Condensed Matter

How to Detect Berry Phase in Graphene Without Magnetic Field?

Authors: Hamed Koochaki Kelardeh, Vadym Apalkov, Mark I. Stockman
Comments: 14 Pages.

We discuss the topological properties of graphene superlattices excited by ultrafast circularly-polarized laser pulses with strong electric field amplitude, aiming to directly observe the Berry phase, a geometric quantum phase encoded in the graphene's electronic wave function. As a continuing research on our recent paper, Phys. Rev. B 96, 075409, we aim to show that the broken symmetry system of graphene superlattice and the Bragg reflection of electrons creates diffraction and "which way" interference in the reciprocal space reducing the geometrical phase shift and making it directly observable in the electron interferograms. Such a topological phase shift acquired by a carrier moving along a closed path of crystallographic wave vector is predictably observable via time and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (tr-ARPES). We believe that our result is an essential step in the control and observation of ultrafast electron dynamics in topological solids and may open up a route to all-optical switching, ultrafast memories, and petahertz-scale information processing technologies.
Category: Condensed Matter

Foundations of Magnetic Conduction

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 5 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

It is shown that a spinning magnetic dipole (magnet) effectively behaves as a magnetic charge, creating magnetic current. The question of a `magnetic conductor' then immediately arises, for without their practical existence pursuing `magnetonics' would seem futile. Applying a rotational version of the Drude model to materials with magnetic dipoles I then conclude that the existence of magnetic conductors is indeed possible. I then sketch the idea of preparing a `magnetolyte' which is the foundation of operation of any `magnetic battery', without which magnetonics is impossible.
Category: Condensed Matter

Visualized High-Tc Superconducting Mechanism of Polyhedral Quantum Wells Confined Electrons

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 14 Pages.

Despite decades of research, the origin of high-temperature superconductivity is still unclear, and its microscopic mechanism remains a subject of intense debate. The intrinsic Mott insulating properties of copper oxide parent compounds and the experimentally observed charge-ordered phases in real space suggest that high-temperature superconductivity may stem from localized electrons rather than itinerant electrons. In this work, we propose a unified microscopic mechanism where confined electrons within polyhedral quantum wells represent the Mott ground state, and symmetry-breaking of electron-hole pairs acts as the superconducting mechanism. A single parameter formula for the critical temperature (Tc) of unconventional superconductors is developed, allowing accurate determination of Tc based on lattice constants. The approach elucidates relationships between various charge-order phases and doping concentration, explores Fermi surface structures, investigates spin resonance peaks and parities, and examines pressure-induced dual superconducting phase transitions - all consistent with experimental observations. It is also estimated that the highest Tc of the newly discovered nickel-based superconductor will not exceed 100 K. This work offers critical insights into unconventional superconductivity’s fundamental mechanisms while introducing a new paradigm to reveal more intrinsic connections between superconductivity, conductivity, and magnetism.
Category: Condensed Matter

Hartree Algorithm

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

The self-compatible Hartree method is used in atomic physics to determine the energy levels of many-electron atoms. In this work we extend this procedure to electrons moving in the Coulomb field of a distribution of positive ions in a Bravais lattice.
Category: Condensed Matter

Nonlinear Macroscopic Optical Response Tensors for 2-Color Excitation and Electron- Multiphoton Interaction

Authors: Peter Krampl
Comments: 23 Pages.

An interesting aspect of this thesis should be mentioned right at the beginning. It was shown that the higher harmonics generated by non-centrosymmetric bonded electrons can take on properties of negative index systems. By controlling the nonlinearity, tailor-made optical metamaterials with a defined negative refractive index are possible. This becomes interesting in the context of the fact that matter waves with a refractive index of exactly minus one form the perfect microscope. A suitable set of new characteristic optical response tensors, which are no longer Lorentzartig in view of the newly gained knowledge, were derived for non-centrosymmetric media and their importance for the various nonlinear orbital response functions was shown and discussed. The nonlinear resonant denominator function can α be rewritten depending on the strength of the nonlinearity, where noncentrosymmetric matter scales in the nonlinear mode with negative SKEWNESS and centrosymmetric matter, as well as the transition bulk / surface with positive SKEWNESS, and the harmonics can be classified depending on the introduced parameters p and q. The nonlinearity in the denominator function takes into account the occurring skewness and the destabilization of increasing nonlinear amplitudes, in contrast to the current literature (e.g. Boyd), in which α occurs only as a proportionality factor, in which the amplitude is linearly and directly influenced and no destabilization of the amplitudes in the nonlinear regime is described. Due to the symmetry of non-centrosymmetric matter, no longitudinal modes are capable of propagation. The nonlinear dielectric spectral response function has singularities for non-dissipative matter at any transition frequency. The analysis taking into account dissipative effects showed an elimination of these singularities. You get curves with negative skewness. In the identified regions of negative dielectric function, a real refractive index of less than 1 exists. The refractive index is imaginary there, which is usually characteristic of surface plasmons. In this area, it is in principle possible to produce optical metamaterials by setting suitable nonlinearity. In the linear case, the spectral function has a zero position, so that longitudinal modes can also propagate for this. Variation of nonlinearity causes a very large positive or negative skew depending on the sign and shows frequency conversion. (Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Condensed Matter

Comment on Trail's Fine Structure Constant Derivation

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the last years different models for the structure of the electron have been proposed. Among these structure proposals is Traill’s very promising approach of spherically spiraling waves running from the particle center and towards the center. We compare his derivation of Sommerfeld’s structure constant α with results of Guynn and with that of the present author.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Simple Explanation of the Michelson-Morley Experiment Results

Authors: Mikhail E. Shevtsov
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

The Michelson-Morley experiment, conducted in 1887, was designed to detect the presence of the aether — a hypothetical medium through which light was thought to propagate. The experiment's null result played a crucial role in the abandonment of the aether theory and supported the notion of the constancy of the speed of light.This article explores a hypothesis that suggests a simple explanation for the Michelson-Morley experiment's null result based on proportional changes in the speed of light and wavelength, while the frequency and energy transmitted per unit time remain unchanged.
Category: Condensed Matter

Room Temperature Weyl Fermionic Transport in Tubulin Microtubules or Biomimetic Materials?

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 12 Pages.

Research should be focused on the possibility that dissipation-less room temperature Weyl fermion transport in tubulin microtubules is responsible for the ability of living creatures to storage and process the known huge amount of information. The importance of ordered chiral water chains confined in tubules in emphasized. An array of opposed chiral Fibonacci carbon nanotubules as housing for Weyl fermions could be the template for modern decoherence protected quantum computers effectively working at room temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter

Observation of Memristive Electrical Characteristics and Current-Induced Phase Transition in Pb-Cu-P-S-O Compound

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong
Comments: 5 Pages.

In our previous research, we revealed the zero resistance and temperature-induced phase transition in Pb-Cu-P-S-O compound. Also, the data showed a correlation with the characteristics of the novel material known as LK-99. Subsequently, a series of measurements were conducted to investigate the electrical properties of this compound. These measurements indicated that the compound exhibits memristive characteristics and undergoes a current-induced phase transition. This technical report focuses on presenting the measurement data and detailed characterization of the samples, highlighting on these observed phenomena.
Category: Condensed Matter

Stability of Atoms, Bremsstrahlung, Essence of Spin and New Mechanisms of Superconductivity

Authors: Xiaochun Mei
Comments: 31 Pages. In Chinese (Converted to pdf and abstract shortened by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

The stability of electron motion in antenna and nuclear electric field is analyzed by considering the mass-velocity formula in this paper. It is pointed out that the essence of antenna radiation is bremsstrahring radiation. If nucleus is stationary or its motion speed is not high, the electron motion around the nucleus is stable and no radiation will be caused. If the nucleus is in thermal motion and electrons are not moving around the nucleus, Bremsstrahlung can be caused. On this basis, this paper gives a strict proof of the Ohm's law in classical electromagnetic theory, reveals the dynamic nature of resistance. A new mechanism of superconductivity is proposed. It is considered that one of the fundamental reasons for superconductivity is that the nucleus stops vibrating at the critical temperature and the electrons move in the conductor without radiation. It is proved that the superconducting energy gap is caused by the decrease of the ground state energy of electrons moving around the nucleus after the nucleus stops vibrating. The conditions under which nuclei stop vibrating on a one-dimensional infinitesimally long lattice are discussed, and a formula for calculating the critical temperature of a superconductor of elemental elements is derived, which is more consistent with the experimental data than the formula of BCS theory. This method can also clarify the superconductivity of conductors, the Meissner effect and other thermodynamic properties, and provide microscopic explanations for the phenomena of multi-energy gap, pseudogap, second-class superconductor, and d wave of high-temperature superconductors, providing new ideas for theoretical and experimental research of high-temperature superconductors, and exerting important influence on solid state physics.
Category: Condensed Matter

Lagrangian of Two-component Bose-Einstein Condensate

Authors: X. N. Ismatullaev
Comments: 3 Pages. In Russian

In this work, the Lagrangian of a two-component Bose-Einstein condensate is derived in terms of the Gaussian Ansatz parameters.
Category: Condensed Matter

Investigation of the Zero Resistance and Temperature-Dependent Superconductivity Phase Transition in Pb-cu-P-S-O Compound

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong, Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 10 Pages. 11 figures and 1 table

In our previous study, we suggested a synthetic method for the replication of PCPOSOS (Pb10−xCux[P(O1−y Sy )4]6O1−z Sz ) and showed precisely measured zero resistance. Through the synthesis method we named Daecheol-Mingi (DM) method, we measured the phenomenon of superconductivity phase transition depending on temperature. Also, we repeated validation of zero resistance of the samples. This paper presents a specific critical temperature for PCPOSOS, demonstrating consistency with the original authors’ data.
Category: Condensed Matter

Electron Elastic Collision Superconductivity Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 19 Pages.

The BCS theory hypothesis explains the superconducting properties of Class I conventional metal and alloy superconductors, but it violates Coulomb's law and Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, cannot interpret the superconducting phenomenon of Class II unconventional superconductors. Based on the elastic collision theory of Newtonian classical mechanics, this paper proposes Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, which reveals that the microscopic mechanism of superconducting states is that the free electrons in a current-carrying wire only undergo complete elastic collisions with the atomic lattices, and there is no energy exchange between the free electrons and the atomic lattices. The current-carrying wire shows zero-resistance superconducting states. The Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory proposes the superconducting state free electron critical speed VC, and theoretically derives the formula for calculating the critical temperature TC: 2 ΔE = 2.55 kB TC. The Elastic collision superconductivity theory interprets the microscopic mechanism of the superconducting state critical temperature TC, the critical magnetic field HC, the critical current density jC, the superconducting state energy gap and the high-pressure superconductor. Unlike Class I conventional superconductors, Class II unconventional superconductors have anisotropic lattices. There are different critical speeds VC, different critical temperatures TC and different critical magnetic fields HC in different directions. When the direction of lattices is the same as that of the current carrying wire, it is beneficial for the formation of superconducting current. Therefore, unconventional superconductors can achieve high-temperature superconductivity. Based on the Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, it is feasible to achieve a zero-resistance superconducting state at normal temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter

Preparation of High-Concentration Charged Solutions Through Dual Electrostatic Method for Ice Crystals and Desalination

Authors: Zhongzheng Miao
Comments: 46 Pages.

Under typical circumstances, it is commonly believed that solutions carrying a single type of charge are either non-existent or unstable. We have investigated the principles of high-concentration charged solution preparation techniques, employing methods such as electrostatic attraction, gravity separation, positive feedback, and self-powered mechanisms to effectively separate anions and cations in solution. Through electrostatic repulsion and the use of electrostatic separation networks, the partition of homoelectric ions has been achieved. Through water and electric separation, the capability for sustained accumulation of single-charge species has been attained, thus overcoming application bottlenecks and establishing evidence for the existence of charged solutions. We have proposed voltage limits and predicted phenomena such as electrostatic boiling, topological ice crystals, and strange ice crystals, thereby opening new perspectives and possibilities for enriching the understanding and research of electrostatics and electrochemistry. The introduction of the high-concentration charged solution and its controllable preparation are expected to facilitate or pioneer research in various fields including seawater desalination, wastewater treatment, hydrovoltaic power generation, and topological ice crystals, etc. This advancement holds the potential to rectify relevant discussions in textbooks. Implementing the dual electrostatic method for self-powered desalination and purification, coupled with wind, solar, and pumped hydro storage technologies, can aid in mitigating the intermittency and waste of wind and solar power, thus advancing the cause of seawater for land.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fractional Quantization of the Residual Resistivity and the Normal State Resistivity at the Superconducting Transition

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: 25 Pages.

The author provides a literature study showing that the residual resistivity and the normal state resistivity at the superconducting transition might be fractionally quantized. Surprisingly, fractional quantized resistivity is observed in the absence of strong magnetic fields. The presented phenomenological classification of 280 single crystals is based on six universal resistivity quanta that are only dependent on natural constants.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Potential Zero-Resistance Phenomenon of the Pb-cu-P-S-O Compound and Its Synthesis Method

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong
Comments: 10 Pages. 10 figures, 1 table

We have developed a new synthesis method for producing the Pb-Cu-P-S-O compound samples in order to replicate zero resistance of the PCPOSOS (Pb1−xCux[P(O1−ySy)4]6O1−zSz), which we refer to as the Daecheol-Mingi (DM) synthesis method. The potential zero resistances of the samples were observed through I-V measurements.
Category: Condensed Matter

Langenscheidt's Pocket Japanese Dictionary and the Onsager's Solution

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

We study the entries of Langenscheidt's Pocket Japanese Dictionary written in a Romanized pronunciation system. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We find that the entries underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Origin of the Meissner Effect and Superconductivity

Authors: John P. Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 6 Pages.

Superconductivity in most metals is due to the activity longitudinal spin waves bindingelectrons into pairs in such a way that the Meissner effect is generated along with theangular momentum responses in static magnetic fields. The bulk of these spin wavesappear to be sourced by nuclear spins on the lattice. Experimentally longitudinal spinwaves are not difficult to detect at room temperature as they form Bose-Einstein condensates that has onset temperatures for low mass entities well above room temperature.By forming these collective states allows them to be easily visible above noise.
Category: Condensed Matter

Bose-Einstein Condensation of Light in Photonic Crystals

Authors: A. A. Dashchinskii, D. A. Korets, V. V. Filatov
Comments: 5 Pages. Reported at XII International Conference on Photonics and Nonlinear Optics (2023, Feb. 1-3, Moscow, Russia)

Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of light is a non-classical (quantal) phase state of electromagnetic field when the light acts as a superfluid liquid. Theory predicts light can "liquefy" into BEC in a resonant optical microcavity. The paper reports an obtaining Bose-condensed light in the resonant microcavities of photonic crystals when crystals are irradiated by external optical sources matched to the photonic crystals’ bandgaps edges. This way there formed the near-surface high-energetic optical Tamm states corresponding to Bose-condensed light into the near-surface photonic crystal’s microcavities.
Category: Condensed Matter

Beyond Einstein: Non-local Physics

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 187 Pages.

["Beyond Einstein: non-local physics" is about how temporal motion manifests itself in a spatial reference system. This type of physics is not taught in the schools and is not addressed in the journals. This is the 5th edition.] Beyond Einstein: non-local physics (2nd ed.) offered simple explanations for the nature and behavior of gravity, the stability of galaxies and globular clusters, Dark Matter, the EPR paradox, the Twin Paradox, the constancy of the speed of light, the concept of non-directional motion, the negative result of the Michelson—Morley experiment, the wave-particle duality, observational effects of accelerated reference systems, etc.—all on the general theme of non-local physics. The 3rd edition includes the 2nd edition and adds much new material, including the properties of the Ether, globular cluster, star, and planet formation, comments on galactic time limits from the Bible. The 4th edition includes the topics of exploding galaxies, non-local astronomy, reference system inversion effects, GRBs, induced radioactivity, supernova, important quantization effects, quasars, and redshifts. The 5th edition adds a section on perpendicular reaction forces, rotational effects on inertia, electroaerodynamics, neutrinos and "cold electricity", some UFO links, derivation of space/time dimensions, a primer on Quantum Mechanics, insights on the geometry of space, time, and motion, and various additions/corrections. This document is NOT a formal article intended for a formal journal. It is intended as a physics educational, "pot stirring" outreach and offers credible alternatives to the conventional "received truth" of institutional physics and astronomy. A Table of Contents was added to help the reader navigate the document.
Category: Condensed Matter

Nature of Crystal Lattice

Authors: Henadzi Filipenka
Comments: 9 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

The literature generally describes a metallic bond as the one formed by means of mutual bonds between atoms' exterior electrons and not possessing the directional properties. However, attempts have been made to explain directional metallic bonds, as a specific crystal metallic lattice. This paper demonstrates that the metallic bond in the densest packings (volume-centered and face-centered) between the centrally elected atom and its neighbours in general is, probably, effected by 9 (nine) directional bonds, as opposed to the number of neighbours which equals 12 (twelve) (coordination number). Probably, 3 (three) "foreign" atoms are present in the coordination number 12 stereometrically, and not for the reason of bond. This problem is to be solved experimentally.
Category: Condensed Matter

FinFET Chronicles: Navigating the Silicon Horizon in the Era of Nanoarchitecture

Authors: Islam Ibrahim, Ahmed Walid, Mohamed Atallah, Omar Mohamed, Ahmed Mahmoud
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper investigates FinFET transistor technology, aiming to address limitations in conventional planar CMOS transistors. The motivation stems from the escalating demandfor high-performance, low-power devices in sub-10nm technology nodes. The challenges of short-channel effects, leakage currents,and scalability constraints in planar CMOS transistors have prompted exploration into novel architectures like FinFETs. This research provides an indepth analysis of FinFETs’ threedimensional structure, fabrication, materials, and design considerations. We evaluate their advantages and limitations compared to traditional transistors in terms of power consumption, speed, and scalability. Our approach involves comparative studiesutilizing simulations, material analysis, and empirical data. By merging theory with practical insights, this paper aims to offera comprehensive view of FinFET technology’s potential and challenges in modern semiconductor applications. In conclusion,this study sheds light on FinFET transistors, emphasizing their fabrication, design, and performance characteristics. It highlightstheir promise as a solution to semiconductor industry challenges, paving the way for next-generation electronic devices.
Category: Condensed Matter

Theory of High Temperature Superconductivity II

Authors: Hans Christian Haunschild
Comments: 57 Pages.

The theory presented here is able to explain all attributes of cuprate-based High-temperature-Superconductors in the normal- and in the SC-state as well. For the theoretical calculations parameters gained by experiments only are used. It will be shown that all experimental values connecting to HTSC can be predicted/ calculated by assistance of the equation: 1,14This equation is derived from the Hubbard-Model. MPG is the maximum pseudogap, received by extrapolating the pseudogap-values to zero. From that Fundamental-Formula one can get seven quantitative connections between superconduction-attributes and doping, all proved by experiment. Additionally two well-hidden faults in BCS- and McMillan-theories will be shown. Without deleting these mistakes no theory of High-Tc-Superconductivity can be successful. More than 300 experimentally measured values will be compared with the predictions of theory. In more than 90% there is quantitative, otherwise qualitative accordance between experiment and theory. Reluctance is senseless: This theory will succeed.
Category: Condensed Matter

Electron Viscosity and Electromagnetic Radiation for the Dynamic Deformations of Metals

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.

The electron viscosity is popular in the dynamic deformations of metals, and it was revealed to dominate the related energy dissipation at low temperatures. The free electron model was extensively utilized to investigate the electron viscosity of the related phenomena including electron viscosity of mobile dislocations and the attenuation coefficient of elastic waves at low temperatures. However, the potential energy of the "free" electrons was neglected totally. In this work, the mechanical-electric coupling which contains both the potential energy and kinetic energy of "free" electrons was taken into account. And it was found that the attenuation coefficients of the longitudinal and shear waves of metals at cryogenic temperatures are proportional to the electrical conductivity and the square of angular frequency, which was in accord with experimental observations. The longitudinal and shear waves in a metal was found to induce the electromagnetic radiation whose frequency is the same as the stress wave. In addition, the electron viscosity was discovered to result in a temperature increase over the compression wave front. The temperature increase depends on the strain gradient, and a larger strain gradient may lead to a larger temperature rise during the compression wave front. Furthermore, the electron viscosity of the mobile edge and screw dislocations was obtained in theory. And the order of calculated magnitude in terms of the mechanical-electric coupling strength that can be determined by the attenuation coefficient of the longitudinal and shear wave agrees with experimental results. Overall, the revealed important effects of the electron viscosity for the dynamic deformations of metals were investigated and the obtained findings may aid in understanding the related phenomena deeply.
Category: Condensed Matter

Superconducting Principles

Authors: Baihua Qi, Tian Qi
Comments: 18 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

This paper explores superconducting principles. Whether a substance is a superconductor depends on whether it has a global electron energy level orbit
Category: Condensed Matter

Magneto-Structural Phase Transitions and Two-Dimensional Spin Waves in Graphite

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 8 Pages.

We have previously found experimental evidence for several quantum phenomena in oxygen-ion implanted of hydrogenated graphite: ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, paramagentism, triplet superconductivity, Andreev states, Little-Parks oscillations, Lamb shift, Casimir effect, colossal magnetoresistance, and topologically-protected flat-energy bands [1-6]. Triplet superconductivity results in the formation of Josephson junctions, thus with potential of being used for spintronics applications in the critical area of quantum computing. In this paper, we are showing new experimental evidence for the formation of two-dimensional (2D) spin waves in oxygen-ion enriched and in hydrogenated highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. The temperature evolution of the remanent magnetization Mrem(T) data confirms the formation of spin waves that follow the 2D Heisenberg model with a weak uniaxial anisotropy. In addition, the step-like features also found in the temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity between insulating and metallic states suggest several outstanding possibilities, such as a structural transition, triplet superconductivity, and chiral properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

On Low Energy Nuclear Fusion Chain Reaction (LENR) as a Plausible New Source of Carbon-free Energy

Authors: A. P. Nikitin
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, the author explores LENR as a plausible new source of carbon-free energy and a non-mechanical engine.
Category: Condensed Matter

Sidelobe Suppression of LFM Signal Using Variability Index (VI)-Wavelet Threshold Method

Authors: Choe Kwang Hyon, Choe Chol Jun, Ri Kwang Il
Comments: 14 Pages.

In the pulse compression radar using linear frequency modulation (LFM), the sidelobe suppression signal processing is very important to overcome an effect that may mask smaller targets or maybe mistaken as separate targets. This paper considers a novel framework of the sidelobe suppression for linear frequency modulation signal (LFM) at a receiver when existing internal receive noise. In pulse compression for LFM signal, there exist not only range mainlobe components but also range sidelobe components in the matched filter output. It is necessary to effectively suppress the sidelobe components at the receiver of radar. This paper presents variability index (VI)-threshold operation based on the wavelet transform to further reduce these range sidelobes, and then analyzes it compared to the conventional window method. The results show that the proposed method is very effective in suppression of sidelobes components for LFM signal. It also indicates that this method gives better a peak to sidelobe ratio (PSR) performance than other methods for the sidelobe suppression.
Category: Condensed Matter

Tuning of Lifetime of Cooper pairs in a Massive Aluminum Ring

Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here we propose an experiment showing that a persistent supercurrent decays when its electron pairs break and recombine, i.e. when paired electrons are interchangeable with normal (single) electrons. We produce a small non-superconducting area in a massive superconducting (SC) aluminum. Electron pairs break and recombine in the non-SC area, so newly created pairs can drift from the non-SC area into SC area and replace initial electron pairs, which flow in a persistent supercurrent in the SC area. The drift and, thus, the replacement rate are directly related to the size of contact area between SC and non-SC zones, so the supercurrent lifetime is inversely related to the size of the contact area. Thus we show that the supercurrent vanishes because its electron pairs experience creation/annihilation and are not permanent.
Category: Condensed Matter

Infrared Spectrum for Derivative Steroid with Potential to Treat Breast Cancer

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Sana Ahmed, Sufia Zaman, Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem Dosh, Marcela Rosas Nexticapa, María Magdalena Álvarez Ramírez, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 6 Pages.

This study applies Density Functional Theory(DFT), using the B3LYP functional, and via ab initio Restrict Hartree-Fock (RHF) methods, to study the infrared spectrum of steroid 17-Iodo-androst-16-ene. The spectrum was obtained viacomputational methods ab initio RHF and DFT. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF (Universal Force Field), followed by PM3 (Parametric Method 3), with geometric optimization,obtaining the spectrum of other basis sets of steroid 17-Iodo-androst-16-ene. The study this steroid was chosen because it can could act as aromatase enzyme inhibitors and this phenomenon could be translated as good compounds to treat breast cancer. The B3LYP functional always presents the lowest thermal energy than the RHF in all calculated bases, however the RHF always presents the highest Entropy than the B3LYP, in all the calculated basis sets. The normalized spectrum calculated in the B3LYP/SVP functional/basis set have harmonic frequency with peaks 3,241.83 cm−1, 100% and 3,177.535 cm−1 at 43.304% absorbance. The study has so far been limited to computational methods compatible with the theory of quantum chemistry.
Category: Condensed Matter

Superconducting Theory of Confined Electrons

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 12 Pages.

Based on the experimental facts of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and neutron scattering in high-temperature superconductors, a unified theoretical framework centered around polyhedron quantum-well-confinedelectrons is presented for superconductivity. According to the crystal structure of superconducting materials, the new theory can analytically determine the fundamental properties in copper- and iron-based superconductors, including the Fermi surface structure, the superconducting energy-gapsymmetry and value, the superconducting transition temperature, and the spin resonance peaks and parity, the predictions of the theoryare in good agreement with experiments. Furthermore, our research provides new insights into the microscopic nature of magnetism,spin, and the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter.
Category: Condensed Matter

A New Pairing Mechanism Via Chiral Electron-Hole Condensation in Non-BCS Superconductors

Authors: Wanpeng Tan
Comments: 21 Pages. more papers at https://www.wanpengtan.com/smm/

A novel chiral electron-hole (CEH) pairing mechanism is proposed to account for non-BCS superconductivity. In contrast to BCS Cooper pairs, CEH pairs exhibit a pronounced affinity to antiferromagnetism for superconductivity. The gap equations derived from this new microscopic mechanism are analyzed for both s- and d-wave superconductivity, revealing marked departures from the BCS theory. Unsurprisingly, CEH naturally describes superconductivity in strongly-correlated systems, necessitating an exceedingly large coupling parameter ($lambda>1$ for s-wave and $lambda>pi/2$ for d-wave) to be efficacious. The new mechanism provides a better understanding of various non-BCS features, especially in cuprate and iron-based superconductors. In particular, CEH, through quantitative comparison with experimental data, shows promise in solving long-standing puzzles such as the unexpectedly large gap-to-critical-temperature ratio $Delta_0/T_c$, the lack of gap closure at $T_c$, superconducting phase diagrams, and a non-zero heat-capacity-to-temperature ratio $C/T$ at $T=0$ (i.e., the ``anomalous linear term''), along with its quadratic behavior near $T=0$ for d-wave cuprates.
Category: Condensed Matter

Vortex Model of Plane Poiseuille Flow of Non-Newtonian Fluid

Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a description of plane Poiseuille flow of non-Newtonian time-independent fluid based on symmetric equations, which take into account both the longitudinal motion and rotation of the vortex tubes. This model has analytical solution in the form of the two-parametric velocity distribution, which is in good agreement with velocimetry data in microchannels. The advantage of this approach is that, in contrast to the Ostwald-de Waele power law, it provides a more accurate approximation of experimental velocity profiles for different Reynolds numbers by model profiles corresponding to the same viscosity parameter. We believe that this simple model can be useful for making adequate estimates for the parameters of non-Newtonian time-independent fluids in engineering hydrodynamics.
Category: Condensed Matter

The First Room-Temperature Ambient-Pressure Superconductor

Authors: Sukbae Lee, Ji-Hoon Kim, Young-Wan Kwon
Comments: 22 Pages.

For the first time in the world, we succeeded in synthesizing the room-temperature superconductor (Tc≥400 K, 127∘C) working at ambient pressure with a modified lead-apatite (LK-99) structure. The superconductivity of LK-99 is proved with the Critical temperature (Tc), Zero-resistivity, Critical current (Ic), Critical magnetic field (Hc), and the Meissner effect. The superconductivity of LK-99 originates from minute structural distortion by a slight volume shrinkage (0.48 %), not by external factors such as temperature and pressure. The shrinkage is caused by Cu2+ substitution of Pb2+(2) ions in the insulating network of Pb(2)-phosphate and it generates the stress. It concurrently transfers to Pb(1) of the cylindrical column resulting in distortion of the cylindrical column interface, which creates superconducting quantum wells (SQWs) in the interface. The heat capacity results indicated that the new model is suitable for explaining the superconductivity of LK-99. The unique structure of LK-99 that allows the minute distorted structure to be maintained in the interfaces is the most important factor that LK-99 maintains and exhibits superconductivity at room temperatures and ambient pressure.
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Microscopic Substantiation of Two-Fluid Hydrodynamics in Helium II

Authors: S. V. Akimenko
Comments: 7 Pages.

It is shown that the formally correct expression of the existing theory of superfluidity, obtained for the momentum of a phonon gas in helium II, does not describe the physically real transfer of the effective mass of the phonon gas. The physically real transferable effective mass of a phonon gas turns out to be (10)^12 times less than it is considered in the existing theory. It is established that the laws of energy and momentum transformation of a massive quasiparticle in helium II differ somewhat from the corresponding laws used in the existing theory. It follows from this that if the gas of rotons with the dispersion law introduced in 1947 behaves as a whole, then it must be entirely at rest relative to the "unexcited background" in helium II. It is noted that the criterion for the superfluidity of liquid helium implicitly assumes the use of an additional hypothesis about the direction of the momentum excited in liquid helium II quasiparticle (phonon).
Category: Condensed Matter

Superconductors with Close Interatomic Distances Have High Superconducting Transition Temperatures

Authors: Kazuo Abe
Comments: 3 Pages.

The essence of electrical resistance is the scattering of free electrons by non-free electron orbital regions generated by lattice vibrations; therefore, superconductors with structures where non-free electron orbital regions are not generated due to close interatomic distances have higher superconducting transition temperatures.
Category: Condensed Matter

An Expression of A in Power Law Equation for Resistivity and Temperature, Resistance or Color and Pressure

Authors: Yong Bao
Comments: 6 Pages.

We study the power law equation governing the relationship between resistivity and temperatureof a superconductor, as well as the pressure-induced it's resistance and color change, through the generalized relational expression. By assuming a relationship between resistivity, effective mass and temperature, we find a generalized formula without gravitational effect and a generalized expression for the power law coefficient A. Through careful selection of the exponent N of the speed of light in vacuum, we obtain specific power law equations and a particular expression for A. In regards to the relationship between temperature and pressure, it has that the resistance varies inversely with pressure to the power of a third, sixth or half within a specific range. Similarly, in relation to color and pressure, the frequency varies directly with pressure to the power of a quarter, half, linearity, negative half, or inverse proportion. This indicates that the color shifts from blue to purple to blush as the pressure rises within a certain range. It shows that the expansion of the application of generalized relational expression can be achieved by appropriate choicing the exponent of the constants.
Category: Condensed Matter

Experimental Tuning of Lifetime of Cooper pairs in Aluminum

Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 1 Page.

Here we propose an experiment, which shows that the lifetime of Cooper pairs and associated supercurrents in a conventional superconductor (aluminum) is tunable in a range from picoseconds up to some seconds. The long-lived Cooper pairs indicate that in aluminum can flow a persistent supercurrent. The short-lived pairs cause a dissipative (non-superconducting) state.
Category: Condensed Matter

Thermodynamics of Spin Systems in Paramagnetic Crystals

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 10 Pages.

We propose a theoretical model of non-normal thermodynamic system (i.e. atnegative absolute temperature), through the application (and consequentinstantaneous inversion) of a magnetic field to a crystal.
Category: Condensed Matter

Model of Vortex Turbulent Plane Couette Flow

Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present the theoretical studies of plane Couette flow between two moving plates based on the previously proposed equations of vortex fluid, which take into account both the longitudinal flow and the vortex tubes rotation. It is shown that there are several stationary solutions. One of them describes a laminar flow strongly localized in the regions near the plate surfaces. The classical linear distribution of the flow velocity corresponds to in-phase tubes rotation. We also discuss the model of flow with different phases of tubes rotation, which is applied to the description of the turbulent Couette flow. In particular, it is shown that, in the simple Boussinesq approximation, the calculated stationary profiles of mean velocity in turbulent flow coincide with experimental data and results of direct numerical simulations.
Category: Condensed Matter

New Frontiers in Characterising ZrB2-Mosi2 Ultra-High Temperature Ceramics

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 21 Pages.

The structure-property(S-P) correlation, especially in the context of high-temperature oxidation, in ZrB2-MoSi2 based Ultra High-Temperature Ceramic Matrix Composites (UHTCMCs) have been extensively investigated for quite some time since the last 25 years and a countless amount of published data is presently available in this field. On the other hand, emergence of correlative microscopy [1-10] has completely revolutionised the world of materials research, in a number of ways. However, owing to the challenges of sample preparation, there has hardly been a literature aimed at understanding the aforesaid phenomenon of understanding S-P correlation, based on oxidation in ZrB2-MoSi2 UHTCMCs, which, in future, may open up new frontiers of research in UHTCMCs. The present review intends to discuss some of the most interesting data published existing in this field and intends to provide a brief overview of the challenges associated along with some of the currently unexplored avenues in this field, especially in terms of fundamental research. However, in view of the enormous amount of research already done in understanding oxidation-based S-P correlation in these materials, the author does not claim to address all the issues which may be associated with understanding thesame.
Category: Condensed Matter

On the Advanced Microstructural Characterisation of Additively Manufactured Alumina-Zirconia Based Eutectic Ceramics: Overview and Outlook

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 10 Pages.

Recently, there have been a number of reports on the fabrication of Alumina-Zirconia (Al2O3- ZrO2 (AZ))-based eutectic ceramics using laser additive manufacturing (AM) techniques owing to the exceptional creep and oxidation resistance coupled with excellent microstructural stability in these materials. Moreover, a number of interesting microstructural features (in these materials) have been reported to be formed by the variation of process parameters (especially, laser scanning speed) associated with the aforementioned AM techniques. The present review provides an overview of the present state of research in the area of laser AM AZ-based eutectic ceramics and highlights the challenges and future outlooks in this avenue of research. In addition, the requirement of employing correlative microstructural characterisation in these materials has been highlighted in the outlooks section.
Category: Condensed Matter

Densification and Characterization of Pressureless Sintered ZrB2-20 Vol% Mosi2 Ultra High Temperature Ceramic Composites

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 4 Pages.

In recent times, ultra-high temperature ceramic matrix composites (UHTCMCs) comprising of ultra-high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) such as ZrB2, HfB2 etc. reinforced with additives such as SiC, MoSi2 etc. have been reported to offer tremendous potentials in applications such as Hypersonic Re-entry vehicles, solar thermal absorbers, nuclear fuel claddings etc. Porous ceramics are advantageous in the aforementioned applications areas owing to their high melting points combined with high corrosion and wear resistance. Although ZrB2-SiC UHTCMCs (synthesized using pressureless sintering technique) have been widely investigated for their densification and mechanical properties at both room and elevated temperatures (till 3000°C), there is a very limited information on the densification behaviour and mechanical properties of ZrB2-MoSi2 UHTCMCs prepared using the aforementioned sintering technique. To this end, the present study is aimed at investigating the microstructure and correlating the same with the densification behaviour and mechanical properties of porous sintered ZrB2-20 vol.% MoSi2 (ZM20) UHTCMC. To this end, the composite was ball milled for 2h followed by compaction at different pressures. The compacted samples were sintered at 1700u2070C. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed for the purpose of understanding phase evolution. Subsequent, microstructural investigation was performed under different magnifications in Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Moreover, density measurement; hardness and indentation fracture toughness calculations were performed to investigate the room temperature mechanical properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

Substantial Evidence for New Electron Pairing Mechanism in High Temperature Superconductors

Authors: Tiege Zhou
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose that the change of the electron clouds of the transition metal ions (or/and other ions) is the electron pairing medium in high temperature superconductors. It is just like the vibration of the crystal lattice is the electron pairing medium in conventional superconductors.
Category: Condensed Matter

3D Printing of Nanoceramics: Present Status and Future Perspectives

Authors: Mainak Saha
Comments: 27 Pages.

In materials research involving additive manufacturing (AM)-based techniques for fabrication of a wide variety of materials, the latest trend at present is to focus largely on 3D printing (3DP) of nanoceramics, which at present is highly challenging, from both fundamental and industrial viewpoints inspite of the tremendous versatility offered by these techniques in terms of addressing design complexities. The two main reasons for the same are: low density and poor mechanical properties of nanoceramic parts fabricated using 3DP techniques. The present review is aimed to review some of the most commonly used 3DP techniques for the fabrication of nanoceramics and provide an overview of the future perspectives, associated with the necessity towards developing a systematic structure-property correlation through ‘correlative’ characterisation methodology in these materials.
Category: Condensed Matter

Tailoring Geometries and Magnetic Configurations in Magnetochiral Nanotubes for Enhanced Spin-Wave Properties: Towards Energy-Efficient, High-Density 3D

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 7 Pages.

The development of energy-efficient, high-density three-dimensional (3D) magnonic devices has garnered significant interest due to their potential for revolutionizing information processing and storage technologies. Building upon recent findings on spin-wave modes in magnetochiral nanotubes with axial and circumferential magnetization, this study investigates the effects of tailored geometries and magnetic configurations on the spin-wave properties of these nanostructures.By employing advanced simulation techniques, experimental methods, and theoretical analysis, we explore the interplay between geometry, magnetization, and spin-wave dynamics in magnetochiral nanotubes. Our results reveal that specific combinations of geometrical parameters and magnetic configurations lead to enhanced spin-wave properties, paving the way for the design of novel 3D magnonic devices with improved performance and energy efficiency.Furthermore, we demonstrate the potential of these optimized magnetochiral nanotubes for various applications, including logic nanoelements and vertical through-chip vias in 3D magnonic device architectures. This study not only advances our understanding of spin-wave dynamics in magnetochiral nanotubes but also provides a foundation for the development of next-generation magnonic devices.
Category: Condensed Matter

14N Needles in the Haystack for Near Ambient Superconductivity: Possible 15N Depletion at Lower Temperatures and Pressures

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 17 Pages. The author realized the uniqueness of hydrogen as pressure dependent nonmetal and metal properties, so he revised the predicted isotope effect of 14N and 15N from his prior submission viXra:2303.0135 on March 21, 2023.

The author has previously noted the effects of stable isotopes having different nuclear magnetic moments on chemistry, catalysis, biochemistry, thermodynamics, optics, superconductivity and more [1]. In this controversy surrounding reported room temperature superconductivity at near ambient pressures by nitrogen doped lutetium hydride, the author hopes to convince and reason that the different synthesis conditions of the original work of Dias and coworkers [2] at low temperature, mild pressures, diamond anvil cell compression and prolong annealing may lead to selective doping of the lutetium hydride by 14N. The later attempted replication of Dias and coworkers by Hai-hu Wen and coworkers [3] may have caused different outcomes as Hai-hu Wen and coworkers appeared to try Dias work and then switched to a different synthetic method whereby Wen and coworkers instead applied high pressures and high temperatures to the reacting hydrogen, nitrogen and lutetium to produce a nitrogen doped lutetium hydride with similar lattice structure as the originally reported by Dias and coworkers [2] but lacking observed superconductivity and evidence of superconductivity by diamagnetism. The author here by his theory notes the possibility that the different later high pressure, high temperature synthesis by Wen and coworkers doped their sample with 15N rather than 14N as originally enriched in Dias’s sample. Thereby the author notes by his theory [1] that whereas 14N doped lutetium hydride manifests higher superconductivity due to its positive nuclear magnetic moment (NMM), the 15N doped lutetium hydride of Wen and coworker should not manifest superconductivity at the higher temperatures due to its positive NMM. Thereby the authors’ theory gives account of both Dias’ and Wen’s experiments.
Category: Condensed Matter

Mechanic-Electric Coupling in Metals

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 29 Pages.

In metal physics, the free electron model and the related Fermi-Dirac distribution was usually utilized to investigate multi-physical properties of metals. However, they neglected the important mechanic-electric coupling (MEC), and therefore some longstanding physical problems such as the positive Seebeck coefficients of some monovalent metals and the physical origin of charge density wave (CDW) gap may be difficult to solve. In the work, the MEC in metals was investigated. It was found that the MEC could not only monitor the sign of Seebeck coefficients of the monovalent metals but also give the physical origin of the CDW gap. In addition, the MEC may lead to a modified free electron model which could offer a simple way of interpreting the electron heat capacity and the Pauli magnetic susceptibility of the metals including the heavy fermion systems. Overall, the MEC may be important for the metals and it should be taken into account seriously for the investigation of the physical properties of the metals.
Category: Condensed Matter

15N Needles in the Haystack for Near Ambient Superconductivity: Possible 15N Enrichment at Lower Temperatures and Pressures

Authors: Reginald V. Little
Comments: 3 Pages. This manuscript is important to the community as it may give reasons for difficult replication of Dias and coworkers.

The author has previously noted the effects of stable isotopes having different nuclear magnetic moments on chemistry, catalysis, biochemistry, thermodynamics, optics, superconductivity and more [1]. In this controversy surrounding reported room temperature superconductivity at near ambient pressures by nitrogen doped lutetium hydride, the author hopes to convince and reason that the different synthesis conditions of the original work of Dias and coworkers [2] at low temperature, mild pressures, diamond anvil cell compression and prolong annealing may lead to selective doping of the lutetium hydride by 15N. The later attempted replication of Dias and coworkers by Hai-hu Wen and coworkers [3] may have caused different outcomes as Hai-hu Wen and coworkers appeared to try Dias work and then switched to a different synthetic method whereby Wen and coworkers instead applied high pressures and high temperatures to the reacting hydrogen, nitrogen and lutetium to produce a nitrogen doped lutetium hydride with similar lattice structure as the originally reported by Dias and coworkers [2] but lacking observed superconductivity and evidence of superconductivity by diamagnetism. The author here by his theory notes the possibility that the different later high pressure, high temperature synthesis by Wen and coworkers doped their sample with 14N rather than 15N as originally enriched in Dias’s sample. Thereby the author notes by his theory [1] that whereas 15N doped lutetium hydride manifests higher superconductivity due to its negative nuclear magnetic moment (NMM), the 14N doped lutetium hydride should not manifest superconductivity at the higher temperatures due to its positive NMM.
Category: Condensed Matter

Universality of Superconducting Transition Temperatures

Authors: Hans Peter Good
Comments: Pages.

It is hypothesized that superconducting transition temperatures are universal properties, which are amenable to a simple theoretical ansatz. The conjecture is supported by measured superconducting transition temperatures of many high quality samples. The experimental data contradict the mainstream view that an interaction between electrons and lattice vibrations is responsible for superconductivity.
Category: Condensed Matter

Report of Simulation Investigations (Part Iii): Structural Tendencies, a Growth of Half-Chaotic Open Networks

Authors: Andrzej Gecow
Comments: 81 Pages. In Polish. An English version is expected in a month.

Parts I and II of the Report concern research in autonomous networks of the basis for the statement that life evolves in half-chaos. This part III, the last, completes this research in open networks. The report is a documentation of research, but it was completed after two publications on the occurrence of half-chaos in growing networks and shielding tendencies, which contained a significant part of this information, so it is only mentioned here for completeness and slightly supplemented. The main topic here is the verification of already published structural tendencies, with a newer, much less simplified algorithm. Structural tendencies in the evolution of complex networks are the cause of the classic, though currently controversial due to the lack of a known explanation, regularities in the evolution of ontogenesis. The presented research confirms the earlier theses, although the current picture of these phenomena turns out to be much more complex and requires the indicated further research.
Category: Condensed Matter

Flat-Band Energy Analysis of the Temperature-Dependent Superconducting Gap for Hydrogenated Graphite Fibers Found from Nonlocal Electrical Conductance Experimental Data

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 5 Pages.

Experimental evidence of novel phenomena in hydrogenated graphite fibers is found. An indirect excitonic mechanism is likely leading to a SC state below the temperature Tc = 50 K, where the gap is divergent. Analysis of the gap within the framework provided by the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity shows that this is a multigap system. The energy gap data can be better explained within the framework of topologically protected flat bands applied to systems in which superconductivity occurs on the surface or at the internal interfaces of the samples. The temperature dependence of the SC gap is linear above 50 K. We use nonlocal differential conductance Gdiff(V) = dI(V)/dV experimental data to show clear evidence of topological phenomena such as interference of chiral asymmetric Andreev edge states and crossed Andreev conversion. Gdiff(V) has a negative part that results from the nonlocal coherence between electron and holes in the Andreev edge states. We conclude that hydrogenated graphite bears the marks of an unconventional high-temperature superconductor (HTSC).
Category: Condensed Matter

Understanding of MHE Power Generation Patterns by TSC Theory

Authors: Akito Takahashi, Masahiko Hasegawa, Yutaka Mori
Comments: 17 Pages.

The main MHE power generation pattern can be explained by the nuclear energy release of 4H/TSC WS fusion events at T-sites of Ni nano-cores by dynamic 4H cluster formation of 4 protons moved from O-sites under phonon excitations in GMPW (global mesoscopic potential well) of Ni-nano-islands. This is the major process of power (about 20W in our runs). In addition, minor excess power (about 4 W) is considered being continuously released by 4H/TSC WS fusion events at SNHs (sub-nano-holes) on surfaces of Ni-nano-cores. This minor process remains after H/Ni ratio is saturated. We found a method of MHE power re-activation by the RCV (reaction chamber valve) close-to-open method after H/Ni loading ratio becomes nearer to saturation. When RCV is opened, pulse thermal power generation happens by 4H/TSC WS fusions at SNHs, which induces H-gas desorption-burst from T-sites of Ni-nano-cores. This trigger event produces empty T-sites in Ni-nano-cores and slow H-loading to T-sites restarts with relatively large generation of 4H/TSC WS fusion power (10-15 W) for considerably long time (about one day in our trigger-trial runs). This re-activation/trigger process can be repeated in-situ. We succeeded to trigger more than ten times.Prediction by the TSC theory seems working very well. Some brief historical aspects of "cold fusion" or MHE research evolution are of portion in Introduction.
Category: Condensed Matter

Lead-Free High-Temperature Dielectrics in the Bi0.5na0.5tio3-Batio3 and Bi0.5na0.5tio3-Batio3-K0.5na0.5nbo3 Systems

Authors: Matias Acosta
Comments: 106 Pages.

The motivation guidelines for the development of new high-temperature wide operational range dielectrics are given. Afterwards, the fundamental physics of dielectricity are described, followed by a brief general description of ferroelectricity and piezoelectricity. Moreover, the material detailed requirements for high-temperature dielectrics are given and a literature review of materials with suitable properties for high-temperature capacitors is presented. Regarding the experimental part, lead-free high-temperature dielectrics in the Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3 and Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3-BaTiO3-K0.5Na0.5NbO3 systems doped with different concentrations of CaZrO3 were synthesized. Their structural, microstructural and electrical properties were characterized.
Category: Condensed Matter

Electronic Structure and Magnetic Properties of Cr-doped ZnO

Authors: Nedya Farisia, Rosari Saleh
Comments: 11 Pages.

Within the framework of Density Functional Theory (DFT) we have studied the electronic and the magnetic properties of wurtzite ZnO doped with transition-metal Cr in the presence of some defects (Vo, H, VoH). The spectrum of band structure, density of states (DOS) and projected density of states (PDOS), and spin-density distribution in this system were investigated. The results of investigation shows that the existence of Vo in ZnO:Cr could stabilize ferromagnetic state of the system, due to the large magnetization and density of states at Fermi level. While, the existence of H introduce donor in ZnO:Cr but just polarized above Fermi level so there is no much change observed in its magnetic properties. And as for the existence of VoH in ZnO:Cr, it turn out able to show the half-metallic properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

Modified Cattaneo-Vernotte Equation for Heat Transfer in Solids

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose a modified Cattaneo-Vernotte relation between heat flux and temperature gradient, which leads to a second-order equation describing the evolution of temperature in solids with finite rate of propagation. A comparison of the temperature field spreading in the framework of Fourier, Cattaneo-Vernotte (CV) and modified Cattaneo-Vernotte (MCV) equations is discussed. The comparative analysis of MCV and Fourier solutions is carried out on the example of simple problem of plate cooling.
Category: Condensed Matter

Bose-Einstein Condensate a With a Defocusing Nonlinearity in the Potential X^2 + Mx^3

Authors: X. N. Ismatullaev
Comments: 2 Pages.

Eigenfrequencies are found for oscillations of the width and center of mass of the Bose Einstein condensate in an anharmonic potential.
Category: Condensed Matter

Bose-Einstein Condensate With Repulsive Interatomic Interaction in an Anharmonic Trap X^4

Authors: X. N. Ismatullaev
Comments: 2 Pages.

An ansatz for the Bose-Einstein condensate in an external potential of the form x 4 is proposed . The ansatz was chosen by numerical comparison of the stationary wave packet with different ansatz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Dynamics of a Dissipative Bose Einstein Condensate in the External Parabolic Potential

Authors: K. H. Ismatullaev
Comments: 2 Pages.

Using the variational approximation, it is shown that in a dissipative condensate, the width fluctuations and the motion of the center of mass are related in the case of an external parabolic potential.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Radiation of RLC Circuit with the Longitudinal Capacitor

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Orignal Article

The RLC circuit is generalized in such a way that the capacitor has longitudinal form and the components are all in series with the voltage source . The medium in capacitor is dielectric with the index of refraction n. The change of the amount of charges on the left and right sideof the capacitor generate in medium special radiation which is not the Cerenkov radiation, no the Ginzburg transition radiation but the originalradiation which must be confirmed in laboratories.We have calculated the spectral form of the radiation. It depends on the dielectric constant n of the capacitor medium. The defect in medium is involved in the spectral form and can be compared with the original medium. Such comparison is the analog of the Heyrovsky-Ilkovic procedure in the electro-chemistry (Heyrovsky et al., 1965).
Category: Condensed Matter

Photonic Crystals for Hyper-Raman Technique to Fast Diagnose of COVID-19 Even in Traces and to Break Down Coronavirus Activity Through a Destroying Natural Oscillations of SARS-CoV-2 Ribonucleic Acid

Authors: Dongxue Bi, Vladimir Filatov, Anna Karadzic, Mengyuan Wu
Comments: 7 Pages. The material was reported at AMSE/ICKEM-2022 (2022 March 18-20, Udine, Italy).

The dynamics of COVID-19 cases in Europe shows a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is able to photoactivate by a natural solar radiation. This means, there are optical-sensitive modes in a spectrum of natural oscillations of the RNA. This paper analyses the dynamics of RNA optical electrons to determine spectral location of the optical-active modes. To do it, we perform the model-independent estimation (what is correct for all varieties of SARS-CoV-2, both known and new ones) as well as model-dependent simulation reveal the location of RNA optical-active modes at several GHz. This allows to use Raman scattering to detect the presence of COVID particles in the ambient air or in a patient saliva sample for fast diagnosis the infection. To enhance Raman signal, we propose to use the photonic crystal as an active Raman substrate. This way, the giant density of optical Tamm states at photonic crystal bandgap edges can be used to resonantly amplify the local (near surface) electromagnetic field to detect a presence of SARS-CoV-2 virions even in traces. This photonic crystal scheme allows to make a portable test device to not only express-diagnose COVID-19 with an ultimate precision, but also to destroy natural oscillations of coronavirus RNA and break down virus activity. This makes possible to kill the virus inside a human body by an optical way.
Category: Condensed Matter

Experimental Verification of the BCS Theory of Superconductivity by Using Persistent Supercurrents

Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 1 Page.

According to the BCS theory of superconductivity, the superfluid density must decrease with increasing temperature; a simple experiment with persistent supercurrents in temperature cycles may confirm (or deny) this BCS prediction.
Category: Condensed Matter

Zeta-Pade SRWS Theory with Lowest Order Approximation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 7 Pages.

In my previous preprint about SRWS-zeta theory (viXra:2205.014), I proposed an approximation of rough averaged summation of typical critical Green function for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I remove a rough approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Green function by replacing summation with integral. Pade approximant is used to take a summation. The perturbation series of the critical exponent nu of localization length from upper critical dimension is obtained. The dimensional dependence of the critical exponent is again directly related with Riemann zeta function. Degree of freedom about lower critical exponent improve estimate compared with previous studies. When I fix lower critical dimension equal to two, I obtained similar estimate of the critical exponent compared with fitting curve estimate of the critical exponent (E.Tarquini et al. 2017,Phys Rev B 95: 094204).
Category: Condensed Matter

Self-consistent Hydrodynamic Model of Electron Vortex Fluid in Metals

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose a system of self-consistent equations for electron fluid in metal, which describes vortex flows and frozen-in internal electromagnetic field. It is shown that in case of ideal fluid the proposed model describes the electrodynamics of superconductor, and in vortex-less case it leads to the well known London equations. However, the speed of fluctuations propagation is equal to the speed of electron sound, and not the speed of light, which is more adequate from a physical point of view. The normal metal is described by similar equations, but taking into account damping processes. The main peculiarities of the proposed equations are illustrated with the analysis of electron sound waves.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Influence of Ultra-dispersion Particles on Electron Density in SOFC Materials.

Authors: N. M. Kirjukhin, J. N. Kleschev, A. V. Sagalovich, V. V. Sagalovich
Comments: 7 Pages.

Further progress in industrial electrochemical generators' designs utilising SOFC considerably depends on problem of obtaining fuel cell materials with predefined properties [1,2]. Due to this fact, considerable efforts of designers are directed on creation of optimum composition «anode-electrolyte-cathode», and on microconstruction of SOFC materials (selection of phase and element composition, defect structure formation, etc.). In the second problem nanocomposite systems having unique properties are of greatest interest [3]. Utilising of such materials as solid electrolyte may allow significantly improve cell's parameters, in particular, increase ionic conductivity [4,5].However mechanisms leading to this effect were not determined singly. In this article the influence of nanoparticles ensemble with work of exit that different from the rest of the matrixon the change of electron density in SOFC materials have been examined theoretically. The calculations of concentration distribution of free carriers around single particle and for microparticles ensemble were fulfilled. Inconclusion possible directions of forming of nanostructures conformably to SOFC materials discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter

Nanocomposites and Semiconductor Devices Based on Recycled Radioactive Waste

Authors: Valeriy Kizka
Comments: 8 Pages. doi:10.20944/preprints202207.0188.v1

The article provides an overview of nanocomposites and microelectronic elements used in space electronics and radiation control systems of nuclear reactors. Only those nanocomposites and microelectronic elements are taken into account that improve their characteristics in radiation fields or remain indifferent when exposed to ionizing radiation. Considering the chemical composition of the materials of these nanocomposites and microelectronic elements, it is analyzed from which radioactive materials (RM) obtained by recycling radioactive waste (RW) such composites and microelectronic parts can be made. Thus, an alternative way of radioactive waste disposal is proposed, when these wastes are used in the form of microelectronic elements designed to operate under conditions of cosmic radiation.
Category: Condensed Matter

Deposition of the Stoichiometric Coatings by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Authors: A. Sagalovich, S. Dudnik, V. Sagalovych
Comments: 10 Pages.

The investigations of the reactive magnetron depositing of the stoichiometric coatings "metal-metalloid" were done. The dependences between sputtering parameters of a target and processes of plasmo-chemical formation on the surface of sample "metal-metalloid" and formations of coatings of the appropriate structure were investigated. Experimental data on stoichiometric coatings AlN, Al2 O3 , TiN, TiO2 is given. Features of reactive magnetron deposition and investigation results for obtaining of coatings with pregiven properties in particular for providing stability and controllability of coating deposition processes in time.
Category: Condensed Matter

Unified Microscopic Mechanism of Superconductivity

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 14 Pages.

Based on real-space localized proton-electron electromagnetic coupling, it is found that there is a unified pairing, coherent and condensatemechanism of superconductivity for all materials. We demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields are intrinsically relevant: an isolated proton or electron creates an electric field, while a proton-electron pair creates a magnetic field. These findings provide new insights into the nature of electron spin, Dirac's magnetic monopoles, and the symmetry of Maxwell's equations. We point out that the superconductingcurrent is the displacement current defined by Maxwell's equation and has nothing to do with the Cooper-pairs. Furthermore, we argue that the electric dipole vector of the proton-electron pair plays the role of the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter in the superconducting phase transition. Under the new theoretical framework, the Meissnereffect, the London penetration depth, flux neutralization, vortex lattice, vortex dynamics, and other superconducting phenomena can be consistently explained.
Category: Condensed Matter

Combinatorial Twelvefold Way, Statistical Mechanics and Inclusion Hypothesis

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 4 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

There are three different ways of counting microstates for indistinguishable particles and distinguishable energy levels. Two of them correspond to Bosons and Fermions (and anyons, which interpolate between the two), but the third one, which is not considered so far, is when we require a `dual' of the Exclusion Principle to hold: in each energy level (state) there must exist at least one particle. I call this `the Inclusion Hypothesis' and propose the statistics as a possibility of existence of a third kind of particles.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fine-Structure Constant from the Madelung Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this short work we will study the simple and absolutely accurate expression for the fine-structure constant with the madelung constant b2(2). Also we will present the continued fraction for the fine-structure constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Complex Nonlinear Optics: Theoretical Characterization Of 2-Photon Resonance Non-Centrosymmetric Matter

Authors: Peter Krampl
Comments: 309 Pages.

The aim of the present work is an analytical and numerical investigation of non-centrosymmetric matter in interaction with multichromatic photon fields. The work is structured as follows: Chapter 1 recapitulates the methods and models used in this work to describe higher harmonics in non-centrosymmetric matter, which reflects the current state of research. In Chapter 2, the Hamiltonian structure of non-centro-symmetrically bound electrons in the non-linear potential is explored, the results of which are important for understanding the following, especially for understanding the frequency-dependent amplitude. In chapters 3 to 6 different phenomena of the physics of condensed hard matter are analyzed. Each of these chapters can be read independently of the others and each begins with a detailed introduction to the respective problem. In Chapters 3 and 4, this is the question of the exact classical mechanism for the nonlinear electron response in the time and Fourier domain. New results for nonlinearly activated and detuned systems are presented. Until now little was known apart from the simplest model of this kind, in the linear approximation. In particular, the changes with increasing non-linearity for arbitrary orders of the harmonics and subharmonics are investigated. In the following chapter 5, new results for the macroscopic optical response tensors are obtained with these findings, whereby chapter 6 concludes the work with the consideration of the collective behavior of non-centrosymmetrically bound electrons in the "Simplified bond-hyperpolarizability model" (SBHM).
Category: Condensed Matter

Theoretical Photonics: Komplex Nonlinear Damping Signature and Nonlinear Spectral Response Singularities Based on 3 Colors Stimulation of Centrosymmetric Matter - New Solutions of Cubic Nonlinear Optical Equation in Very High Order

Authors: Peter Krampl
Comments: 15 Pages.

In this paper, a new nonlinear spectrum formulation is presented, which predicts the real behavior of the multiphoton interaction with centrosymmetric matter Z.S. for the extremely nonlinear regime. In addition, it will be shown how this underlying nonlinear optical multiphoton differential equation describing the nonlinear dynamics in the time and Fourier domain can be solved exactly for harmonics of odd order. In this complete approach, the real damping behavior of Z. S. matter is also examined. It could be shown that the real damping behavior in the Z. S. volume material is of a purely non-linear nature. With this complete set of nonlinear solutions obtained, optical response tensors such as nonlinear susceptibility can now be predicted even more precisely. In addition, multiple interference effects were identified, which significantly distort the spectra and knowledge of which is essential to improve the spectra.
Category: Condensed Matter

Zeta-Pad'e SRWS Theory with High Dimensional Approximation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 6 Pages.

In my previous paper about Statistical Random Walk Summation(SRWS) theory[1], I proposed a new expansion of typical critical Green function for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I perform an approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Green function. Pad'e approximant is used to take a summation. The perturbation series of the critical exponent nu of localization length from upper critical dimension is obtained. The dimensional dependence of the critical exponent is directly related with Riemann zeta function. Thus, the number theory and the critical phenomena of the Anderson transition is connected. Therefore I call this method as zeta-Pad'e SRWS theory. Existence of lower critical dimension is understood as the infinite existence of prime numbers. Besides it, analogy with statistical mechanics also becomes clear.
Category: Condensed Matter

Along the Side of the Onsager's Solution, the Ekagi Language-Part Three

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 9 Pages.

We continue to consult the Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool. In this short note, we remove all the multiple countings of an entry in a letter's section which have gone in in the companion paper "Along the side of the Onsager's solution, the Ekagi language; viXra: 2205.0065[Condensed Matter]". We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, denoted as f, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, denoted as k. We find that $\frac{lnf}{lnf_{max}}$ vs $\frac{lnk}{lnk_{lim}}$ is matched by the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature of the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of the external magnetic field
Category: Condensed Matter

A Method for Studying the Anderson Transition in the Orthogonal Symmetry Class Employing a Random Walk Expansion, the Statistics of Asymptotic Walks and Summation Method

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 18 Pages.

I propose a method to study the Anderson transition in the orthogonal symmetry class. This method employs a virtual lattice characterised by an arbitrary spectral dimension instead of a concrete lattice with a given integer or fractal dimension. This method makes it possible to simulate numerically infinite size system on a computer. Moreover, the computational complexity does not increase exponentially as the dimensionality increases. Thus, we can avoid the curse of dimensionality. Also, we can estimate the critical exponent numerically without resorting to the finite size scaling method often used in previous numerical studies of critical phenomena.
Category: Condensed Matter

Along the Side of the Onsager's Solution, the Ekagi Language

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: thirteen page plus supplementary materials

We continue to consult the Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool. Here we count all the Ekagi entries initiating with a letter. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the entries underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Distribution of Leptons by Van Der Waals Radius in Exobiological Nanomolecules

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Abhijit Mitra, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde
Comments: 4 Pages.

The focus of the work deals with the analysis of the action sites of four exobiological nanomolecules, determined by the distribution of electrical charges around the nanomolecules atoms called: ASi, CSi, GSi and TSi. The Van der Waals radius distribution calculations have been determined via ab initio Hartree-Fock methods, Unrestricted and Restrict (UHF and RHF) in the set of basis used Effective Core Potential (ECP) minimal basis, and CC-pVTZ (Correlation-consistent valenceonly basis sets triple-zeta). The study has so far been limited to computational ab initio methods. The results are compatible with the theory of quantum chemistry, but their comprovation experimental verification depend on advanced techniques for their synthesis, obtaining in laboratory for experimental biochemical.
Category: Condensed Matter

Explicit Approximate Formula for the Critical Exponent in Orthogonal Class using the Multi-points Summation Method

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 6 Pages.

I suggest a new explicit formula for dimensional dependence of the critical exponent of the Anderson transition considering high dimensional asymptotic behavior and using the multi-points summation method. Asymptotic expansion at infinite dimension is estimated from numerical data. Combining known asymptotic series at two dimension and infinite dimension using the multi-points summation method, I obtained useful approximation formula for the critical exponent in the Orthogonal class.
Category: Condensed Matter

Magnetism and Superconductivity in Hydrogenated Graphite Foils

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 19 Pages.

Unique to certain unconventional superconductors is the coexistence of mag- netism and superconductivity. We have recently found ferromagnetism and superconductivity in hydrogenated graphitic materials (1). Herein we present similar findings for hydrogenated graphite foils. As the strength of the mag- netic field is increased, the temperature-dependent magnetization shows sev- eral important transitions: from a N´eel paramagnetic-antiferromagnetic tran- sition, to a ferromagnetic superconductor state, to an orbital paramagnetic glass high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature Tc ∼ 50−60 K. Thus, the magnetism of hydrogenated low-density carbon graphite foils plays an important role in establishing high-temperature electronic corre- lations. The ferromagnetic superconducting state is observed up to room temperature, proving that spin-orbit coupling and strong electron-electron correlations are both leading to high-temperature superconductivity in these materials.
Category: Condensed Matter

Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool and the Onsager's Solution

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages.

We consult Ekagi-Dutch-English-Indonesian Dictionary by J. Steltenpool. Here we count all the Ekagi head words initiating with a letter. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Quantum Effects in Graphitic Materials: Colossal Magnetoresistance, Andreev Reflections, Ferromagnetism, and Granular Superconductivity

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Benjamin T. Pierce, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Unlike the more common local conductance spectroscopy, nonlocal conductance can differentiate between nontopological zero-energy modes localized around inhomogeneities, and true Majorana edge modes in the topological phase. In particular, negative nonlocal conductance is dominated by the crossed Andreev reflection. Fundamentally, the effect reflects the system’s topology. In graphene, the Andreev reflection and the inter-band Klein tunneling couple electronlike and hole-like states through the action of either a superconducting pair potential or an electrostatic potential. We are here probing quantum phenomena in modified graphitic samples. Four-point contact transport measurements at cryogenic to room temperatures were conducted using a Quantum Design Physical Property Measurement System. The observed negative nonlocal differential conductance Gdiff probes the Andreev reflection at the walls of the superconducting grains coupled by Josephson effect through the semiconducting matrix. In addition, Gdiff shows the butterfly shape that is characteristic to resistive random-access memory devices. In a magnetic field, the Andreev reflection counters the effect of the otherwise lowered conduction. At low temperatures, the magnetoresistance shows irreversible yet strong giant oscillations that are known to be quantum in nature. In addition, we have found evidence for seemingly granular superconductivity. Thus, graphitic materials show potential for quantum electronics applications, including rectification and topological states.
Category: Condensed Matter

Update on the Method Using Nonlocal/noncontact Differential Conductance Experimental Data for Direct Probing Andreev Reflections and for Extracting the Superconducting Gap

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In our previous work, high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC) was probed for the first time by using electrical differential conductance Gdiff(V) = dI/dV data as obtained from current-voltage V(I) measurements on a hydrogenated graphitic fiber [1]. While our nonlocal method for finding the superconducting (SC) gap was recently applied to a conventional SC (Pb [2]), the nonlocal Gdiff method was first proposed in [1]. Herein, we are bringing forth an update on the topic.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Method for Thermoelectric Figure of Merit Reaching 100 or Higher

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 18 Pages.

Since several decades, many efforts have been made all over the world to achieve the highly efficient conversion from low-grade thermal energy into electrical energy and the conversion efficiency is usually described by Thermoelectric Figure of Merit, i.e., ZT coefficient. However, the highest ZT coefficient have not reached 4 in spite of worldwide scientific researches for many years. In this work, a method for reaching an unprecedented ZT coefficient was proposed by utilizing phase-transition induced sudden change of electric potential for the oxidation-reduction couple at an electrode material in a thermogalvanic cell (TGCs). It was found that such TGCs could exhibit ZT coefficient of the order 100 and even higher, and this new type of thermogalvanic cell was named phase-transition thermogalvanic cell (PT-TGCs). By optimizing the experimental design, the PT-TGCs may convert waste heat into electrical power more effectively and would be applied in various areas in the future.
Category: Condensed Matter

Cooper-Pair Breaking

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 6 Pages.

Theoretical results obtained in this paper are perfectly consistent with the experimental data presented by Mannila, et al. (2021). We described the origin of three new formulae for the normalized number density of quasiparticles, relaxation times of bursts, and statistical distribution of the broken Cooper pairs per burst. We show that the Cooper-pair breaking is due to the nuclear weak interactions of the spacetime condensates created in the core of nucleons.
Category: Condensed Matter

Constitution of a Molecular Structure that Hardly Generates a Non-Free Electron Orbital Region is Effective for the Creation of Superconductors with Higher Tc

Authors: Kazuo Abe
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the present study, we started from the idea that the essence of the electrical resistance is that the lattice vibration generates non-free electron orbital regions, which induces scattering of free electrons. This consideration has led to the conclusion that the establishment of molecular structures that hardly form non-free electron orbital regions is effective for the creation of superconductors with higher superconducting transition temperature (Tc).
Category: Condensed Matter

The Three Phonon Fields in Superconductors

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) shows that the internal dynamics of the core of proton leads to superconductivity. The first, second and third phonon fields are created due to the electroweak interactions of the oscillation masses, radiation masses and masses of the electron-positron pairs, respectively. The composite phonons (they are the entangled spacetime condensates) are responsible for creation of both the spin-0 Cooper pairs and boson condensate composed of the Cooper pairs. We calculated that at atmospheric pressure, critical temperature of the Type II superconductors can be from 4.4 K up to 148 K. We calculated also that at extreme pressure, for relative volume equal to 0.67, critical temperature is 304 K. We show that it is impossible to make a material that is a superconductor at room-temperature and atmospheric pressure.
Category: Condensed Matter

An Arabic Dictionary: "Al-Mujam al-W\'{a}fi" Or, "Adhunik Arabi-Bangla Abhidhan" and the Onsager's Solution Second Part

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: forty five pages of supplementary materials attached

We continue to consult an Arabic dictionary: "al-Mujam al-w\'{a}fi" or, "adhunik arabi-bangla abhidhan" by Dr. M. Fazlur Rahman. Here we count all the words initiating with a letter, including plural, feminine gender and appearing in other letters' sections. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Reasons for the Deceleration of Photons in Matter from the Standpoint of the Theory of the Elastic Universe (Hypothesis)

Authors: Alexander Dubinyansky, Pavel Churlyaev
Comments: 2 Pages. dubinyansky@mail.ru; http://universe100.narod.ru/

The reasons for the slowing down of light in matter are stated from the standpoint of the theory of the Elastic Universe.
Category: Condensed Matter

Tangential Electrostatic Field at Metal Surfaces

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 56 Pages.

As is well-known for more than a hundred years, when electrostatic equilibrium is reached, the electrostatic field outside a metal is always perpendicular to the metal surface and there is no component parallel to the metal surface. However, unexpectedly, in this work the electrostatic field parallel to metal surface, i.e., the tangential electrostatic field (TEF) at metal surface, may be discovered by means of mechanical-electric coupling which may originate from the strain dependent of Fermi surface energy (FSE) in metals. Further investigations indicates that the TEF at metal surface may give birth to interesting physical effects such as TEF causing variations for photoelectron emission spectroscopy, TEF-induced redistribution of minority atoms, TEF-induced Reshba effect and so on. Moreover, an electron double-dipole resonance (EDDR) mechanism may be uncovered based on the electrostatic field at the surfaces of metal nanoparticles. To one’s surprise, using EDDR a simple unified model might be constructed for the longstanding problem in physics and chemistry, i.e, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). And this unified model could provide satisfactory explanations for the main experimental phenomena on SERS. In a word, the newly unraveled TEF at metal surface in this work may enable people to re-understand the metal surface in electrostatic field and explore subsequent important mechanical, physical and chemical effects in various areas.
Category: Condensed Matter

New Fractal Framework for Material Science and Engineering

Authors: A. D. Izotov, V. O. Izotova, F. I. Mavrikidi
Comments: 17 Pages.

In present paper we accept the dynamic nature of fractal geometry as the equipoise of two universal formative processes, which are generated by two classes of forces in nature - forces of attraction, convergence and repulsion, divergence. This allows to introduce the divisibility of matter as a new degree of freedom in creating materials with desired bulk properties. It is shown, that this step connects previously disparate mathematical branches, as counterparts of fractals, into synthetic theory of matter. In the last section, a hypothesis about continuation of model to mathematical extent of Periodic Law, restricted by interpretation of nature of quantum numbers, is described. All mathematical structures are considered in parallel to basic notions of materials science.
Category: Condensed Matter

Infrared Spectroscopy of the Two Esters from 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-Oxepine Derivatives, New Nano Molecules

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Abhijit Mitra, Marcela Rosas Nexticapa, Maria López Ramos, Maria Virginia del Socorro Mateu Armad, Magdalena Alvarez Ramirez, Francisco Díaz Cedillo, Ibtihal Kadhim Kareem Dosh
Comments: 4 Pages.

The work focused on determining the Infrared spectroscopy (IRS) of the two compounds calculated are from two esters (compounds C1 and C2) from 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-oxepine derivatives, here called C1 and C2. The IRS was obtained via computational methods ab initio Restricted Hartree-Fock. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF, followed by PM3, RHF/EPR-II and RHF/STO-6G, thus obtaining a stable structure, in STP. The molecule was obtained, whose composition is C: 81.7%; H: 7.1%; N: 3.4%; O: 7.8%, 411.53536 g, and molecular formula: C28H29NO2 for C1 and C: 70.6%; H: 7.4%; N: 10.3%; O: 11.7%, 544.68439 g, and molecular formula: C32H40N4O4. The highest vibrational absorbance frequency peaks for the C1 and C2 molecule are found at the frequency of 1793.58 cm-1, 1867.14 cm-1 and 1956.39 cm-1, for C1 and 1368.99 cm-1, 1409.43 cm-1 and 1790.47 cm-1, for C2, respectively. Limitations our study has so far been limited to computational simulation via quantum mechanics (QM) an applied theory. Our results and calculations are compatible with the theory of QM.
Category: Condensed Matter

An Arabic Dictionary: "Al-Mujam al-W\'{a}fi" Or, "Adhunik Arabi-Bangla Abhidhan" and the Onsager's Solution

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 18 Pages.

We consult an Arabic dictionary: "al-Mujam al-w\'{a}fi" or, "adhunik arabi-bangla abhidhan" by Dr. M. Fazlur Rahman. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the words underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of reduced magnetisation vs reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of two dimensional Ising model in the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter

Feynman Diagrams to Explain Superconductivity in Ybco

Authors: Valeriy Kizka
Comments: 6 Pages. 4 Figures. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.33254.96329

Using the Feynman diagrams, I tried to explain the existence of a pseudogap in YBCO and why below the critical temperature, the YBCO sample has zero resistivity, but a finite value of the superconducting current flowing through the sample.
Category: Condensed Matter

Elliptic Equations of Heat Transfer and Diffusion in Solids

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose an alternative system of equations for the heat transfer and diffusion in solids, which leads to the second-order elliptical equations describing evolution of temperature and concentration fields with finite rate of propagation. The comparison of heat and mass transfer within the frames of parabolic and elliptic equations are discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter

1H NMR Spectroscopy of the New Xalapa Molecule

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Lauro Figueroa Valverde, Abhijit Mitra, Marcela Rosas Nexticapa, Maria López Ramos, Maria Virginia del Socorro Mateu Armad, Magdalena Alvarez Ramirez, Francisco Díaz Cedillo
Comments: 6 Pages.

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to 1H within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules. The work focused on determining the 1H NMR spectrum of the molecule here called Xalapa, in homage of the city of Xalapa, the capital city of the Mexican state of Veracruz and the name of the surrounding municipality. The 1H NMR spectrum was obtained via computational methods ab initio Restricted Hartree-Fock. Optimization of molecular structure via UFF, followed by PM3, RHF/EPR-II and RHF/STO-6G, thus obtaining a stable structure, in STP, NMR via the GIAO(Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital) method. The IUPAC name of the molecule was obtained, whose composition is C: 81.7%; H: 7.1%; N: 3.4%; O: 7.8%, formula weight: 411.53536 g, and molecular formula: C28H29NO2. Limitations our study has so far been limited to computational simulation via quantum mechanics (QM) an applied theory. Our results and calculations are compatible with the theory of QM, but their physical experimental verification depends on experimental data that should be laboratory for experimental biochemical.
Category: Condensed Matter

Superconducting-Like and Magnetic Transitions in Oxygen-Implanted Diamond-Like and Amorphous Carbon Films, and in Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, John P. Murphy, Benjamin T. Pierce, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: Pages.

In our previously published work, we have reported colossal magnetoresistance, Andreev oscillations, ferromagnetism, and granular superconductivity in oxygen-implanted carbon fibers, graphite foils, and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). In this follow-up research, more results on these oxygen-implanted graphite samples are presented. We show results from transport measurements on oxygen-implanted diamond-like carbon thin coatings, amorphous carbon films, and HOPG. Significantly, a three-order magnitude drop in the electrical resistance of the oxygen-implanted diamond-like carbon films is observed at the 50 K temperature that we have previously reported for the transition to the superconducting state. Below 50 K, the films' resistance oscillates between the high and low resistance states, less when the sample is under a transverse magnetic field. This metastability between the insulating and superconducting-like states possibly reflects the evolution of the amplitude for the superconducting order parameter also known as the longitudinal Higgs mode. Transitions to low resistance state and metastability are also observed for amorphous carbon films. Finally, the HOPG samples’ resistance have a thermally activated term that can be understood on the basis of the Langer–Ambegaokar–McCumber–Halperin model applied to narrow SC channels in which thermal fluctuations can cause phase slips. We also find that in oxygen-implanted carbon materials, the electron charge and spin correlations do not compete and their interplay rather facilitates the emergence of high-temperature superconductivity, and thus, additional unexpected effects like Heisenberg spin waves and magneto-structural transitions are observed.
Category: Condensed Matter

Positive Nuclear Magnetic Moments Driving Ferrochemical Cycles of Life: Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Neutrons Altering Biochemistry for Disease

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 10 Pages.

A new detailed theory is developed for how isotopes of nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) provide nuclear pressures for hidden stimulations for driving transportations locally for agitations; for transformations for chemical, catalytic and enzymatic activities; for thermodynamics for novel energetic, equilibrium and entropic redistributions; and for transmutations reversibly and fractionally. Such are basis for normal life activities by positive NMMs of 1H, 14N and 31P and other less abundant NMMs from stable isotopes of other elements as in vital minerals: 25Mg, 63Cu, 65Cu, 64Zn, 66Zn, 67Zn, 68Zn, 57Fe, 43Ca, 23Na, 55Mn, 95Mo, 97Mo, 53Cr, 77Se, 19F, 39K, 40K and 41K and others. Where bolds have negative NMMs, boldless have positive NMMs, and italics have 100% or nearly compositional 100% relative abundances. On the basis of such more details are added for aging of living organisms as isotopes redistribute in biomolecules for clumping into specific chemical bonds on nanoscales and possibly gradual to cataclysmic enrichments in nano-domains of uncommon isotopes of 13C, 15N, 17O, 25Mg, and 33S for altering the nuclear pressures for dissipative cycles of 1H, 14N, and 31P for causing aging and disease. The passage of these isotopes are considered during cellular replications. The catalytic prominent role of 17O for aging and cancer is demonstrated. The basis for accelerated enrichment by external electromagnetic waves and static magnetic fields and electric fields is developed. The stronger property shift by greater altering electrons is reasoned by multiple cataclysmic fractional, reversible fissing and fusing. Distinct effects of nanodomains of all positive NMMs, all negative NMMs, homogeneous mix of positive and negative NMMs, and heterogeneous mix of positive and negative NMMs are developed. The contributions of these different stable isotopes by their NMMs to normal logistics and cancer logistics are developed. The differing impacts of these stable isotopes are reasoned based on their electronic states and the change in NMMs by replacing common primordial isotopes by uncommon nonprimordial isotopes.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Dictionary of Modern Italian, the Graphical law and Dictionary of Law and Administration, 2000, National Law Development Foundation

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 25 Pages.

We study A Dictionary of Modern Italian by John Purves. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field, $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant. Moreover, we compare the Italian language with other Romance languages. These are the Spanish, the Basque and the Romanian languages respectively. On the top of it, we compare A Dictionary of Modern Italian with Dictionary of Law and Administration, 2000, by National Law Development Foundation. We find a tantalizing similarity between the Modern Italian and the jargon of law and administartion.
Category: Condensed Matter

Material-Structure Integrated Design for Ultra-Broadband Microwave Metamaterial Absorber

Authors: Mengyue Peng, Faxiang Qin, Liping Zhou, Huijie Wei, Zihao Zhu, Xiaopeng Shen
Comments: 26 Pages.

We propose herein a method of material-structure integrated design for broadband absorption of dielectric metamaterial, which is achieved by combination of genetic algorithm and simulation platform. A multi-layered metamaterial absorber with an ultra-broadband absorption from 5.3 to 18 GHz (a relative bandwidth of as high as 109%) is realized numerically and experimentally. In addition, simulated results demonstrate the proposed metamaterial exhibits good incident angle and polarization tolerance, which also are significant criteria for practical applications. By investigating the working principle with theoretical calculation and numerical simulation, it can be found that merging of multiple resonance modes encompassing quarter-wavelength interference cancellation, spoof surface plasmon polariton mode, dielectric resonance mode and grating mode is responsible for a remarkable ultra-broadband absorption. Analysis of respective contribution of material and structure indicates that either of them plays an indispensable role in activating different resonance modes, and symphony of material and structure is essential to afford desirable target performance. The material-structure integrated design philosophy highlights the superiority of coupling material and structure and provides an effective comprehensive optimization strategy for dielectric metamaterials.
Category: Condensed Matter

A New Design for the Gravelectric Generator

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 5 Pages.

In a previous paper, we have proposed a system called Gravelectric Generator to convert Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy [1]. Here we show a new design for the Gravelectric Generator. This system can have individual outputs powers of several tens of kW. It is easy to be built, and can easily be transported.
Category: Condensed Matter

In Remembrance of Ortwin Schirmer: the Polaron Professor. Research in BaTiO3.

Authors: Thomas Kool
Comments: 3 pages

This review article is a personal account of my meetings with Ortwin Schirmer and the common research we had in BaTiO3.
Category: Condensed Matter

Anomalous Tracer Diffusion in Hard-Sphere Suspensions

Authors: Stephen Peppin
Comments: 16 Pages.

Coupled equations describing diffusion and cross-diffusion of tracer particles in hard-sphere suspensions are derived and solved numerically. In concentrated systems with strong excluded volume and viscous interactions the tracer motion is subdiffusive. Cross diffusion generates transient perturbations to the host-particle matrix, which affect the motion of the tracer particles leading to nonlinear mean squared displacements. Above a critical host-matrix concentration the tracers experience clustering and uphill diffusion, moving in opposition to their own concentration gradient. A linear stability analysis indicates that cross diffusion can lead to unstable concentration fluctuations in the suspension. The instability is a potential mechanism for the appearance of dynamic and structural heterogeneity in suspensions near the glass transition.
Category: Condensed Matter

Ungerade Parity, Balanced Positive and Negative Nuclear Magnetic Moments for Above Room Temperature Superconductivity

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 7 Pages. The author demonstrates the role of ungerade orbital parity for contributing to superconductivity.

The mystery of superconductivity has intrigued scientists for 110 years now. The author in 2014 specifically predicted the superconductivity in carbon, sulfur and hydrogen compounds [1] and generally predicted carbonaceous, hydrogeneous and sulfurous compounds in 2005 [2] with reference to scattering to asymmetric orbital motions and associated spin and orbital exchanges between nuclei and electrons. The emphasis was in 2005 upon stronger electron and nuclear interactions and electron phonon effects. But here the author develops more the ungerade parity of the p and f orbitals and their contributions to the superconductivity at lower pressures and higher temperatures. On the basis of such, the role of parity from the Origin and Inflation of the Universe is noted and Dark and Bright Energy and Matter in the mature Universe is reasoned. Moreover the superconductors are all reasoned by positive and negative NMMs with availability of ungerade parities of p and f subshells and their orbitals.
Category: Condensed Matter

Webster's Universal Spanish-English Dictionary, the Graphical law and A Dictionary of Geography of Oxford University Press

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 25 Pages.

We study the Webster's Universal Spanish-English Dictionary by Geddes and Grosset. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,$\beta H$=0) i.e. a magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in absence of external magnetic field. H is external magnetic field, $\beta$ is $\frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the Boltzmann constant. Moreover, We compare the Spanish language with two other Romance languages, the Basque and the Romanian languages respectively. On the top of it, we compare the Spanish-English Dictionary with A Dictionary of Geography of Oxford University Press by Susan Mayhew and find a tantalizing similarity between the Spanish and the jargon of Geography.
Category: Condensed Matter

Can Frozen Hydrogen Snowballs Account for Galactic Dark Matter

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 16 Pages. Poster presented at American Physical Society virtual meeting March 2021 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

•DARK MATTER: Most mass in galaxies is invisible –what is it? •>80% of matter lies in halo around galaxies, but not in stars or other visible objects. •Cannot be dilute gas of H2and He –absorption lines would appear in spectra. •Popular theories suggest novel particles or novel dark objects such as black holes.

Classical Circuit Simulations for Superconducting Quantum Circuits

Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 18 Pages. Poster presented at American Physical Society virtual meeting March 2021 [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

•Classical superconducting circuit simulators are powerful and available. •Include Josephson junction as basic element. •Provide efficient time-domain simulations of complex circuits. •May show effects otherwise attributed to quantum circuits.

Ultra-Conductive Magnesium

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 2 Pages.

The improvement of the electrical conductivity of usual metals is limited by the purity of the metal and the ability to grow single crystal structures. Also, it was observed that the AC conductivity of the metal increases when the frequency of the electrical current applied on the conductor increases. Here, we show that the pure Magnesium metal can exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity when it is subjected to 360K temperature, and an electrical current with frequency of the order of 10THz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Majorana Fermions in Self-Consistent Effective Hamiltonian Theory

Authors: Xindong Wang
Comments: 3 Pages.

Majorana fermion solution is obtained from the self-consistent effective Hamiltonian theory. The ground state is conjectured to be a non-empty vacuum with 2 fermions, one for each type. The first type is the original charged fermion and the second type the chiral charge-less Majorana fermion. The Marjorana fermion is like a shadow of the first fermion cast by the non-empty vacuum.
Category: Condensed Matter

Effective Hard-Sphere Model of Diffusion in Aqueous Polymer Solutions

Authors: Stephen Peppin
Comments: 16 Pages.

An effective hard-sphere model of the diffusion and cross-diffusion of salt in unentangled polymer solutions is developed. Given the viscosity, sedimentation coefficient and osmotic pressure of the polymer, the model predicts the diffusion and cross-diffusion coefficients as functions of the polymer concentration and molecular weight. The results are compared with experimental data on NaCl diffusion in aqueous polyethylene glycol solutions, showing good agreement at polymer molecular weights up to 400\,g/L. At higher molecular weights the model becomes less accurate, likely because of the effects of entanglement. The tracer Fickian diffusivity can be written in the form of a Stokes-Einstein equation containing the solution viscosity. For NaCl diffusion in polyethylene glycol solutions, the Stokes-Einstein equation breaks down as the polymer size increases. Using Batchelor's viscous correction factor to determine an effective viscosity experienced by the salt ions within the polymer matrix leads to much closer agreement with experiment.
Category: Condensed Matter

Deceasing of Gravitational Mass of the Magnesium Subjected to an Alternating Magnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency.

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 9 Pages.

Here we propose a very simple experiment in order to check the decreasing of Gravitational Mass of the Magnesium subjected to an Alternating Magnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency.
Category: Condensed Matter

Kurumi: A New Liquid Crystal

Authors: Ricardo Gobato, Alireza Heidari, Abhijit Mitra
Comments: 4 Pages.

The work characterizes develop a single layer bioinorganic membrane using nano-molecule Kurumi C13H20BeLi2SeSi / C13H19BeLi2SeSi, is well characterize computationally. As its scientific name 3-lithio-3-(6-{3-selena 8-beryllatricyclo [3.2.1.02,⁴]oct-6-en-2-yl}hexyl)-1-sila-2-lithacyclopropane. The work was based on a molecular dynamics (MD) of 1ns, using the CHARMM22 force field, with step 0.001 ps. Calculations indicate that the final structure, arrangement have the tendency to form a single layer micellar structure, when molecular dynamics is performed with a single layer. However, when molecular dynamics were carried out in several layers, indicates the behavior of a liotropic nematic liquid crystal order. Kurumi features the structure polar-apolar-polar predominant. Limitations our study has so far been limited to computational simulation via quantum mechanics e molecular mechanics (QM/MM), an applied theory. Our results and calculations are compatible and with the theory of QM/MM, but their physical experimental verification depend on advanced techniques for their synthesis, obtaining laboratory for experimental biochemical. Going beyond imagination, the most innovative and challenging proposal of the work advances the construction of a structure compatible with the formation of a “new DNA”, based now on the kurumi molecule.
Category: Condensed Matter

Boron Content and the Superconducting Critical Temperature of Carbon-Based Materials

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we present results on magnetization properties of boron nitride-carbon (BN-C) and boron carbide-carbon (B4C-C) granular mixtures. The temperature-dependent magnetization for field-cooled during cooling and field-cooled during warming shows a kind of thermal hysteresis that is always seen around a metamagnetic phase transition from an antiferromagnetic martensite to a ferromagnetic austenite phase. The low-temperature magnetization has an upward turn that can be attributed to superparamagnetism, diamagnetic shielding, and trapped flux characteristic to high-temperature superconducting materials. After subtracting the diamagnetic background, the field-dependent magnetization loops M(B) are ferromagnetic-like, more significant for the BN-C than for the B4C-C mixture. In addition, the magnetization loops show the kink feature characteristic to granular superconductivity. The irreversibility temperature for a B4C-C mixture having 37.5 wt% B is Tc  76 K. Combining our data with previous results on B-doped diamond and Q-carbon, we find that Tc increases linearly with the B concentration.
Category: Condensed Matter

Neutron-Scattering Determination of Phonon Wave Function and Topological Invariant in Transition-Metal Monosilicides

Authors: Zhendong Jin, Biaoyan Hu, Yiran Liu
Comments: 6 Pages.

In close analogy to electronic semimetals, a variety of Weyl, Dirac points and nodal lines are predicted for phonons recently by ab initio calculations, but very few experimental confirmations have been made. We performed Inelastic Neutron Scattering (INS) experiments on MnSi and CoSi crystals, and identified multiple types of unconventional Weyl and Dirac points in their Brillioun zones. Being aware of neutron scattering's capability of wavefunction detection and polarization determination, we further derived an explicit relation between the topological invariant of a Weyl node and the INS intensity patterns nearby. Apart from protected surface states and novel transport phenomena, our work suggests that topological nodes also leave some observable traces in spectroscopic patterns.
Category: Condensed Matter

Explanations of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 4 Pages.

Explanations why the real part of Zeta function zeroes is always being seen on the 1/2 line.
Category: Condensed Matter

Investigation of the Zero Resistance and Temperature-Dependent Superconductivity Phase Transition in Pb-Cu-P-S-O Compound

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong, Hyun-Tak Kim
Comments: 12 Pages. 11 figures and 1 table

In our previous study, we suggested a synthetic method for the replication of PCPOSOS (Pb10−xCux[P(O1−y Sy )4]6O1−z Sz ) and showed precisely measured zero resistance. Through the synthesis method we named Daecheol-Mingi (DM) method, we measured the phenomenon of superconductivity phase transition depending on temperature. Also, we repeated validation of zero resistance of the samples. This paper presents a specific critical temperature for PCPOSOS, demonstrating consistency with the original authors’ data.
Category: Condensed Matter

Electron Elastic Collision Superconductivity Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 19 Pages. version2.0

The BCS theory explains the superconducting properties of Class I conventional metal and alloy superconductors, but it cannot interpret the superconducting phenomenon of Class II unconventional superconductors. The BCS theory violates Coulomb’s law and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, and its microscopic mechanism of electron-phonon coupling is essentially wrong. Based on the elastic collision theory of Newtonian classical mechanics, this paper proposes the electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, which reveals that the microscopic mechanism of superconducting states is that the free electrons in a current-carrying wire only undergo complete elastic collisions with the atomic lattices, and the current-carrying wire shows zero-resistance superconducting states. The electron elastic collision superconductivity theory proposes the superconducting state free electron critical speed VC, and theoretically derives the formula for calculating the critical temperature TC: 2 ΔE = 3.7 kB TC. The critical kinetic energy ΔE of the free electron is equal to the minimum phonon energy hγ of the atomic lattice vibration. There is no heat conduction diffusion in the superconducting current-carrying wires, so there are no phonons in the superconductors. The electron elastic collision superconductivity theory interprets the microscopic mechanism of the superconducting state critical temperature TC, the critical magnetic field HC, the critical current density jC, the superconducting state energy gap and the high-pressure superconductor. Unlike Class I conventional superconductors, Class II unconventional superconductors have anisotropic lattices. There are different critical speeds VC, different critical temperatures TC and different critical magnetic fields HC in different directions. Based on the Electron elastic collision superconductivity theory, it is feasible to achieve a zero-resistance superconducting state at normal temperature. Unconventional two-dimensional thin film superconductors and one-dimensional carbon fiber superconductors are the development direction of normal temperature superconductors.
Category: Condensed Matter

The Potential Zero-Resistance Phenomenon of the Pb-cu-P-S-O Compound and Its Synthesis Method

Authors: Huk Geol Kim, Dae Cheol Jeong
Comments: 10 Pages. 10 figures, 1 table

We have developed a new synthesis method for producing the Pb-Cu-P-S-O compound samples in order to replicate zero resistance of the PCPOSOS (Pb10−xCux[P(O1−ySy)4]6O1−zSz), which we refer to as the Daecheol-Mingi (DM) synthesis method. The potential zero resistances of the samples were observed through I-V measurements.
Category: Condensed Matter

Origin of the Meissner Effect and Superconductivity

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 9 Pages. Major addition and new experiments

Superconductivity in most metals is due to the activity of longitudinal spin waves binding electrons into pairs in such a way that the Meissner effect is generated along with the angular momentum responses in static magnetic fields. The bulk of these spin waves appear to be sourced by nuclear spins on the lattice. Experimentally longitudinal spin waves are not difficult to detect at room temperature as they form Bose-Einstein condensates that have onset temperatures, > 1000oK, for the low mass entities, less than 10−40kg. These large scale quantum structures on the order of 1 meter are ubiquitous in metals and will also exist in space with low density matter where the ambient static magnetic fields are weak and temperatures are low. These massive boson collections probably are the source of the gravitationally detected dark matter in space and these experiments provide a test bed to understand their properties.
Category: Condensed Matter

Embedding the Einstein Tensor in the Klein-Gordon Equation Using Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 46 Pages.

In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). This way, we will obtain an expression similar to the Dirac equation, but with a slight change in one of the terms. This variation is produced and depends on the curvature of the space where the particle lies in (the Ricci scalar).In a similar manner, we will find variations in the equation for the energy of a particle and in the Einstein gravitational equation that will depend again on the value of the Ricci scalar (the curvature of the space where the particle lies in). An important outcome will be an equation that limits the value of the Ricci scalar depending on the value of the mass that provokes it (the value of the mass not the mass density) highly reducing the possibilities of arriving to singularities.
Category: Condensed Matter

Superconducting Theory of Polyhedral Quantum Confined Electrons

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 18 Pages.

Based on experimental evidence from scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, and neutronscattering in high-temperature uperconductors,we present a unified theoretical framework that the confined electrons within polyhedral quantum wells as the Mott ground state and the symmetry-breaking of electron-proton pair as the superconducting mechanism. The new theory enables the analytical determination of fundamental properties in copper- andiron-based superconductors. These properties include the magic doping and checkerboard charge order, Fermi surface structure and its splitting, the symmetry and value of the superconducting energy gap, the superconductingtransition temperature, and the spin resonance peaks and their parity. The theoretical predictions of our model show strong agreement with experimental findings. Moreover, our research offers novel insights into the microscopic nature of magnetism, spin, holes, localized Cooper pair, magnetic monopoles, the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter, and the Meissner effect.
Category: Condensed Matter

Model of Vortex Turbulent Plane Couette Flow

Authors: Victor L. Mironov, Sergey V. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We present the theoretical description of plane Couette flow based on the previously proposed equations of vortex fluid, which take into account both the longitudinal flow and the vortex tubes rotation. It is shown that considered equations have several stationary solutions describing different types of laminar flow. We also discuss the simple model of turbulent flow consisting of vortex tubes, which are moving chaotically and simultaneously rotating with different phases. Using the Boussinesq approximation we obtain analytical expression for the stationary profile of mean velocity in turbulent Couette flow, which is in good agreement with experimental data and results of direct numerical simulations. Our model demonstrates that near-wall turbulence can be described by a coordinates-independent coefficient of eddy viscosity. In contrast to the viscosity of the fluid itself this parameter characterizes the turbulent flow and depends on Reynolds number and roughness of the channel walls. Potentially, the proposed model can be considered as a theoretical basis for the experimental measurement of eddy viscosity coefficient.
Category: Condensed Matter

Mechanical-Electric Coupling in Metals

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 41 Pages.

In metal physics, the free-electron model and the related Fermi-Dirac distribution were usually utilized to investigate multi-physical properties of metals. However, they neglected the important mechanical-electric coupling (MEC), and therefore some longstanding physical problems such as the positive Seebeck coefficients of some monovalent metals and the physical origin of charge density wave (CDW) gap may be difficult to solve. In the work, the MEC in metals was investigated. The MEC may lead to a single-electron model which can offer a simple way of interpreting the electron heat capacity, the Pauli magnetic susceptibility, the electrical conductivity and the electron thermal conductivity of the metals. It may also indicate that the heavy-fermion characteristics of the heavy-fermion systems may originate from the physical picture that the electron chemical potential intersects the narrow conduction f-electron band and the correlation effects among heavy-fermions may be weak, as is in contrary to the conventional viewpoint. Furthermore, it was found that the MEC can not only give the right sign of Seebeck coefficients of the monovalent metals but also give the physical origin of the CDW gap, which are in agreement with experimental results. Overall, the MEC may be important for the metals and it should be taken into account seriously for investigating the multi-physical properties of the metals.
Category: Condensed Matter

Mechanical-Electric Coupling in Metals

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 36 Pages.

In metal physics, the free electron model and the related Fermi-Dirac distribution were usually utilized to investigate multi-physical properties of metals. However, they neglected the important mechanical-electric coupling (MEC), and therefore some longstanding physical problems such as the positive Seebeck coefficients of some monovalent metals and the physical origin of charge density wave (CDW) gap may be difficult to solve. In the work, the MEC in metals was investigated. It was found that the MEC can not only monitor the diffusion relation of conduction electrons and the sign of Seebeck coefficients of the monovalent metals but also give the physical origin of the CDW gap. In addition, the MEC may lead to a single-electron model which could offer a simple way of interpreting the electron heat capacity, the Pauli magnetic susceptibility, the electrical conductivity and the electron thermal conductivity of the metals including the heavy fermion systems. Overall, the MEC may be important for the metals and it should be taken into account seriously for investigating the physical properties of the metals.
Category: Condensed Matter

Experimental Verification of the BCS Theory of Superconductivity by Using Persistent Supercurrents

Authors: Stanislav Dolgopolov
Comments: 1 Page. Some clarifications added

According to the BCS theory of superconductivity, the superfluid density must smoothly decrease with increasing temperature; hence a persistent supercurrent in a superconducting ring must decrease at warming and dissipate in temperature cycles below Tc. Here we propose a direct experiment of temperature dependence of persistent supercurrents to examine this BCS prediction.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Simple Construction of Abelian Graphs

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: Pages.

Замечательной иллюстрацией связи симметрии и теории групп служит доказанная в 1939 г. Робертом Фрухтом теорема о том, что каждая конечная группа G изоморфна группе автоморфизмов некоторого графа. В конструкции Фрухта естественным образом используется граф Кэли G. Однако ещё более простого построения удаётся добиться, если ограничиться абелевыми группами и фундаментальной теоремой конечных абелевых групп (FTFAG), из которой следует возможность представления любой коммутативной группы в виде прямого произведения циклических групп.

A nice example of how group theory deals with symmetry is Frucht's theorem that says that each finite group G is isomorphic to the automorphism group of some graph. In a natural way, the proof here is based on the Cayley graph of G. But we could give even more straightforward proof being restricted to abelian groups, since in this case we may apply the fundamental theorem of finite abelian groups. The article provides one of such constructions.
Category: Condensed Matter

Zeta-Pad'e SRWS Theory with Lowest Order Approximation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 8 Pages. Correction of formulas and introduction of more reasonable calculation methods

In my previous preprint about SRWS-zeta theory[Y.Ueoka,viXra:2205.014,2022],I proposed an approximation of rough averaged summation of typical critical Greenfunction for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I removea rough approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Greenfunction by replacing summation with integral. Pade approximant is used to takea summation. The perturbation series of the critical exponent nu of localizationlength from upper critical dimension is obtained. The dimensional dependence ofthe critical exponent is again directly related with Riemann zeta function. Degree offreedom about lower critical exponent improve estimate compared with previousstudies. When I fix lower critical dimension equal to two, I obtained similar estimateof the critical exponent compared with fitting curve estimate of the criticalexponent[E.Tarquini et al.,PhysRevB.95(2017)094204].
Category: Condensed Matter

Zeta-Pade SRWS Theory with Lowest Order Approximation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 8 Pages. Other fitting models are added using degree of freedom by high dimensional approximation.

In my previous preprint about SRWS-zeta theory[Y.Ueoka,viXra:2205.014,2022],I proposed an approximation of rough averaged summation of typical critical Greenfunction for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I removea rough approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Greenfunction by replacing summation with integral. Pade approximant is used to takea summation. The perturbation series of the critical exponent nu of localizationlength from upper critical dimension is obtained. The dimensional dependence ofthe critical exponent is again directly related with Riemann zeta function. Degree offreedom about lower critical exponent improve estimate compared with previousstudies. When I fix lower critical dimension equal to two, I obtained similar estimateof the critical exponent compared with fitting curve estimate of the criticalexponent[E.Tarquini et al.,PhysRevB.95(2017)094204].
Category: Condensed Matter

Intrinsic Correlation Between Superconductivity and Magnetism

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: This is a condensed version consisting of 4 pages and 5 figures.

Based on the real-space Mott insulator model, we establish a unifiedpairing, coherent and condensate mechanism of superconductivity. Motivatedby Dirac's magnetic monopole and Maxwell's displacement current hypothesis,we demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields are intrinsicallyrelevant. An isolated proton or electron creates an electric field,whereas a quantized proton-electron pair creates a magnetic field.The electric dipole vector of the proton-electron pair is the Ginzburg-Landauorder parameter in the superconducting phase transition. The Pierce-likedimerization pairing transition of the electron-proton electric dipolelattice leads to the symmetry breaking of the Mott insulating stateand the emergence of superconducting and magnetic states. This theoreticalframework can comprehensively explain all superconducting phenomena.Our research sheds new light on electron spin, magnetic monopoles,and the symmetry of Maxwell's equations.
Category: Condensed Matter

Intrinsic Correlation Between Superconductivity and Magnetism

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 20 Pages. This version has added the results of one-dimensional superconductivity and charge spin separation.

Based on the real-space Mott insulator model, we have found a unified pairing, coherent and condensate mechanism of superconductivity for all materials. Partly motivated by Dirac’s magnetic monopole and Maxwell’s displacement current hypothesis, we demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields are intrinsically relevant. An isolated proton or electron creates an electric field, whereas a real-space quantized proton-electron pair creates a magnetic field. These findings offer new insights into the nature of electron spin, magnetic monopoles, and the symmetry of Maxwell’s equations. We argue that the electric dipole vector of the proton-electron pair plays the role of the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter in the superconducting phase transition. It appears that the Peierls transition of the electron-proton electric dipole lattice leads to the symmetry breaking of the Mott insulating state and the emergence of superconducting and magnetic states. With this theoretical framework, the Meissner effect, London penetration depth, magic doping, flux neutralization, vortex lattice, and vortex dynamics, among other superconducting phenomena, can be comprehensively explained.
Category: Condensed Matter

Intrinsic Correlation Between Superconductivity and Magnetism

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 19 Pages. 21 figures

Based on the real-space Mott insulator model, it is found that there is a unified pairing, coherent and condensate mechanism of superconductivity for all materials. Partly motivated by Dirac's magnetic monopole and Maxwell's displacement current hypothesis, we demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields are intrinsically relevant. An isolated proton or electron creates an electric field, whereas a real-space quantized proton-electron pair creates a magnetic field. These findings offer new insights into the nature of electron spin, magnetic monopoles, and the symmetry of Maxwell's equations. We argue that the electric dipole vector of the proton-electron pair plays the role of the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter in the superconducting phase transition. It appears that the Peierls transition of the electron-proton electric dipole lattice leads to the symmetry breaking of the Mott insulating state and the emergence of superconducting and magnetic states. Under the new theoretical framework, the Meissner effect, the London penetration depth, magic doping, flux neutralization, vortex lattice, vortex dynamics, and other superconducting phenomena can be consistently explained.
Category: Condensed Matter

Unified Microscopic Mechanism of Superconductivity

Authors: Xiuqing Huang
Comments: 14 Pages.

Based on real-space localized proton-electron electromagnetic coupling, it is found that there is a unified pairing, coherent and condensatemechanism of superconductivity for all materials. We demonstrate that electric and magnetic fields are intrinsically relevant:an isolatedproton or electron creates an electric field, while a proton-electron pair creates a magnetic field. These findings provide new insightsinto the nature of electron spin, Dirac's magnetic monopoles, and the symmetry of Maxwell's equations. We point out that the superconductingcurrent is the displacement current defined by Maxwell's equation and has nothing to do with the Cooper-pairs. Furthermore, we argue that the electric dipole vector of the proton-electron pair plays the role of the Ginzburg-Landau order parameter in the superconducting phase transition. Under the new theoretical framework, the Meissnereffect, the London penetration depth, flux neutralization, vortex lattice, vortex dynamics, and other superconducting phenomena can be consistently explained.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fine-Structure Constant from the Madelung Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 9 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4174644 Distributed in Materials Science eJournal Vol 6, Issue 8, January 16, 2023 Distributed in Materials for Energy eJournal Vol 6, Issue 14, April 14, 2023 Distributed in Mathematical Physics

A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the madelung constant b2(2). The equation is simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. This accurate expression is the most impressive since it is simple and contains just a few prime numbers and the madelung constant. These prime numbers can be possibly connected to finite groups. Also we will present the continued fraction for the fine-structure constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fine-Structure Constant from the Madelung Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 9 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4174644

A new interpretation and a very accurate value of the fine-structure constant has been discovered in terms of the madelung constant b2(2). The equation is simple,elegant and symmetrical in a great physical meaning. This accurate expression is the most impressive since it is simple and contains just a few prime numbers and the madelung constant. These prime numbers can be possibly connected to finite groups. Also we will present the continued fraction for the fine-structure constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fine-Structure Constant from the Madelung Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 7 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4174644

In this short work we will study the simple and absolutely accurate expression for the fine-structure constant with the madelung constant b2(2). This simple expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the Archimedes constant π. Also we will present the continued fraction for the fine-structure constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Fine-Structure Constant from the Madelung Constant

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 7 Pages. Published in SSRN Electronic Journal doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4174644

In this short work we will study the simple and absolutely accurate expression for the fine-structure constant with the madelung constant b2(2). This simple expression for the fine-structure constant in terms of the Archimedes constant π. Also we will present the continued fraction for the fine-structure constant.
Category: Condensed Matter

Zeta-Pad'e SRWS Theory with Approximation of Averaged Summation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 7 Pages. High dimensional approximation used in previous version becomes not necessary.

In my previous paper about Statistical Random Walk Summation(SRWS) theory[1], I proposed a new expansion of typical critical Green function for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I perform an approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Green function. Pad'e approximant is used to take a summation. The new approximate expression of the critical exponent nu of localization length is obtained. The dimensional dependence of the critical exponent is directly related with Riemann zeta function. Thus, the number theory and the critical phenomena of the Anderson transition is connected. Therefore I call this method as zeta-Pad'e SRWS theory. Existence of lower critical dimension is understood as the infinite existence of prime numbers. Besides it, analogy with statistical mechanics also becomes clear.
Category: Condensed Matter

Zeta-Pad'e SRWS Theory with High Dimensional Approximation

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 7 Pages.

In my previous paper about Statistical Random Walk Summation(SRWS) theory[1], I proposed a new expansion of typical critical Green function for the Anderson transition in the Orthogonal class. In this paper, I perform an approximate summation for the series of the typical critical Green function. Pad'e approximant is used to take a summation. The perturbation series of the critical exponent nu of localization length from upper critical dimension is obtained. The dimensional dependence of the critical exponent is directly related with Riemann zeta function. Thus, the number theory and the critical phenomena of the Anderson transition is connected. Therefore I call this method as zeta-Pad'e SRWS theory. Existence of lower critical dimension is understood as the infinite existence of prime numbers. Besides it, analogy with statistical mechanics also becomes clear.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Method for Studying the Anderson Transition in the Orthogonal Symmetry Class Employing a Random Walk Expansion, the Statistics of Asymptotic Walks and Summation Method

Authors: Yoshiki Ueoka
Comments: 17 Pages. High dimensional approximation used in previous version becomes not necessary.

I propose a method to study the Anderson transition in the orthogonal symmetryclass. This method employs a virtual lattice characterised by an arbitraryspectral dimension instead of a concrete lattice with a given integer or fractal dimension.This method makes it possible to simulate numerically infinite size systemon a computer. Moreover, the computational complexity does not increaseexponentially as the dimensionality increases. Thus, we can avoid the curse ofdimensionality. Also, we can estimate the critical exponent numerically withoutresorting to the finite size scaling method often used in previous numerical studiesof critical phenomena.
Category: Condensed Matter

Graph Equations

Authors: Elmar Guseinov
Comments: Pages.

В данной статье приводится решение 83 проблем, формулировка которых близка к формулировке гипотезы грациозности деревьев. В частности, было найдено дерево T=(E,V) с инъективной разметкой рёбер h числами {1,...,|E|}, для которой нельзя указать инъективной разметки вершин f, так чтобы для каждого ребра ab∈E выполнялось условие |f(a)-f(b)|=h(ab). Для оптимизации процесса решения была написана соответствующая рекомендательная программа.

In this article, we solve 83 problems related to the graceful tree conjecture. In particular, we have found a tree T=(E,V) and injective edge labeling h:E→{1,...,|E|} such that there is no injective vertex labeling f with the property that |f(a)-f(b)|=h(ab) for all ab∈E. To optimize the solution process, a recommendation computer program was written.
Category: Condensed Matter

Magnetism and Superconductivity in Hydrogenated Graphite Foils

Authors: Nadina Gheorghiu, Charles R. Ebbing, Timothy J. Haugan
Comments: 23 Pages.

Unique to certain unconventional superconductors is the coexistence of magnetism and superconductivity. We have previously found ferromagnetism and superconductivity in hydrogenated graphitic materials [1]. Herein we present similar as well as completely new findings this time applicable to hydrogenated graphite foils. As the strength of the magnetic field is increased, the temperature-dependent magnetization shows several important transitions: from a N´eel paramagneticantiferromagnetic transition, to a ferromagnetic superconductor state, to an orbital paramagnetic glass high-temperature superconductor with critical temperature for the dominant phase at Tc ∼ 50 − 60 K. The ferromagnetic state is observed up to room temperature. Thus, the magnetism of hydrogenated low-density carbon graphite foils plays an important role in establishing electronic correlations of which some are superconducting in nature.
Category: Condensed Matter

Elliptic Equations of Heat Transfer and Diffusion in Solids

Authors: Victor L. Mironov
Comments: 11 Pages.

We propose a modified phenomenological equation for heat and impurity fluxes in solids by analogy with the Cattaneo-Vernotte concept. It leads to the second-order elliptical equations describing the evolution of temperature and impurity profiles with finite rate of propagation. The comparison of transfer peculiarities in the framework of parabolic and elliptic equations is discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter

A New Design for the Gravelectric Generator

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 7 Pages.

In a previous paper, we have proposed a system called Gravelectric Generator to convert Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy [1]. Here we show a new design for the Gravelectric Generator. This system can have individual outputs powers of several tens of kW. It is easy to be built, and can easily be transported.
Category: Condensed Matter

A New Design for the Gravelectric Generator

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 7 Pages.

In a previous paper, we have proposed a system called Gravelectric Generator to convert Gravitational Energy directly into Electrical Energy [1]. Here we show a new design for the Gravelectric Generator. This system can have individual outputs powers of several tens of kW. It is easy to be built, and can easily be transported.
Category: Condensed Matter

Ultra-Conductive Magnesium

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 4 Pages.

The improvement of the electrical conductivity of usual metals is limited by the purity of the metal and the ability to grow single crystal structures. Also, it was observed that the AC conductivity of the metal increases when the frequency of the electrical current applied on the conductor increases. Here, we show that the pure Magnesium metal can exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity when it is subjected to 360K temperature, and an electrical current with frequency of the order of 1GHz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Ultra-Conductive Magnesium

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 4 Pages.

The improvement of the electrical conductivity of usual metals is limited by the purity of the metal and the ability to grow single crystal structures. Also, it was observed that the AC conductivity of the metal increases when the frequency of the electrical current applied on the conductor increases. Here, we show that the pure Magnesium metal can exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity when it is subjected to 360K temperature, and an electrical current with frequency of the order of 1GHz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Ultra-Conductive Magnesium

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 4 Pages.

The improvement of the electrical conductivity of usual metals is limited by the purity of the metal and the ability to grow single crystal structures. Also, it was observed that the AC conductivity of the metal increases when the frequency of the electrical current applied on the conductor increases. Here, we show that the pure Magnesium metal can exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity when it is subjected to 360K temperature, and an electrical current with frequency of the order of 1GHz.
Category: Condensed Matter

Deceasing of Gravitational Mass of the Magnesium Subjected to an Alternating Magnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency.

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 11 Pages.

Here we propose a very simple experiment in order to check the decreasing of Gravitational Mass of the Magnesium subjected to an Alternating Magnetic Field of Extremely Low Frequency.
Category: Condensed Matter