gravity and inertia would only be approximately equal.The proportionality is transferred to the energy of the entire body despite any internal velocities.c) The planetary motion suggests a velocity-dependent gravitational force, from which the exact validity of the equivalence principle follows as well as the exact equality of gravity and inertia, even taking into account special relativistic effects.d) Newton's law of gravitation for two masses can be formulated in special relativistic terms by replacing their product with the scalar product of the "mass tangential vectors" to the world lines. This is a conclusion that is possible without recourse to general relativity.e) Short reference to the difference between the gravitational field and the electrostatic field, the force of which is independent of velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Gravitational Force that is Independent of Speed Contradicts the Equivalence Principle and the Equality of Heavy and Inertial Mass.

Authors: Ulrich Brosinsky
Comments: 4 pages in English, 4 pages in German

This consideration is concerned with the effect of a given gravitational field on a sample body and not with the contributions made by gravitational sources according to the energy-momentum tensor. The special theory of relativity is therefore sufficient for the investigation in local approximation. a) Using the example of a movement in the direction of a gravitational field, it is shown that either the equivalence principle only applies approximately or gravity does not act on the mass but on the energy of falling bodies. b) If the equivalence of gravity and inertia should also apply to bodies with internal kinetic and potential energies, then gravity is proportional to the respective energy of the individual components. Otherwise, gravity and inertia would only be approximately equal. The proportionality is transferred to the energy of the entire body despite any internal velocities. c) The planetary motion suggests a velocity-dependent gravitational force, from which the exact validity of the equivalence principle follows as well as the exact equality of gravity and inertia, even taking into account special relativistic effects. d) Newton's law of gravitation for two masses can be formulated in special relativistic terms by replacing their product with the scalar product of the "mass tangential vectors" to the world lines. This is a conclusion that is possible without recourse to general relativity. e) Short reference to the difference between the gravitational field and the electrostatic field, the force of which is independent of velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Complex Dynamics and Primordial Gravity

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.

We recently pointed out that, under suitably defined conditions, the Schrödingerequation represents a limit case of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE). Asgeneric prototype of complex dynamics, CGLE is naturally tied to dimensional fluctuationsconjectured to develop far above the electroweak scale. The goal of this work is to uncoveran unforeseen connection between CGLE and the equation of geodesic deviation in GeneralRelativity (GR). This connection is likely to come into play in primordial cosmology,where strongly fluctuating gravitational fields evolve in far-from-equilibrium conditions.Our findings unveil the duality between primordial gravitation and Kolmogorov entropyand suggest a potential gateway towards field unification outside Lagrangian theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Newtonian Knot in Empty (2+1)-Dimensional Anti-de Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: Written using latex, no figure, 6 pages

We propose the existence of a topological object, a Newtonian knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons gravity with a small but non-zero negative cosmological constant in empty (2+1)-dimensional anti-de Sitter space-time. This proposal is based on the idea that the Ricci curvature tensor consists of a set of curvature components satisfying the non-trivial Hopf maps, leading to topological structures. Working within the Abelian Chern-Simons (first-order) framework, where the dreibein and spin connection are treated as independent fields, we derive the corresponding field equations and present ansatz solutions for both fields. Our results suggest that the Newtonian knot may be a novel topological feature in low-dimensional gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Geodesic Principle and the Nature of Passive Mass

Authors: M. Wolnik, R. Wolnik
Comments: 7 Pages.

The geodesic principle represents an essential aspect of general relativity and is the physical manifestation of the space-time manifold but can also be considered as the metric field effect on the passive mass of a freely falling test particle. - The equation of motion is derived from the given stress-energy tensor field of an isolated body with the help of its moments in the near limit case, on the basis of the universal conservation condition. Then the reduced stress-energy tensor that is based on the energy density of the body matter is being used in the context of its local energy balance to get the global solution in the form of the geodesic equation. Finally, the influence of an external force field on such a solution is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Discussion About Humans Ability to Evaluate Exactly Energy Amounts and Whether This Might Have Possible Implications on the Energy Conservation Principle

Authors: u202aMoshe Segalu202cu200f
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please move the author's credentials etc to a footnote)

A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will provide the exact amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, which implies that Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will conclude, with complete validity, that the amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, can be indeed represented by a constant value.Moreover, the fact, that the nowadays Science of Physics does agree that in addition to the Detectable Energy, the Universe embeds a very large amount of undetectable, or Dark Energy, (about 70% of the estimated Total Energy which is estimated to be embedded in the whole Universe is estimated to be Dark Energy), might further imply, that Humans cannot evaluate the actual amount of the Total Energy embedded in the Universe, which might further support the assumption, that Humans cannot prove, that all the Energy embedded in the Universe, is indeed conserved.The above implies that Humans are not able to provide a proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, which means, that the Energy Conservation Principle is presented only as an axiom, and no discussion was yet provided as to the extent of validity that Humans can attribute to the Energy Conservation Principle, even though, it is a corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics.Thus, in view of the above, this paper tries to examine the extent of the validity that Humans can attribute, to the Energy Conservation Principle.Initially, this paper tries to explore, if the evaluation of the amount of Energy, only in certain specific Energy components, in the Universe, will result in the evaluations of the same Energy amounts, by all Human evaluators, or, if separate Human evaluators might arrive at different results, relating to the Total Energy Content, of these certain several specific Energy components, which they evaluated.Thus, in view of the above, this paper provides arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated.The arguments mentioned above, relating to the possibility that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated, appear also in an additional paper, by the author of this paper, titled: "A discussion related to the Energy Relativity and its Implications" (4).However, in order to emphasize the possibility, that evaluations of Energy amounts by Humans might be also relative, to the Human which executed that evaluation of this Energy amount, the additional paper, mentioned above, did not elaborated on the limitations, that also exist, in the arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated.Thus, this paper presents also these limitations which further emphasizes the conclusion, presented also in the additional paper, mentioned above, that, although Energy evaluations by Humans might be sometimes relative to the specific Human evaluating that Energy, The Energy Conservation Principle should be recognized as a valid principle when it relates to Energy conservation related to what Humans detect in any specific Inertial Frame of Reference. And, although Humans cannot provide a complete proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, as related to the whole Universe, Humans should still attribute validity to the Energy Conservation Principle, also as related to the whole Universe, because it is a very significant corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics, but should recognized that this validity is attributed to this principle only as an axiom, without being able to prove it.An important factor, in the arguments, presented in this paper, and the additional paper mentioned above, relating to the possibility that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated, is the following:The nowadays Science of Physics recognizes only one velocity as absolute, non-relative velocity. This velocity is the velocity of Light in vacuum, which is also recognized as the maximum velocity that Humans can attribute to a moving body.All other velocities are recognized, by the nowadays Science of Physics, as non-absolute or as relative velocities, and this implies, as this paper presents, that Humans might be in situations, in which, their evaluations of the Kinetic Energies, which should be attributed to moving bodies, might turn to be wrong evaluations.The paper then elaborates on the Implications of what was presented above, on the Energy Conservation Principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unified Cosmology Proposal: Vacuum as a System of Harmonic Oscillators Expanding at Relativistic Velocities

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 151 Pages.

This paper presents a novel cosmological framework interpreting the vacuum as a system of harmonic oscillators, resonating at relativistic scales and manifesting properties that unify aspects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. By modeling the vacuum through an equivalent RLC circuit, fundamental constants, including the speed of light, gravitational constant, and fine-structure constant, are derived as emergent properties of this oscillatory vacuum structure, revealing a dynamic structure within the vacuum, and linking oscillatory vacuum states to the emergence of gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena.Based on this framework, they are postulated explanations for the cosmological constant, observable gravitational phenomena, and large-scale structure, proposing a resonance-based expansion model of the universe consistent with current cosmological observations. By re-envisioning the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, this model offers a unified theoretical basis that could integrate quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology, with implications for both fundamental theory and potential observational validation. Finally, the model further explores energy exchange across a hypothesized matter-antimatter boundary, conceptualized as a "quantum black hole" network, which would induce spacetime curvature and give rise to gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, postulating itself as a significant step toward a complete and consistent "Theory of everything".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Unified Cosmology Proposal: Vacuum as a System of Harmonic Oscillators Expanding at Relativistic Velocities Within an Antimatter Universe

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 111 Pages.

This paper introduces a novel cosmological framework that interprets the vacuum as a dynamicsystem of harmonic oscillators, expanding at relativistic velocities and interacting with an antimatteranti-universe. By modeling the vacuum as an RLC circuit, it is proposed that the vacuum itselfbehaves as a resonant system of harmonic oscillators. Within this framework, they are derivednew relationships between fundamental constants—including the speed of light c, gravitationalconstant G, and fine-structure constant α— showing that these constants arise from the vacuum’sintrinsic properties and oscillatory dynamics.Based on the relationships derived within this framework, it is proposed a novel mechanism ofenergy exchange across the boundary between matter and antimatter domains, through quantumgaps conceptualized as a "Quantum "black" hole" network. These "holes" in the boundary facilitateenergy transfer, generating local spacetime deformations that we perceive as gravitationaland electromagnetic interactions. It is showed that spacetime curvature and force interactions areemergent phenomena, stemming from quantum fluctuations within the vacuum as it oscillates andexpands. By reinterpreting the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, it is offered a cohesiveframework that may unify quantum mechanics and general relativity while aligning with observedcosmological expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Comparison of Light Path Equations in General Relativity Using a Taylor Series Approach vs Jacobian Elliptic Functions

Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 31 Pages. Added an acknowledgement section and clarified some statements about the turning point R.

Based on a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity, a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the General Relativity (GR) geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series be taken to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a photon or light packet originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R < 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for light path locations near the point of closest approach to the central body. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R >= 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Modern Physics Moving Towards Metaphysics?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages.

The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, theauthor suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Power with Joule Heating Applied to Cosmology?

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Planck Power with Joule Heating Applied to Cosmology?

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is Iron-56 Just Mond in Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.

In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Road to Reality on How the Universe Works

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-3 and Italian, pages 4-6

The model of the Universe supported by the scientific community is unsustainable because, among other things, it predicts that its expansion is accelerating, in contrast with the law of conservation of energy.But what is the primary cause for which this model was theorized?It is that of having considered the isotropy of the speed of light relative to the Earth as real, while it is only apparently so.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the space, I have theorized a very simple model of the Universe, whose expansion is decelerating and therefore compatible with the law of conservation of energy. I have also developed a theory on how the Universe really works, compatible with this model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lorentz Covariant Gravity Theory with the Subsidiary Dynamic Symmetry of General Coordinate Transformation Covariance

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physical phenomena, sometimes with the exception of gravity, are usually assumed to be described by Lorentz transformation covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. The Einstein equation of gravity theory, however, has an infinite set of metric solutions, an infinite subset of which aren't Lorentz covariant, and one of the latter might be taken as valid, e.g., the Robertson-Walker metric for cosmology. But if all of nongravitational physics is in fact Lorentz covariant, it would almost certainly be physically inconsistent for gravity theory not to be Lorentz covariant as well. The solution ambiguity of the Einstein equation is a consequence of its important symmetry of general coordinate transformation covariance. However the four-vector potential form of electromagnetic theory has an analogous solution ambiguity as a consequence of its important symmetry of gauge transformation invariance, but in that case it is standard practice to break this symmetry by imposing the retarded Lorentz gauge condition, the simplest gauge condition which is Lorentz covariant and causal. Here we show that both gauge transformation invariance in electromagnetic theory and general coordinate transformation covariance in gravity theory arise spontaneously from fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions. These subsidiary dynamic symmetries crucially affect the structure of the equations of their respective theories, but any solutions they happen to admit which aren't fully Lorentz covariant are ipso facto excluded by the fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Field Equations be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this short paper I show a simple model of extending Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Field Equations be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 15 Pages.

This work is based on idea of extending Einstein field equations leading to more general statement about gravity field, this leads to new field equations and new idea about gravity field. Gravity field is now directly connected to matter field. From it follows that matter field in given point of space is responsible for spacetime curvature in that point so matter field can't vanish in any point of space. Field equations now become fourth order equations and include Riemann tensor Ricci tensor and metric tensors with Ricci scalar, same goes for stress-momentum tensor that is now composed out of stress-momentum tensor,metric tensors and its trace.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Notes on Critical Phenomena and Primordial Cosmology

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.

Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime (d) and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality (D) . Recent studies suggest that both dimensions (d and D) run with the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity's Nontheoretical Inutility

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 27 Pages, 0 Diagrams

Relativity has little practical relevance in our real nontheoretical environment. Its founding premise, light's (presumed) constancy, is conceptually impossible. It only works theoretically in the one dimension of linear motion and only in one direction. In three dimensions it's inherently conflicted. In reality, its velocity can only compound mechanically with the motion of its source. This is what all of the Michelson-Morley type experiments actually show. And that's in addition to its factual variability that Einstein also asserts despite the invalidating contradiction. With an underlying premise that's altogether unworkable, relativity becomes untenable as well. Its other components that aren't necessarily dependent on light's (presumed) invariance are just as conflicted and innately unworkable. Its four-dimensional "space-time" is inconceivable, and it impossibly curves two-dimensionally underneath three-dimensional massive bodies to facilitate their "attraction." Its "principle of equivalence" impossibly has acceleration's one-dimensional uniform reaction and rotation's two-dimensional dispersive reaction equal to gravity's three-dimensional runaway coalescing/condensing. Its "finite and yet unbounded" universe, that with expansion has become the big bang, is strictly theoretical as well. To maintain its observed uniformity, it expresses two-dimensionally, like the surface of a sphere. So it's also not real. With relativity's manifest impracticality and the purely theoretical nature of its fundamental constituents, nearly all of it can be factually qualified as useless.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Expressions for Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 5 Pages. Edits were made to add citations and conform with format guidelines given by admin

Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativistic Relation Between Linear Speed and Angular Speed

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Newtonian formula for the relationship between linear motion and rotational motion is not suitable for application in the theory of relativity. Therefore, the relativistic relationship between linear speed and angular speed must be derived. This can be done by taking advantage of the rules of summing speeds in special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Have They Got it Wrong About Black Holes?

Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.

By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a curved four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold such asin Einstein's general theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and therefore a black hole and event horizon are just mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur in reality and that gravity does notdiverge to infinity as masses approach each other, which also removes the non-physical singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmological Redshift Indicates the Speed of the Earth's Move Away from the Source of Light and not the Expansion of Space.

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-15 and Italian, pages 16-30

In a video that I found online, to justify certain observations of the WEBB telescope, it is stated that "It is also possible that our interpretations of the redshift of light are wrong and that for decades we have measured incorrect distances within the Cosmos ".But this is precisely what I have been stating for years in my articles, so I thought I would write one with the main objective of demonstrating that the cosmological redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, as the scientific community claims, but the speed at which the Earth moves away from the source of light.This incorrect interpretation of the cosmological redshift, among other things, has had the consequence that the scientific community claims that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, while in reality it is decelerating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology