Quantum Physics

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Root-Finding Problem

Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

Necessary and sufficient conditions for finding all the roots of a polynomial function$f(x)=x^m +a_{m-1}x^{m-1}+...+a_1x+ a_0$ are studiedin term of quantum computing.We hope our discussions give some insight for future studies for root-finding problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s10: {N,n} QM Field Theory, S/RFs-force, Nuclear Force, Spin-spin Interaction, and the Possible Origin of the Weak-Force and Beta-Decay

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

In articles of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, 6s3, and -6s4, I had established the framework of a brand new {N,n} QM field theory. In the rest SunQM-6 series articles, I added more detailed developments on the {N,n} QM field theory. In the current article, I added some new developments on the S/RFs-force. 1) A 4He nucleus is constituted with two same neutron-proton binaries that are doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". Within each one binary, the neutron and proton are doing the "face-to-face tidal-locked orbital binary motion" with the parallel nuclear spin ⇑⇑↑. Between the two binaries, they are doing the "face-opposite-face locked binary orbital motion" in φ-1D bi-direction with the anti-parallel nuclear spin ⇑⇑↑⇓⇓↓, that eventually transformed to be a θ-1D orbital uni-directional motion. Meanwhile, the nuclear proton-1 and atomic electron-1 (in a 4He atom) are paired to do the "face-to-face tidal-locked orbital binary motion", and so does the proton-2 and electron-2 pair. The same model can be used to explain the dynamic structure of the multi-nucleons inside the nuclides of 1H, 2H, 3H, 3He, and α particle. 2) A neutron is formed with two sub-structures, one "u-d" binary and one "d" singlet, and they are also doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". A proton is also formed with two sub-structures, one "u-d" binary and one "u" singlet, and they are again doing the "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion". The Weak Interaction may be the spin-spin interaction (↑↑ vs. ↓) between the two sub-structures (that made of the three quarks inside a nucleon) with a "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion" in the θ-1D uni-direction; the β decay (in a neutron) may be caused by the crash of the two sub-structures after the disruption of this θ-1D uni-directional motion and goes back to the φ-1D bi-directional motion. 3) The "face-to-face plus face-opposite-face two-level orbital motion" may be one of the common dynamic structures in the N-body motion under the E/RFe-force, S/RFs-force, and even the G/RFg-force fields. 4) The "face-to-face tidal-locked (spin ↑↑) binary orbital motion" is the root for the "face-opposite-face locked (spin ↑↓) binary orbital motion", for the "single-face tidal-locked binary orbital motion", for the "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model, for the parallel spin of the "mother", the "daughter" and the "newborn" in the "|nL0> Elliptical/Parabolic/Hyperbolic Orbital Transition Model", and, for the "π-bond" spin-spin interaction model in the arm of a galaxy. Therefore, it is also one of the many nature attributions of the QM. 5) The "Fourier transformation" kind of analysis revealed that the "quasi 4He nucleus" is the building block of the high Z# nucleus. The similar analysis revealed that the {N,n//6} QM (in our universe) naturally includes {N,n//2}, {N,n//3}, {N,n//4} and {N,n//6} modes, so it covers the maximum number of modes (for superposition), and q=6 is still a small integer number that does not damage the quantum character of the {N,n//q} QM. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Energy of an Ideal Fermi Gas and the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

The values assumed by the Riemann Zeta function on even natural integers contribute to the calculation of the total energy of an ideal Fermi gas in a non-relativistic and strongly degenerate regime.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Problem as Loss of Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 Pages.

The measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics reflects the tension between the deterministic evolution of wavefunctions and their random collapse caused by experimental observations. Here we argue that, in the Hamiltonian picture of quantum dynamics, wavefunction collapse follows from the destruction of adiabatic invariance on ultrashort time scales. We also suggest that, in the long-time limit, action quantization is a result of Arnold diffusion, a process describing the instability of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems with more than two degrees of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Chirality (Electroweak Interaction) Using Geometric (Real Clifford) Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 43 Pages.

In this paper, we obtain the left and the right-handed (chirality) representation of the wavefunction using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra Cl 3,0. We will use both the Chiral representation and the Pauli/Dirac representation. Also, a summary of how all the interactions can be calculated and represented using Geometric (real Clifford) Algebra is shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

Clarification of the Theory of Superconductivity and Superfluidity Based on Scientific Philosophy

Authors: Алтаев Намаз Карабалаевич
Comments: 5 Pages.

The development of the results of the theory of superconductivity (BCW) is based on the idea of a deep analogy between some ideas of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics. On the other hand, there are reasons to doubt the basic results of quantum electrodynamics. The reason is that in order to complete the development of quantum electrodynamics, it is necessary to supplement it with the results of reassignment operations. The founder of quantum electrodynamics, Dirac, believed that such a necessity arose because of the defects in this doctrine. In this article, the main results of quantum electrodynamics and quantum hydrodynamics are obtained quite correctly on the way, where the basic ideas of scientific philosophy are taken as a basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 30 Pages.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

On Causality in EPR Experiments

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 22 Pages.

This article points out that in the EPR experiment, there is no causal connection between the two sides. If a causal model wants to comply with the principle of common cause, it will lead to faster-than-light information propagation. Even if non-local latent variables are used as common factors, it does not mean that the measurement results on both sides can influence each other. They are only related to each other, but not corresponding causal relationships.The "statistical correlation" in the EPR experiment does not have a controllable effect, because the results measured on either side are completely random. The experimenter cannot control the other side to produce the results he wants to transmit by manipulating the instrument. The two experimenters can only discover the correlation between each other's data when comparing them afterwards, and they cannot use this correlation to transmit information, otherwise the incommunicability theorem will be violated.This article draws a causal model diagram to analyze the EPR experiment, and uses the Everett interpretation and the quantum circuit diagram to demonstrate. It shows that the causal paradox in the EPR experiment is actually caused by a misunderstanding of "measurement" and "collapse" in the Copenhagen interpretation. If the Everett interpretation without the concept of "collapse" is adopted, it can be avoided when interpreting the EPR experiment. Paradox of cause and effect.In Everett's interpretation, the physical meaning of "measuring" a particle is to entangle the particle with the measuring instrument. When the local particle is measured, it will only be entangled with the local instrument, so there is no non-local interaction. The state of the particle does not change in any way because the particle on the other side is measured. No matter who measures first on the left or right, there will be no influence on each other. There will be no effect of the result of the first measurement on the result of the later measurement through superluminal action, and there will be no paradox that overturns the order of cause and effect.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Very Simple Proof of the Bloch's Theorem

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 6 Pages.

We prove the famous Bloch's Theorem using the symmetry for discrete translationsin Dirac notation.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Concept of a Field as the Basis for the Model of a Quantum Object

Authors: Georgii Khantarzhiev
Comments: 18 Pages.

The model of a quantum object, based on the conception of a field, is presented in this research work. The way suggested allows to construct the model of a quantum object, which owns wave and particle properties simultaneously. The model is developed for the non-relativistic case and applied to three canonical experiments of quantum mechanics. This model describes successfully physical processes, happening at the quantum level, in these experiments. The analysis of some consequences of this model for the relativistic case is made. This model of a quantum object can be verified experimentally and a corresponding experiment is suggested for this goal.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron for Pedestrians

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

The causal arrangement of the two extended emission and detection sources and the photon source is considered. The emission source emitts the charged particle (electron) and photon. The photon source which is located betwen emission and detection sources is capable of the transmitting of space-like momenta. The photon propagates undisturbed between emission and detection sources, while the charged particle is reflected by the extended photon source. The result of such process is the modification of the vacumm-to-vacuum amplitude in form of the additional term which can beinterpreted as the additional magnetic moment of electron. The derivation is realized with the mathemathical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Eigenvalue Density in Hermitian Matrix Models by the Lax Pair Method

Authors: J. B. McLeod, C. B. Wang
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this paper, a new method is discussed to derive the eigenvalue density in Hermitian matrix model with a general potential. The density is considered on one interval or multiple disjoint intervals. The method is based on Lax pair theory and Cayley-Hamilton theorem by studying the orthogonal polynomials associated with the Hermitian matrix model. It is obtained that the restriction conditions for the parameters in the density are connected to the discrete Painleve I equation, and the results are related to the scalar Riemann-Hilbert problem. Some special density functions are also discussed in association with the known results in this subject.
Category: Quantum Physics

Completed Quantum Mechanical Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 24 Pages.

Quantum mechanics is one of the most important theories in modern physics, despite of their predictability and accuracy; it is facing with crucial philosophic problems. Indeed the problems could be solved, and the theory could be improved by using "Vacuum Mechanics" i.e. the mechanism of vacuum medium concept.
Category: Quantum Physics

For Roger Penrose the "Negative Frequencies" in Quantum Mechanics Are "Bad News"

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In relativistic quantum mechanics, free particle states with negative energy (negative frequency of the wave function) are not easy to interpret.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Klein-Gordon Equation and the Meson} Pi^{-}

Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 8 Pages.

The study of the free motion of the meson $pi^{-}$ through the equation of Klein-Gordon, leads to its antiparticle i.e. the meson $pi^{+}$.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Comprehensive Review of Bosonic Quantum Error Correcting Codes

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 11 Pages.

Abstract—Quantum error correction is essential for reliable fault-tolerant quantum computing, necessitating the encoding of information redundantly into physical degrees of freedom to safeguard it against noise. A prominent approach involves continuous variable quantum informationprocessing using bosonic modes [3], [5], [6], [13], [17], [23]. This technique encodes information within the harmonic oscillator’s occupation number space, expressed throughnumber states {|n⟩}∞n=0 [19], position and momentum eigenstates {|x⟩}x∈R and {|p⟩}p∈R [12], or a selection of coherent states {|α⟩}α∈S (for a finite set S) [9]. The initial continuous variable scheme involving bosonic modes is the two-mode "dual-rail" encoding, introduced in1995 [8]. Presently, numerous bosonic codes are under assessment for their potential in fault-tolerant quantum computation. This review will focus on key contenders: firstly, establishing a pragmatic bosonic error model; proceedingto explore three prominent single-mode codes renowned for their robust protection against this model; evaluating the performance of these codes, considering relevant theoreticalaspects based on the work by [2]; and finally, delving into hardware-efficient multi-mode extensions, notable for their strides towards feasible physical implementation. Theseextensions will be situated within the evolving realm of bosonic quantum error correcting codes.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Solutions of Lorentz Transformation IV

Authors: Tomáš Kafoněk
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper is the fourth part of a hypothesis originally based on the basic assumptions of Lorentz transformation and has various implications. In the first part of the hypothesis [1], I calculated the wave function from the general assumptions of the Lorentz transformation. This wave function describes spacetime deformations and entirely replaces the original Lorentz solution used in special relativity. Importantly, each new solution, for both time and space deformation, has two possible solutions that are equally probable. Therefore, I have used these equations for further calculations, which already have a quantum nature.In the second part of my hypothesis [2], I converted this equation into an electromagnetic one and used it to calculate interference and diffraction. Thus, the resulting equation is not based on complex functions, as in standard calculations. We can further investigate this equation, for example, in the context of electron levels in an atom, as interference and diffraction are phenomena related to Young's experiment, and the wave properties of electrons have been demonstrated. In the third part of my hypothesis [3], I applied the calculations to atomic relations and outlined possible solutions for atomic orbitals. This outline of the potential arrangement of energies in the atomic model arose from the fact that some molecules, such as CH4, have the shape of a Platonic solid tetrahedron, which I consider pivotal within the framework of the VSEPR theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Solution of the Klein-Gordon Equation in a Moving Well and Quantum State of Complex Momentum

Authors: Qiuyu Shan
Comments: 7 Pages.

One-dimensional infinite well is an important model in quantum mechanics, and the solutions of Schrodinger equation and Klein-Gordon equation in this case have been studied extensively. In this paper, we discuss the solution of the Klein-Gordon equation in a moving one-dimensional infinite well, we find that the momentum of the particle should be complex numbers in a particular case.
Category: Quantum Physics

Soliton Interpretation of Quantum Theory

Authors: B. B. Slavin
Comments: 27 Pages. In Russian

This article proposes an interpretation of quantum physics based on the theory of solitons. According to this interpretation, an elementary particle (in particular, an electron) is a soliton solution to a system of nonlinear equations, while the linear equations of quantum mechanics for wave functions represent the boundary conditions for the presence of soliton solutions. It is hypothesized that the nonlinear equations for a quantum electron are ordinary Maxwell equations, in which the charge and current densities are expressed through quadratic combinations of electromagnetic field strengths. The complex wave function, which describes the motion of an electron, in this formulation is an ordinary electromagnetic wave, where the real part is the electric field strength, and the imaginary part is the magnetic field strength. Soliton equations, Maxwell's equations and quantum equations are easily written using 3+1 Pauli matrices, which indicates that the 3+1 coordinate system of space and time is a natural implementation of the world of particles - wave solitons. The proposed interpretation allows us to combine both the Copenhagen interpretation and Bohm’s theory of "hidden" variables.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 15 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed. Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capable of describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

About the Experimental Study of Nonlocality in Quantum Physics

Authors: V. A. Kuz’menko
Comments: 4 Pages.

There is a long-forgotten experiment in quantum physics in which nonlocality manifests itself in a quite direct and obvious way. The basic properties of nonlocality can be experimentally studied there using very simple tools.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weirdness: Quantum Mechanics Versus General Relativity

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 5 Pages.

The consensus among physicists is that General Relativity, a Classical theory, is a straightforward deterministic theory and Quantum Mechanics is weird. In this paper we present the alternative: for General Relativity, a classical theory in which the Equivalence Principle requires that a free falling frame - a non-inertial frame by definition - is to be considered as an inertial frame, its weirdness principally lies in its indispensable requirement of a space-time coordinate system in a non-Euclidean geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Nonlocality of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 7 Pages.

Essentially, the nonlocality of quantum mechanics is manifested between entangled particles that are far enough apart from each other, such that the measurement of an observable in one of them, for example thespin, is correlated with the other particle. Ruling out the transmission of information between these particles not even at the speed of light. This experimental fact being widely confirmed in all the experiments that havebeen repeated throughout all these years since the thought experiment of the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox.It is therefore a problem not resolved by quantum mechanics to explain how the cause-effect of correlation can be produced. Quantum mechanics simply accepts experimentalfacts without explaining them.We think that there must be an agent that mediates the cause that produces the effect of the correlation. And this agent, we theorize, must be the structure of space. A space of more than four dimensions and that is totally interconnected or intertwined by the own characteristics of this space and that we will show in this article.Themain fact would be how this space moves at the same time and in all its extension.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Double-Slit Experiment is not as Mysterious

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper presents a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics, specifically addressing the mysteries of wave-particle duality and the collapse of the wave function upon measurement. It challenges the notion that consciousness affects wave function collapse, proposing instead that nature inherently performs continuous, observer-independent measurements. The author argues for a universe that operates on a discrete, pixelated spacetime, contradicting traditional views of continuous mo- dels. This is based on the idea that the probabilistic nature of quantum mechanics implies a digital, computational framework for the universe, termed the "Random Machine."The concept of the "Random Machine" is applied to explain quantum phenomena, such as the double-slit experiment and entanglement, suggesting that these events are determined by computational processes rather than physical properties. By reinterpreting these foundational experiments, the paper advocates for an indeterministic quantum universe, where events are outcomes of randomly made choices.This approach redefines the understanding of quantum mechanics, proposing a shift from deterministic interpretations to a model where quantum events are dictated by a cosmic random mechanism. The manuscript offers significant implications for the conceptual underpinnings of quantum physics, advocating for a reconsideration of the nature of reality as fundamentally computational.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sound of the Aeolian Harp in the Madelung Model of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Madelung, Bohm and Vigier, Wilhelm, Rosen and others, the original Schroedinger equation can be transformed into the hydrodynamical system of equations by using the so called Madelung ansatz. We derive in such quantum hydrodynamics, the non-relativistic and relativistic Strouhal number from the socalled vortex street. The relativistic derivation of this formula follows from the addition formula for velocities. The Strouhal friction tones are generated also during the motion of cosmic rays in relic photon sea, during the motion of bolids in atmosphere, during the Saturn rings motion in the relic black-body sea, during the motion of bodies in superfluid helium and so on.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Real Value of Vacuum Density and Information Theory

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The value calculated by quantum field theory for the energy of the vacuum disagrees greatly with the observational value. In this article weshow how to calculate it using information theory and the E8 group.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurements Generating Forces with Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle [:] An Alternative Understanding of Quantum Mechanics by Using Concepts From Thermodynamics, Special, and General Relativity.

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 11 Pages.

According to Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum. Newton's second law states that a changing momentum is due to a force on the particle. Therefore, changing the uncertainty in a particle's position through measurement changes the particle's momentum and generates a force on the particle. Understanding the consequences of measurements creating forces requires a conceptual derivation using thermodynamics and relativity concepts.Motion is not absolute; a quantum particle requires a second particle to provide a relative position and momentum. A measurement generates a force and creates a non-inertial reference frame. Without a measurement, velocity, momentum, and position are undefined. The particle occupies every possible allowed state simultaneously until a measurement defines the observables, increases entropy, and collapses the wavefunction.Many quantum mechanics interpretations use the complex wavefunction to obfuscate the underlying mechanics. Interpretations describe observable particle properties as consequences of ideas which science cannot falsify. It is impossible to measure imaginary numbers experimentally. The Heisenberg uncertainty principle eliminates the need for the Born rule, as it already contains the squared wavefunctions. Applying oscillating uncertainties provides a logical mechanism for forces and extends into the spherical harmonics of atomic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spontaneous Disentanglement and Thermalisation

Authors: Eyal Buks
Comments: 10 Pages.

The problem of quantum measurement can be partially resolved by incorporatinga process of spontaneous disentanglement into quantum dynamics. We propose amodified master equation, which contains a nonlinear term giving rise to bothspontaneous disentanglement and thermalisation. We find that the addednonlinear term enables limit cycle steady states, which are prohibited instandard quantum mechanics. This finding suggests that an experimentalobservation of such a limit cycle steady state can provide an importantevidence supporting the spontaneous disentanglement hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Foundation for Standard Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 35 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- andparticle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity; the ontological foundations of the two share common language, concepts, and principles. It explains the phenomenology of standard quantum theory, but offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that themathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels [of] Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Generalizing Feynman Diagrams with Nodal Incidence Matrices

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 9 Pages.

A simple procedure for capturing all the possible configuations of a Feynman diagram using nodal incidence matrices is given. A nodal incidence matrix represents all the conformations of an interaction because as far as the matrix is concerned, all that matters is the connectivity of the diagram, the directionality of the branches and the composition of the branches. There is no specification of node coordinates or branch length. An example is worked out for the Feynman diagram for pair production and annihilation. The construction of nodal incidence matrices from Feynamn diagrams is noncanonical since the numbering of nodes and branches is arbitrary. However, equivalent Feynman diagrams are inferred from equivalent nodal incidence matrices.
Category: Quantum Physics

Understanding Quantum Mechanics

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted to Physics Essays

Quantum mechanics presently has many unanswered questions, paradoxes, and even outright logical contradictions. To make progress in understanding quantum mechanics, we begin by proposing that relativity be set aside in favor of an absolute aetherial theory. Once that step is taken, we can understand quantum collapse as a description of real wave-packets collapsing in a faster-than-light way. By assuming that a partially observable reality exists, we can then extend our analysis of wave-packets into the subquantum, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle then follows from the Fourier uncertainty principle coupled with the de Broglie relation. Further progress in understanding quantum mechanics is possible by modifying the de Broglie and Planck relations. Those modifications lead to matter-waves moving at the speed of light rather than superluminally as presently theorized, and they allow the results of matter-wave two-slit experiments to be understood from any reference frame. A modified time-dependent Schrödinger Equation results from our modifications, but the spatial time-independent Schrödinger Equation is retained.
Category: Quantum Physics

Photons, Gluons and Gravitons Have Infinitesimal Mass

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this article it is shown that point particles have infinitesimal mass (not zero mass). Though this may seem like a trivial distinction, it is an important one since, it is argued, the only object that has exactly zero mass is nothingness. Therefore, establishing that point particles have infinitesimal mass is equivalent to establishing that the particles exist. The cardinalities of differently-sized infinite sets are discussed and the infinitesimals are defined as the reciprocals of the value of such infinities. An infinitesimal of a particular magnitude is chosen as being the value of point particle masses.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with a problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a paradox and a mathematical conjecture related to the relativistic propagator. We find a conjecture about how the relativistic path integrals maybe work, which maybe solves the problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum States as Physical Possibilities

Authors: Armin Nikkhah Shirazi
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 figures

There is a common back-of-the-mind idea, prompted by the counterintuitiveness of quantum phenomena, that quantum states may represent ``mere possibilities'' in some vague sense. Yet, this idea reflects itself neither in the quantum formalism nor in the way we use it. In this paper, I explore what it entails to take this idea seriously.I begin by showing that already axiomatic probability fails to formally distinguish between possibilities and outcomes, even though it is conceptually supposed to be a unit measure over possibilities. I propose an axiomatic enrichment which introduces the distinction into Kolmogorov's axiomatization and then demonstrate how this provides a more faithful model of reality. Next, I explore an analogous mathematical modification of the standard quantum formalism in which Hilbert Space elements are no longer states of physical systems but mere physical possibilities, each linked to one of a set of actual states of systems we can observe if the possibility is actualized. The modified formalism leaves the rules of quantum mechanics the same as before, but makes it possible to distinguish between what Heisenberg called ``potentialities or possibilities'' and ``things and facts'' at the level of the mathematics. I call this the Heisenberg Interpretation, and while it is not testable within the domain of quantum mechanics itself, it does erect a mathematically well-defined separation between quantum and classical physics. If the classical domain is identified with that of general relativity, then the formalism can be tested by checking for the existence of the boundary via proposed experiments like the BMV effect or by measuring the gravity field of an ultra high energy laser. Finally, I argue that physical possibilities are an overlooked conceptual ingredient critical to all of physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Retro-Causality in Relational Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ahmed Samir Albezawi
Comments: 5 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The Wigner-Friend paradox is discussed in the light of relational quantum mechanics (RQM). It’s concluded that RQM requires retro-causality as a logical necessity if quantum mechanics is to be correct with respect to all observers. A more general model of retro-causality in RQM is proposed afterward, in which the entire history of a system changes with time.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Age for Quantum Computing with Dynamic Platforms

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 9 Pages.

Quantum computers are information processing devices which rely on quantum parallelism. Various physical systems such as NMR and ion traps are employed for realizing this parallelism. Specific algorithms which utilize this parallelism are in place. These algorithms make quantum computers outperform their classical counterparts in computational performance for certain class of problems. As and when efficient quantum algorithms are developed, and with a reliable physical system in place, quantum computer are destined to become universal computing platforms in decades to come. This review sheds light on some of the fundamental aspects of quantum computing along with the physical systems which implement them in an unambiguous way.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Short Note on the de Broglie Wavelengths of Composite Objects

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 10 Pages.

The de Broglie wavelength of an object is inversely proportional to the object’s mass and relative velocity multiplied by Planck’s constant. A composite object, such as an atom composed of a proton and electron, possesses a total mass and therefore a composite de Broglie wavelength. Mass is simply additive, although the relation for combining de Broglie wavelengths does not seem to have been stated anywhere in the literature. In this paper, we derive the relation for combining the de Broglie wavelengths of an object’s component parts into the composite de Broglie wavelength of the object as a whole. In so doing, we discover an interesting fact concerning de Broglie waves — that they do not undergo ordinary wave interference. Ingeneral, when we combine two waves to form a composite wave, the composite wave is the algebraic sum of the two original waves, point by point in space (Superposition Principle). The wavelength of the resultant wave is ordinarily that of the shorter wavelength wave, measured from adjacent crest to trough. De Broglie waves behave differently, the wavelength of the resultantde Broglie wave being the reciprocal of the sum of the inverses of the component wavelengths, multiplied by a factor to correct for relative velocity. De Broglie wave interference is shown to have a geometric analogue in the form of the Crossed Ladders Theorem. The macroscopic conservation of mass is partly accounted for, in particular its additivity, by interpreting the reciprocal sum formula for the resultant wavelength as the truest value.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167 Mechanics

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein rΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 20 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Mathematical Formula of the Pauli Exclusion Principle

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages.

By studying the phase change of relativistic matter wave in the process of electron collision, the interaction formula of strongly correlated electron system is derived, a mathematical formula of the Pauli exclusion principle is proposed, its validity in superconductor is checked. The predicted superconducting gap is in good agreement with the experimental results of 21 typical superconductors. In addition, the interaction formula clearly shows that at very low temperature, the collision between some electrons and lattice will become neither energy gain nor energy loss, which provides a new insight for the study of superconductivity mechanism.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hierarchies of Pertubation Theories as Post-Hartree-Fock and Post-Kohn-Sham Shemes and a Jacob’s Ladder for Pauli Kinetic Energy Density Functional Approximations

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker, Maximilian Bechtel
Comments: 4 Pages.

A hierarchy and comparison of pertubation theories (PT) as Møller-Plesset (MP) pertubation theory, pertubation theory along the adiabatic-connection (AC) such as Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT) and the Pertubation theory along the Pauli contribution by Redeker is presented with a classification as post-Hartree-Fock (HF) and post-Kohn-Sham (KS) method relative to their fundamental framework. Lastly a Jacob’s Ladder is given for approximating the Pauli kinetic energy density functional (KEDF).
Category: Quantum Physics

The [Plausible] Weird Mistake in Planck's Law

Authors: Patrick Marc
Comments: 11 Pages. Licence CC BY 4.0

By examining Planck's equation E=hν, one finds an analogy with accounting billing forelectricity. Frequency and power have a physical dimension T-¹, so one obtains an energyvalue accounted for over a time interval by multiplying them by this time interval. Byinvestigating this analogy, one finds a surprising mistake in Planck's law for the frequency of black body radiation: confusion between two contexts, one for radiation power and one for a timeless energy density. One goes from one to the other by an accounting-typetransformation: A multiplication by 4π/c or c/4π. Correcting this mistake makes a Planckconstant h timeless, invalidating the photon definition and de Broglie’s wave-particle duality. Despite this mistake, one obtains the same value for the black body radiation; it goesunnoticed. Consequently, the Planck relation becomes P=hν, with the energy of a cycle equal to h, whatever the frequency. One can consider this cycle as a new photon, which behaves like aparticle by its radiation pressure. Its energy-mass equivalence h=mɣc² gives a mass of4.134883524·10-¹u2075 eV, in the range referenced by the Particle Data Group. This correction ofPlanck's relation calls quantum physics into question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rayleigh-Schroedinger Pertubation Theory Sheme Along the Pauli Contribution

Authors: Leon Walter Redeker
Comments: 6 Pages.

A new Rayleigh-Schrödinger pertubation theory (RSPT) sheme along the Pauli (P) contribution is presented, with the unpertubated system being the artificial Kohn-Sham (KS) system of noninteracting fermions, which is linked to the real system of interacting fermions via the Hohenberg-Kohn theorem, with �� = 0, i.e. no Pauli contribution, is scaled up by the coupling strength 0 ≤ �� ≤ 1 to a fictitious system, with �� = 1, i.e. full Pauli contribution, the pertubated system of noninteracting bosons given by the Levy-Perdew-Sahni (LPS) equation. This formalism to introduced in order to give a pathway for constructing novel Kinetic energy density functionals (KEDF) for the Pauli kinetic energy as an (generalized) adiabatic-connection-like (GAC) theorem similar as to for onstructing KS correlation functionals with the adiabatic-connection fluctuation-dissipation (ACFD) theorem or as been done in Görling-Levy pertubation theory (GLPT).
Category: Quantum Physics

The Building Block of Quantized Dirac Field

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

[The author presents] how to quantize a two dimensional constrained system that functions as the building block of Dirac field.
Category: Quantum Physics

Selected Solved Problems On Quantum Mechanics, Solid State Physics and Computational Physics

Authors: Yunfeng Zhu
Comments: 16 Pages.

The author had selected and worked out these problems by himself. These problems mainly focus on quantum mechanics, solid state physics and computational physics. It can be regarded as a reference for the graduate students, especially those students in condensed matter physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

[On] Gravity-Classical and Quantum Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum mechanics, a description of quantum gravity is given bottom up from potential theory of the scalar potential Φ(r) for validity at the Planck scale and is validated top down by Einstein’s general relativity results in gravity. The description on quantum level results in an exact, identical description in the transformed curvature frequency (k, r) domain of the Schwarzschild and Droste metric and yields exactly identical curvatures derived in the classical tensor description of general relativity of A.Einstein, i.e. where the twain meet. No mathematical evidence (§4.4) of space deformation by gravity field components (applicable in spacetime as well with a proper definition of time as true 4th dimension, however is not subject of this paper); the deformation is valid in geodesic trajectories caused by properties of objects i.e. quantum particles and massive bodies, exposed to gravity fields caused by mass in space.The gravity field is a potential field interacting on quantum scale with mass as property of elementary massive particles, acquired by the Higgs’ mechanism. The field is emergent from two fundamental vector fields at spatial locations r with scalar field values, §4; in the treatment on quantum scale, strictly Abelian mathematics are maintained.The quantum particle of gravity i.e. the graviton is argued to be a mediating scalar gauge boson of the Higgs-type, by mediating the gravity force FG locally on the mass property by the field values (scalar magnitudes) of the gravitation field: gravitation force FG then is a (very) weak fundamental force, generated on quantum scale with visible effects in the entire universe on extreme scale.In the field descriptions (§4), 1.) no mathematical support is found for (naked) singularities: they disappear by a proper source description i.e. do not exist, and 2.) evidence is found that singularities at rS /r - appearing as well in the derivations by K. Schwarzschild and J. Droste of Einstein’s tensor treatment - are being introduced by violations of variable validity in mathematically integrated combinations of natural- and transformed- domain mathematics, and therefore include far-field approximation (-terms) in equations with validity for r → ∞ in the field in one combined equation, where they should remain separated, see §4.4.1 eq. (4.7a) and J.Droste’s notion in his textual remark in the original 1916 paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Prelininary Theory of the Proton-Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: standard headings, title, author name and abstract, and Scientific references will be required in any future submission or replacement)

A recent investigation by the author revealed the proton-electron mass ratio, a dimensionless number, could be approximates extremely well by a simple closed form equation, namely the fourth root of an integer. The result inspired the reader to account for the fact. This paper details some preliminary theorizing that partly explains the fact. Why the integer has the value that it does remains an open question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Fine-Structure Constant and 5-D Space

Authors: Rustam Islamov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Conductivity quantization and 5-D thermal field theory for bosons in odd dimensions are employed. A relationship between thermal mass and the fine-structure constant was derived. The calculations demonstrated that the numerical value of the fine-structure constant obtained for the dimension d=5 aligns with the experimental value of the fine-structure constant. This could imply that weak interactions occur in a five-dimensional space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Optical Fourier Transform with Direct Phase Measurement as a Computational Method

Authors: Aleksey A. Demidov
Comments: 7 Pages. In Russian

In the context of computational methods, an experiment on the optical Fourier transform with direct phase measurement (Nature 2017) is analyzed, a correct assessment of its actual computational complexity is made, taking into account interference that exceeds the capabilities of computational methods, and an experiment technique for direct measurement of computational complexity is presented.

В контексте вычислительных методов разбирается эксперимент по оптическому преобразованию Фурье с прямым измерением фазы (Nature 2017), производится корректная оценка его действительной вычислительной сложности с учётом помех, превосходящей возможности вычислительных методов, приводится методика эксперимента по прямому измерению вычислительной сложности.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Configuration of Graviton

Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 10 Pages.

Some commonly agreed upon behaviors of graviton are that it is massless, propagates at the speed of light, is emitted, and is absorbed between matter particles, acts like a gravitational force carrier. In this essay we propose a novel configuration for gravitons. It is a massless object with zero net mass. When a quantum of energy is transferred to it, it can store the energy internally and travel at the speed of light. When the quantum of energy that it carries is transferred out of it, it becomes massless, and its momentum is zero. By exchanging this massless object, energy can be transferred between matter particles. The net effect of this exchange is the apparent gravitational interaction between matter particles. Therefore, we consider this massless object to behave like graviton.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interference Field as Quantum Randomness Generator

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 8 Pages.

This document presents a principle of a wave field contained in a closed space producing fluctuations with random appearances at any point in the space. A 2D simulation shows that interference patterns produced by the interaction of this field with physical objects contained in the space make it possible to produce non-zero correlation measurements between distant points in space and specific to the objects position configuration. These correlations properties are used to explain experimental coincidences measurements having non-local appearance.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s9: Reformulating Schrodinger Equation/Solution to Show Its r-1D Reversed-Diffusion Character for Solar System’s {N,n} QM Structure Formation (Drafted in January 2020)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 23 Pages.

A pre-Sun ball (quantum) collapse process can be intuitively thought as a (mass) reversed diffusion process in r-dimension. It has been noticed for many years (and by many QM scientists) that there is similarity between Schrodinger equation and a diffusion equation. In the current paper, 1) By using Euler formula’s complex space (that was defined as the "i-space" in this article), I reformulated the expression of the orbital energy E = K + V to be K = Kθφ + iKr and V = Vθφ + iVr , and then E = K + iV* = (Kθφ + Vr) + i(Kr + Vθφ); 2) I assumed that a plane-like wave can be used as the solution (i.e., the wave function) of Schrodinger equation (either for an H-atom, or for Solar system), and then separate this 3D plane-like wave into two parts, one in r-1D only, and one in θφ-2D only; 3) Accordingly, (by guessing, not by the mathematical deduction), I separated a traditional spherical 3D Schrodinger equation into two: one in θφ-2D only, and one in r-1D only; 4) While the θφ-2D-only Schrodinger equation is almost same as the traditional one, the r-1D-only Schrodinger equation can be further degenerated into a r-1D diffusion equation with the diffusion constant D= ℏ/2m ; 5) At a citizen-scientist-level, I confirmed that the θφ-2D plane-like wave function is the solution of the θφ-2D-only Schrodinger equation, and the r-1D plane-like wave function is the solution of the r-1D-only Schrodinger equation as well as the r-1D diffusion equation. In this way, I demonstrated that Schrodinger equation may can be directly degenerated into a diffusion equation (at least in r-dimension). Furthermore, according to this explanation, the other QM scientists’ previous result of D → iℏ/2m may can be re-explained as that, the diffusion constant D= ℏ/2m not only radially diffuses in r-1D, but also laterally diffuses in θφ-2D through RF (RotaFusion, or rotation diffusion). If this explanation is correct, then the function of analyzing the E = K + V in an "i-space" maybe is to filter out the RF (the lateral diffusion) in θφ-2D, so that a pure r-1D diffusion can be obtained. Even I am not sure whether this method is correct or not, this deduction certainly opened a new route to reformulate Schrodinger equation and solution. This work may also have created a completely new way to study the relationship between the RF and the energy of the orbital motion. (Note: This article was drafted in Jan. 2020).
Category: Quantum Physics

Galois Connections on a Brane

Authors: Ryan J. Buchanan
Comments: 5 Pages.

On an absolute frame of reference, a Galois connection to a d-brane may be prescribed such that the data of the frame becomes locally presentable. We describe these connections briefly.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Deep Mystery of the Universe Behind Zeno’s Paradox

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

Zeno’s paradoxes of motion are four related paradoxes created by an ancient Greek philosopher in 500 B.C. In one of the well-known paradoxes, Achilles, who is a fast runner, chases a tortoise who is initially at a point P ahead of him and moving slowly forward. Zeno argued that, by the time Achilles arrives at point P, the tortoise will have moved forward to another point P1. Although Achilles is now closer to the tortoise, he will not catch up on the second try again because by the time Achilles arrives at point P1, the tortoise will have moved to another point P2 and so on. Therefore, Achilles will never catch up with and overtake the tortoise. But we know that a fast runner overtakes a slow runner in reality. This paradox has puzzled philosophers, mathematicians and scientists for millennia. This paper reveals the mystery of the universe behind Zeno’s paradoxes. There is no entity called an electron or a proton moving from one point to another point in space as we know it. It is profound that philosophers were able to probe the deep mystery of the universe by logic alone 2500 years ago!
Category: Quantum Physics

The Arrow of Time and the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric Theory

Authors: James Conor O'Brien
Comments: 7 Pages.

A method to constrain the Arrow of Time to the anterograde direction using the Wheeler-Feynman Time-Symmetric theory and four-vector potentials to model electrons as longitudinal electromagnetic scalar potential waves that only progress in the forward direction of Time.
Category: Quantum Physics

Retrocausality and the Directions of Time

Authors: Austin Fearnley
Comments: 10 Pages.

The mystery for the last century at the heart Of Bell’s Theorem is quantum entanglement. This paper explores issues with entanglement and explains that the success of Bell’s Theorem experiments depends upon some particles/photons travelling backwards in time. It is also argued that QED electric charge and QCD colour charge are both directly related to time’s arrow for individual particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploring the Intersections of Energy, Information, and Consciousness: A Theoretical Framework

Authors: Anthony David Adams
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper introduces a theoretical framework represented by the equation E = k*I^2*C to explore the interconnections between energy, information, and consciousness. Drawing from advances in quantum mechanics and information theory, the framework suggests a deeper interplay of these elements, challenging traditional notions of their independence. We investigate the implications of this interrelationship, particularly in the context of quantum mechanics, and explore potential applications in fields ranging fromneuroscience to quantum computing. The paper aims to open a dialogue among physicists, information theorists, and consciousness researchers, fostering interdisciplinary approaches to unraveling the complexities of reality.
Category: Quantum Physics

Does "Zero-Point Vacuum Energy" Really Exist for Boson Fields? and Fermion Fields?

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 24 Pages.

Although this was written as a chapter for my book-in-progress "completing Quantum Electrodynamics and other Quantum Field Theories" with "cloud" (and perhaps even creating "quantum gravity" & "theory of everything"), it can stand on its own as a helpful compilation of evidence that "zero-point vacuum energy" exists.
Category: Quantum Physics

Attacks Against K-Out-of-M Spacetime-Constrained Oblivious Transfer

Authors: Nandan Diwan
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper conducts a security analysis of the generalized k-out-of-m spacetime-constrained oblivious transfer protocol in the context of relativistic quantum cryptography. The introduction of this paper provides an overview of relativistic quantum cryptography and delves into the details of the spacetime-constrained oblivious transfer protocol. The subsequent sections of the paper focus on determining the successful probability of various cloning and measurement attacks. The majority of the analysis will be based on the simplest case when m = 3 and k=2.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Fundamental Relation Between Universal Gravitational Constant G and Coulomb’s Constant K

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this brief paper we relate the universal gravitational constant G and Coulomb’s constant k to the volumes of subatomic particles. We define a new characteristic of subatomic particles, quantum volume, which varies in an inverse proportion to the mass of the subatomic particle. As an immediate corollary, we propose an explanation to the Proton’s radius puzzle that reconciles the various seemingly contradictory results obtained, checking our postulates with a prediction of upper and lower bounds for the electron’s radius which is consistent with the current experimental bounds.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s8: {N,n} QM Field Theory Development on the E/RFe-force, the G/RFg-force, and the Spin-spin Interaction

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 28 Pages.

The foundation of a brand new {N,n} QM field theory has been established in the articles of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, -6s3, and -6s4. In the current article, I added some new developments. 1) For either an E/RFe-force field or a G/RFg-force field, or the spinning of a force field, we can use |n,l,m> QM state to describe, and then we can simplify the description by using nLL and nL0 QM modes only, or even by using n = 2 (with |2,1,0> and |2,1,±1>) for the description; 2) Alternatively, for a static force field (including either the G-force, or RFg-force, E-force, or RFe-force field), we can use n = 1 QM state |1,0,0> to describe. When this G-force field (or RFg-force, or E-force, or RFe-force field) increases the speed of either the translational motion or the spin motion, we can use the higher n number of nLL/nL0 mode to describe. 3) Based on that, either a single pair of E/RFe-force, or two pairs of E/RFe-force in turns of spin-spin interaction, or a single pair of G/RFg-force, or two pairs of G/RFg-force in turns of spin-spin interaction, was analyzed; 4) That the Moon is slowly moving away from the Earth can be re-explained as the weakening of the parallel spin-spin attractive force between them; 5) A complete description for the nLL QM-force was given, it not only includes the QM force in θ-1D that forming a disk (from a sphere), but also includes the QM force in Δr-1D that dissecting a disk into several rings; 6) the formation of the two spiral arms of a galaxy can be explained by using the "|nL0> elliptical/parabolic/hyperbolic orbital model". Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Variable Nature of the Charge of Subatomic Particles

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a variable modeling for the electric charge of subatomic particles, postulating that the charge of some subatomic particle with charge is dependent on its relativistic speed, with the speed of light as the main inertial reference frame.
Category: Quantum Physics

Measurements Clear the Fog of Quantum Interference

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 10 Pages.

There are many quantum optical experiments whose effects are supposedly not classically explainable. In this paper, the experiments of Hong-Ou-Mandel and Franson are rebuild, measured and explained with classical radio frequency waves.
Category: Quantum Physics

Approaching the Value of Vacuum Permittivity Using Vacuum Ether Dipoles Concept

Authors: Ophelliam Loiselet
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper, we compute an approximate value of vacuum permittivity constant (epsilon naught), with an error of less that 5%, using ether vacuum dipoles concept (Dirac's sea). We start from first principles by defining a field equation that will give bounded states dipoles, described as stationnary waves, and an equation for their polarizability density, very close to the vacuum permittivity value.
Category: Quantum Physics

Intrafunctorial Calculus: An Example Solution

Authors: Emmerson, Parker
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper presents a novel approach for calculating the solution to n-CongruencyAlgebraist Topologies using intrafunctorial calculus equations. We use a com-bination of the Primal Solution to n-Congruency Algebraist Topologies and theinterpspace calculus equation to calculate the finite integral associated with thealgebraic equations and the corresponding solutions for n. We show how thelogical operator "not" can be used in conjunction with the interpspace calculusequation to both calculate the integral and to negate the algebraic statement.We also provide an example of how this approach can be used to solve a partic-ular form of the equations. The results discussed in this paper can be appliedto a variety of problems in the field of algebraic topology.This paper explored the use of interpspace calculus and logical operations to calculate the finite integral solutions associated with the n-Congruency Algebraic Topologies equation and the associated solutions for n. We then applied this combination of methods to study the dynamics of the sun's gravitational pull on the planets orbiting it. Additionally, we developed a mathematical formulation to calculate the stability of a wormhole solution. Finally, we used the interpspace calculus equation and logical operations to derive an equation for the stability of a wormhole solution. This paper provides a comprehensive approach for studying the mathematics of stable wormholes.
Category: Quantum Physics

万物皆模式 (Everything is a Pattern)

Authors: Yiming Zhao
Comments: 499 Pages. In Chinese (Translation added by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

本书提出了一个不同于粒子物理学与弦论的基本粒子物理学模型，认为基本粒子是一个自维持的定值时序模式，由先后出现的一系列量子涨落组成，基本粒子的物理特征是量子涨落所激发的场的积分总效果。该模型可以很好地统一量子力学与相对论，统一物质、光与真空，统一场，统一物理定律与一切物理存在。

This book proposes an elementary particle physics model that is different from particle physics and string theory. It believes that elementary particles are a self-sustaining fixed-value timing pattern, consisting of a series of quantum fluctuations that appear successively. The physical characteristics of elementary particles are The integrated total effect of the field excited by quantum fluctuations. This model can well unify quantum mechanics and relativity, unify matter, light and vacuum, unify fields, unify physical laws and all physical existence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Weyl Scale Factor as a Global Dynamic Variable in Physics to Eliminate the Infinites in Quantum Theory

Authors: Qiubao Pan
Comments: 22 Pages. The copy right belongs to TOKU-E Foundation in Singapore.

In the Quantum Electrodynamics (QED), the perturbation propagators do not all have the same Weyl scale weight when integration is carried out over all momentum spaces. A dynamic scale factor is introduced to all dynamic variables in physics in this paper. The requirements for physics equations, including the Maxwell equations to be invariant under scale factor transformation is investigated. If a Planck type term with energy momentum dependence (not coordinate dependent) as scale factor is introduced to the propagator of QED, the renormalization theory is no longer needed. Instead of inventing different scheme of removing infinites, more experimental data collection is needed to determine the scale factors for different scenarios. The scale factor can also be introduced through replacing the momentum by a re-gauged momentum. Another approach of introducing the scale factor is to replace Fourier Transformation by Laplace Transformation in all quantum mechanics. The quantum gravity self-interaction terms shall no longer be infinite by choosing different scale factors.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of the Substance Structure Theory and Its Application of Wave Elements

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 21 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Law of Malus and Principle of Least Action.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 14 pages + 6 for source code.

This document proposes to apply a principle of least action to the law of Malus in the context of using a photon model with local variables. It shows that in this context, a principle of least action does not seem to apply. It proposes an interpretive hypothesis allowing to assume that this principle really applies.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experimentally Feasible Inconsistency Within Foundations of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is our pleasure to say that some of theoretical analyses on quantum mechanics are scientifically beautifully and comprehensibly represented using the Kronecker delta notation. It happens that Nagata and Nakamura discuss a novel inconsistency within quantum mechanics when accepting we use the property of the Kronecker delta without extra assumptions about the reality of observables. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible inconsistency in terms of imperfect source and detector. In more detail, we encounter an imperfect quantum state, the dark count, and the quantum efficiency,which cannot be avoidable from a real experimental situation. However, such an error of the number of particles becomes less and less important as we increase trials more and more by using the strong law of large numbers.One of the objectives of this paper is for us to remain wondering the extension of quantum mechanical axiom to concrete commuting observables themselves.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Experimental Study of the Hong-ou-Mandel Effect

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.

The HOM effect is based on the fundamental properties of quantum physics. Since the discovery of the effect [1], a huge amount of experimental work has been carried out to study its nature. However, the most important, interesting and simple experiment here has not yet been brought to its logical end.
Category: Quantum Physics

Observation of Multiplex Photon by Iccd

Authors: Kazufumi Sakai
Comments: 10 Pages. Journal for Foundations and Applications of Physics

The image intensifier is a revolutionary device that allows direct observation of the particle nature of photons. This outstanding instrument can simultaneously detect the presence and position of photons, which has greatly improved the study of interference at the photon level. However, this instrument can not measure the energy or wavelength of the photon, so even if multiple photons are detected at the same location, it is still detected as one. We found that the histogram of the ratio of the total light intensity to the peak value of the individual fluorescence images obtained by the image intensifier splits into two peaks. We show that this peak splitting occurs with a high probability near the bright line of the interference fringes and can be explained by the continuous photon incidence.
Category: Quantum Physics

Barnett’s Resolution of the Minkowski — Abraham Dilemma Holds, no 4-Vector Issue

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages.

There has been a century long controversy about the momentum density of photons in a medium, with two models getting experimental confirmation: the Minkowski model and the Abraham model. The latter being experimentations targeting the particle aspects of light, while the former focuses on its wave aspects. In 2010, Barnett proposed a simple resolution to the dilemma: both approaches are correct models, but one needs to distinguish what the momentum densities represent. The model is elegant and consistent with Maxwell’s equations in a medium. Subsequently, Changbiao Wang published two papers arguing that the reasoning is incorrect because the Abraham light momentum in the medium would not be a 4-vector. This paper shows that such a view is incorrect: the author incorrectly sets the kinetic momentum density of the medium to zero. Finally, we point out another paper that explains that the controversy is a relativistic effect between the reference frame in proper time for the wave and external observers.
Category: Quantum Physics

Probability Waves in a Classical Experiment

Authors: Konstantin Korzov
Comments: 10 Pages.

Observing quantum interference properties in macroscopic objects is difficult because the size of the diffraction grating must be of the same order of magnitude as the de Broglie wavelength. The article shows a simple method of experimental observation and theoretical description of the interference pattern in experiments with macroscopic objects. The results obtained coincide with the solutions of the Schrödinger equation for quantum particles and can complement these solutions for macroscopic objects.
Category: Quantum Physics

DIY Computer Calculates like Quanta

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 8 Pages.

The quantum mechanics appropriates the superposition and entanglement. However, both phenomena also work in classical physics. Following this insight, a 2 Dollar DIY computer is built that calculates the optimum of n-dimensional systems in a single microsecond step. This can be used to compute a large class of complex scientific problems. The examples show network optimization and the 3-body problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Electron Interaction with the Dirac Delta Pulse

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. original ideas

After the clasical approach to acceleration of a charged particle by delta-formimpulsive force, we consider the corresponding quantum theory based on the Volkovsolution of the Dirac equation. We determine the modied Compton formula forfrequency of photons generated by the scattering of the delta-form laser pulse on theelectron in a rest. The article follows the physical ideas involved in the author text -Electron in an Ultrashort Laser Pulse (2003).
Category: Quantum Physics

Direct Current Generation of Radio Wave Photons from an Antenna

Authors: Marvin Motsenbocker
Comments: 10 Pages.

Radio wave trains are the basic unit for communication and it is assumed that antennas require alternating resonant electric vibrations to operate. This assumption is challenged by experiments that created, sent and received single photon sized energy between a transmitting wire and a receiving wire. By completely avoiding resonance and impedance changes, single photon duration signals made by direct current were transmitted and received by wires placed 3.5 wavelengths apart. The transmitting antenna is analogous to a long molecule that has delocalized valence electrons throughout its long dimension. Radio photons may be emitted from an antenna by the same basic process whereby light photons are emitted from long molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s7: The Face-to-face Tidal-locked Binary Orbital Rotation May Be the Origin of the Electron Spin and the Nucleon Spin

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

1) Many QM text books showed that the matter wave has the relationship of v(n,ph) = (1/2)v(n,gr), my research result suggested that v(n,ph) = (n/2)v(n,gr) may be the more Eigen description. My research result revealed that the non-Born probability (NBP) or de Broglie wave can be used for either the group wave, or the phase wave. My research result also revealed that it is the phase wave that reflects each single electron/object’s true matter wave property, the group wave only reflects the property of all electrons/objects as a group. 2) The paired up/down spin information of the electron and the nucleon may have already been presented by the positive/negative wave peaks (of the phase wave) in either the Schrodinger equation/solution (in form of NBP), or in the de Broglie wave in the Bohr H-atom model. 3) The spin of both the electron and the nucleon (in an atom) may originate from the face-to-face tidal-locked binary circular orbital rotation between them. This hypothesis also perfectly fits to the new "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model (in SunQM-6s6). The result of Bohr-QM formula L(n,orbit) = mv(n)r(n) = nℏ may directly support this hypothesis. 4) Ultimately, the real meaning of spin ½ℏ for an electron may be: the electron always has an effective orbital angular momentum (between the inner and outer edges of the n shell) that is ½ℏ higher than the value at the inner edge of the n orbit. And because of the face-to-face tidal-locked, this ½ℏ effective orbital angular momentum is carried over by the electron as the electron’s effective spin angular momentum. 5) For a pair of spin up/down electrons, their (electron-proton face-to-face tidal-locked) orbital movement in φ-1D (in the opposite ±m directions) may have transformed into a uni-directional orbital movement in θ-1D. 6) A spin configuration for each of the four nucleons in an alpha particle has been proposed. 7) Planets’ spin origin may also can be explained by using the similar Bohr-QM formula L(n,orbit) = mv(n)r(n) = nℏ(gen) (that is specified for the Solar system). 8) This analysis again showed that, the quantum phenomenon is produced by the interference of the 3D spherical wave of a point-centered field (of force, mass, energy, etc.) to become a spherical 3D wave packet, so that the NBP (= wave) peaks at some positions and valleys at some other positions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Custom Quantum Devices and Their Use in a Neural Network at a Quantum Level

Authors: Sophia Ivanko, Peter Farag
Comments: 20 Pages.

Current quantum computers are expensive and require professional equipment for building it. The price for such computers depends on the amount of qubits but a 2 qubit device in average costs $10000 so the goal of this paper is to show the way of creating an optical quantum computer that is cheap and prove it utility by using the device as a quantum layer in a neural network that analyzes pictures.The article describes a way of building two devices: with 1 qubit and with 2 qubits. The devices were built from materials that everyone can easily find in a shop. A library called WavePlate was created for this project. It is made publicly available so everyone can use it.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Method for High-Accuracy Determination of Time-Span of Electron-Photon Interaction Based on Quantized Beer’s Lambert Absorbance

Authors: Sardar Dilbag Singh Khalsa
Comments: 6 Pages.

Actual Determination of Time-span in Absorption Spectroscopy and variation of absorbance vs.concentration is crucial in chemistry and biology. We investigated molecular absorption spectraof 1,4 -diamino anthraquinone taking concentration 20 − 90μM. We primarily report a violationand quantization of Absorbance in Beer’s Lambert Law and propose an alternative explanationfor the inherent phenomenon, quantum mechanically. Upon laser pulse excitation yielded photontransfer excited state having 17-96 attoseconds lifespan is formed for different concentrations ofsamples. We furnished a general equation for the electrostatic field, the wave function of photonsand its correlation with absorbance. Further, we propose an intricate relationship between theelectromagnetic field generated by particles and its wavefunction.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Energy

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 14 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy.General Relativity should be revisited.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Realist Formulation of Quantum Theory

Authors: Edward C. Larson
Comments: 27 Pages.

This article presents a new way of looking at and understanding quantum physics through the lens of a novel realist framework. It addresses core issues of realism, locality, and measurement. It proposes a general quantum ontology consisting of two field-like entities, called W-state and P-state, that respectively account for the wave- and particle-like aspects of quantum systems. Unlike Bohmian mechanics, however, it does not take the conjunction of wave and particle literally.W-state is a generalization of the wavefunction, but has ontic stature and is defined on the joint time-frequency domain. It constitutes a non-classical local reality, consisting of superpositions of quantum waves writ small. P-state enforces entanglement obligations and mediates the global coordination within quantum systems required to bring about wavefunction collapse in causal fashion consistent with special relativity.The framework brings quantum theory much closer to general relativity. The two share common language, concepts, and principles. It offers a sensible alternative to the Copenhagen dispensation, which actively discourages - indeed, oracularly proscribes - inquiry that seeks to explain quantum mechanics more deeply than the fact that the mathematical formalism works.
Category: Quantum Physics

Test of Bell/chsh

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the "Experiment: Classical fields masquerade as quanta", the Bell/CHSH inequality was violated with classical fields, which until then was considered an indicator for a successful QM experiment. The false positive result raises questions.In the current paper, the Bell/CHSH mathematics is tested with artificially generated classical and quantum data, respectively.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Deep Relation of the Non-Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function with Electromagnetism and Gravity

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

In one of my previous articles (https://vixra.org/abs/1701.0042) I already demonstrated the deep relationship of this Riemann function (canonical partition function of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann z function) with gravity and electromagnetism. In this work we recover it to show its deep connection with a new very simple function that uses the imaginary part of the first zero of the Riemann zeta function together with another well-known function of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function.Its extraordinary simplicity, without random terms appearing, and that in both functions (the canonical partition function of the imaginary parts of the non-trivial zeros of the zeta function and the new one, derived from the imaginary part of the first zero of zeta) are present the Planck mass, Newton's gravitation constant and the elementary electric charge, implies that their coincidence is completely impossible. At the same time, and for some time now, both mathematicians and physicists have been trying to demonstrate the Riemann hypothesis from quantum mechanics, but so far this has not been achieved. Our work works in reverse and demonstrates that the Riemann zeta function for non-trivial zeros plays an essential role in quantum mechanics and in a possible unification theory, as will be observed by the equations that we will show. We even dare to conjecture that the Physical baryon density ( value 2018,0.0224±0.0001 ) parameter is obtained with a function involved in this work (non-trivial zeros of the function z)
Category: Quantum Physics

Physical Explanation of Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 4 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

We propose a Physical explanation of duality by considering two new concepts, namely that every particle is made up of a stationary wave and that empty space is a granular medium which is a fluid quantum. The corpuscle can be considered as a vortex of this medium in a balance state with it, the wave is so the resonant state of the medium-space .This interpretation is compatible with quantum and relativistic theories .
Category: Quantum Physics

Requiring Negative Probabilities from "The Thing" Researched, Else that Thing Doesn’t Exist, is Insufficient Ground for Any Conclusion

Authors: Han Geurdes
Comments: 6 Pages.

It is demonstrated that the statistical method of the famous Aspect- Bell experiment requires negative densities and negative probabilities from "the thing" researched, else that thing doesn’t exist. The thing refers here to Einstein hidden variables. This requirement in the experiment is absurd and so the results from such experiment are meaningless.
Category: Quantum Physics

What is Entanglement?

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 9 Pages.

Entanglement is information distributed over the parts of a system, classical or quantum. It can be modeled as a reduction of the structure group, of horizontal symmetries, extending the Gauge Theory paradigm. Many conflicting interpretations are rooted in considering quantum properties as ``intrinsic'', e.g. in the Point-Form QFT / Gauge Theory, and needing a causal connection for ``changing'' the unknown state of the partner-particle, or confirming that QM is (was) ``incomplete'': EPR. The natural explanation of entanglement starts with Einstein's time synchronization and takes advantage of the advancement in our models of particle physics and quantum computing. The ``external variables'' emerge from the ``intrinsic variables'' and the entanglement relations are in fact generalizations of conservation laws. New aspects will be discussed: beyond Noether Theorem, from gauge fiber to horizontal symmetry groups, Hopf algebras model change of symmetry group, analogous to creation-annihilation of pairs of particle-antiparticle, but for information, corresponding to entanglement. Relations with quantum eraser, 2-slit experiment and retrocausality are discussed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Quantum Mechanics Must Be a Probability Theory

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 7 Pages.

It’s not a question of nature being inherently chaotic or random, an issue like a dead horse that has been beaten multiple times. It’s a question of reality versus fantasy. As curious beings, we have a need to know, we want to understand, and the data required to validate our theories compels us to observation. By re-examining what the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle entails at quantum scale, we are faced with the brute fact that the very nature of the real world demands that any theory describing it faithfully is a probability theory. And Quantum Mechanics is such a theory. Einstein once famously said that God doesn’t play dice with the universe. We agree with this view, however for different reasons. In this paper a deity will play, surprisingly, a different role.
Category: Quantum Physics

Rethinking of the Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 7 Pages.

Matrix mechanics is very convenient to express all the operations in quantum mechanics that are vague to use probabilities. However, we are not always aware of disadvantages of matrix mechanics. Matrices have generally properties of asymmetric, and the symmetric are very limited as in the case of the diagonal ones of matrices. So far, most experiments with their observables are in case of asymmetric cases in using two matrices for two measurements to any of two objects, for example a position and the related momentum of a particle at any condition. Here, naturally these objects could not be symmetric in terms of matrices, and slightly related between each other. That means it happens we have a convenient but disqualified explanation for the uncertain principle on confusion between experiments with errors and a disadvantage of using matrices. Therefore, using matrices looks fine analytically, but the essential of the uncertainty principle using matrices are not always correctly mentioned when we measure true symmetric cases between two objects and then their two observables.
Category: Quantum Physics

A New Quantum Model

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 11 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

In contradistinction to the Copenhagen nterpretation of quantum mechanics [1], Louis DeBroglie considered the wave function and the particle as two distinct quantities[2]. David Bohm followed up on this to provide a deterministic ontological description of quantum mechanics [3]. This paper builds on the above to posit a 'mechanical' model for quantum mechanics. An interpretation of superposition, entanglement and the nature of time is proposed.
Category: Quantum Physics

Evidence of Hidden Variable and its Consequence

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.

In 3D space, a vector needs three basis vectors. It was found that the Lorentz force uses only two basis vectors, leaving the third basis vector as an undefined variable. It is put forward that the third basis vector and its component is able to serve as the quantum hidden variable. Gravitational force also has the similar hidden variable which is responsible for the quantum gravity effects. As an application of the hidden variable theory, it is found that human lifespan is determined by this quantum gravity, further calculation shows that human average lifespan is about 84 years.
Category: Quantum Physics

Discrete Space, Continuous Time: A Study of Relativistic and Quantum Mechanics on a Discrete Non-Hausdorff Manifold

Authors: Blazej Kot
Comments: 26 Pages.

We seek to present a novel model of motion which underlies, and provides interpretations for, both the theory of relativistic motion (including gravity) and quantum mechanics. We reject the continuity of space and instead treat motion and space as discrete phenomena. Crucially, we also allow space to have "holes" and "branches" in it in the sense of it being a non-Hausdorff manifold. Thus space is not an all-pervading background "stage" but rather a dynamic entity built up as particles interact with each other. Only paths a particle may physically take enter into building this manifold. We reject the idea of space existing for a particle even where it cannot physically be present, such as inside the barrier in the double-slit experiment. We present our theory of motion then show the key phenomena and equations of special and general relativity as well as quantum mechanics can be recovered from it.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interpretation of the Double-Slit Experiment Based on the Quantum Light

Authors: Taekjin Kim
Comments: 4 Pages.

The traditional understanding of the double-slit experiment, which serves as a classicdemonstration of wave-particle duality, is being reconsidered due to new insights into therole of the central barrier between the slits. Contrary to the expectation of seeing twostripes on the screen when treating light as particles, the pattern can be more complex.This complexity arises from the interaction of light with the central barrier, where it isabsorbed and re-emitted in the form of surface plasma polaritons (SPPs). These SPPs travelalong the barrier's surface and contribute to the observed interference pattern. If theirprogress is interrupted by a Geiger counter, the pattern is altered, suggesting that theparticle nature of light alone can sufficiently explain the phenomena. This challenges thetraditional wave-particle duality interpretation and calls for a more nuanced understandingof quantum behavior.
Category: Quantum Physics

Does the value of Planck time vary in a Black Hole Event Horizon?

Authors: Policarpo Yōshin Ulianov, Jonas Paulo Negreiros
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper considers the assumption that Planck time and length values increase in gravitational wells, an effect that becomes more extreme in a black hole event horizon. Obviously, this assumption considers the point of view of an observer who is far from the gravity well, as opposed to an observer in the well, will not feel the effects predicted by the Schwarzschild equation. Whereas the values of these Planck constants remain unchanged for the observer in the well.If physicists can accept that the Schwarzschild equation describes effects that are applicable to Planck time and Planck length, they will see that in a black hole´s event horizon the value of Planck length grows to the size of the event horizon. Thus, in terms of Planck length, every black hole (no matter its mass) has an event horizon radius that is always the same size, which is equal to one Planck length.These authors believes that these considerations are fundamental in the development of a new theory that can effectively unite quantum mechanics with general relativity. The first step in this direction is to break the basic paradigm that considers that Planck constant values (Planck time and Planck length) are always constant, regardless of the location of the observer, which comes into direct confrontation with the Schwarzschild equation. Keeping in mind that the time dilatation and space shrink effects, given by the Schwarzschild equation, depend on the observer´s position.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Induced Chirality of Biology by Nuclear Magnetic Moments of 13C and 17O with 1H, 14N, and 25Mg

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 7 Pages.

Gravity is the one asymmetry on earth.  Magnetism on earth is symmetry with N and S on earth.  Electric field is also symmetrical with + and - on earth.  Such symmetrical forces of electric and magnetic fields cannot as well explain the chiral nature of life’s molecules.  But RBL theory of gravity better explains homochirality of biomolecules as gravity on earth is asymmetrical with mostly Br gravity on earth. In this work, RBL theory is developed more that Br gravity on earth is what broke the symmetry of chirality for one chirality for life on earth. Prior theories of homochirality do observe magnetic effects on physical processes, but magnetic fields on earth are not asymmetric, macroscopically.  So different magnetic fields can alter chirality and the two polarities can manifest both chiralities.  But why is there only one chirality in healthy organisms?  RBL’s theory explains homochirality better by his gravity theory.  Gravity on earth is asymmetrical. RBL theory determines earth’s gravity and its Br nature and irrational, fractional nature acts on stable isotopes of nonzero nuclear magnetic moments 13C and 17O in aqueous solvents on earth to organize organic compounds with preferred chirality for origin of life on earth. Such basis for life’s chiral origins is consistent with other aspects of RBL’s theory as isotopic enrichment in living organism can alter the primordial isotopic blueprint of chirality for altering metabolism for aging and disease.
Category: Quantum Physics

Uncovering the Numerous Manifestations in Our Material Universe of a Neglected Quantum Scenario

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 25 Pages. In Spanish and English

Although today, information technology has revolutionized our civilization, demonstrating that information management allows simulating and/or managing any imaginable process, be it mechanical (automatisms), biological (genetic information) or behavioral-cognitive (information and psychic faculties), physics continues ignoring their own underlying information. We will enumerate the multiple physical phenomena that require such pre-material underling information, its full empirical justification, its absolute consistency, and the paradoxes and contradictions that it resolves, such as Relativity and/or the Big Bang (BB). This induces that Quantum physics is a Scenario whose components are exclusively the underlying Information and the Energy (photons), totally independent of all the material physics of the Universe, given it was prior to it. As well as without Space (delocalisation) and without Time, since both are emergent characteristics in the materialisation of the Universe
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin Angular Momentum Explained by the Classical Quantum Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper proposes a new picture of spin angular momentum. In the conventional picture of spin, the precession of the axis is based on the assumption that the electron has an acceleration. In this study we first consider the case where the acceleration is expressed as a simple harmonic oscillator and the precession as a sinusoidal function. In this case, a double angle appears in the outer product of the Thomas precession, confirming that an angular velocity of one revolution of space can be obtained with half the circumference of the circle. Next we consider the case of Lorentz contraction of the circumference in the direction of the axis of rotation. Einstein pointed out that in a rotating coordinate system the ratio of circumference to diameter is not pi. This study propose that the Lorentz contraction is the cause of the anomalous magnetic moment. The anomalous magnetic moment is regarded as a Lorentz contraction of the rotational angular momentum. As a result, the oscillation of the electron at Compton wavelengths is calculated to be about four percent of the speed of light.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Results of the CDF Collaboration on W+, W-Bosons and Their Inconsistency with the Standard Model. a New Consideration of W+, W-Bosons.

Authors: Dudarev Valery
Comments: 6 Pages.

Physicists of the CDF collaboration have obtained results on the masses of W+ and W-bosons that do not coincide with the predictions of the Standard Model. The article considers a quantum model of the structure of elementary particles with energy levels, similar to the existing model of the atom, and a new point of view on W+ W bosons.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Fine Structure Constant: Revisited

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

A comparison between hydrodynamics (NSE) and gauge theory vector potential gauge flow (e.g. Hopf solution of NSE), yields alpha as the Reynolds number: eddies as Feynman loops etc. It explains the QED grading by alpha and lifetimes of particles (graded by powers of alpha) as a dissipation process.The theory of alpha can be formulated via the Schrodinger operator spectrum for Hydrogen atom and Boltzmann partition function, when related to Hopf fibration (Kepler problem on S3, magnetic topological monopole in the gauge theory formulation as an exact solution of NSE) for one loop (electronic orbital).The computation of the fine structure constant uses finite symmetry groups corroborated with H. Jehle's loopforms model of electron (Hopf fibration with connection and vector potential flow).The article brings together research material towards achieving such a goal. A program emerges: Physics Laws as Period Laws, and alpha an element of Pi-groups of periods.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gell-Mann Matrices (Strong Force Interaction) in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 35 Pages.

In this paper, we will find a way to apply the Gell-Mann matrices in the Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) realm. And without the need of adding the time as an ad-hoc dimension, but just considering that the time emerges naturally as one of the 8 degrees of freedom that appear in geometric Algebra Cl(3,0).Once these transformations are obtained, we will define the bra-ket product in Geometric Algebra and check that gives the same results as in the matrix representation.We will apply it both for Euclidean and non-Euclidean spaces. With the values obtained, we will show that the g-2 issue of the muon could be perfectly related to gravitational issues (to non-Euclidean space). On the surface of Earth, the effects of non-Euclidean space are in the range of 1,39 E-09 and the difference between theoretical and measured value of g-2 of the muon is 2,79E0-9. As it can be checked, they are in the same order, so gravitational effects could indeed affect the g-2 value of the muon on the surface or Earth as it will be shown.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Physical Basis of PROCOPIU’S Quantization

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 86 Pages. To appear in the "Memoirs of the Scientific Sections" of Romanian Academy, Series IV, Tome XLVI, 2023

The procedures of quantization are the same in the case of matter as in the case of light. They involve specific invariants to the scale change, and specific statistics describing that scale change in physics. A previous part of this work [35] explores the general mathematics of the physics involved in the problem of quantization. The present part deepens the similitude between the procedures of quantization in light and matter, by proving the identity of the resonators serving for quantization from a thermodynamical point of view. They are dipoles: electric in the case of light — Planck’s resonators, representing the matter — and magnetic in the case of matter — Procopiu’s resonators, representing the light. Mathematical details are exposed, and some physical consequences in observance thereof are explored.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s6: Using {N,n} QM Field Theory to Study the Atomic Electron Configuration, the Pre-Sun Ball’s {N,n} QM Structural Configuration, and the Nuclear Proton Configuration

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 28 Pages.

Solving Schrodinger equation for an H-atom directly produced r1s < r2p < r2s < r3d < r3p < r3s < r4f u2026 in Born probability density’s radial function, and it fitted perfectly for the pre-Sun ball’s {N,n} QM structural configuration (as proved in paper SunQM-3s3 by assigning the |5,4,m> and |4,0,0> QM states to Jupiter surface atmosphere’s zonal bands and belt bands). However, in all QM text books, for a Z > 1 atom, its ground state electron configuration is always r1s < r2s < r2p < r3s < r3p < r3d u2026 , (that reversed l sub-shell sequence in comparison with the Schrodinger equation’s solution for an H-atom). All QM text books have to explain this difference by using some kind of patches. In the current paper, I (qualitatively) solved this problem by changing the potential V = Vr to V = Vr + Vθφ in Schrodinger equation (with Vr < 0), and with either Vθφ > 0 for the electron-electron’s repulsive interaction in the same l sub-shell, or Vθφ < 0 for the pre-Sun ball’s attractive interaction between the objects in the same l sub-shell. After assuming Vθφ << Vr, and treating Vθφ as a small perturbation of Vr, and then forcing Vθφ to be a function of r-1D, I was able to analyze the Schrodinger equation’s solution semi-quantitatively, and obtained the expected result. Then, I explored Schrodinger equation for Vr > 0, and guessed out a (Bohr formula equivalent) formula for a point-centered repulsive force field, (also with rn = r1 n^2, En = E1 / n^2, but with n ≤ 1, or n" = 1/n, with n" > 0). Then, I proposed a brand new "proton-electron mirror-coupled orbit" model: for an atom with the ground state electron configuration of r1s < r2s < r2p < r3s < r3p < r3d , its nuclear protons has a E/RFe-force energy level ground state configuration of (approximately) r1s > r2s > r2p > r3s > r3p > r3d . Furthermore, the 1s proton and 1s electron, the 2s proton and 2s electron, etc., are always dynamically (or transiently) coupled. This model may be useful in the explanation of the K-capture, or the formation of the black hole (from a {-2,1} star during the gravity collapse). Based on that, I proposed a second new hypothesis: the γ decay may can be attributed to the nuclear proton’s pure E/RFe-force energy level de-excitation (without involving the S/RFs-force). Some semi-quantitative estimations have been calculated to support this hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Statistical Analysis of the Foundations of Quantum Mechanics I: the Fundamental Laws of Quantum Dynamics

Authors: Koustubh Kabe
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper provides a rigorous analysis of the Copenhagen interpretation and Feynman path integral formalism by statistical means and establishes the laws of quantum dynamics akin to the laws of thermodynamics.

In this paper the laws of quantum dynamics are enunciated based upon statistical considerations of a generic quantum system. A new concept called quantropy is introduced and related to the Feynman path integral formalism as well as the orthodox Copenhagen Interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

New Interpretation and Verification Experiment of Single-Photon Double-Slit Interference

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 8 Pages.

A light wave is the emission wave of photons, and its propagation in a vacuum does not require any medium. Based on wave-particle duality of light, this paper proposes that the interference of light is caused by the wave characteristics of a single photon itself. A light wave is the cumulative expression of the individual movement of a single photon particle with the wave characteristics at different times. The double-slit interference of light requires neither two wave sources nor multiple photons to participate at the same time. Therefore, in the single photon double-slit interference experiment, a single photon can pass through one of the two slits in turn to achieve double-slit interference. There is no superposition principle in the single photon double-slit interference experiment, and a single photon cannot pass through two slits at the same time. Furthermore, a verification experiment to check the superposition principle of single photon double-slit interference is presented. A light shield is used to block one of two slits in turn to ensure that each single photon can only pass through one of the two slits separately. The verification experiment of single photon double-slit interference will expand people's understanding of the quantum world, and it is a new challenge to the superposition principle, Heisenberg uncertainty principle and quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Physics

Analogies and Decisive Formulas

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 24 Pages. In French

By presenting 13 correlations involving Avogadro's number, Jean Perrin definitively imposed the idea of the atom, i.e. the negation of the infinitely small. Here, we're talking about both the negation of the infinitely large and the "infinitely insignificant" advocated by officials. textit{We are therefore alone in the Universe}, which the James Webb telescope should confirm. Already, the observation of old galaxies instead of the baby galaxies predicted by standard cosmology destryesz the latter. This failure of cosmology has brought science to a standstill. In particular, CERN failed to detect the expected super-symmetric particles, forgetting Eddington's prophecy of Proton-Tau hyper-symmetry, here linked to cosmology. What we haven't realized is that understanding the quantum world requires cosmology, which therefore appears to be the essential discipline. In fact, it even provides a limit to science, since there is a PERMANENT CREATION of neutrons. Although too weak to be measured directly, this is manifest in the baby galaxies revealed by Halton Arp. The lack of mastery of quantum phenomena is evident in the turbulent history of the laser, still misunderstood, in the quantum Hall and Josephson effects, and in the lack of understanding of climato-cosmic effects. Unlike Perrin's relations, ours are directly verifiable by everyone, which finally rehumanizes Science
Category: Quantum Physics

Integrating Superconductivity in cu Replace Lead Apatite by Nuclear Magnetic Moment Theory of RBL

Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 6 Pages.

Recently, scientists proclaimed superconductivity under ambient conditions of room temperature and 1 atmosphere pressure in Cu substituted lead apatite: Pb(10-x)Cux(PO4)6. This paper highlights the application of RBL stable isotope of positive and negative nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) theory for explaining the heavy isotopic enrichment of this materials as {207Pb{10-x}63Cux(`31P17O4)6} and the resulting superconductivity and novel room temperature atmospheric pressure superconductivity of this heavy isotopic enriched substance. On the basis of such analysis by RBL theory, the synthesis of high temperature regular pressure superconductivity can be explained and this recent experimental observation of ambient pressure and temperature superconductivity in 207Pb{10-x}63Cux(`31P17O4)6, proves RBL NMMs theory of high temperature superconductivity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Connecting de Broglie's Inner Frequency to the Hubble Constant: a New Road to Quantum Cosmology?

Authors: E. P. J. de Haas
Comments: 6 Pages.

While working on the concept of space volume absorption, as underlying classical Newtonian gravity, I got the idea to connect de Broglie's idea of an inner frequency to the Hubble constant. The space absorption concept brings gravity conceptually in line with Hubble's space expansion and allows balancing Hubble space volume expansion with space volume absorption. This reproduced Friedmann's critical density formula. The introduction of the concept of the rate of space volume absorption, a Lorentz scalar, leads to an expression for a quantized bubble of space absorption of the size of the largest nucleus. The mass independent formula for the volume of this quantized bubble of space absorption combines Friedmann's formula and de Broglie's formula and thus integrates the universal constants of Newton, Hubble, Planck and Einstein. I noticed a conceptual similarity between thus quantized space and the sub-quantum medium of the Bohm-Vigier-de Broglie theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Voltage of the Photon

Authors: Forrest Bishop
Comments: 15 Pages.

The photon is imagined to be a quantized, transverse electromagnetic wave (TEM wave). Proceeding from that origin, novel and compact expressions for its voltage, current, charge, fields, flux, spin, and other parameters are developed herein a consilient system with few assumptions. This voltage plays a crucial role in the quantization criteria for the transverse A, E, and B fields of the photon, the foundational assumptions of Quantum Electrodynamics, and leads to a further question.
Category: Quantum Physics

Principle and Experimental Results of Normal Temperature Superconductivity

Authors: Ming-yang Wang
Comments: 7 Pages.

Current is usually considered to be formed by the directional movement of charge. In addition to this classical explanation of electromagnetism, from the perspective of physical phenomenon, current also has "wave" conduction characteristics. Understanding current from the "wave" characteristics and conducting corresponding experimental verification can give us a deeper understanding of current. According to the "fluctuation" characteristics of current and the "lossless" propagation principle of optical fiber, the research team conducted 613 experiments on the combination of different conductor materials with PN junction materials of different materials and different junction depths. Under the conditions of boron-phosphorus type PN junction material, junction depth of 0.356um, wire cross-sectional area of 25mm², at room temperature, The resistance value of the conductor material is close to zero, and the nondestructive conduction of current in a real sense is realized near -32.3℃, without the help of external ultra-low temperature and other conditions, which lays a new theoretical and experimental foundation for the human energy revolution.
Category: Quantum Physics

Boys Localization and Pipek-Mezey Localization of Internal Coordinates and New Intermolecular Coordinates in Turbomole

Authors: Malte von Arnim
Comments: 26 Pages.

Local internal coordinates were achieved with simplified Versions of the localization methods of Boys and Pipek-Mezey. By truncation of the orthogonality tails these internal coordinates can be made even more local. The simplified Versions of the Boys localization and of the Pipek-Mezey localization could be applied to any set of orthonormal vectors, if one can assign a location to each component of these vectors. New intermolecular coordinates for supermolecules were implemented in Turbomole. The generation of internal coordinates becomes more stable and the geometry optimization is much faster in some cases.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s5: Using {N,n} QM Field Theory to Describe A Propagating Photon as A 3D Spherical Wave Packet with the Oscillation Among Three QM States

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 27 Pages.

The framework of the newly designed {N,n} QM field theory has been established in papers of SunQM-6, -6s1, -6s2, -6s3, and -6s4. It includes: re-classified the four fundamental forces to be three pair of forces (E/RFe-force, G/RFg-force, and S/RFs-force); all point-centered fields (including the mass field, the force field and the energy field) can be represented by the Schrodinger equation/solution (in form of non-Born probability as well as in the form of 3D spherical wave packet); the non-Born probability description that equals to the re-explanation of the Born probability density as the collection of all elliptical orbital tracks, the 3D wave packet description and the dis-entanglement of the outmost shell (i.e., the "general decaying" process), the "|nL0> elliptical/parabolic/hyperbolic orbital transition model", and the trick that using the high-frequency n’ quantum number to pin-point any small region in the {N,n} QM field. In the current paper, using the E/RFe-force pair (but in an inversed mode), I re-described a propagating photon’s 1D transverse wave by using a 3D spherical wave packet in the form of a non-Born probability (NBP) density ball that oscillates between |2,1,1> and |2,1,-1> QM states (through a middle state that is a mixture of equal amount of |2,1,1>, |2,1,-1> and |2,1,0> QM states). In this way, now we are able to describe a propagating photon as a single ball (which is more like its true shape than a 1D wave). The detailed structure of this multi-shell 3D wave packet has been analyzed. After emitted from a H-atom, an apparently linear polarized 656.1 nm photon actually is a circular polarized photon, with the (default) spin angular momentum in perpendicular to the propagation direction. The special relativity effect makes it appeared to be the linear polarized. Then, after passing through some different optic materials, this photon’s spin vector can be reoriented in the 3D space (relative to its propagation direction) to produce either a right circular polarized, or a left circular polarized, or a 90° reoriented linear polarized, or an elliptical polarized photon. However, whatever the reorientation the spin vector has, its value is always 1ℏ.
Category: Quantum Physics

To Understand The Universe: "Follow the Qi!"

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 37 Pages.

The role and importance of EM 4-vector potential extends beyond physics theory. It is conceptually connected with the concept of ether, biofield and qi.Instead of finding an "umbrella theory", we would benefit more from understanding all this knowledge as a Network of Theories, with correspondences and translations, and implications ... This is reminiscent of Topos Theory.At experimental and technological level, the Superconducting Quantum Computing area provides a valuable lesson.At the other level of complex biological systems, the theory of chakras, meridians and acupuncture incites to find a common framework, in the sense of Cybernetics, enriched with Quantum Computing (Hardware and software).An contribution to the EPR debate is included: time-sync needs supplemented by space-alignment.In conclusion matter defines and "follows" the QI flow as a "reference frame", in the spirit of General Relativity, but at a gauge theory connection level.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Measurement Problem as Loss of Adiabatic Invariance

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

The measurement problem of Quantum Mechanics reflects the tension between the deterministic evolution of wavefunctions and their random collapse caused by experimental observations. Here we argue that, in the Hamiltonian picture of quantum dynamics, wavefunction collapse follows from the destruction of adiabatic invariance on ultrashort time scales. Once adiabatic invariance is lost, Planck’s constant becomes meaningless, and Quantum Mechanics breaks down. We also suggest that, in the long-time limit, action quantization is a result of Arnold diffusion, a process describing the instability of nearly integrable Hamiltonian systems with more than two degrees of freedom.
Category: Quantum Physics

Sieve of Eratosthenes as Generating Algorithm and Riemann Zeta Function as Generating Function in Quantum Field Theory, Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 30 Pages.

Relevant to Quantum field theory, Sieve of Eratosthenes (as generating algorithm for all prime numbers) and Dirichlet eta function (proxy function for Riemann zeta function as generating function for all nontrivial zeros) are infinite series. We apply infinitesimals to their outputs. We ignore even prime number 2. The complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes all contain arbitrarily large number of elements while fully satisfying Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions, Generic Squeeze theorem and Theorem of Divergent-to-Convergent series conversion for Prime numbers. With these theorems satisfied by all Odd Primes, Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when usefully regarded as Incompletely Predictable Problems. Riemann hypothesis proposes all nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function are located on its critical line. It is separately proven to be true when usefully regarded as an Incompletely Predictable Problem.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 52 Pages. Math updates: More details were requested by reviewers

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understanding of gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter pair creation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties. The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unified description of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides a solid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis: Unifying Gravity, Electromagnetism, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 26 Pages.

The Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH) is a novel approach to unifying the fundamental forces of nature by proposing that spacetime is a superfluid medium. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the SSH, its mathematical formulation, and its potential implications for our understandingof gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum mechanics. The SSH describes spacetime as a superfluid governed by a modified non-linear Schr¨odinger equation (NLSE), which includes interactions between the superfluid and the electromagnetic field. In this frame-work, particles and fields emerge as excitations or topological defects within the superfluid, with their properties determined by the dynamics and geometry of the superfluid. The paper explores the key aspects of the SSH, including the interpretation of matter-antimatter paircreation as the formation of solitons with opposite topological charges, the role of the potential term in the NLSE, and the description of magnetic fields as a manifestation of the superfluid’s topological properties.The SSH’s implications for light deflection and its relationship to Snell’s law are also discussed. A significant focus of the paper is the coupling between gravity and lectromagnetism within the SSH. By introducing a density field and a gravitational field defined as its gradient, the SSH provides a unifieddescription of these fundamental forces. The modified Maxwell’s equations and the equations for the coupling between gravity and electromagnetism are derived and analyzed.Furthermore, the paper demonstrates that the SSH can be aligned with general relativity by carefully choosing the values of its parameters, such as the mass of the superfluid particles and the coupling constants. This alignment highlights the SSH’s potential as a generalization of general relativity, capableof describing both classical and quantum phenomena. The SSH offers a fresh perspective on the nature of spacetime and the unification of the fundamental forces. While still a speculative theory, its mathematical elegance and potential for explaining a wide range of physical phenomena make it a promising avenue for further research. This paper provides asolid foundation for future investigations into the SSH and its implications for our understanding of the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Atomic Structure

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Structure and the Cause-Mechanism of Energy Levels of Quantized Atoms

Authors: Yibing Qiu
Comments: 7 Pages.

This article shows the atomic structure that has been proved by the related and independent experiments；and，based on the atomoc structure，gave and show the causes and machanism of the quantization of atomic energy levels.
Category: Quantum Physics

Extreme Oscillation Phenomenon of Relativistic Propagator

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the relativistic Schrodinger equation of a massive point particle in one dimension both with analytical calculations and with numerical computations, and we find that this equation is almost consistent with Special Relativity, with a problem of small amplitude leaking from outside the past light cone. We find a paradox and a mathematical conjecture related to the relativistic propagator. We find a conjecture about how the relativistic path integrals maybe work, which maybe solves the problems.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Quantum Description of Inertia

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: 11 Pages. This paper builds on the combined theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics: https://viXra.org/abs/2106.0167

By extending the Gaussian gravitational flux theory, it is shown that the inertia of an accelerating object is proportional to the flux of its positional uncertainty in space. The constant of proportionality is found to be c/A where  is the density of the object, c is the speed of light and A is the diameter of the smallest possible black hole in nature - itself another constant of nature. In the case of a rectilinear acceleration, the proposed quantum formulation leads to F_I= -Ma. In the case of a rotational acceleration, the formulation leads to the rotational inertia T_I =-I dΩ/dt; both cases consistent with the predictions of the classical mechanics. In the case of a disc spinning under a constant rotational velocity Ω, the inertia resulting from the centripetal uncertainty of its constituents is found to reduce to T_I = -2/3 M R Ω^2, again identical to that of the classical mechanics. The latter, however, is found to be an underestimation of the actual quantum-relativistic solution wherein RΩ is non-negligible compared to c.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 61 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor $10^{61}$, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone inthe Universe. The Egyptian length unit, the meter shows that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 61 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant anda return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces theCosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61,which explains at last the enormous vacuum quantum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gaugeboson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 58 Pages. in French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Matter is the Representation of Space-Time

Authors: Xiaohan Deng, Zhiyong Deng
Comments: 27 Pages.

The continuous flowing spacetime forms a spacetime group G, one of its fundamental groups is the Poincare group PO(1,3), and the matter and interaction fields are representations of its intrinsic spacetime group. As a kind of quantized space-time unit, space-time group elements generate both space-time manifolds and matter. Matter and fields are aggregates of the quantum space-time within them and determine their type: the Lorentz group SO(1,3) represents a rotating spacetime corresponding to visible matter and the translation group P1,3 represents a translational spacetime corresponding to dark matter and dark energy. The aggregation mode of space-time degrees of freedom in matter reveals that charge conjugation symmetry is the inverse symmetry of internal time of charged particles, and the external parity breaking of neutrinos is also due to their internal spatial aggregation mode.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravity: The Merger of Qantum and Classical-Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory, a mathematical description ab initio of gravitational field theory is presented. In this description, quantum physics and classical general relativity (GR) are merged seamlessly — instead of deviations from general relativity, the treatment results in identical (photon and massive Higgs boson coupled energy) trajectory curvatures in gravitational fields, however with 3 deviating conclusions regarding (naked) singularities, spacetime-curvature and graviton i.e. deviating as predicted by the Einstein tensor metrics of GR.This is illustrated by the dimensionless point ‘source’ of the Standard’s Model gravity source as a starting point i.e. without any description of the actual gravity source; ironically, apparent singularities (K.Schwarzschild, J.Droste) vanish by a proper definition of a source of gravitation. The basic principle in the field description of gravitation - the potential treatment — is developed here in the complex Hilbert space. The gravity field then is identified by the causal relation between two vector-fields and emerges as scalar field, evolving pre-determined in space from the moment of mass creation. Instead of manifold diffeomorphisms and Lorentz transformation, the presented field theory is based upon vector- derivatives in the potential treatment of the scalar field couplings to the graviton from Planck scale upwards; operators in the description are Integral Domain Transformation (IDT) invariant and Abelian. In case natural domain functions are time dependent (spacetime) e.g. g(r, t), the transformation may be complex to account for phase differences i.e. the spacetime functions become algebraic after transformation and may serve to create further understanding i.e. in yielding densities of a property of the inverse variable: pure time functions yield → 1/t densities (amplitudes) in the frequency domain, and space functions r → 1/r density of mass in the curvature domain, whereas 1/r may as well is regarded a function value i.e. of decay.The back-transformation to recover the function is to be unambiguous, hence is Abelian. Next steps include a -classical- mathematical approach i.e. gravitational field theory in which spacetime curvature eventually emerges as geodesic-trajectory curvature by energy objects in the field of a gravitation source. In the field, the trajectories of objects are being determined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman): a geodesic is followed solely through compensation of accelerations (i.e. the ‘actions’ present in compensation) and revealed by mathematical consistent spacetime separation of in principal physically different properties represented by identical variables in separated natural and frequency/curvature density domains.Due to symmetry breaking, the graviton is argued to be a massive Higg’s-type scalar gauge boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field (e.g. by created mass) therefore is an instantaneous ‘action at distance’, i.e. in contrast with e.g. the SM vector-boson description as required in EM fields. Gravity field time derivatives i.e. the amplitudes of gravitation waves, settle with max. c m/s in truly empty space (ref. §4.1) and instantaneously cause the pre-determined interaction with the bosons, manifesting the fundamental gravity force. Gravity waves, as well occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field dM/dt (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields. The mathematics (e.g. IDT’s, complex vector space and required operators) in the paper are maintained in the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

Merging of Classical & Quantum Physics

Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: Pages. After editorial adaptation, the article is published in Hyperscience International Journals Title: Gravity: where quantum physics and classical physics finally merge. 2024-03 | Journal article DOI: 10.55672/hij2024pp1-9

In this 3rd paper of a triptych in quantum theory regarding gravity, quantum and classical physics are merged seamlessly - however with deviating from classical physics conclusions regarding singularities, space-curvature and graviton.Mathematically, singularities (Schwarzschild, Droste) vanish by a proper definition of the gravity source. Space(-time) curvature is shown to be geodesic-trajectory curvature by (energy) objects in the field of (a) gravity source(s). The gravity field is found to be a scalar field in which the trajectories are being defined only by the principle of least action (LaGrange, Feynman) by compensation of accelerations due to different physical causal sources of acceleration.The graviton is argued to be a massive Higg’s type scalar boson with ubiquitous presence since the creation of quantum and clustered mass in the universe: the influence of a settled gravity field on mass (in) entering this field therefore is instantaneous, i.e. unlike a vector boson.Gravity waves, occurring in mergers/transitions of mass, are defined by changes in time of the gravity field dM/dt (at max. c m/s) in space and only become observable when substantial mass/energy is involved due to the weakness and spatial decay of gravity fields.All mathematics (e.g. integral transformations, vector space etc) and related used operators in the paper are part of the Abelian group for validity at the Planck scale. Results thus constitute the description of gravity on all scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Theoretical Account of the Proton-Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 4 Pages.

A recent investigation by the author revealed that the proton-electron mass ratio could be extremely well approximated by the fourth root of an integer. In this paper, the author successfully accounted this fact. This effort lead to a theory of relativistic quantum spacetime which has the property of nonreflexive distance, which in turn accounts for the relative masses and the proton-electron mass ratio. The theory is confirmed by accounting for the experimental radius of an electron.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Theory of the Proton-Electron Mass Ratio

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

A recent investigation by the author revealed that the proton-electron mass ratio could be extremely well approximated by the fourth root of an integer. In this paper, the author tries to account for this fact. This effort lead to a theory of nonreflexive distance at the subatomic scale which accounts for the difference in masses and their ratio. The theory is confirmed by accounting for the experimental radius of an electron.
Category: Quantum Physics

Interference Field as Quantum Randomness Generator.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 9 Pages.

This document presents a principle of a wave field contained in a closed space producing fluctuations with random appearances at any point in the space. A 2D simulation shows that interference patterns produced by the interaction of this field with physical objects contained in the space make it possible to produce non-zero correlation measurements between distant points in space and specific to the objects position configuration. These correlations properties are used to explain experimental coincidences measurements having non-local appearance.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Deep Mystery of the Universe Behind Zeno’s Paradox

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 13 Pages.

Zeno's paradoxes of motion are four related paradoxes created by an ancient Greek philosopher in 500 B.C. In one of the well-known paradoxes, Achilles, who is a fast runner, chases a tortoise who is initially at a point P ahead of him and moving slowly forward. Zeno argued that, by the time Achilles arrives at point P, the tortoise will have moved forward to another point P1. Although Achilles is now closer to the tortoise, he will not catch up on the second try again because by the time Achilles arrives at point P1, the tortoise will have moved to another point P2 and so on. Therefore, Achilles will never catch up with andovertake the tortoise. But we know that a fast runner can overtake a slow runner in reality. This paradox has puzzled philosophers, mathematicians and scientists for millennia. This paper reveals the mystery of the universe behind Zeno's paradoxes. There is no entity called an electron or an atom or a ball movingfrom one point to another point in space as we know it. It is profound that philosophers were able to probe the deep mystery of the universe by logic alone 2500 years ago!
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos[:] Total Quantum Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 64 Pages. In French

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the Universe criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 1061, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The universe half radius is given by an elementary 3 minutes dimensional analysis, ruling out the universe expansion and the Initial Big Bang. This re-introduces the Perfect Cosmologic Principle, so the "impossiblegalaxies" were predicted and announced. However, tight correspondance with standard model suggests the Permanent Bang, a matter-antimatter oscillation at 10^104 Hz. Dark matter is clearly a quadrature oscillation. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations of Human characteristics with both the physical parameters and the Earth and solar system characteristics are so tight that the Solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe. The relations are so tight that one may consider that the Cosmos results solely from Human parameters. The Egyptian length unit, the meter, confirms that the physical parameters are optimal calculus basis.
Category: Quantum Physics

Anthropocosmos: From Analogy to Solanthropy in a Billionth-Precision Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 47 Pages. In French

Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws, the Holographic Principle and Arthur Haas's forgotten Principle of Coherence induce a steady-state cosmology down to the billionth precision, which explains the observation of "impossible galaxies", and predicts the isothermicity of the background radiation at temperature 2.725820456 Kelvin. The connections of parameters with those of the solar system impose the Solanthropic Principle: we are alone in the universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Variable Nature of Electric Charge of Subatomic Particles

Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, we propose a variable modeling for the electric charge of subatomic particles, postulating that the charge of some subatomic particle with charge is dependent on its relativistic speed, with the speed of light as the main inertial reference frame. This variable modeling provides a solid explanation of the quantization of electric charge, and opens a new path of research in quantum physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Remarkable Phenomenon in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 4 Pages.

It happens that Nagata and Nakamura discuss a novel inconsistency within quantum mechanics when accepting we use the property of the Kronecker delta notation without extra assumptions about the reality of observables. Here, we discuss a further strong novel inconsistency within quantum mechanicswithout the property of the Kronecker delta notation. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible inconsistency in terms of imperfect sources and detectors.In more detail, we encounter an imperfect quantum state, the dark count, and the quantum efficiency, which cannot be avoidable from a real experimental situation. Such an error of the number of particles becomes less and less important as we increase trials more and more by using the strong law of large numbers.Our discussion gives in some sense the limitation of von Neumann's model for quantum measurement theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is it Possible to Reconcile Space and Time with Spacetime?

Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 4 Pages.

Is it possible to reconcile Newton’s claim that space and time in the universe are two distinct and not related entities, whereas Einstein claimed that space and time are inextricably linked in one entity called space-time?Yes, it is possible to reconcile these two claims that at first glance seem to be contradictory. I claim that these terms can be reconciled when taking into account the structure of the entire universe.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dark Energy & Dark Matter: the Theory of Nothing for Everything

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 37 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the quantum field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Dark Matter is a high density of vacuum energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Energy

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 31 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field& this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Universe is considered as a space of 5 dimensions where the Dark Energy is hidden in two dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Dark Energy

Authors: Alaya Kouki
Comments: 24 Pages.

Vacuum is the fundamental state of the electromagnetic field & this is the dark energy. Dark Energy has a characteristic frequency which is an universal constant. Every point of space-time is considered as an oscillator in its fundamental state. Vacuum has also a density of entropy. Universe is considered as a space of 5 dimensions where the Dark Energy is hidden in two dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Uncovering the Numerous Manifestations in Our Material Universe of a Neglected Quantum Scenario

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 25 Pages.

Although today, information technology has revolutionized our civilization, demonstrating that information management allows simulating and/or managing any imaginable process, be it mechanical (automatisms), biological (genetic information) or behavioral-cognitive (information and psychic faculties), physics continues ignoring their own underlying information. We will enumerate the multiple physical phenomena that require such pre-material underling information, its full empirical justification, its absolute consistency, and the paradoxes and contradictions that it resolves, such as Relativity and/or the Big Bang (BB). This induces that Quantum physics is a Scenario whose components are exclusively the underlying Information and the Energy (photons), totally independent of all the material physics of the Universe, given it was prior to it. As well as without Space (delocalisation) and without Time, since both are emergent characteristics in the materialisation of the Universe
Category: Quantum Physics

Redefining Electron Spin and Anomalous Magnetic Moment Through Harmonic Oscillation and Lorentz Contraction

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper proposes a new perspective on spin angular momentum. Traditionally, electron spin precession is based on the assumption of uniform circular motion. In this study, we model the acceleration as a simple harmonic oscillator and the precession as a sinusoidal function. This approach reveals a double angle in the outer product of the Thomas precession and demonstrates that half the circumference of a photon yields an angular velocity equivalent to one rotation. Additionally, we show that a single electron can exhibit both up and down spins depending on the time transition. We further explore the effect of Lorentz contraction on the circumference in the direction of the axis of rotation. Einstein noted that in a rotating coordinate system, the ratio of circumference to diameter deviates from $pi$. We propose that this Lorentz contraction accounts for the anomalous magnetic moment. By treating the anomalous magnetic moment as a Lorentz contraction of rotational angular momentum, we calculate the stationary free electron's average trembling motion velocity within Compton wavelengths to be approximately four percent of the speed of light. Moreover, we include considerations from general relativity, using the Schwarzschild radius to predict the electron's size.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin Angular Momentum Explained by the Classical Quantum Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper proposes a new picture of spin angular momentum. In the conventional picture of spin, the precession of the axis is based on the assumption that the electron has an acceleration. In this study we first consider the case where the acceleration is expressed as a simple harmonic oscillator and the precession as a sinusoidal function. In this case, a double angle appears in the outer product of the Thomas precession, confirming that an angular velocity of one revolution of space can be obtained with half the circumference of the circle. It also shows the results of operations in which a single electron can take both up and down spin depending on the time transition. Next we consider the case of Lorentz contraction of the circumference in the direction of the axis of rotation. Einstein pointed out that in a rotating coordinate system the ratio of circumference to diameter is not pi. This study propose that the Lorentz contraction is the cause of the anomalous magnetic moment. The anomalous magnetic moment is regarded as a Lorentz contraction of the rotational angular momentum. As a result, the average oscillation velocity of the electron within Compton wavelengths is calculated to be about four percent of the speed of light. Furthermore, the Schwarzschild radius on general relativity included in the scope of the consideration to predict the size of the electron.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Gravity Gedanken Experiment and its Consequences

Authors: Shantikumar Nair
Comments: 18 Pages.

A simple gedanken experiment was proposed that imagines an observer shrinking down and entering the inner space of the atom. This led to five postulates which was justified mathematically using a quantum potential-modified spacetime structure within the atom. The new spacetime structure demonstrated that space was expanded within the atom, time was slowed down and inertial mass was increased. The paper also demonstrated that the uncertainty principle may have its origins in the modification of spacetime within the atom. Application of general relativity to the intraatomic space showed that charge emerges in a natural way from the changes in the spacetime structure. Within the atom, the term 8πG could be replaced with (2(e/m)^2)/ϵ_0 in the gravitational field equation. The absence of nuclear radiations could be attributed to the presence of a black-hole-like horizon around the nucleus, which also could explain the extraordinary stability of the electron within the atom that contains a positively charged nucleus. The spacetime transformation would appear to make the atomic world self-similar to, or symmetric with, the macroscopic world. The product of the space and time intervals in spacetime was invariant, which is in effect a law of conservation of spacetime. Thus, it appeared that spacetime may not be just a field of coordinate points, but a real entity that could be associated with both mass and energy. Inertial mass could be directly related to the proportion of space and time within spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics