Astrophysics

On the Age of the Universe

Authors: Shrayshank Anand
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The conventional cosmological models, principally the Lambda-CDM framework, estimate the universe’s age to be approximately 13.8 billion years, and recent alternative analyses of the same redshift phenomena propose a significantly different timeline of about 26.7 billion years. Such estimates rely on well established physical laws, cosmological measurements, and assumptions surrounding the Big Bang model. In this paper, we will re examine the notion of the age of the universe from a more foundational, mathematical, and conceptual standpoint. By considering the idea that any finite measure or form is negligible compared to the infinite extent of the cosmos, we explore the limit of a diminishing quantity as it approaches zero. I have used a limit based argument, and also have invoked Gödel’s Incompleteness Theorems to highlight the inherent limitations in proving or disproving statements proposing truth within any formal axiomatic system. The result of the proposed equation is that it suggests that the notion of a definitive age for the universe is inherently flawed, as there is no age you could assign to it — the universe was, is, and will always be there — it is eternal.
Category: Astrophysics

White Holes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 4 Pages.

Black holes and white holes are typically seen asjoined by wormholes linking string universes.String theory has not harmonized 4D GR with itsvisions of 10^500 2D universes. Black holes withvarious core masses have been characterized byphysics math. White holes have conversely beenmodeled by pure math, because there is no physicaldata for any white holes. GR math allows for whiteholes, so some mathematicians continue to exploretheir imagined 2D multiverse. We here considerblack/white hole pairings, and show how physicsmath models are not very close to what really is.
Category: Astrophysics

The Reason Gallium Detectors Measure Low Solar Neutrino Flux

Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 3 Pages.

The neutral current and charged current electron neutrino interactions with deuterons are used to show that the predicted electron neutrino flux not measured by the gallium detectors does exist. It is not detected because, unlike in the deuteron reactions that always free a nucleon from the nucleus that can be detected and indicates that an interaction has occurred, a neutrino interaction with 71Ga cannot separate a nucleon from the 71Ga nucleus to be detected. Consequently, neutrinos interacting with 71Ga nuclei that do not create 71Ge nuclei go unrecorded by the detectors.
Category: Astrophysics

Early Sunspot Discovery: Dismissed Insight Challenges Prevailing Theories

Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: This article is not written in a standard/scholarly preprint format and will be subject to removal))

This paper revisits an early yet overlooked discovery in sunspot research, suggesting that Earth’s orbital position plays a pivotal role in sunspot formation. A seasonal pattern in daily sunspot counts, documented over a 12-year period in the early 1900s, points to a profound connection between solar activity and Earth’s position, challenging Sun-centered sunspot theories. This correlation, verifiable in minutes with modern tools, calls for substantial revisions to established cosmology, particularly in understanding cosmic influences on Earth. Alongside this insight, Henri Mémery documented correlations between sunspots and various Earthly phenomena—such as magnetism, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, temperature, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions—connections that were not fully recognized for decades.More than 50 years later, Louis-Claude Vincent (1906—1988) and Jeanne Rousseau (1910—2012) provided a groundbreaking explanation for Mémery’s observations and correlations through their innovative cosmic model, which fundamentally challenges conventional scientific paradigms. Their interdisciplinary approach spans fields such as astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology, meteorology, seismology, biology, and more. It reveals the intricate superimposition and interplay between cosmic forces and terrestrial systems. Vincent and Rousseau’s research advocates for a holistic understanding of natural processes, integrating geophysics, cosmology, bioelectronics, and biology. Their pioneering insights highlight the critical need to examine cosmic phenomena in relation to Earth’s systems, bridging theoretical science with practical, Earth-centric applications while confronting the compartmentalized tendencies of modern scientific disciplines.
Category: Astrophysics

Hyperluminal Space Travel

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.

Hyperluminal space travel is big in popular science fiction and fantasy. How does it rate among real rocket scientists and astrophysicists? The answer to this basic question spans more than physics, and goes into concerns relating to our brief reign as the current hyperkeystone species on Earth.
Category: Astrophysics

Fibonacci Numbers and Gravitational Radiation

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this short article We have done an arithmetic approximation that analyzes the currentformalism of the phenomenon of gravitationalwaves.To do this we have resorted to the use of thewell known Fibonacci series of natural numbers and the logarithmicspiral associated with the sequence of such numbers.
Category: Astrophysics

Simplified Trigonometric Method for Distance Measurements

Authors: Aryan G. Chopade, Govardhan S. Chopade
Comments: 4 Pages. 2 figures; submitted under the CC BY 4.0 license (Author ames added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

This study develops a mathematical approach to estimate the distance of a celestial object from an observer using angular measurements. The method involves capturing the subtended angles of the object from two distinct positions along a known baseline distance and employs trigonometric relationships to derive a formula for calculating the distance. Using a camera, the angular size of the object is determined based on its apparent size on the camera's sensor. The calculated angles are substituted into the derived formula to compute the distance. Validation of the formula was performed by calculating the Moon's distance from Earth using angular measurements taken at two locations separated by 100 km. The computed distance of approximately 376,742 km closely aligns with the Moon's average distance from Earth, confirming the accuracy of the method. This straightforward approach demonstrates potential utility for amateur astronomers and educators, offering an accessible tool for celestial distance measurement using basic geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

Time-Dilation for Supernova in the Case of Tired Light Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

One of the most important confirmation of the Big Bang theory was the discovery of the time broadening of the light curve of the far supernovas (supernovas 1A, standard candles, at the distances around Z=1). From straightforward consideration in the complete absence of light scattering it can not be explained in any other way but by Doppler-like effect which in this case called time dilation and seemingly confirming the Big Bang. However, the hypothesis of tired light [1] also allows the light being diffusion-like scattered on travel from supernova thus allowing change in distance traveled and allowing corresponding time broadening of the light curve (the fastest photons goes straight path, later arrived those which due to multiple scattering — diffusion-like in perpendicular direction — first traveled away from direct line, than returned back, possible many times and thus got a big enough increase in distance to generate perceptible — few days- delays at arrival). Problem with this mechanism is that gives smaller time delays compare to time dilation directly observed [1]. The gravitational microlensing may be involved and due to additional change of distance, Shapiro effect and brightening some parts of the image of supernova (3 separate effects) will make the light curves broader and thus explaining the time dilation observed.
Category: Astrophysics

The Integral Equation for the Relic Black-Body

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

We consider the possibility that black-body photons are created by the energetical sources in space. It leads to the integral equation for the energy distribution of sources. The Planck formula for photons is, in this situation, valid, for the special distribution of sources. It means that the black-body is at the crystalline form.
Category: Astrophysics

Universal Mass-Energy Equivalence Through Variable Radiation Velocity

Authors: Rao Yanamadala
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a generalization of the mass-energy equivalence principle, traditionally expressed as E = mR^2 by introducing a variable radiation velocity R. This generalization extends the applicability of mass-energy equivalence beyond the confines of electromagnetic radiation and the speed of light c, allowing it to apply universally to any form of matter, including dark matter and exotic particles. The formula accounts for the possibility of varying radiation velocities for different types of matter and suggests new pathways for understanding energy conversion, cosmological dynamics, and fundamental physics. The implications of this formula extend into areas such as cosmology, particle physics, and energy technology, offering a new framework for interpreting energy-mass relationships across different forms of matter.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Redshift of the Early Universe

Authors: Dave E. Dunstan
Comments: 8 Pages.

Current cosmological models of the universe are founded largely on redshift-distance measurements. Since Hubble first presented the Hubble diagram, considerable effort has been undertaken by astronomers to expand the data set. Here we contend that the redshift data has been incorrectly interpreted as a receding velocity. Interpretation of the data as a gravitational redshift enables the redshift-distance data to be fitted with a constant mass of 3 x 1011 solar masses. The accelerating universe, dark energy, dark matter and stretched space are not required. This interpretation suggests a static universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Mini Big Bangs

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 11 Pages.

We all have heard of big bangs (or The Big Bang).Who in experimental physics has examined smallbig bangs beyond puny particle colliders with theirmicro results? Until recently relevant cosmologicalimagery was not available to help science explainmini versions. Awesome data is just now availableto support understanding within our local universe,and beyond.
Category: Astrophysics

Closed-Cycle Expansion Compression (CCEC) Theory

Authors: S. John White Sr.
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Closed-Cycle Expansion Compression (CCEC) Theory proposes that the universe exists within a closed-loop system facilitating infinite cycles of expansion and compression. By reconciling the concept of infinity with a universe that appears to have a finite origin, the CCEC Theory challenges traditional linear cosmological models. This framework suggests that the universe's expansion and subsequent compression occur within a closed loop, allowing for perpetual renewal without requiring an external infinite space. The model addresses fundamental questions about the source of energy for cosmic expansion, the nature of time and space, and the philosophical implications of an eternal, self-sustaining universe. The theory aligns with general relativity, adheres to thermodynamic laws, and offers testable predictions for future research.
Category: Astrophysics

Towards a High Genus Cosmic Manifold

Authors: Arturo Tozzi
Comments: 8 Pages.

The universe is punctured with a high number of black holes that might stand for topological "holes" or "cavities". Starting from this observation, we discuss the possibility to think over the universe in terms of a manifold of very high genus (henceforward VHGM), rather than an isotropic and homogeneous manifold of genus zero. We argue about the feasibility and the likely physical consequences of a cosmic VHGM approach. In ΛCDM, a topological surface of veryhigh genus might guarantee highly stable, topologically ordered structures protected against small perturbations, leadingto fine-tuning and consistency of cosmic parameters. In non-standard cosmological models, a VHGM framework might help to elucidate spatial features like extra-dimensions, compactified universes, spacetime foam, multi-loops stringinteractions. Groups of almost infinite surface diffeomorphisms might also generate topological defects, impurities, passages and handles that connect different regions at either micro-, meso- or macroscopic physical scales, shedding light on the accelerated expansion of the Universe, on wormholes, on multiverse and bubble universes. VHGM might also contribute to the nonlocal interactions that are typical of quantum entanglement and to information and energy storage, with special attention to the quantum vacuum discrepancy and the holographic approaches. In conclusion, the theoreticalpossibility of a cosmic VHGM suggests a strong and methodologically manageable mathematical background subtending the mechanical, dynamical, energetic and informational features of the spacetime fabric in both ΛCDM and non-standardcosmological models.
Category: Astrophysics

Common Reality of Universe

Authors: Tarun Sharma
Comments: 126 Pages.

This manuscript presents a theory that challenges the current understanding of gravity and introduces the existence of a fifth force of nature, which is, in fact, a redefined version of gravity. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that gravity is a result of an object’s mass, this theory posits that gravity arises from a different mechanism altogether. By redefining gravity, the theory proves the nature of dark matter and dark energy, offering explanations for phenomena that have long puzzled scientists and astronomers. This redefined gravity not only explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy but also addresses numerous other phenomena within our solar system and on a larger, universal scale. Additionally, this theory offers a completely new perspective on black holes.
Category: Astrophysics

Black Hole Entropy Defines Limitations on the Radius of Spacetime

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper will prove mathematically, based on Bekenstein — Hawking black hole entropy equation , and based on the holographic principle , that space cannot have an infinite size.
Category: Astrophysics

Schrödinger Equation Used to Describe the Revolution of the Earth

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 7 Pages. In Chinese

equation can be used to describe planetary motion, it must be of great significance. The potential energy in Hamiltonian operator is changed from electromagnetic interaction potential energy to gravitational interaction potential energy, and the Schrödinger equation which can describe planetary motion is successfully obtained. Solving the Schrödinger equation of the earth's revolution is relatively simple, and the energy eigenvalue obtained is completely consistent with the result obtained directly by classical mechanics. The direct significance of establishing and applying this equation is that classical mechanics and wave mechanics can be used to describe all objects at the same time (no longer limited by the mass of objects), which simplifies the calculation process of quantum mechanics. It is proved that classical mechanics and wave mechanics are compatible. The indirect meaning is that it can change the old concept that Schrödinger equation can't be used to describe macroscopic objects.
Category: Astrophysics

Big-Bang Black Holes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 14 Pages.

Black-hole mass cores are often considered to becandidates for new big bangs. Core locations alonedo not explain why so few black holes of any sizeever burst into new local universes of any sizewithin the overall 4D multiverse. This distinctionis outside 20th-century physics models, but stillinside our mental ability to well envision all linearphysical dimensions from the proper 21st-centuryperspective.
Category: Astrophysics

Microscopic Coherent Sources of Gravitational Radiation with Application to Forming a Stable Warp Field

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recent US Congressional hearings on UAPs have made the study of exotic propulsion systems a matter of serious academic study and indeed, military necessity. This speculative paper looks at the possibility that microscopic sources could produce gravitational radiation with minimal energy requirements, whilst trapping the electromagnetic radiation stress-energy from being emitted. It may be possible to form an array of these micro-emitters of sufficient strength, acting with collective phenomenon, to allow non-linearities and the formation of soliton waves suitable for a putative warp field. Interestingly we find no need for exotic matter or negative energy. Moving onto the Alcubierre metric we ponder if the field could actually be made to travel superluminally by a repetitive stepped process of, expanding space just ahead of the craft initially to speed-up the propagation of the field, via the Shapiro Delay, so that a second field propagates that contracts space aggressively; the net effect being space contracting ahead of the craft faster than light.
Category: Astrophysics

New Perspectives on Cosmic and Earthly Phenomena

Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 7 Pages. Published under CC BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please use plain/standard article heading only without background images/wall papers)

Observations that challenged established theories, coupled with pivotal findings in the scientific literature, laid the groundwork for numerous insights and validations that ultimately led to Vincent and Rousseau’s cosmic model. This model underscores the profound interconnections between the cosmos, nature, and our daily lives—an areathat remains significantly under-explored by mainstream research.
Category: Astrophysics

Closed Form Solution to the Hubble Tension Based on Rh = ct Cosmology

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 9 Pages.

Haug and Tatum have recently solved the Hubble tension within a type of Rh = ct cosmology using an intuitive, smart trial-and-error search algorithm. The trial-and-error algorithm demonstrates that one can start with the measured CMB temperature and a rough estimate of H0. Based on the algorithm, one ends up matching the entire distance ladder of the observed supernovas by finding a value for H0. However, this is a numerical search procedure, even though it can be completed in a fraction of a second on a standard computer. Here, we will demonstrate that the trial-and-error numerical method is not needed and that the Hubble tension can be resolved using the same Haug and Tatum model through a closed- form solution. This means one simply solves an equation to find the correct H0 value. This is possible because an exact mathematical relation between H0 and the CMB temperature has recently been established, in combination with the linearity in an Rh = ct model.
Category: Astrophysics

The Pioneer Effect, Fermat's Last Theorem and the Gravitational Constant G.

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych.
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using the mechanical interpretation of the derivative and analyzing the function y = x^n, we can derive the general form of the equation for Newton's law of universal gravitation. From the general and more precise formulation of the law of gravitation, it follows that the gravitational constant G (if the equation is written in the traditional form) is no longer constant and will increase with increasing distance between interacting bodies.
Category: Astrophysics

The Pioneer Effect, Fermat's Last Theorem and the Gravitational Constant G (in Russian).

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych.
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using the mechanical interpretation of the derivative and analyzing the function y = x^n, we can derive the general form of the equation for Newton's law of universal gravitation. From the general and more precise formulation of the law of gravitation, it follows that the gravitational constant G (if the equation is written in the traditional form) is no longer constant and will increase with increasing distance between interacting bodies. Используя механическую трактовку производной и анализируя функцию y = x^n, можно вывести общую форму уравнения для закона всемирного тяготения Ньютона. Из общей и более точной формулировки закона тяготения следует, что гравитационная постоянная G (если уравнение записать в традиционной форме) уже не является постоянной и будет возрастать с увеличением расстояния между взаимодействующими телами.
Category: Astrophysics

Analysis of Galactic Rotation Curves using Godelian Logical Flow Models and Massless Topological Effect Models

Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper presents an analysis of galactic rotation curves using novel models, including the Godelian Logical Flow (GLF) framework and Richard Lieu's massless topological defect models. The study utilizes data from the HI Nearby Galaxy Survey (THINGS) to test these models' ability to describe the observed rotation curves without invoking dark matter. The GLF framework, which incorporates concepts from Gödel's incompleteness theorems, offers an alternative explanation for galactic dynamics by suggesting that the logical structure of spacetime influences these phenomena. Lieu's model, on the other hand, proposes that massless topological defects in the form of concentric spherical shells can account for the flat rotation curves typically attributed to dark matter.We demonstrate that the Lieu Multi-Shell model and the GLF3 Exponential model consistently outperform the standard dark matter model across a sample of galaxies. The results indicate statistically significant differences in model performance, with the alternative models providing incremental improvements that capture important aspects of galactic dynamics.This study highlights the potential of these alternative models to provide new insights into the nature of galactic rotation curves and challenges the traditional dark matter paradigm. The findings encourage further theoretical development and observational validation of these models, with implications for our understanding of cosmic structure formation and dynamics.
Category: Astrophysics

Research on the Principle of Relative Variation of Light Speed and the Effect of Vacuum Mechanics

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper proposes an innovative postulate based on experimental observations, namely, that the speed of light can vary between two inertial reference systems. This postulate is defined as the principle of relative change in the speed of light, which refreshes the concept of absolute speed of light in traditional physics. By integrating the principle of the invariance of the speed of light with the principle of relativity in relativity theory, several important conclusions are derived: space and time must be capable of and proportionally expand and contract. Between two inertial reference systems with different relative speeds of light, objects have an energy difference of k^2 times, which induces a natural tendency for objects to move towards a state of lower energy. The acceleration is only related to the relative change rate of the speed of light in vacuum space and is independent of the mass of the object. The kinetic energy obtained by the object comes from the reduction of internal energy of the object, emphasizing the key role of energy conversion in this process. The paper provides a new theoretical perspective for explaining the physical mechanisms of universal gravitation and dark energy.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Equation Relating the Hubble Parameter to Redshift in the Linear Expansion Universe Model, Rh = ct

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with schoarly norm)

Hubble's law has been the subject of study in recent years, the problem of the Hubble Tension with respect to the existence of various values of the parameter and the results of dark energy with respect to a change in the trend of the parameter value about 6.5 billion years ago have brought it into play. Through the study of the Rh=ct universe model and by going deeper into it, we have addressed these problems. This model of the linear expansion universe, Rh=ct, studied in recent years by Professor Fulvio Melia, is one of the best to respond to the new challenges posed by experimental research in astrophysics. For this reason, we have opted for this model to apply our hypothesis regarding the use of relativistic Doppler equations in calculating the speed at which galaxies move away from the observation point, the Earth. This has allowed us to develop, within the framework of this model of the universe, a new equation that relates the Hubble parameter with the red shift. The result, in light of their predictions, appears to be consistent with some of the issues raised by the Hubble Tension and Dark Energy.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Corona Update

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 6 Pages.

Our sun’s ethereal corona is an object of awe,especially during full eclipses. Its extreme heat is apuzzle seemingly without any elegant explanation.However, there is an elegant explanation that hasbeen resolutely ignored. This update shows whatthe best of solar science has, and has not,discovered so far. In sharp contrast, five seminalessays linked herein provide elegant and coherenttheory to clearly explain what is going on.
Category: Astrophysics

Applications of Machine Learning in Astrophysics: Computational Methods for Gravitational Wave Data Analysis, Classification, and Augmentation

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 63 Pages.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of advanced methodologies for the analysis of gravitational wave (GW) data, emphasizing the integration of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to enhance the detection and interpretation of GW signals. Initially, we discuss the foundational data preprocessing steps, including raw data acquisition, noise filtration, and data normalization, which are crucial for preparing GW datasets for ML applications. We then examine the fully preprocessed GW data with graphical information and statistical analysis, alongside a simplistic GW event classifier developed without ML applications. After that, to match the input data size of various ML models presented in this study, we detail the conversion of time-series GW data into spectrograms for 2D models like 2D CNNs, and the retention of time-series format for 1D and synthetic models: 1D CNNs; 1D RNNs, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU); and synthetic models, including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and WaveNet. The study further explores the use of the following ML models for GW data analysis: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), convolutional and recurrent autoencoders, Transformers, Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), and synthetic models such as GANs and WaveNet. The analysis also includes the application of traditional ML models, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest Classifiers (RF), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), providing a comparative evaluation of their effectiveness in classifying and detecting GW signals. Additionally, in the appendix section, we show a few examples of synthetic GW data generated using GANs and WaveNet models, offering a new potential to augment training datasets by improving model robustness with artificially synthesized GW data. Our results underline the significant potential of these methodologies in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of GW signal detection, thereby contributing to the broader field of astrophysical research.
Category: Astrophysics

The Cubic Ellipsoid Nuclear Model: Astrophysical Phenomena

Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 6 Pages.

From the nuclear properties we infer in this study on astrophysical phenomena.Under the assumption that a neutron star can be treated as a giant nucleus the TOV limit for neutron stars was roughly estimated with results in good agreement with the known data.A hypothesis was raised that there is a minimum atomic size, beyond which the proton and electron are fused to create a neutron; this minimum size was estimated via the data of a white dwarf and was found to be in good agreement with the prediction of the model, that was achieved under the assumption of a constant tangential velocity of the nucleons in the nucleus and the electrons in the atom; in addition, based on the last assumption, the upper value of the rotation period for pulsars was estimated.
Category: Astrophysics

Could Forces From Outside Of Our Universe Be Attracting And Pulling Our Universe Causing A Rapidly Increasing Rate Of Expansion?

Authors: Roland E. Fall II
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required; also please cite and list scientific references)

Our Universe is surrounded by Primary Energy and Primary Matter that is pulling, that is attracting, our Universe causing our Universe to expand at an increasingly rapid rate.
Category: Astrophysics

Massive Black Holes

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 9 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-SA 4.0

The study of supermassive black holes has significantly advanced our understanding of galaxy structures, yet fundamental questions remain, particularly concerning the structure and dynamics of massive black holes. This article addresses the core structure of massive black holes, defined as those originating from supernova events. Integrating the concept of "Dachus density," a state of maximum matter density, I propose that the core of all massive black holes exists at this density. The research investigates the size of these cores and their event horizons, using Cygnus X-1 and Sagittarius A* as examples. Calculations reveal that the core size is exceedingly small compared to the overall black hole, with the core's volume being up to ~155 orders of magnitude smaller than the event horizon volume in the case of Sagittarius A*. The article briefly explores the implications of a rotating Dachus core on the black hole's structure, including the "mantle" region between the core and the event horizon. The discussion extends to absolute zero temperature, asserting that for a non-spinning, static Massive black hole, the temperature of its core reaches 0[K] as in this state, particles do not move in relation to each other and do not have any kinetic and in particular rotational Energy.
Category: Astrophysics

Generative Models for Gravitational Wave Data Synthesis: Generative Adversarial Networks and WaveNet

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 20 Pages.

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to generating synthetic gravitational wave (GW) data using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and WaveNet models. The methodology comprises data preparation, augmentation, model construction, training processes, and plot visualization. Detailed explanations of each step and the underlying concepts are provided to demonstrate the mechanics and effectiveness of these generative models in creating realistic gravitational waveforms. These advancements not only enhance GW detection algorithms but also hold significant implications for the broader field of astrophysics by facilitating more accurate simulations of cosmic events and improving the robustness of astrophysical models by providing augmented GW data.
Category: Astrophysics

A Recasting of Mond, Modified Newtonian Dynamics

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 11 Pages.

MOND, Modified Newtonian Dynamics, provides an alternative to dark matter and is successful at explaining many astronomical scenarios including the flat rotation curves of disk galaxies. MOND operates at very low accelerations and can be interpreted either as a modification of Newton's law of inertia, or as a modification of Newton's law of gravity. In this paper we recast MOND in terms of our conjecture of a weighting function that determines the dynamical mass from the baryonic mass. This enables us to preserve both Newton's law of inertia and Newton's law of gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Application of Machine Learning in Gravitational Wave Data Analysis: Transformers, Deep Belief Networks, and Graph Neural Networks

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 22 Pages.

The detection and analysis of gravitational waves (GW) have become a pivotal aspect of modern astrophysics. Applying the use of machine learning (ML) techniques, particularly advanced neural network models, has significantly enhanced the capacity to detect and interpret GW signals containing vast amounts of noisy data. This paper explores the application of various ML models, including Transformer models, Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), to analyze GW data. The processes of data segmentation, augmentation, preparation, model training, and model evaluation are presented, demonstrating the efficacy of these models in identifying and classifying GW signals.
Category: Astrophysics

Reevaluating Cosmic Speed Limits in Non-True Vacuums

Authors: Albert Saenz Coromina
Comments: 22 Pages.

The term "speed of light" is often inaccurately used in two fundamental ways:1.Incomplete Label: The correct term is "speed of light in a vacuum." Light travels slower in mediums such as air, water, and glass, leading to phenomena like Cerenkov radiation [1].2.Historical Misnomer: "Speed of light in a vacuum" is historically rooted. A more accurate term is "cosmic speed limit for massless particles", reflecting Einstein’s insights into its fundamental nature [2] [3].The Variability of the Speed Limit (VSL) hypothesis challenges the established notion of the speed of light as a constant, proposing that this fundamental limit may vary under specific cosmic and quantum conditions [4] [5] [20]. This article synthesizes theoretical frameworks, observational data from cosmology, and experimental insights from astrophysics and particle physics to explore the implications and potential variability of the speed of light [5] [6] [20]. This empirical exploration offers a new perspective on dark matter and dark energy, suggesting that changes in the speed of light under different conditions could provide a more unified and comprehensive understanding of these enigmatic components of the universe [7] [8] [20]. This article delves into the VSL hypothesis, emphasizing its potential for experimental validation and its ability to address outstanding puzzles in cosmology and physics. The focus on testability and falsifiability necessitates collaboration with leading research facilities. This exploration aims to determine the true nature of the speed of light: a universal constant or a locally variable limit.
Category: Astrophysics

The Nature of the Coriolis Force and the Flyby Anomaly

Authors: Solomon Khmelnik
Comments: 6 Pages.

The existing understanding of the nature of the Coriolis force and centrifugal force raises many puzzling questions. The article proves that these forces can be justified as consequence of the equations Maxwell for gravitomagnetism. It is further shown that the flyby anomaly is a consequence of the influence of Coriolis forces and a method for calculating this influence is indicated.
Category: Astrophysics

The Persistent Axis of Evil Anomaly Has to be Resolved in the CMB Rest-Frame

Authors: Roland Pabisch
Comments: 6 Pages.

The anomalous alignment between the CMB quadrupole and octopole, that they are jointly perpendicular to the ecliptic plane, and also aligned with the direction of the solar dipole near to the equinoxes are up to now unsolved conundrums. The preferred axis in the cosmic radiation anisotropy and the alignments were dubbed "axis of evil" (Land & Magueijo, 2005), and are the most prominent of the CMB anomalies. It is standard that the 1st order term of the dipole formula essentially represents a motion induced Doppler temperature pattern against the isotropic Planckian radiation field. We argue that the Doppler term is entirely a function of the peculiar velocity of the Planck space telescope in the CMB rest-frame (CMB-space).In two recent publications of us we have found solutions to the flyby anomalies and to the residual annual and diurnal P 10 signal variations on top of the resolved P 10 acceleration anomaly, using the peculiar velocity of Earth and the peculiar velocities of the involved space probes in the CMB-space. That two independent solutions are corroborating our assertion that the quadrupolar and octopolar terms, following from the 2nd order term in β = v/c expanding of the dipole formula, are not "relativistic corrections to the solar dipole, producing second order anisotropies at multipoles l ≥ 1, with amplitudes proportional to β^l, and more importantly couple the two dipole components" (Planck Collaboration, 2015).Instead, the 2nd order term of the dipole formula, the inverse γ - factor, represents solely the annual eigen-frequency oscillations of the Planck HFI, proportional to the annual eigen-time variations in the fundamental CMB-space, as a function of the peculiar velocity of the Planck space telescope, leading to a solution of the only seemingly anomalous alignments.
Category: Astrophysics

Intermediate and Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

There are stellar-mass black holes (SBHs), andthere are supermassive (SMBHs). Little theory hasdeveloped to explain if or how intermediate-massblack holes (IMBHs) may be clearly distinct fromeither type. How then do IMBHs exist? RecentHubble and JWST data on Omega Centauri pointtoward a better theory of formation. A surprisinginsight into the 4D multiverse also emerges.
Category: Astrophysics

Advancements in Gravitational Wave Detection with Machine Learning: Autoencoders with Convolutional and Recurrent Layers

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 15 Pages.

This research paper provides a detailed analysis of the advancements in gravitational wave (GW) detection, the history and importance of GWs in astrophysics, and the application of machine learning (ML) techniques in analyzing GW data. We endeavor to describe various ML models, including autoencoders of 1D CNN, 2D CNN, LSTM, and GRU for GW data analysis, with the GW data that were already preprocessed, segmented, labeled, reshaped, augmented, and prepared into training and testing datasets beforehand.
Category: Astrophysics

Do the JWST Findings on Early Galaxies Disprove the Big Bang?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

I argue that the JWST findings on early galaxies, along with other discrepancies, cast serious doubt on the validity of the Big Bang theory. The first JWST findings regarding early galaxies were observed only two years ago. These findings are not consistent with the Big Bang theory (BB), which posits that as we look back in time towards the Big Bang, early galaxies should appear small and underdeveloped because there hadn't been enough time for them to evolve. However, the JWST findings have shown the opposite. Early galaxies (approximately 400 million years after the Big Bang) appear fully developed, similar to galaxies like the Milky Way, which is estimated to be around 13.6 billion years old. Some scientists have questioned the validity of the Big Bang theory; however, many are hesitant to dismiss it based on these findings. They argue that our understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe requires refinement. As research continues and new early galaxies are observed, the initial finding that galaxies appear fully developed persists, regardless of the time elapsed since the Big Bang.I suggest here an alternative model of the universe, I designate the Pivot universe, that explains the JWST finding on early galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

A Fallacy in Estimating the Age of the Universe

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 8 Pages.

The James Webb space telescope reveals much earlier and bigger galaxies than we expected, indicating inadequacies in our current understanding of the universe. This paper reviews the current practice in estimating the age of the universe and uncovers a problem: the luminosity distance is incorrectly related to the proper distance. This mistake causes the underestimation of the comoving distance, and thus of the expansion and the age of the universe. By linking the luminosity distance to the light travel distance, this paper provides a rectified formula for estimating the age of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Doppler Effect Approximation: the Source of Hubble Tension

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 12 Pages.

The significant difference of the Hubble constant value estimated from the local distance ladder and from the cosmic microwave background radiation attracts substantial attention in the recent decade and has been dubbed as Hubble tension. Many researchers set out to find the source of Hubble tension, e.g. identifying the possible errors in distance estimation and exploring new theories or physical causes to fix the possible problems in the ΛCDM model. However, the tension is still unresolved. This paper examines the process of converting redshift to recessional velocity and reveals that the converting formula for local estimations is inappropriately approximated. By using the relativistic Doppler effect formula, the paper reduces the estimated Hubble constant from Cepheid method by 6%, agreeing with the estimates from the CMB method at about 1σ level. It is expected that the right formula can bring the estimates from the TRGB method to the same level of the CMB estimates, so the Hubble tension should disappear.
Category: Astrophysics

Machine Learning Models for Gravitational Wave Data Analysis: Support Vector Machines, Random Forest Classifiers, and Gaussian Mixture Models

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 11 Pages.

This research paper presents the computational results on the preparation, training, and visualization of machine learning (ML) models for the analysis of gravitational wave (GW) data. The primary goal is to effectively classify and detect gravitational wave signals using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest Classifiers (RF), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). The data preparation includes segment labeling, data splitting into training and test sets (only for the supervised SVM and RF). The models are trained and evaluated using standard metrics, including confusion matrices, classification reports, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Wave Event Detection: Numerical Features in Gravitational Wave Data

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents methodologies for analyzing gravitational wave (GW) data, focusing on time-domain features, event detection, event parameter estimation, and basic statistical analysis. Detailed explanations and Python codes are provided for calculating time-domain features, detecting events, and estimating parameters, followed by summarizing event parameters. The results are contextualized within the framework of ongoing advancements and research in GW astronomy as observed by LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA collaborations.
Category: Astrophysics

Orbital and Physical Characterization of Main-Belt Asteroid 2022 UO26

Authors: Deepnil Ray
Comments: 2 Pages.

Asteroid 2022 UO26 is a main-belt asteroid, located in the region of the Solar System betweenthe orbits of Mars and Jupiter. This paper details the orbital parameters and physicalcharacteristics of 2022 UO26, as provided by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Small-BodyDatabase. The objective is to analyze its orbital dynamics and physical properties to understandits behavior and potential significance in the broader context of main-belt asteroids.
Category: Astrophysics

Inhomogeneous Distribution of Mass-Density in a Static, Rotating Universe Generates a Transverse Doppler Redshift that Mimicks Cosmological Redshift and Expansion

Authors: Josep M Francino, Gabriel Simón, Antonio Francino
Comments: 24 Pages. Includes graphics in Mathematica, Appendix with code for the graphics.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are discussed. In particular, a transverse Doppler redshift that scales linearly with distance occurs at short distances, and relativistic high rotational velocities at the border regions of the universe would generate highly redshifted background radiation. The model might provide an alternative explanation for the observed redshifts and expansion.
Category: Astrophysics

Reevaluating Variability of the Speed Limit (VSL)

Authors: Albert Saenz Coromina
Comments: 60 Pages.

This comprehensive work, structured into thirteen sections, delves into the Variable Speed of Light (VSL) hypothesis, offering an innovative framework for understanding cosmological phenomena. The introduction and prologue set the stage by addressing the motivations behind VSL and the misinterpretations of Einstein's second postulate. While Einstein posited that the speed of light in a vacuum, 'c,' must be determined experimentally, this has been misinterpreted to mean that 'c' is universally constant under all conditions. Instead, this work argues that 'c' might locally vary based on the properties of each specific vacuum, challenging the notion of a true-vacuum and suggesting it behaves more like a low-density medium rather than completely empty space.Section 1 explores the relationship between permittivity, permeability, and VSL, laying the groundwork for understanding how changes in vacuum properties could affect light speed. Section 2 examines the vacuum itself, proposing that its characteristics can influence 'c' and thus impact our understanding of space and time. Section 3 extends this by discussing different types of media within the vacuum and their potential effects on light speed.Section 4 analyzes the implications of considering the speed of light as locally constant rather than universally fixed, which could lead to significant revisions in both Special and General Relativity. Section 5 compares VSL with the traditional inflationary model, suggesting that VSL could provide alternative explanations for the early universe's rapid expansion. Section 6 addresses the Hubble Tension, exploring how VSL could reconcile discrepancies in measurements of the Hubble constant.Sections 7 and 8 discuss the practicalities of implementing VSL and propose experiments and observations to test its predictions. Section 9 focuses on empirical verification, emphasizing the need for robust observational data to validate the VSL hypothesis. Section 10 presents a mathematical model for VSL, highlighting its potential to reshape our understanding of the universe's expansion.The final conclusions summarize the key findings, stressing the importance of further investigation and experimental verification. This work aims to challenge established concepts, suggesting that VSL could provide new insights into cosmology and urging the scientific community to explore this hypothesis more deeply.
Category: Astrophysics

Comparison of Angular Sizes for Supernovas at Z=0.151 and Z=2.9 Confirms the Great Resolution of JWST and Confirms the Presence of the Light Scattering

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 5 Pages.

As it was shown in [1] the blurred images of the far galaxies (for z well above 10) confirmed the presence of the undiscovered yet mechanism of light scattering and makes strong hint toward the tired light theory instead of Big Bang. The idea was applied to the more close and well researched objects like supernovas with similar success [2,3]. In this publication I compare the angle size of two supernovas (one is close, one is relatively far) to demonstrate that light scattering is not due to telescope itself (the close supernova has a size close to the diffraction limit, as expected) but due to the presence of the light scattering very slowly accumulated as light propagates toward Earth and finally directly observed (the far supernova has the angle size many times the diffraction limit, what means that telescope has a great resolution power and the effect of light scattering is real). Fitting with the simple formula outlined in [1] gives surprisingly good accuracy for both cases.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Dynamo Modelled with a Variable Speed Inner Core

Authors: P. G. Vejde
Comments: 5 Pages.

Sunspot patterns and motions observed in the photosphere are modelled here by assuming the more solid inner core of the sun rotates at a variable speed. In a solar cycle with a periodicity where the inner core alternates between rotating faster than the outer convection zone every 11 years. And then rotates slower than the convection zone for the next 11 years. For a total of a 22 year solar cycle. This physical mechanism creates a 22 year cycle in the rotational velocity gradient in the plasma of the convection zone across its radius. Which drives the N-S solar dynamo and creates both the motion of sunspots and induces the observed variations and reversals in polarity of sunspots. And in turn induces the overall Polarity of the dipole solar magnetic field.
Category: Astrophysics

Relative Motion Hypothesis

Authors: Sam Perry
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Relative motion induced alterations in the observer-perceived gravity field of a mass results in a change in location of the centre of gravity as perceived by the other mass, shifting it in the direction of the mass's relative motion and causing a subtle additional inward torque on orbiting bodies. The torque effect becomes more noticeable at greater distances under weaker gravity regimes.
Category: Astrophysics

Planets Without Stars

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 9 Pages.

Because we live on a bejeweled planet, humans arevery interested in all rocky planets. Planets comein many sizes and varieties. There may be moreplanets in the Milky Way than stars. So far, onlyour Earth has been shown to host philosophicallyadvanced life. I was one of the first to write aboutlife on rogue planets without local suns. This newessay updates planets without stars by includingmultiple-body orbits, and how planets could formand mutually orbit without any dust star of origin.
Category: Astrophysics

A Dark Matter Theory by Quantum Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 30 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

This paper develops a theory of DM in the current LCDM framework, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field, according an unknown quantum gravitational phenomenon. The hypothesis of DM by quantum gravitation, DMbQG hereafter, has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unbounded, so the total DM goes up without limit. The first one consequence is backed by the fact that M31 and MW has a fitted function with the same power exponent. The theory firstly is developed with M31 rotation curve data up to the chapter 10. The chapter 11 is dedicated to apply the theory to MW. The results of its direct mass are tested successfully using the data published at different radius. In the chapter 12 is calculated the direct mass for the L.G. The DMbQG theory is the only one able to calculate the total mass at 770 kpc that match with dynamical measures of mass. In the chapter 13 is shown a method to estimate the Direct mass formula for a cluster of galaxies, using its virial mass and radius. By this method it is estimated the parameter a2 of the L.G. , the Virgo and Coma. Chapter 14 shows how DE is able to counterbalance the DM, as the Direct mass grows up with the square root of radius whereas the DE grows up with the cubic power. This theory aims to be a powerful method to study DM in the halo region of galaxies and cluster of galaxies and conversely the measures in galaxies and clusters offer the possibility to validate the theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Supernova Type 1a at Z=2.9 Image is Dramatically Changed by Light Scattering: the Third Direct Confirmation of Tired Light Theory

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 4 Pages.

James Webb Space Telescope continues to make discoveries and some of them seemingly contradict to all known astrophysics data. For example the supernova type 1a (standard candle, well researched object) was recently recorded [1] but the overall image size of that supernova at a distance of z=2.9 corresponds to around 5000 light years at this distance and angular size is around 10 times resolution of the telescope and by far larger than any physics possibly allows. This size is a size of small galaxy and by no means may be allowed for supernova (especially standard candle, which is well researched and all sizes are predicted long ago). The only reason for such a blurred big image is the scattering of light itself — the further the object observed the larger that scattering [2] and the evaluation of the size of the image (angle of scattering) using formulas from [2] seems to confirm once more the tired light theory.
Category: Astrophysics

A Study on Energy Density in a Universe in Linear Expanding

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 8 Pages.

The growing interest in dark energy and dark matter has made studies on the energy density in the universe a very current topic. Furthermore, new cosmological measurements are calling into question the validity of the ΛCDM model, and it is necessary to review it in depth. To solve these new challenges, Professor Fulvio Melia has developed a linear expansion universe model, the Rh=ct universe, which is giving very good results in relation to the new cosmological measurements. In this report we have developed, within this model of the universe, an equation that allows us to calculate the value of the energy density as a function of the age of the universe. The result in reference to the current experimental value of the energy density obtained by Mission Planck coincides with the value obtained by our equation 0,97.10-26 Kg/m3. For this reason, we believe that our equation can be useful when determining energy densities of the universe at earlier and later times. With this wish we present our work.
Category: Astrophysics

Some Consequences of a Spatially Flat Universe, the Linear Expansion Universe Rh=ct

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

The standard cosmological model ΛCDM cannot respond to some important new results of modern cosmology. Challenges arise such as Microwave Background Uniformity, the Hubble Stress, the El Gordo collision or impossible galaxies (z > 10) that the standard cosmological model does not solve. On the other hand, other models are proposed as alternatives.Professor Fulvio Meliá's linear expansion universe, Rh=ct, solves these challenges where the standard model fails. This model is based on the relationship Rh = ct where Rh is the gravitational horizon, which coincides with the Hubble radius, "t" is the age of the universe and "c" is the speed of light. Although the model is already theoretically based [3], in this work we have obtained the constraint Rh = ct as a consequence of the spatially flat universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Tired Light Hypothesis Got Second Direct Confirmation from Supernova Light Curve

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 7 Pages.

For the long time the idea of Big Bang and expanding Universe was predominant in physics community. While originally tired light idea was expressed by Hubble himself it was rejected by others due to mainly two factors: all existing mechanisms of photon scattering would lead to one-step light scattering, image blurring and thus even close galaxies are not possible to observe [1] and the dispersion of the red shift was exactly proportional to energy and the only mechanism known at that time with precisely that dependence was Doppler mechanism. Thus the idea of Big Bang was born and eventually lead to the present situation: James Webb Space Telescope discovered galaxies presumably very young (300 millions years from Big Bang point of view) but with stars at least as old as 2 billions years old (from well established theories of star ageing and metallicity laws well confirmed in close areas of Universe). Essentially very young galaxies consist from start as old as Sun or even older. This is the most striking contradiction in addition to the absence of Tolman effect and presence of what seems to be active galactic nuclei in the young galaxies, presence of already dead galaxies in "early" Universe, too high metallicity and other phenomena [1]. Recently the idea of scattering of photons being implemented in enormously small steps was proposed [1] and that lead to explanation which easily describes red shift with almost unnoticeable scattering for close galaxies (energy drain proportional to N number of interactions but change of angle proportional to sqrt(N) and for huge N light scattering is not easy to observe for close objects). However, despite very small, light scattering and image blurring should be present in images of very far objects and this phenomenon was indeed present in images made by James Webb Space Telescope [1]. The same scattering must be also visible for the closer but smaller objects like supernovas and indeed retro-analysis of supernova 1a light curves (standard candles) as function of distance confirms the model outlined in [1] to some extent.
Category: Astrophysics

Expansion of the Gravitational Potential of the Prolate Homogeneous Ellipsoid in Spherical Multipoles

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 5 Pages.

In 1956 Schmidt represented the gravitational potential of a spheroid filled with a mass of homogeneous density by integrating the Newtonion potential over the entire spheroid. The drawback of this representation is that it depends on an angular parameter which satisfies an implicitequation in cylindrical coordinates. Using Maple as a concurrent tool to re-expand the terms in spherical coordinates, we derive the multipoleexpansion of these potentials up to 26th order in the inverse distance to the center.
Category: Astrophysics

On the Possible Zero Value of the Spatial Curvature Constant

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

The value of curvature k that appears in the Friedman's equation of the FLRW metric is the subject of controversy. Of its three possible values (+1, -1, 0), determining whether it is zero or not is an important problem in physics. The experimental results existing today do not allow us to resolve it. In this report we have studied this problem by carrying out a theoretical calculation of the parameters, curvature density Ωk and matter density Ωm. To do this we have obtained an equation that relates the spatial curvature constant to the energy density and through it and the Friedman's equation we have calculated Ωk and Ωm. The ratio between the two will determine whether the curvature k is zero or non-zero. The result obtained in this report leads us to think that the curvature constant that appears in the Friedman's equation is zero.
Category: Astrophysics

Maxwell Voids and Cosmic Strings

Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 13 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

This paper offers a simple mathematical foundation for the existence of cosmic filaments observed since the mid-seventies (nineteen hundred).

Ce document offre un fondement mathématique simple à l'existence des filaments cosmiques observés dès le milieu des années soixante-dix (mille neuf cent).
Category: Astrophysics

Research on the Correlation Between Curved Space and Dark Energy

Authors: Yake Li
Comments: 9 Pages. In Chinese (Please cite and list scientific references!)

The study of dark energy in this article starts with the physical mechanism of curved space, and it is found that objects can change the physical properties of vacuum ��0��0,The physical changes in vacuum ��0��0 can also have an impact on the internal energy of objects. The continuous variation of kk in space is the physical mechanism of curved space. Objects in the continuous variation of ��0��0 will spontaneously accelerate their motion in the direction of increasing ��0��0, because the internal energy of the object will be lower there,The increased kinetic energy of accelerated motion of an object comes from the reduced internal energy of the object. The macroscopic distribution of ��0��0 in the universe increases continuously from the inside out. The acceleration and expansion of the entire universe is the spontaneous motion of galaxy objects towards low-energy space. The reduced internal energy of galaxy objects is converted into the increased kinetic energy of galaxy objects. The internal energy transformed by galaxy objects is the dark energy we have been searching for. The phenomenon of photon fatigue provides strong support for the idea that ��0��0 in the universe continues to increase from the inside out.
Category: Astrophysics

Zwicky’s Coma-Observation and MOND

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 Pages.

Fritz Zwicky observed that the velocity dispersion of galaxies in the Coma galaxy-cluster appeared to be much to high to keep the galaxies together in a cluster [1]. This conclusion was derived from the virial theorem [2] by assuming that the interstellar gravitational force can be derived from a potential. At the time it was not recognized that this is an unjustified assumption, a fact that is still not properly appreciated nowadays. In this note we show that the Coma cluster actually stays together because pairs of stars in an inter-galactic arrangement attract each other essentially by a force decaying according to a 1/r law, where r is the distance of the pair. This type of behavior has originally been proposed by Milgrom [3] to account for galaxy rotation curves. For such a law there are no free bodies at all! Actually, there is already a crossover to this law within a single galaxy. Here, we show that a mechanism of counter-flowing massless gravitons and anti-gravitons leads to such a behavior, namely when this interstellar mechanism starts to obtain competition from the acceleration processes provided by the direction-unspecific cosmic gravitational background radiation.
Category: Astrophysics

Relation Between Dark Matter and Dark Energy in Galaxy Clusters and Its Successful Implications

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies. Originally this theory was developed for galaxies studying mainly the rotation curves of MW and M31. An important results got by the DMbG theory is that the total mass associated to a galactic halo depend on the square root of radius, being its dominion unbounded. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM. As the DE is not important at galactic scale it is needed to extend the theory to clusters in order to study the capacity of DE to counterbalance the DM. Therefore the main goal of this paper has been to develop the DMbG theory at cluster scale. In this paper the DMbG theory finds unexpected theoretical results summarized below. It is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy. Also it is defined the zero-gravity-radius as the radius needed by the dark energy to counterbalance the total mass, verifying: The zero-gravity-radius is 7.3 times the virial-radius. Also it is found that the sphere with an extended-halo-radius 1.85 times the zero-gravity-radius has a ratio DM density versus DE density equal to 3/7 and its total mass associated at extended-radius is 3.67 times the virial-mass. This works postulates that the factor 3.67 may equilibrate perfectly the strong imbalance between the Local mater density parameter (0.08) versus the current Global matter density one (0.3). Also it has been found that the zero-velocity-radius i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is 0.6 times the zero-gravity-radius and its gravitating mass is 1.5 times the virial-mass. Also it is found that the gravitating mass function reaches its maximum at 0.49 times the zero-gravity radius being its value 1.57 times the virial-mass. Throughout the paper some of these results have been validated with recent data published for MW or M31 galaxies and the Virgo or Coma clusters. By other side, these new theoretical findings offer to scientific community a wide number of tests to validate or reject the theory. The validation of DMbG theory would mean to know the nature of DM that at the present it is an important challenge for the astrophysics science.
Category: Astrophysics

Dragonhead Cyclone in the Falkland Islands (Malvines Islands)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijt Mitra, Sana Ahmed
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Chinese Dragon, is a legendary creaturein Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, andChinese culture at large. Academicians haveidentified four reliable theories on the origin of the Chinese dragon: snakes, Chinese alligators, thunder worship and nature worship.They traditionally symbolize potent and auspicious powers, particularly control over water. Cyclones are common in the South Atlantic. They generally arise with the passage of cold fronts to the south of the South American continent, crossing the south of Chile and Argentina. The extratropical cyclone analyzed presented at its peak the verycharacteristic shape of a Chinese dragon. Theypresent a mathematical form of a double CotesSpiral curve. Here called the Dragonhead cyclone(DC), due to the singular resemblance to a dragon head, indicate a structural similarity with spiral galaxies, especially NGC 5247, in the constellation Virgo. With an area of influence and a size of around 3,247 thousand km 2 at its peak, it moved quickly in a WNW direction, with an average speed of 76 km/h, with winds of 84 km/h at 100 km from the nucleus, as it passed north of the FalklandIslands (Malvinas Islands). In the data collected (Gobato et al., 2018-2023), and analyzed from the Dragonhead cyclone, it is clear that all extratropical cyclones that appear south of the South American continent, below 40◦ latitude, have the shape of a spiral curve, like the spiral galaxy. Most of these are in the form of a double Cote’s spiral curve.
Category: Astrophysics

A Model of Universe Based on Tachyonic Dark Matter

Authors: Jayesh Suresh
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only)

As we all know tachyons are hypothetical particles. Most physicists believe that tachyons do not exist as it will break principle of causality. But those who believe that tachyons exist argue that it is a ‘difficult to discover entity’ and that is the reason why we do not know about their existence. They are considered to travel back in time. Here in this article, a thought experiment has been described and through the thought experiment, a model has been derived. The model seems to logically explain unanswered questions like the dark energy, dark matter and accelerated expansion of universe. The model tells that the cosmological constant may be dynamic. It may be useful as a simple model to give a direction for further research.
Category: Astrophysics

Formula for the CNB Temperature in Rh = ct Cosmolgy

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 3 Pages.

We are proposing a temperature formula for the CNB temperature, initially somewhat speculatively. Then, we explain how to derive it from the Haug-Spavieri universe and the Haug extremal universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Stellar Black Holes Do Not Exist

Authors: Mario Everaldo de Souza
Comments: 4 Pages.

Considering the importance of rotation during the collapse of a type II supernova of a very massive star, the metric that must be considered for the possibility of black hole formation is, of course, the Kerr metric. On the other hand, there are many different types of matter that are possible for neutron matter under high densities, such as a Fermi gas of neutrons, a superfluid of neutrons, etc. And the latest LHC data (from the TOTEM Collaboration) on the nucleon hard core indicate that when two nucleons get at distances smaller than 0.5 fm, there is a gigantic repulsion between them which has been observed at energies of up to 13 TeV. When we take all this information together into account, we find out for the first time that stellar black holes do not exist at all. It is also shown that stars made up of a quark-gluon plasma are not generated by means of the core-collapse mechanism of a massive star.
Category: Astrophysics

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

Yes, I claim that the ether that fills the vacuum space is a type of fluid that permeates everywhere in the vacuum space. Therefore, fluid dynamics can be used to describe the entire structure of the universe according to general relativity and quantum physics for describing subatomic particles.
Category: Astrophysics

A New Explanation for the Red Shift

Authors: Ronald Hall
Comments: 25 Pages.

The concept of a universal ideal elastic medium is developed to show that protons, neutrons and stars can be represented as stress patterns whose characteristics are determined by the structure of the hydrogen atom and the nature of thermal radiation. One characteristic of the stress pattern of a star such as the sun is the radial velocity of light in the pattern, which is shown to be a function of both the distance from the star and the mass of the star. This velocity is equivalent to Hubble's velocity of recession.
Category: Astrophysics

Correlation Between μ0ε0 and Time Course

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 13 Pages.

In nature, matter and its motion take precedence. Time serves merely as a conceptual tool and a method utilized by people to gauge the rate of motion of matter. μ0ε0 constitutes an intriguing pair of physical quantities. When directly measured, they remain constant. However, they can vary when indirectly measured. Research has revealed that μ0ε0 influences the motion rate of all matter within a local area. Correlated with the passage of time, μ0ε0 affects and reflects the motion rate of matter. Time, like other physical concepts, has a specific scope of applicability and is not universally valid across all physical phenomena under study.
Category: Astrophysics

The New Cosmology and the New Gravity

Authors: John R. Rix
Comments: 117 Pages.

Traditional cosmology and gravity feature dark matter, dark energy, and an expanding universe. These features (plus general relativity) generate predictions for observations. Recent observations by the James Webb space telescope and improved observations of the Hubble parameter have generated a tension with traditional predictions that has passed the breaking point. The time has come to consider a replacement for tradition—this document (NCNG). NCNG studies a wide range of astrophysics topics of interest. NCNG is structured as a textbook or as a series of lecture notes for graduate students. A good starting point for a new reader is Appendix A, where there is a brief history of traditional development. There is also a brief history of how my ideas for NCNG were born, and why I believe I am qualified to launch this revolution.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 25 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory ofparticles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks: strange (s), charm (c), bottom (b), top (t), resulted in the range (0.8/4.2)x1018 kg/m3 , as values which could be specific to possible quark stars —in concordance with previous results. [] The theoretically resulting cold quark stars could explain a part of the Universe’s dark matter. [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

Does Newton’s Ether Exist?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages. [Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references at the end of the paper)

Newton's ether theory, where the ether is a medium through which light travels and celestial bodies move has been largely rejected in the scientific community because it failed to explain observations. Nevertheless, I claim that this rejection is problematic.
Category: Astrophysics

Dark Matter Versus Dark Energy in Clusters Using the Dark Matter by Gravitation Theory

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies. I have been developing this theory in galaxies since 2013 and I have published more than 20 papers most of them using rotation curves of galaxies, especially the ones belonging to M31 and Milky Way. So to understand this paper is compulsory to consult the paper A DM theory by gravitation for galaxies and clusters-V2. Vixra:2312.0002where it is fully developed the DMbG theory.An important results got by DMbG theory is that total mass associated to a galactic halo up to a specific radius depend on the square root of radius without limit. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM, see the chapter 5.Also it is defined the zero gravity radius as the spherical space needed by the dark energy to counter balanced the total mass (baryonic and DM).In the framework of DMbG it is possible to calculate such radius depending on virial mass and the amount of total mass enclosed into the sphere with zero gravity radius, being proportional to virial mass with a numerical factor approximated by 2.6657. As the virial mass is a value able to be measured into a cluster, these formulas are highly valuables. In order to illustrate all the important formulas got in the paper, it has been chosen a sample of cluster of galaxies, whose virial radius and masses have been published recently. Namely calculus has been made for Virgo and Coma clusters.But the most important result found in this work, see the last chapter, is the ratio zero gravity radius versus virial radius which is equal to the fraction of 100 divided by the universal fraction of DE, both of them to the power 0.4. This ratio is 7.277. This ratio is universal as it does not depend of virial mass or any other local parameter. For example if Virgo virial radius is 1.7 Mpc then its zero gravity radius will be 12.4 Mpc and if Coma virial radius is 2.8 then its zero gravity radius will be 20.4Mpc. This ratio is quite easy to check experimentally as it is related to distances between neighbour clusters.Consequently this result is a crucial test in order to check the rightness of the DMbG theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Beyond the Multiverse

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.

One way to comprehend the very smallest frames ofreference is to model the largest. Boundaries of the universe of universes help us better understand the smallest real dimensions, plus intermediate local universe visible dimensions. Challenges regarding infinity, plus the Second Law of Thermodynamics, gravity, and other physics puzzles are more easily resolved.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravity as Longitudinal Waves

Authors: Carl R. Cato
Comments: 3 Pages.

Describing the world as a sea of dots, this article presents a theory on the nature of gravity.Calculated gravity is proportional to the square root of Newton's before length adjustment.Knowing gravity at short distance, it is shown that it has the characteristics of strong force.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Energy and the Casimir Effect

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The part of the vacuum energy that we associate with "dark matter" is assimilated to the classical gravitational potential energy (reference 1), this energy is at the origin of the Casimir effect and can be measured by it. Here we provide additional information to demonstrate this proposition and clarify what "dark matter" could be in our universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Discrete Models of the Universe

Authors: Alexander Evako, Ekaterina Shurygina
Comments: 13 Pages.

In paper [16], we developed the local and global structure of a discrete physical space, and constructed and investigated discrete black and white holes using methods developed in the field of digital topology. In this paper, we develop various discrete models of the universe, as well as explore the discrete structure of wormholes.
Category: Astrophysics

Wave Length and Gravitation

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission without scientific references will not be accepted!)

If we assume that photonic energy curves space time, we will reach a conflict which requires a whole new approach to anti-matter and anti-gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Universe of Photons and Dark Matter

Authors: Giuseppe Cimino
Comments: 5 Pages.

An alternative hypothesis to the dark matter theory is analysed, using the Photon Universe model to give an explanation to the "missing gap" phenomenon in the rotation curves of some galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

Calculating the Curvature of Space-Time

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin)

We are working on concrete applications of the relativistic Schwarzschild metric to the cosmos. In this report we calculate the Gaussian curvature of space-time. The relativistic Schwarzschild metric solves Einstein's equations exactly assuming a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This metric leads to a static and symmetric solution 2D of the mathematical equation of space-time that allows to calculate the Gaussian curvature at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found a simple equation to calculate them which allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. Finally using this equation and the Birkhoff—Jebsen theorem we have studied the curvature in a homogeneous and isotropic universe with a constant energy density and obtain a value very close to zero for the curvature at any inner point of that universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Waves Background, as Well as Some UFO, FRB and Supernova Flares, Are Due to Compressibility of the Spacetime

Authors: Evgeny A. Novikov
Comments: 4 Pages. Accepted for publication in JHEPGC

The recently observed gravitational wave background is explained in terms of the quantum modification of the general relativity (Qmoger). Some UFO, FRB and supernova flares also can be explained in terms of Qmoger.
Category: Astrophysics

The Classical Derivation of the Remnant Mass of a Quasi-Binary Black Hole

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the present article, we classically derive an analytic formula of the Remnant Mass of a Quasi-Binary Black Hole. The Quasi Black Hole concept comes from a Theory Of Everything we have developed few years ago.
Category: Astrophysics

Generalized Newtonian Gravity and Dark Matter

Authors: Adnan Choudhary, Abdur Rahim Choudhary
Comments: 8 Pages.

We use dark matter as a mass complement to the central galactic mass in Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity. The generalized Newtonian gravity thus obtained puts on theoretical footing many of the observations obtained only experimentally.
Category: Astrophysics

Rotation of a Spiral Galaxy Without Dark Matter

Authors: Sergo Rekhviashvili
Comments: 2 Pages.

The star emits electromagnetic waves intensely, so its motion must be different from that of the planet. Centripetal acceleration during star rotation around the galactic center and the resulted radiative friction creates a valid alternative to the dark matter concept.
Category: Astrophysics

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 37 Pages.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the gravitational field [itself]. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM.In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a2 for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of the Local Group, which match with results got by prestigious researchers. In chapter 15 is shown two methods to solve the Poisson equation. In chapter 16, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 17 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

Anthropocosmos: from Analogy to Solanthropy in a Billionth-Precision Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 44 Pages. In French

Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws, the Holographic Principle and Arthur Haas's forgotten Principle of Coherence induce a steady-state cosmology down to the billionth precision, which explains the observation of "impossible galaxies", and predicts the isothermicity of the background radiation at temperature 2.725820456 Kelvin. The connections of parameters with those of the solar system impose the Solanthropic Principle: we are alone in the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Can Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Physics Unify Into One Theory?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 5 Pages.

Can special relativity, general relativity, and quantum physics unify into one theory? I claim that unification is possible if the correct physical structure of the entire universe is used.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. There is a characteristic value in the field action distance. Before and after this distance the field equations are completely different. We formulate the differential equation for the orbits of the planets. Self-Variation Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. A constant of physics appears in the gravitational field Equations. The measurement of this constant from the available observational data will give the exact prediction of the Self-Variation Theory for gravitational field of the large structures of matter. Further investigation of the Equations of this article will give the complete, accurate prediction of the Theory for the gravitational interaction.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Core and Photosphere Temperatures

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

Understanding how the ethereal solar corona hashyper-hot temperatures also points us to the sun’sextremely energetic core. How do hyper-hot corephotons appear to radically cool as they rise topopulate the much cooler photosphere? This heatmystery (with the sun’s photosphere at the coolerbottom of the "v" ) helps reveal how its corona heatsup so much far above the surface. In this way twogreat questions are resolved by one eloquent model.
Category: Astrophysics

Black Hole Cosmology:Entropy,Holography and Dark Energy

Authors: Alberto Coe
Comments: 16 Pages.

This is a short article in which we present some curious results based on the concepts of black hole entropy, the event horizon of the observable universe and the cosmic microwave background.By means of an arithmetic quantifier parameter two cosmological parameters are deduced: the fraction of what is known as dark energy and the fraction of what corresponds to baryonic matter b. A variation is observed over time in the ratio between and b ,which is in accordance with what the cosmological standard model proposes, namely, that dark energy varies throughout the life of the universe from its initial moments (when it was very low) to the current moment in which it predominates and constitutes something more than 2/3 of the total of what the universe is made of.
Category: Astrophysics

On a Possible Explanation of the Increased Star Velocities at the Outskirts of Galaxies

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 8 Pages.

Self-Variation Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. The same Equation also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. Comparison with observational data requires the measurement of a constant of physics that appears in the gravitational field equations.
Category: Astrophysics

A Classically Consistent Theory of Gravitation I: the Assumption and Its Application in Astrophysics

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 16 page

Abstract: Based on the assumption that mesons mediating the gravitation travel like photons in the space-time defined by gravitation and gravitational strength is proportional to the number density of the mesons, a non-Newtonian theory of gravitation is proposed. In part I of this paper, the application of this theory to the dynamics of the Milky Way galaxy and our solar system is presented. This new theory may lead to a new explanation of dark matter in spiral galaxies and the young star formation in the center of galactic center. By observing the Saturn motion when it is in the shadow of Jupiter, the validation of the assumption presented by the author can be tested. In part II of this paper, Dirac’s big number principle is discussed. In Part III, a possible new field equation of gravitation is presented in the Kropinia geometry.
Category: Astrophysics

Tired Light Hypothesis Possibly Got Confirmation by Direct Observation of Light Scattering

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 13 Pages.

The hypothesis of Big Bang is still predominates today but have more and more difficulties. Too many galaxies, galaxies too mature, galaxies have active nucleus due to very big black holes appeared faster than galaxy may be formed — all those facts discovered by James Webb Space Telescope seems to bring the Big Bang idea to the end. But the important question appears: what is instead? One of the old ideas resurrected now is tired light hypothesis. Indeed, there is no process found in the nature so far that has absolutely zero friction — the slow loss of energy by that or this mechanisms is present everywhere. Why would light be an exception (and the present understanding of light is counting on this assumption). However, the initial idea of tired light is not possible — the electromagnetic path to lose energy will not help (see the article). So the idea is to have light losing energy in very small steps — in this situation the energy loss is possible to explain while preserving the other properties of the observed light from the far galaxies. This idea also easily explains the "active" nuclei of the far galaxies by the direct observation of the light scattering in the vacuum. This scattering is actually too strong for gravitation and way too weak for electromagnetic force, so the fifth force is possibly involved here.
Category: Astrophysics

CMB, Hawking, Planck and Hubble Scale Relations Consistent Wth Recent Quantization of General Relativity Theory

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 14 Pages.

We are demonstrating new relationships between the Hawking temperature, the CMB temperature, and the Planck scale. When comprehended at a deep level, this is in line with recent developments in the quantization of cosmology and its connection to the Planck scale. This is also entirely consistent with a recently published approach to quantizing Einstein’s general theory of relativity.
Category: Astrophysics

Polysingular Model of the Universe

Authors: Ilya Alexandr Boldov
Comments: 17 Pages.

The article deals with the processes associated with the time of formation of our Universe. An assumption is made that the formation of the matter of the universe occurred not from one, but from many singularities . A mechanism for the formation of galaxies by ejection of "protostars" from a rotating singularity - "grain of the galaxy" is proposed. An assumption is put forward about the spatial and temporal fluctuations of this process, which explains the entire spectrum of possible shapes and sizes of galaxies.A similar mechanism is proposed for the formation of all structural elements of the solar system from a "protostar" by planet formation waves . It is assumed that the main source of energy in stars is not the thermonuclear reaction of the hydrogen-helium cycle, but the fission of supermassive nuclei, and the decay of neutrons on the surface of the dense core of the star. An explanation is given for the presence of heavy chemical elements in the Solar System. A mechanism is proposed for the formation of the entire spectrum of stable atomic nuclei by chains of their fission from massive and supermassive nuclides. The rotation of the Galaxy as a whole is explained not by the presence of "dark" matter, but by the fact that each star is connected with neighboring stars by gravitational forces, which are very strong in statics.A hypothesis has been put forward about the origin of the Universe as conjugated three-dimensional and two-dimensional spaces, the uneven conjugation of which led to the emergence of points of occurrence of singularities that form the " three-dimensional craquelure" of galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

A Simple Alternative Explanation for Dark Matter

Authors: Jo Ke
Comments: 31 Pages.

Dark matter is invoked in those astronomical scenarios where there is a discrepancy between the baryonic mass and the dynamical mass. Such scenarios include the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the high velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. For our alternative explanation we assume there is no dark matter and guess that the dynamical mass is a weighted sum of the baryonic mass. When we do this, it turns out that the required weighting function has a simple power law structure, and this is sufficient to explain both disk galaxies and galaxy clusters. The weighting function also enables us to predict the dynamical mass distribution from the baryonic mass distribution, so we can predict the rotation curves of disk galaxies and the velocities of galaxies in galaxy clusters. This basic observational result is difficult to ignore as it is so simple, and surpasses what dark matter and modified gravity theories can do. We make no use of dark matter and we make no changes to Newtonian gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Cote’s Spiral in Neptune Great Dark Spot (GDS)

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 3 Pages.

The characteristic equation of which spiral theCyclone its double spiral shape, whose mathematical equation has already been definedas Cote’s spiral, Gobato et al. (2022) and similarly Lindblad (1964) show shape of double spiral galaxies. In physics and in the mathematics of plane curves, a Cotes’s is one of a family of spirals classified by Roger Cotes. The image captured by Voyager 2, the Neptune’s Great Dark Spot (GDS) presents a characteristic that resembles a Cote’s Spiral. Its ellipsoidal shape is due to the rotation of the differentplanetary rotation layers in opposite directions, increasing and compressing the GDS, from the lower to upper layers of Neptune’s atmosphere.
Category: Astrophysics

Is it Possible to Reconcile Space and Time with Spacetime?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.

Is it possible to reconcile Newton’s claim that space and time in the universe are two distinct and not related entities, whereas Einstein claimed that space and time are inextricably linked in one entity called space-time?Yes, it is possible to reconcile these two claims that at first glance seem to be contradictory. I claim that these terms can be reconciled when taking into account the structure of the entire universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Quantum Geometry Conserves Baryon Symmetry: the Matter-Antimatter Universe

Authors: Gary Barham, Christine van Blokland
Comments: 40 Pages.

The Universe that we live in is a universe of matter, even though we know that there must be just as much antimatter around that will balance the matter it appears that the antimatter is no where to be found. We know this to be simply true, as a matter-antimatter universe would vanish in one annihilation event, which is what apparently happened very, very soon after the big bang. We are here by grace of a very small imbalance in favor of matter, one particle of matter surviving for every one billion matter-antimatter pairs.Other than the mirror matter-antimatter universe hypothesis, or matter-antimatter bubble universe, most research in baryon asymmetry, baryogenesis, is directed at finding a good mechanism for symmetry breaking, following the three conditions set by Sakharov in 1967. To date there are no viable theories, and the matter-antimatter imbalance remains as one of the great unsolved mysteries in physics. However, this then implies that nature has created a universe that is so out of balance that the dance partner is nowhere to be found. Quantum Geometry is a new proposal to allow baryon symmetry to be conserved, and a universe with 50% matter and 50% antimatter, to actually exist, everywhere. At the lowest level of existence, that of the fundamental particles, both quarks and antiquarks can be used to construct the composite particles of the second level, the subatomic particles, without annihilation. In the heart of the sub-atomic particles, the proton and neutron, the geometry of the gluon equilibrium allows these particles to contain quarks and antiquarks, the proton holding four quarks and one antiquark, the pentaquark, and the neutron being made up of three quark-antiquark pairs. These sub-atomic particles then interact further as particles of matter, avoiding annihilation in the world of matter.Then, Quantum Geometry is used to propose a composite electron. This sub-atomic particle would be made of four antiquarks and one quark, an antimatter pentaquark. The atom then becomes the third level building block of matter, made of protons with a baryon number of +1, neutrons with a baryon number of 0, rather than also +1, and a composite electron with a baryon number of -1, rather than being a point-particle fermion. This allows the universe we see to have a baryon number of 0, to have baryon symmetry, without having to search for the antimatter or to consider that it has all disappeared in an explosion of light.Every atom contains an equal amount of matter and antimatter, held in equilibrium by a powerful geometry that is fully explained in this new theory of Quantum Geometry that will take us beyond relativity theory. Our universe is a balanced geometric matter-antimatter universe, at all levels, each balanced through a zero-point that is anchored in absolute time.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Redshift and Curvature of Space-Time According to the Schwarzschild Model

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 8 Pages.

We are working on concrete applications of the relativistic Schwarzschild model to the cosmos. In this report we relate the Gaussian curvature of space-time according to the Schwarzschild model with the gravitational redshift. The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly assuming a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution of the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them which allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. We have quantitatively related this Gaussian curvature equation to the gravitational redshift equation by establishing a new equation between these two magnitudes. Finally, we carefully studied this found equation and applied it to the assumption of the supermassive black hole in our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*.
Category: Astrophysics

The Search for Gravitational Waves: Fundamentals of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, you need an antenna and a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special properties. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

Die Suche Nach Gravitationswellen, Grundlagen Der Empfangstechnik (The Search for Gravitational Waves: Basics of Reception Technology

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 10 Pages.

Um die phasenmodulierten Signale von Gravitationswellen im Rauschen zu entdecken und zu dekodieren, benötigt man einen Empfänger im $mu$Hz-Bereich mit speziellen Merkmalen. Die notwendige Technik wird ausführlich beschrieben.

In order to detect and decode the phase-modulated signals of gravitational waves in noise, a receiver in the $mu$Hz range with special features is required. The necessary technology is described in detail.
Category: Astrophysics

[speculation On] Sub-Photon (Magnetic) Rocket Propulsion

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.

This is an illustrated concept for rocket propulsion using the magnetic lines of force of the earth's magnetic field. This author's previous papers on sub-photon behavior may be helpful to understand the proposed concept.
Category: Astrophysics

What if White Dwarf Stars Are Actually Earth Like Planets

Authors: Daniel Archer
Comments: 9 Pages.

Some objects currently classified as 'White Dwarf stars' are reclassified according to their givenradius as per Stellar Metamorphosis in a 'what if' scenario; explanations provided.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Neutrinos and Photons

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Six years ago I published a major essay on how ourbeautiful and ethereal solar corona is many timeshotter than the photospheric surface of its sun.The coronal heating puzzle today persists amongastrophysicists, despite increasing hard data.Photospheric surface temperatures are only about9,900 degrees Fahrenheit. Coronal temperature istypically about 1.8 to 4.0 million degrees F, andeven hotter, but from where? Ideas about magneticinteractions among solar neutrinos and photonswithin the corona help describe, but do not fullyexplain, what is going on. This essay is a neededupdate for my seminal 2017 essay referencedherein. My updated coronal heating model remainsthe only one that elegantly explains this hotastrophysics puzzle.
Category: Astrophysics

Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes and 23 Antimatter Galaxies

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 18 Pages.

This article analyzes astronomical data that correlates the mass of 100 supermassive black holes (SMBHs) with the mass of the galaxies in which they are situated. A theoretical value is presented to calculate the logarithmic relationship log (Galaxy Mass / SMBH Mass), which equals 2.963 for SMBHs composed of antimatter and 2.285 for galaxies of antimatter containing matter SMBHs. This theoretical relationship was calculated by the authors within the Ulianov Theory, considering the hypothesis of galaxy formation from matter (protons and electrons) expelled by antimatter SMBHs during cosmic inflation, as well as the hypothesis of galaxy formation from antimatter (antiprotons and positrons) expelled by matter SMBHs, also occurring during cosmic inflation. This value was experimentally observed based on the masses of 100 SMBHs and the masses of 100 galaxies in which they are situated. From this total, it was observed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, measuring a value of (2.931±1.8%) for the logarithmic relationship log (Stellar Mass / SMBH Mass), and that 23% SMBHs are of matter (located in antimatter galaxies), measuring a value of (2.290±5.6%) for the logarithmic relationship log (Stellar Mass / SMBH Mass). Thus, two relationships were obtained that are nearly equal to the expected theoretical value (with a final error of less than 1.0%), something that is likely not a mere coincidence. A metrological analysis of the results indicates the practical validity of the used model and also highlights the fact that the mass measurement errors reported by astronomers are very precise, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors (as pointed out by the theoretical model) above the predicted range. This result is highly significant as it suggests that the models predicted in the Ulianov Theory are capable of generating new predictions, as in the case of this model, which originates from a cold and empty universe and defines the process of galaxy mass generation through the growth of SMBHs that extract energy from cosmic inflation, transforming it into particles of matter and antimatter in a model coined "Small Bang" by the authors.
Category: Astrophysics

Concept: Faster-Than-Light Communication Using Sub-Photon Wavefronts

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper proposes a concept of electromagnetic wave propagation that allows for the possibility of faster communication speeds than are currently achievable. This paper bases the concept on principles described in a previous paper. Included are experiment proposals that can help support or refute the concepts described.
Category: Astrophysics

Sub-photon Concept and Experimental Proposals

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper proposes experiments that may help support or refute the concept of sub-photons. These include both earth-based and space satellite experiments. Propositions are made for the existence of a sub-photon "shield" around the earth, the measurement of power in extremely low frequency waves in space and using atmospheric or crustal voltage gradients as proxies for gravitational waves.
Category: Astrophysics

Physics in the Vicinity of Sagittarius a, Gauss Curvature Values of Spacetime in Its Vicinity

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 5 Pages.

The relativistic Schwarzschild model solves Einstein's equations exactly for the assumption of a point gravitational mass and empty space in its vicinity. This model leads to a static and symmetric solution for the mathematical equation of space-time that allows its Gaussian curvature to be calculated at each point. We have calculated some curvature values and found an equation to calculate them that allows us to extend the results to a wider range of distances. Finally, we have applied these results to the real case of the black hole of our galaxy SAGITTARIUS A*, obtaining values of Gaussian curvature of the space-time in its vicinity that are valid if it is correct to apply this model.
Category: Astrophysics

The Sunrise Meridian, Zenith Meridian, Sunset Meridian, Apparent Daytime Length Ratio, Punctual Daytime Length Ratio, Numerical Equation of Time.

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the present article, we derive an analytic formula of the Apparent Daytime Length Ratio with respect to the Earth's orbit angle $alpha(t)$ between the orbital position of the Earth's perigee and the orbital position of the Earth at a given $t$, with respect to the latitude, with respect to the Earth's axial tilt $epsilon$ and with respect to the solar apparent diameter $theta_{AS}$. That formula is simplified a lot under the approximation of a punctual Sun ($theta_{AS}=0$) and we name it the Punctual Daytime Length Ratio. The first steps for the derivation of the Apparent Daytime Length Ratio is to consider the parametric curve on the Earth's surface satisfying a tangent sunlight with respect to the parametric angle $theta$, the Sunlight obliquity angle $Omega$ (the equatorial declination of the Sun) and with respect to a solar apparent diameter $theta_{AS}$. The second part of the present article is about the precise numerical derivation of the Zenith Time Angle and the precise numerical derivation of the Equation Of Time in the following both cases : at the Meridian Plane $S_{JS}$ parallel to the sunlight at the exact time of the June Solstice, and at the Meridian Plane $S_{ME}$ parallel to the sunlight at the exact time of the March Equinox. For both Zenith Time angles and for both Equations Of Time, there is a tiny latitude dependency/variation of $17$ seconds.
Category: Astrophysics

Non-Universal Reference Point for Velocity Concept

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 2 Pages.

This paper describes a concept that sub-photons (described in a previous paper) contribute to a "zero reference point" for velocity. This paper also describes how this "zero reference point" can vary in the universe. Also proposed is a variable speed of light depending on the reference, based on a comparison of the origin of electromagnetic or gravitational waves to the point of measurement. Also described is a proposal to explain the controversial subject of high velocities of celestial objects in the outer portions of rotating galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

Sub-photons Create Gravitational and Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper proposes that both gravitational waves and electromagnetic waves are created by the same small particles which are referred to here as sub-photons. These sub-photons cause a "pushing" or repulsive type gravity described by Le Sage and many other researchers. Proposals are given to describe how sub-photons contribute to gravity, electrical current, magnetism, inductance and the energy generation of celestial objects.
Category: Astrophysics

Inhomogeneous Distribution of the Universe’s Matter Density as a Physical Basis for MOND’s Acceleration A0, Cosmological Redshift and Expansion

Authors: Antonio Francino, Gabriel Simón
Comments: 13 Pages.

One of the most effective theories for dark matter is Milgrom’s Modified Newtonian Dynamics, where a modified law of gravity based on a fixed acceleration scale a0 is postulated that provides a correct description of the gravitational fields in galaxies. However, the significance of a0 is unknown, and the whole theory is generally viewed as a phenomenological description of the observations. Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that agrees with MOND’s a0. The implications for MOND as a viable theory of dark matter and for the problem of dark energy are discussed. In particular, relativistic high rotational velocities would be achieved at the border regions of the universe that would generate a transverse Doppler redshift that scales linearly with distance and migh provide an alternative explanation for the observed redshifts and expansion.
Category: Astrophysics

Exploring the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Real author name is required - Please conform!)

The relative velocity between objects will affect the effect between them. The effect caused by the chase between objects is called the general Doppler effect. The speed of gravitational field energy transmission is limited, so there is also a chase relationship between the gravitational field energy and the object. This paper explores whether the Doppler effect of the gravitational field can cause the slow expansion of planetary orbits, and then thinks whether the accelerating expansion of the universe also comes from the Doppler effect of this gravitational field.
Category: Astrophysics

Unveiling the Anisotropic Nature of Universal Gravity under the Influence of Gravitational Waves

Authors: Tony Yuan
Comments: 23 Pages.

Applying Newton’s universal gravitational equation, we have been able to calculate the orbit and orbital precession data of the planets in the solar system more accurately, but there are deviations between these data and astronomical observations. For example, the orbital precession of Mercury has a deviation of 43" per century. LIGO has discovered gravitational waves (GWs) from the depths of the universe, confirming that GWs are real, which brings us some new ideas for studying planetary orbits. We know that the disturbance of the gravitational field(GF) will cause GWs, then the sun’s shuttle in the Milky Way will also cause disturbances to the GF of the Milky Way, thus forming GWs around the sun, although it is very weak. But because the planets in the solar system are not far from the sun, the planets will feel the influence of GWs, which will affect the orbits of the planets. This article will analyze the specific distribution of GWs around the sun, and derive the dynamic gravitational equation under the influence of GWs, and apply it to the calculation of planetary orbits, and verify the correctness of the dynamic gravitational equation by comparing it with the astronomical observation data released by NASA, and the dynamic gravitational equation shows the anisotropic nature of gravity.
Category: Astrophysics

Systematic Byass in Celestial Mechanics (In English)

Authors: Jose J. Astorkia
Comments: 6 Pages.

An eigenexperiment shows systematic byass and miscalculation in celestial mechanics when relative velocity is greater than escape velocity. Evidences and consequences are presented.
Category: Astrophysics

Proof of Kepler's Third Law

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The motion trajectories of planets are divided into static trajectories and dynamic trajectories. It was proposed that planets revolve around the center of mass of stars and other planets. It suggests that the center of mass of a planet, or the center of mass of an entire galaxy, is not a closed curve in the plane of the galaxy, but a solid spiral curve around that closed curve. It was proposed that the planet and its orbiting moons were a whole. It was proposed that the orbit of the planets around the star is a closed, irregular spiral curve around the center of mass of the planets and moons, around the center of mass of the stars and other planets. Similarly, the orbit of the satellite around the planet is also a circle of irregular spiral curves. The curve in the closed irregular galactic plane is static, and is the projection of the threaded center of the dynamic spiral curve onto the galactic plane. The closed irregular spiral curve is dynamic. It was proposed that the trajectory of the planets around the star was not an elliptic curve in the galactic plane, but a three-dimensional spiral curve around this irregular flat curve that resembled an ellipse. It turns out that Kepler's third law describes the dynamics of planets. In other words, Kepler's second law, which is a static description of planets, follows the area law. Kepler's third law, which describes the dynamics of planets, also follows the area law and is in perfect agreement with Newton's law of gravitation.
Category: Astrophysics

The Planets of BH1

Authors: Herbert Weidner
Comments: 4 Pages.

A star — about the size of the Sun — orbits the nearby black hole BH1. The duo emits a gravitational wave that affects Earth's atmospheric pressure. With this receiving antenna and an extremely narrow-band receiver, we measure and evaluate the signal of the binary system. It is phase modulated with seven different frequencies that obey a simple formation law. The parameters of the PM allow the orbital periods, masses and positions of the planets to be estimated. The unexpectedly high values of the modulation index suggest that gravitational waves propagate slower than the speed of light.
Category: Astrophysics

The Reason Gallium Detectors Measure Low Solar Neutrino Flux

Authors: William L. Stubbs
Comments: 3 Pages.

The neutral current and charged current electron neutrino interactions with deuterons are used to show that the predicted electron neutrino flux not measured by the gallium detectors does exist. It is not detected because, unlike in the deuteron reactions that always free a nucleon from the nucleus that can be detected and indicates that an interaction has occurred, a neutrino interaction with 71Ga cannot separate a nucleon from the 71Ga nucleus to be detected. Consequently, neutrinos interacting with 71Ga nuclei that do not create 71Ge nuclei go unrecorded by the detectors.
Category: Astrophysics

Hyperluminal Space Travel

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 10 Pages.

Hyperluminal space travel is big in popular sciencefiction and fantasy. How does it rate among realrocket scientists and astrophysicists? The answerto this basic question spans more than physics, andgoes into concerns relating to our brief reign as thecurrent hyperkeystone species on Earth.
Category: Astrophysics

New Perspectives on Cosmic and Earthly Phenomena: An Overview of Louis-Claude Vincent and Jeanne Rousseau’s u2028 Groundbreaking Research and Cosmic Model

Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper revisits the pioneering work of French scientists Louis-Claude Vincent and Jeanne Rous- seau, who developed an electromagnetic model of the universe that offers transformative insights into cosmic and terrestrial phenomena. Their interdisciplinary research spans astronomy, astrophy- sics, cosmology, climate and life sciences, seismology, and more, providing a comprehensive fra- mework for understanding the profound interplay between cosmic forces and Earth’s systems.A key element of their model is the Bio-Electronics (BEV) framework, an analytical approach that uses three electromagnetic parameters—pH {magnetic factor}, rH2 {Eh - electronic factor}, and electrical resistivity (ρ)—to evaluate aqueous systems and living environments. By including the functioning and sensitivity of living orga- nisms to environmental and cosmic influences, BEV extends scientific analysis beyond the purely material and electromagnetic. Adding a missing dimension to our analytical methods, this has practical applications in envi- ronmental and life sciences, agriculture, soil and water quality, health and our understanding of the universe.Providing clear answers to longstanding questions and mysteries, Vincent and Rousseau’s findings chal- lenge numerous prevailing scientific theories, underscoring the need for research that not only investigates cosmic phenomena but also prioritizes practical applications with tangible impacts on life on Earth. This paper presents the core principles of their model, evaluates supporting evidence, and examines the impli- cations for modern science and daily life, offering fresh perspectives on solar cycles and biological rhythms.
Category: Astrophysics

New Perspectives on Cosmic and Earthly Phenomena: an Overview of Louis-Claude Vincent and Jeanne Rousseau’s U2028groundbreaking Research and Cosmic Model

Authors: Ulrich Schreier
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper revisits the pioneering research of Louis-Claude Vincent and Jeanne Rousseau, who developed an Electromagnetic Model of the Universe. Their work explores the connections between cosmic cycles, terrestrial phenomena, and biological rhythms, offering a new paradigm for understanding the dynamic relationship between the cosmos and Earth. By investigating phenomena such as solar and lunar cycles, geomagnetic phenomena, tides, and how living organisms respond to cosmic changes, Vincent and Rousseau’s model challenges many traditional views on solar behavior, proposing that the Sun’s activity is influenced by the respective orbital positions of Earth and the Moon.Although they incorporated distant galaxies into their cosmic model as integral components of the universe and potential energy sources for the Milky Way, our solar system, and Earth, Rousseau and Vincent focused their research on the nearby universe. They concentrated on well-established facts, along with their own observations and measurements, to uncover how the Cosmos influences Earth, Nature, and our daily lives. Furthermore, through their Bioelectronic Concept (BEV), they linked cosmic electromagnetic forces to biological processes on Earth, offering a holistic view of life and the environment that is both more meaningful and accessible to a wider audience.This paper also anticipates potential criticisms, addressing the limitations of technology available during their time, and proposes modern methods for refining their theories. Vincent and Rousseau’s work provides fertile ground for interdisciplinary research, with the potential to revolutionize fields such as cosmology, seismology, volcanism, climatology, and biology.
Category: Astrophysics

Applications of Machine Learning in Astrophysics: Computational Methods for Gravitational Wave Data Analysis, Classification, and Augmentation

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 63 Pages.

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of advanced methodologies for the analysis of gravitational wave (GW) data, emphasizing the integration of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to enhance the detection and interpretation of GW signals. Initially, we discuss the foundational data preprocessing steps, including raw data acquisition, noise filtration, and data normalization, which are crucial for preparing GW datasets for ML applications. We then examine the fully preprocessed GW data with graphical information and statistical analysis, alongside a simplistic GW event classifier developed without ML applications. After that, to match the input data size of various ML models presented in this study, we detail the conversion of time-series GW data into spectrograms for 2D models like 2D CNNs, and the retention of time-series format for 1D and synthetic models: 1D CNNs; 1D RNNs, including Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Units (GRU); and synthetic models, including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and WaveNet. The study further explores the use of the following ML models for GW data analysis: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), convolutional and recurrent autoencoders, Transformers, Deep Belief Networks (DBNs), Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), and synthetic models such as GANs and WaveNet. The analysis also includes the application of traditional ML models, such as Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest Classifiers (RF), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM), providing a comparative evaluation of their effectiveness in classifying and detecting GW signals. Additionally, in the appendix section, we show a few examples of synthetic GW data generated using GANs and WaveNet models, offering a new potential to augment training datasets by improving model robustness with artificially synthesized GW data. Our results underline the significant potential of these methodologies in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of GW signal detection, thereby contributing to the broader field of astrophysical research.
Category: Astrophysics

Intermediate and Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 8 Pages.

There are stellar-mass black holes (SBHs), andthere are supermassive (SMBHs). Little theory hasdeveloped to explain if or how intermediate-massblack holes (IMBHs) may be clearly distinct fromeither type. How then do IMBHs exist? RecentHubble and JWST data on Omega Centauri pointtoward a better theory of formation. A surprisinginsight into the 4D multiverse also emerges.
Category: Astrophysics

Do the JWST Findings on Early Galaxies Disprove the Big Bang?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 10 Pages.

I argue that the JWST findings on early galaxies, along with other discrepancies such as Hubble’s constant tension, cast serious doubt on the validity of the Big Bang theory. The first JWST findings regarding early galaxies were observed only two years ago. These findings are not consistent with the Big Bang theory (BB), which posits that as we look back in time towards the Big Bang, early galaxies should appear small and underdeveloped because there hadn't been enough time for them to evolve. However, the JWST findings have shown the opposite. Early galaxies (approximately 400 million years after the Big Bang) appear fully developed, similar to galaxies like the Milky Way, which is estimated to be around 13.6 billion years old. Some scientists have questioned the validity of the Big Bang theory; however, many are hesitant to dismiss it based on these findings. They argue that our understanding of galaxy formation in the early universe requires refinement. As research continues and new early galaxies are observed, the initial finding that galaxies appear fully developed persists, regardless of the time elapsed since the Big Bang.I suggest here an alternative model of the universe, I designate the Pivot universe, that explains the JWST finding on early galaxies.
Category: Astrophysics

Machine Learning Models for Gravitational Wave Data Analysis: Support Vector Machines, Random Forest Classifiers, and Gaussian Mixture Models

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 11 Pages.

This research paper presents the computational results on the preparation, training, and visualization of machine learning (ML) models for the analysis of gravitational wave (GW) data. The primary goal is to effectively classify and detect gravitational wave signals using Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest Classifiers (RF), and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). The data preparation includes segment labeling, data splitting into training and test sets (only for the supervised SVM and RF). The models are trained and evaluated using standard metrics, including confusion matrices, classification reports, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves.
Category: Astrophysics

The Standard Model Big Bang Age of the Universe Confused for Special Relativity Absolute Time Dilation Barrier

Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: Pages.

There is a crisis with the standard model of cosmology at its outer limits. Why are well-developed galaxies, observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, existing only 300 million years from the beginning of the observable universe? A solution to the problem is offered that evokes the principles laid down in Albert Einstein's 1905 special relativity, time dilation. Are we looking at a wall where time stops? Special relativity states that time slows down if you’re moving — relative to an observer. As a body approaches the speed of light, time will appear to slow on the moving /travelling body. At the speed of light time will appear to stop to the observer. The solution is we are the observers and the galaxies (relative to us) at the outer edge of the universe— right about the place of the said Big Bang beginning — are expanding away from us at the speed of light and faster. We are observing a wall where time stops, a barrier, that we cannot see through. This would suggest the universe can be much older and we may never know how old because of this barrier. Special relativity also says that bodies appear smaller from the perspective of the observer. This may further distort our perception of the accelerating universe; the universe may be even larger than thought.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Wave Event Detection: Numerical Features in Gravitational Wave Data

Authors: Shufan Dong
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents methodologies for analyzing gravitational wave (GW) data, focusing on time-domain features, event detection, event parameter estimation, and basic statistical analysis. Detailed explanations and Python codes are provided for calculating time-domain features, detecting events, and estimating parameters, followed by summarizing event parameters. The results are contextualized within the framework of ongoing advancements and research in GW astronomy as observed by LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA collaborations.
Category: Astrophysics

Inhomogeneous Distribution of Mass-Density in a Static, Rotating Universe Generates a Transverse Doppler Redshift that Mimics Cosmological Redshift and Expansion

Authors: Josep M Francino, Gabriel Simón, Antonio Francino
Comments: 26 Pages. Slightly improved and corrected version. New graphics and Mathematica code more legible.

Based on Newton’s gravitational law as applied to a uniform continuous mass we posit a non-homogeneous distribution of mass at cosmological scales that would give rise to a constant acceleration that largely agrees with MOND’s a0. When mass-density distributes as 1/R in a spherically symmetric universe, rotational velocities arise that increase as the square root of radial distance. These would generate a transverse Doppler redshift that scales linearly with distance at short ranges and would mimic cosmological redshift and expansion. In the more distant regions, relativistic-high rotational velocities result in a highly redshifted background radiation that might distort the estimation of distances based on Hubble’s Law. These phenomena might provide an alternative explanation for the observed redshifts and expansion.
Category: Astrophysics

Supernova Type 1a at Z=2.9 Image is Dramatically Changed by Light Scattering — the Third Direct Confirmation of Tired Light Theory

Authors: Dmitriy S. Tipikin
Comments: 4 Pages. More accurate formula was used for evaluation of angle of scattering.

James Webb Space Telescope continues to make discoveries and some of them seemingly contradict to all known astrophysics data. For example the supernova type 1a (standard candle, well researched object) was recently recorded [1] but the overall image size of that supernova at a distance of z=2.9 corresponds to around 5000 light years at this distance and angular size is around 10 times resolution of the telescope and by far larger than any physics possibly allows. This size is a size of small galaxy and by no means may be allowed for supernova (especially standard candle, which is well researched and all sizes are predicted long ago). The only reason for such a blurred big image is the scattering of light itself — the further the object observed the larger that scattering [2] and the evaluation of the size of the image (angle of scattering) using formulas from [2] seems to confirm once more the tired light theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Zwicky’s Coma-Observation and MOND

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 Pages. References corrected

Fritz Zwicky observed that the velocity dispersion of galaxies in the Coma galaxy-cluster appeared to be much too high to keep the galaxies together in a cluster [1]. This conclusion was derived from the virial theorem [2] by assuming that the interstellar gravitational force can be derived from a potential. At the time it was not recognized that this is an unjustified assumption, a fact that is still not properly appreciated nowadays (see [7]). In this note we show that the Coma cluster actually stays together because pairs of stars in an inter-galactic arrangement attract each other essentially by a force decaying according to a 1/r law, where r is the distance of the pair. This type of behavior has originally been proposed by Milgrom [3] to account for galaxy rotation curves. For such a law there are no free bodies at all! Actually, there is already a crossover to this law within a single galaxy. Here, we show that a mechanism of counter-flowing massless gravitons and anti-gravitons leads to such a behavior, namely when this interstellar mechanism starts to obtain competition from the acceleration processes provided by the direction-unspecific cosmic gravitational background radiation.
Category: Astrophysics

Zwicky’s Coma-Observation and MOND

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 4 Pages. Comment added on "dark matter". One new, related reference added.

Fritz Zwicky observed that the velocity dispersion of galaxies in the Coma galaxy-cluster appeared to be much too high to keep the galaxies together in a cluster [1]. This conclusion was derived from the virial theorem [2] by assuming that the interstellar gravitational force can be derived from a potential. At the time it was not recognized that this is an unjustified assumption, a fact that is still not properly appreciated nowadays (see [7]). In this note we show that the Coma cluster actually stays together because pairs of stars in an inter-galactic arrangement attract each other essentially by a force decaying according to a 1/r law, where r is the distance of the pair. This type of behavior has originally been proposed by Milgrom [3] to account for galaxy rotation curves. For such a law there are no free bodies at all! Actually, there is already a crossover to this law within a single galaxy. Here, we show that a mechanism of counter-flowing massless gravitons and anti-gravitons leads to such a behavior, namely when this interstellar mechanism starts to obtain competition from the acceleration processes provided by the direction-unspecific cosmic gravitational background radiation.
Category: Astrophysics

Solving the Conundrum of Dark Matter and Dark Energy in Galaxy Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies in the current cosmologic model. Originally this theory was developed by the author for galaxies, using MW and M31 rotation curves. An important results got by the DMbG theory is that the total mass associated to a galactic halo depend on the square root of radius, being its dominion unbounded. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. As the DE is negligible at galactic scale it is needed to extend the theory to clusters in order to study the capacity of DE to counterbalance to DM. Thanks this property, the DMbG theory finds unexpected theoretical results.In this work it is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy.In clusters it is defined the zero gravity radius (RZG hereafter) as the radius needed by the dark energy to counterbalance the total mass. It have been found, that the ratio RZG / RVIRIAL = 7.3 and its Total mass associated at RZG is 2.7 u2022MVIRIAL. In addition it has been calculated that the sphere with the extended halo radius RE = 1.85u2022 RZG has a ratio DM density versus DE density equal to 3/7 and its total mass associated at RE is 3.67 u2022MVIRIALThis works postulates that the factor 3.67 may equilibrate perfectly the strong imbalance between the Local mater density parameter (0.08) versus the current Global matter density one (0.3). Currently this fact is a big conundrum in cosmology, see chapter 7. Also it has been found that the zero velocity radius, RZV hereafter, i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is 0.6u2022RZG By derivation of gravitating mass function it is calculated that at 0.49u2022RZG this function reaches its maximum.Throughout the paper some of these results have been validated with recent data published for the Virgo cluster. As Virgo is the nearest big cluster, it is the perfect benchmark to validate any new theory about DM and DE. These new theoretical findings offer to scientific community a wide number of tests to validate or reject the theory. The validation of DMbG theory would mean to know the nature of DM that at the present it is an important challenge for the astrophysics science.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Eclipse Reveals Cause of Wildfires and Accelerating Global Warming

Authors: V. Korniienko, M. Turkin
Comments: 3 Pages.

We found that the energy information field (EIF), which has been observed since 2003 (V. Kornienko, 2003), tends to suck quantum energies out of technology and people, which allows it to increase the suction power of the same energies from the Sun. As a result, the Sun generates waves of quantum electromagnetic energy (S-radiation), and with them its deep heat, which causes plant fires, forest fires and accelerates global climate warming. It is proposed on the basis of standards and innovations to eliminate the emission of S-radiation from world technology, which will deprive the EIF of the opportunity to increase the suction of energy from the Sun and eliminate these threats.3
Category: Astrophysics

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 13 Pages.

Fluid dynamics is valid to describe the behavior of vacuum space only if vacuum space contains some type of fluid. An important parameter in fluid dynamics is the viscosity of the fluid. Currently, the viscosity of vacuum space is unknown. Theoretical work, done by others, results in both high values and low values of the vacuum space viscosity. I argue that these conflicting values of viscosity are possible if the viscosity of space varies and is dependent on the location it is measured. To this end I first describe the structure of the Pivot universe, relying on general relativity and Newton’s theories. Then I relate to the vacuum space as described in fluid dynamics.
Category: Astrophysics

Can Fluid Dynamics Describe the Behavior of Vacuum Space?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 8 Pages.

I claim that the ether that fills the vacuum space is a type of fluid that permeates everywhere in the vacuum space. Therefore, fluid dynamics can be used to describe the entire structure of the universe according to general relativity and quantum physics for describing subatomic particles.
Category: Astrophysics

The New Cosmology and the New Gravity

Authors: John R. Rix
Comments: 117 Pages. Minor typographical errors corrected in version 2 - equations unchanged

Traditional cosmology and gravity feature dark matter, dark energy, and an expanding universe. These features (plus general relativity) generate predictions for observations. Recent observations by the James Webb space telescope and improved observations of the Hubble parameter have generated a tension with traditional predictions that has passed the breaking point. The time has come to consider a replacement for tradition—this document (NCNG). NCNG studies a wide range of astrophysics topics of interest. NCNG is structured as a textbook or as a series of lecture notes for graduate students. A good starting point for a new reader is Appendix A, where there is a brief history of traditional development. There is also a brief history of how my ideas for NCNG were born, and why I believe I am qualified to launch this revolution.
Category: Astrophysics

The Structure and the Density of a Quark Star in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 34 Pages.

Based on a semi-empiric relation for the current mass of quarks specific to a Cold genesis theory of particles (CGT) but with the constants obtained with the aid of the Gell-Mann-Oakes-Renner formula and giving values close to those obtained by the Standard Model, by a current quark’s volume obtained as sum of theoretic (apparent) volumes of preonic kerneloids, a maximal density of the current quarks [The unreadable portion is omitted by viXra Admin]
Category: Astrophysics

Does Newton’s Ether Exist?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Newton's ether theory, where the ether is a medium through which light travels and celestial bodies move has been largely rejected in the scientific community because it failed to explain observations. Nevertheless, I claim that this rejection is problematic.
Category: Astrophysics

Dark Matter Versus Dark Energy in Clusters Using the Dark Matter by Gravitation Theory-V2

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 23 Pages. V2 version has extandend the V1 version, finding important results about DM

This paper develops the Dark Matter by Gravitation theory, DMbG theory hereafter, in clusters of galaxies.Originally this theory was developed by the author for galaxies, especially using MW and M31 rotation curves.An important results got by the DMbG theory is that the total mass associated to a galactic halo depend on the square root of radius, being its dominion unbounded. Apparently, this result would be absurd because of divergence of the total mass. However it is the Dark energy the responsible to counterbalance the DM. As the DE is negligible at galactic scale it is needed to extend the theory to clusters in order to study the capacity of DE to counterbalance to DM. Put in brief the main goal of this paper has been to develop the DMbG theory at cluster scale. In this paper the DMbG theory finds unexpected theoretical results because it is at cluster scale where DM and DE are counterbalanced mutually. In this work it is defined, the total mass as baryonic matter plus DM and the gravitating mass as the addition of the total mass plus the negative mass associated to dark energy.In clusters it is defined the zero gravity radius (RZG hereafter) as the radius needed by the dark energy to counterbalance the total mass. It have been found, that the ratio RZG / RVIRIAL = 7.3 and its Total mass associated at RZG is 2.7 MVIRIAL .This works postulates that the factor 2.7 may equilibrate the strong imbalance between the Local mater density parameter (0.8) versus the Global matter density one (0.24). Currently this fact is a big conundrum in cosmology.Also it has been found that the zero velocity radius, RZV hereafter, i.e. the cluster border because of the Hubble flow, is 0.6u2022RZG and its gravitating mass is 1.5 MVIRBy derivation of the gravitating mass function it is calculated that at 0.5RZG this function reaches its maximum whose value is 1.57 u2022MVIRThroughout the paper some of these results have been validated with recent data published for MW or M31 galaxies and the Virgo or Coma clusters.By other side, these new theoretical findings offer to scientific community a wide number of tests to validate or reject the theory. The validation of DMbG theory would mean to know the nature of DM that currently it is an important challenge for the astrophysics science.
Category: Astrophysics

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca Hernandez
Comments: 39 Pages. V3 version is focused to study the Dark matter at the disk of Milky Way using the DM by gravitation theory.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. The newness of this work regarding the previous paper, [13] Abarca,M. 2023, is the chapter 12, where it is studied the DM by gravitation theory at the disk and halo regions. The numerical method used in this chapter is a bit rough but using the rotation curve at disk and its baryonic mass profile has been possible to estimate roughly DM density at disk depending on the field. Three main conclusions have been got in this chapter.1º at the disk region, there is a clear functional dependence between DM density versus field E according a potential function DDM = Au2022E^B, although the exponent of the power is not 5/3 because the baryonic mass density is not zero in this region.2º at the halo region, the parameters A & B got with a quite rude method are similar to the ones got in chapter 11 with the analytical method. This similarity shows that this rude method may be accepted in order to study the function DM density versus a power of field as a first approximation to this law.3º Even with a method so rough it is possible to estimate the Solar DM density. The result got with that method differs only 15% regarding the current value accepted by the scientific community.To study the DM theory more in depth at the disk region it is needed to solve the Poisson equation using together the baryonic density and the DM density, but unfortunately it is required sophisticated software, however at the halo region the Poisson equation is easy to solve, as it was shown in [13] Abarca,M. 2023, chp.15. Fortunately it is the galactic halo the most important region of galaxies to study DM in Cosmology.
Category: Astrophysics

A Dark Matter Theory by Gravitation for Galaxies and Clusters

Authors: Manuel Abarca
Comments: 37 Pages. The solution for Poisson equation for gravitatory potential in halo region is improved.

This paper develops carefully an original theory of dark matter, whose main hypothesis is that DM is generated by the own gravitational field. This work introduces the best version of the theory physical and mathematically, which has been developed and published since 2013.The hypothesis of DM by gravitation has two main consequences: the first one is that the law of DM generation has to be the same, in the halo region, for all the galaxies and the second one is that the haloes are unlimited so the total DM goes up without limit. Both properties are crucial for the success of this theory. This work has two newness: it is demonstrate that Direct mass comes from Bernoulli mass formula when it is considered an initial point belonging to the Buckingham halo curve, (ideal curve related to dynamical equilibrium), to calculate the parameter C. The second one is two astonishing calculus of masses in LG. This work begins studying the Rotation curves, from M31 and MW, published by Sofue,Y.2015 and 2020 . The regression curves at halo region are fitted with power regression functions whose exponents are the same for both galaxies.By the fitted function is possible to calculate a dark matter density function depending on radius which is transformed into a DM density depending on gravitational field. This change is the core of the theory because at such moment it is possible to study the formula of dark matter density by the Buckingham theorem in order to change the statistical calculus by physical formulas which depend on the Universal constants G, h and c. From now on the statistical theory becomes a perfect physical theory that despite it is based on the Newtonian framework allows to get new formulas for DM density and for total mass, including DM. In chapters 11, 12 and 13 are calculated the parameters a^2 for MW, M33 and LCM galaxies. In chapter 14 is calculated the mass of the Local Group, which match with results got by prestigious researchers. In chapter 15 is got the solution of Poisson equation. In chapter 16, is shown a method to extend the theory to cluster of galaxies and chapter 17 is dedicated to show how DM is counter balanced by dark energy with negative mass.
Category: Astrophysics

Can Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Physics Unify Into One Theory?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 7 Pages.

Current physics has no answer as to how to unify special relativity, general relativity, and quantum physics into one theory. I claim that this unification is possible if the correct physical structure of the entire universe is considered. I describe in this paper the entire physical structure of the universe.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Theory of Self-Variation formulates gravity and electromagnetism with the same equations. These Equations concern the field created by the rest mass / electric charge of a particle. The central equation of the Theory relates three physical quantities, the rest mass or charge of the field source, the relative velocity of the field source to the observer, and the propagation velocity of the field relative to the observer. These velocities are directly related to the potential and intensity of the field measured by an observer. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. In the frame of the Theory, the equations we present in this article apply to all interactions, not just gravity and electromagnetism. Further investigation of the equations will yield the complete, precise prediction of the Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. We formulate the differential equation for the gravitational interaction of two bodies and the orbits of the planets. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. The properties of the interaction depend on the distance at which it acts and the distribution of the rest mass in space. The Theory of Self-Variation formulates gravity and electromagnetism with the same equations. We obtain an equation relating the rest mass or charge of the field source to the velocity of the source of the field relative to the observer and the propagation velocity of the field relative to the observer. In the frame of the Theory, this Equation applies to all interactions, not just gravity and electromagnetism. Further investigation of the equations will yield the full, precise prediction of the Theory.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. We formulate the differential equation for the gravitational interaction of two bodies and the orbits of the planets. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. A constant of physics appears in the gravitational field Equations. The measurement of this constant can be made from the available observational and experimental data. Knowing the value of the constant we have the exact prediction of Theory for the gravitational field. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Further investigation of the Equations of this article will give the complete, accurate prediction of the Theory of Self-Variation for the gravitational interaction.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Field Equations of the Theory of Self-Variation

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this article we present the gravitational field equations of the Self-Variation Theory. We formulate the differential equation for the gravitational interaction of two bodies and the orbits of the planets. Theory predicts increased stellar velocities on the outskirts of galaxies. It also predicts increased velocities of galaxies on the outskirts of galaxy clusters. A constant of physics appears in the gravitational field Equations. The measurement of this constant can be made from the available observational and experimental data. Knowing the value of the constant we have the exact prediction of Theory for the gravitational field. The first calculations give consistency of the Theory at the distance scales that we have observational data. Further investigation of the Equations of this article will give the complete, accurate prediction of the Theory of Self-Variation for the gravitational interaction.
Category: Astrophysics

Visual Model of Electromagnetic Interactions of Sub-Photons

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper provides a visual based conceptual model and framework to help explain the behavior of electrical, electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenon. The model is conceptual only and the hypothetical particles and interactions presented are simply designed as a way to visualize and understand electromagnetic interactions. Further research needs to be done exploring the possibility that the proposed hypothetical particle and interactions may actually exist. Future improvements to the model may need to be made to help it conform to new scientific discoveries. Examples are provided showing how the framework conforms to many of the behaviors of electricity, electromagnetism and radiation. A hypothetical particle is introduced, referred to as a sub-photon by this paper. The proposed framework relies on previous research in controversial physical models and assumptions such as repulsive gravity and a fractal universe. Despite the reliance on controversial concepts, the model is intuitive in many respects, easy to visualize and not dependent on difficult mathematics. The model can be used as a visual tool to help explain very complex interactions with minimal mental effort. Whether or not the existence of the sub-photon particle and its interactions are later supported by scientific literature, the model can remain a useful way to visualize and understand basic electromagnetic interactions. This paper includes predictions about celestial bodies and gravitational waves that can be used to test the model in future research.
Category: Astrophysics

Solar Neutrinos and Photons

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 12 Pages.

Six years ago I published a major essay on how our beautiful and ethereal solar corona is many times hotter than the photospheric surface of its sun. The coronal heating puzzle today persists among astrophysicists, despite increasing hard data. Photospheric surface temperatures are only about 9,900 degrees Fahrenheit. Coronal temperature istypically about 1.8 to 4.0 million degrees F, and even hotter, but from where? Ideas about magnetic interactions among solar neutrinos and photons within the corona help describe, but do not fully explain, what is going on. This essay is a needed update for my seminal 2017 essay referenced herein. My updated coronal heating model remains the only one that elegantly explains this hot astrophysics puzzle.
Category: Astrophysics