Classical Physics

A List of Unresolved Problems in Physics [Which Might Be] Solved by the New Paradigm

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)

The goal of this publication is to organize problems from various fields of physics [Which Might Be] resolved by the new paradigm.
Category: Classical Physics

Maxwell's Equations and Three Fundamental Axioms of Electromagnetism

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Based on the axiomatization thought of science proposed by Euclid, this study summarizes hundreds of electromagnetic theorems and formulas in the field of technical application into three fundamental axioms of electromagnetism: Coulomb's law, Lorentz’s law of magnetic field generation and Lorentz’s law of magnetic field force. Through the comparative analysis of the above three axioms of electromagnetism and Maxwell's equations, and it is revealed that the four equations contained in the Maxwell's equations are all wrong.
Category: Classical Physics

Analysis of the Influence of Angle of Attack on Airfoil Lift: A Computational Study

Authors: Avighna Daruka
Comments: 17 Pages.

The angle of attack of an airfoil determines the amount of lift the airfoil can generate, measuring this effect to maximize the aerodynamic potential of a NACA2412 [National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics] and NACA0010-35 airfoil has been undertaken in this article. This article attempts to bridge thegap by providing a relationship between the angle of attack and airflow-relatedparameters by undertaking an intuitive computation. Initially, it measures thelift, lift-to-drag ratio, and angle of attack (AOA). The open-source NASA [NationalAeronautics and Space Agency] Glenn software manipulates environmentalparameters, making research more accessible and eliminating human error. The article summarises that the stall point — where a rapid decrease in lift is seen to decrease the lift coefficient rapidly. Based on the current scientific development in the field, the optimal angle of attack is roughly 0.065 radians for most avionic systems. The lift coefficient increases in a linear relationship with the angle of attack but after a critical point, the lift coefficient rapidly decreases leading to an induced stall, something which has been the root cause for aviation accidents. Furthermore, towards the end of the article, the Bernoulli theorem was derived and proved to demonstrate how fundamental flow dynamics dictate the flight of an aviation object. Using pressure and velocity variation graphs extracted from the NASA Glen open-source software, and comparing the slopesof a set point the article was able to justify the theoretical hypothesis. By understandingthe effect of the angle of attack on the lift, one can gain a better understanding of why aviation stalls occur and how they are inherently linked to the rise in the angle of attack. This can lead to aircraft safety and general avionic development in research.
Category: Classical Physics

Dipole Lattice Mechanics

Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 32 Pages.

In this paper I introduce the concept of Dipole Lattice mechanics to explain the structure of space and the origins of matter. It explains the properties of fundamental particles such as mass, charge, spin, magnetic moment etc. It describes what light is and it predicts the existence of what I call a dark photon which readily explains the results of all single photon Mach-Zender type interferometry experiments. It also predicts the existence of Dark energy and Dark matter and explains what they are. It provides an alternative and simple explanation for Stern-Gerlach and Bell Inequality type experiments which are the pillars of Quantum Mechanics. It also proposes explanations for Quantum Tunnelling, Gravity, Superfluidity, Superconductivity, the Casimir effect and many more.
Category: Classical Physics

A Unified Theory of Gravity and Inertia

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this paper, we want to show how the phenomenon of inertia can be explained in classical mechanics in a unified theory of gravity and inertia. This is achieved by correctly implementing Mach’s principle and the idea of inertia being of gravitational origin. As a basis, we use the inertia-free mechanics of H.J. Treder. We want to show that it realises Mach’s principle in the sense that the inertial frames of reference are completely determined by the relative motion of all particles in the universe. The theory is valid in arbitrary frames of reference and yields the exact Newtonian fictitious forces for translational and rotational motion of any non-inertial frame. Inertial mass and fictitious forces can be explained as of gravitational origin while the former at the same time remains isotropic, as demanded by experiment. We will show how inertial and gravitational mass are related to each other, providing an explanation for the weak equivalence principle. In the lowest order v/c of the theory, Newtonian mechanics is obtained, but including the fictitious forces. As correction in the next order, the theory yields Gravitoelectromagnetism. We show, that a Lorentz-type force equation valid in arbitrary accelerated frames can be derived. Ultimately, it is possible to formulate classical mechanics without a priori introducing the gravitational constant. Instead, an expression for it can be derived from the theory itself, allowing for an explanation of the strength of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

The Universal Formula for Energy: he Fundamental Constant of Energy

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.

A universal energy law is proposed in the form of a formula that includes the energy constant and dimensionless parameters. This way of representing the energy formula is a generalized equation for mechanical, electric, magnetic, gravitational and thermal energy. From one generalized energy equation directly follows: kinetic energy formula E=mV^2/2, quantum energy formula E=hν, Einstein formula E=mc^2, thermal energy formula E=3kBT/2, Joule-Lenz law, gravitational energy formula, electrical energy, magnetic energy, charged capacitor energy, inductance coil energy, rotational kinetic energy. The universal energy formula includes a single energy constant (Eo = 8.18710577... x 10^-14 J). The energy constant is numerically equal to the resting energy of the electron. Despite the electromagnetic status of this constant, it is a constant not only in the laws of electromagnetic energy, but also in the laws of mechanical energy, gravitational energy, and thermal energy. The dimensionless quantities are represented by the ratio of the used characteristics to the constants of these characteristics. The Universal formula of energy will facilitate the study and understanding of the laws of mechanics, gravitation and electromagnetism in the educational process.
Category: Classical Physics

The Reason for the Striking Similarity Between the Formulas of Coulomb's Law and Newton's Law of Gravitation: The Universal Formula of Force

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 17 Pages.

It is shown that the similarity of the formulas of Newton's law of gravitation and Coulomb's law is not a coincidence. The reason for the similarity is that these laws are derived from a single law of force. The forces of inertia, gravitation, electric force, and magnetic force are represented by a single generalized law. A universal formula of force is derived for the generalized law of force interaction. Newton's law of gravity, Newton's second law, Coulomb's law of electrostatics, Ampere's law, Lorentz's law of force, and the centripetal force all follow from the universal formula of force as particular results. The interaction constant in the universal formula of force is the fundamental constant of force Fo = 29.0535101 N. This is the electromagnetic interaction force between two electrons. Despite the electromagnetic status of this constant, it enters both the laws of electromagnetism and the formulas of Newton's laws of mechanics. From the universal formula of force, the equation for calculating the Newtonian constant of gravitation G is derived. The formulas for calculating the Newtonian constant of gravitation G include Planck's constant, Sommerfeld's constant, and the fundamental constants of the electron. This is an unexpected result from the universal formula of force that affects the independent status of the constant G. The dependence of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G on the fundamental physical constants opens the way to obtain a more accurate value of the constant G by calculation. In solving the problem of increasing the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G, an important role is assigned to large Dirac numbers. The universal formula of force allows one to elegantly and simply obtain the equation of any force interaction law in mechanics and in electromagnetism using the fundamental constant of force. The Universal formula of force will facilitate the study and understanding of the laws of mechanics and the laws of electromagnetism in the educational process
Category: Classical Physics

A New Law of Gravitational Force Beyond the Limits of Applicability of Newton's Law of Gravity

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The law of cosmological gravitational force is proposed in addition to Newton's law of gravitation. The law operates beyond the limit of applicability of Newton's law of gravitation and is applicable to the gravitational interaction of the universe. The new law of gravitational force shows that any body of mass m is subject to the cosmological force proportional to the mass of the body and the cosmological constant Ʌ. The formula for the law of cosmological force is:F = (mc^2)√Ʌ.Instead of the gravitational constant G, the cosmological constant Ʌ is included in the cosmological force law. The new law gives the value of the force very close to the value of the Pioneer anomaly.
Category: Classical Physics

Baofeng UV-5R Improvements

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 5 Pages. In Spanish (email: carloschiappini@gmail.com)

This document exposes two problems. One is low voice volume in transmission, another is poor reception when there is electromagnetic noise in the operating band. The ways to alleviate these problems have been used in my equipment.

Este documento expone dos problemas. Uno es el volumen bajo de la voz en transmisión. Otro es la recepción deficiente cuando hay ruido electromagnético en la banda de operación. Las formas de aliviar estos problemas han sido utilizadasen mi equipo.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton's Law of Gravity + Law of Cosmological Force = Law of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.

The reason for the limitations of Newton's classical theory of gravitation is that classical gravitation remained an unfinished theory. Newton's formula FN = GMm/r^2 gives the force of gravitational interaction between two bodies. Accordingly, Newton's law formula gives only part of the force of universal gravitation and does not apply to the universe. In classical gravitation the additional cosmological force of gravitational interaction of bodies with the mass of the Universe remained undiscovered. The additional cosmological force is represented by a new law of gravitation, different from Newton's law. The law of cosmological force is presented using the cosmological constant Ʌ: FCos = mu2022c^2u2022√Ʌ. The cosmological force has a linear dependence on the mass of the body and does not obey the law of inverse squares. On small scales, the additional cosmological force is much smaller than the Newtonian force. On the scale of the Universe, the cosmological force exceeds the Newtonian force and has a theoretical limit equal to the Planck force FP = c^4/G = 1.21027u202210^44 N. This large force was not represented in the law of universal gravitation. A new mathematical formula for the law of universal gravitation is given. The law of universal gravitation is represented by two equations, Newton's law FN = GMm/r^2 and the law of cosmological force FCos = mu2022c^2u2022√Ʌ. The law of universal gravitation admits a quantum description of the gravitational interaction. It is shown that extended classical gravity has a high heuristic potential. The law of universal gravitation in extended form explains the mystery of galaxy rotation curves and the Pioneer Anomaly without involving the dark matter hypothesis.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravitational and Inertial Mass

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 10 Pages.

In nature, gravitational and inertial mass appear to be the same. This is know as the equivalence principle in its weak formulation. In this paper, we discuss a possible relationship between gravitational and inertial mass in a Newtonian framework.
Category: Classical Physics

Impact of Propagation of Light on the General Theory of Relativity Influencing Einstein’s Researches on Gravitation

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: 10 Pages. 2 Figures; 1 Table

A closer analysis of the mathematical expressions for the description of linear and revolutionary motions reveals that the characteristics of these two motions are interconvertible under appropriate condition. Here, it is proposed that revolutionary motion is the only type of motion that exists in the universe and rectilinear motion is a special case of it. In case of propagation of light, this proposal fails in the terrestrial experiments but at astronomical distances the revolutionary motion of light was reported as experimental observations. Einstein considered the propagation of light rays in straight lines and in his general theory of relativity he proposed the bending of light rays as the effect of gravitational field of the Sun. According to him, force of gravity arises from the curvature of space-time. He tried to place gravitational force in line with electrical and magnetic interactions obeying Newton’s description of universal gravitation. This might be the leading cause that Einstein was not successful in interpreting the gravitation as well as the unified field theory.
Category: Classical Physics

The MM Theory: A Fundamental Revision of the Laws of Motion and Introducing Centrial Motion and Centrial Momentum

Authors: Morteza Mahvelati
Comments: 36 Pages.

In classical physics, linear and angular motion as well as linear and angular momentum have long been defined. In this paper it becomes apparent through analysis that there is much need for the presence and denotation for a new type of motion. As such, centrial motion is introduced and described as another form of motion not previously presented. Furthermore, a new form of momentum called centrial momentum is defined and elaborated. As a result, the motion of complex bodies can be analyzed and studied with much more simplicity and ease than previously done via classical physics. Along with the discussion of centrial motion and momentum, the concepts of linear motion based on the motion of momentum is also studied and analyzed and the law of motion of momentum is defined. Additionally, complex scenarios are introduced where the discussions assist in the much simpler understanding of the classical scenarios of the motions presented. It becomes readily apparent that the use of centrial motion equations and relationships derived are the best suited for the purposes of the study of these types of motions.In addition, in this paper, motion scenarios that cannot be explained by classical physics are discussed and adequately explained by presenting new concepts. Through deeper analyses, it is found that momentum is not conserved. However, the kinetic energy of an isolated system, if not transformed to other forms of energy, remains conserved.
Category: Classical Physics

Basic Electricity And Photon Energy Current

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 13 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org)

There is great misconceptions and confusion about how energy is transmitted by electric currents.The electric current carries no energy. It is the photon energy current within current-carrying conductors that transmits electrical energy. The magnetic fields surrounding current-carrying conductors play no part in electrical energy transmission. A simple classical derivation of Ohm's law is given. The working of the Zn/Cu Galvanic cell is examined; it is shown to be a photon generator.
Category: Classical Physics

Glass Reinforced Epoxy (Gre) as an Alternative Pipeline for Onsite Surface Installations: a Structural Integrity and Financial Feasibility Study

Authors: Muhammad Tahir Waqas, Mustafa Ali
Comments: 19 Pages.

In this modern era when every single operation is being optimised for specific improvement, this study focuses on the sustainable alternative pipeline i.e. Glass Reinforced Epoxy (GRE) composite for onsite surface transportation of oil products. To provide a better solution to large maintenance and durability issues and to deliver durable alternative pipeline with lower operation expenditures (OPEX) The significance of the GRE pipeline in contrast to conventional carbon steel (CS) pipeline provides better resistivity to erosion, corrosion and chemical degradation. The 202.5 m GRE pipeline of varying diameters (8’’,6’’& 4’’) in layout network has been analysed for pipeline qualification in which the structural integrity analysis on CAESER-II has been performed. All the analysis performed are in conformance to guidelines of ISO-14692, a standard for composite pipe installations. The life cycle cost analysis and financial feasibility of GRE pipeline is analysed for the designed system in contrast to equivalent CS pipeline. The capital budgeting ratios are calculated to determine the alternative selection. In the analysis the procurement and installation cost, Net Present Value (NPV), Payback (PB) period and Profitability Index (PI) has been comparatively analysed. From the analysis GRE pipeline is concluded to be structurally stable for the designed layout with an extended life time and lower OPEX for transportation, with more NPV and PI along with quick Payback period GRE conforms to be a reliable alternative for installation and provides you enough saving cost to be readily invested on some other projects or to carry out routine maintenance operations.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Research Needed on Monopolar Pulsed High Voltage Levitation

Authors: Brian Fraser
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a short review of Samuel Piggott’s experiments in electrogravitation circa 1903. Conclusions and recommendations are also given at the end of this paper.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics (Part I)

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

Completed Maxwell Electromagnetic Field Theory

Authors: Nimit Theeraleekul
Comments: 16 Pages.

Maxwell electromagnetic field theory originally was born with a mechanical model of the aether. After Einstein special theory of relativity was accepted, the aether was rule out. Only Maxwell equations are being used until now. Since then many important problems in electromagnetic field theory were started, and they still can not be solved until today. Modification using "Vacuum mechanics" will solve all the problems and lead to a more completed theory of electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part 5: Stable Vacuum Formations

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 55 Pages.

This article is the fifth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In this article, Einstein's vacuum equations are used as conservation laws, and their solutions as metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations. Sets of metrics-solutions of vacuum equations are considered, and methods of extracting information from these metrics based on Algebra of Signature are proposed. For con-venience of perception of intra-vacuum processes, a change in the interpretation of the zero components of the metric tensor was used. Instead of curved space-time continua, "colored" elastoplastic continuous pseudo-mediums are introduced into consideration. In this case, the zero components of the metric tensor determine not the change in the rate of flow of local time, but the speed of flow of intra-vacuum current in the local region of the elastoplastic pseu-do-medium. At the end of the article, an extended (third) Einstein vacuum equation is proposed, which allows us to consider metric-dynamic models of a variety of stable corpuscular vacuum formations. Alsigna's infinitely deepening intertwined fabric of space-time continuum, taking into account all 16 signatures (i.e. 16 types of topologies), is in many ways similar to the spin network of loop quantum gravity and to 6-dimensional Calabi-Yau manifolds. In this sense, the Algebra of Signatures can serve as a link that unites different directions in the development of quantum gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons as Moving Clocks

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 11 Pages.

A recently proposed modified Born-Infeld model of electrons includes an internal clock. De Broglie and other researchers have argued that such an internal clock may explain quantum-mechanical properties of electrons and other particles. Motivated by this hypothesis, this work proposes an interpretation of single-electron wave functions in terms of the mentioned model of electrons. Future numerical experiments that could test whether the model may be used to describe quantum-mechanical phenomena are also discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modification of Newton's Formula of Universal Gravitation

Authors: Zhi Li, Hua Li
Comments: 5 Pages.

Based on the assumption of Conservation of Energy-Momentum, this article proves that the static mass of an object is equivalent to the inertial mass, and the total mass of the object is composed of inertial mass and moving mass. The gravitational mass of a passive gravitational object is the total mass, and the gravitational mass of an active gravitational object is the static mass. An object without static mass moving at the speed of light has inertial mass, and its total mass is twice its inertial mass. For an object with static mass, motion does not change its inertial mass, but only increases its gravitational mass. This article proposes a modified formula for Newton's universal gravitation formula, that is, a dynamic correction coefficient (1+V/C) is added in front of the original formula. The modified formula is: F=(1+V/C) G m M/r^2.
Category: Classical Physics

Deriving the Pythagorean Theorem Using Physics Conservation Laws

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Pythagorean Theorem is derived using conservation of energy and linear momentum that involves an elastic collision between two equal masses.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Essential Principle of Universal Gravitation and Its Mathematical Derivation

Authors: Ding Lei
Comments: 22 Pages. In Chinese (Please cite and list scientific references!)

This article explores the fundamental principle of universal gravitation and derives a new formula for universal gravitation which can be verified by a variety of experimental methods.
Category: Classical Physics

Classical Mechanics Of Charge, Space [&] Time Without Mass Dimension

Authors: Chan Rasjid Kah Chew
Comments: 5 Pages.

This paper continues from the author’s earlier paper of Simple Unified Theory (SUT).It extends the new electric classical mechanics basedon electric charge, space and time without mass as an independent physical dimension. Mass is now a defined concept as magnitude of charge times volume of charge. New definitions of an electric unified atomic unit and an electric kilogram have been introduced. A complex Coulomb’s law is developed with a formal analytical extension of the electric charge as a complex quantity; a charge Q of magnitude q is represented as z = Q + iqk where the constant k is dependent on the system of units. The complex Coulomb’s law for the forces between two charges z1 , z2 at distance r apart is: F = 1/(4πεu2080)zu2081zu2082/r² r̂. The forces acting between two Hydrogen-1 atoms would be shown to have a net attractive force; this explains how gravity is the result of a slight excess of Coulomb attractions over repulsions.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether — Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 44 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Electrical Generator Based on Cathode Ray Tubes

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in the future)

An electrical generator was designed based on cathode ray tubes. The anode moves electrons from the cathode to the receiver, which is connected to the load. The consumed power by the load is converted to output power. A second cathode ray tube shoots the electrons back to form a closed circuit.
Category: Classical Physics

Hidden Nonlinearity of Weak Field Sound Wave in (2+1)-Dimensional Empty Space-Time

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 7 Pages.

We propose that the weak field sound wave derived from Newton's second law of gravitation in (2+1)-dimensional empty space-time, a linear equation, could have hidden nonlinearity.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 3 Pages.

This study builds on a previous publication entitled "a formula for electron mass calculation based on new fundamental concepts" (ref.1), it shows that the relationship obtained between the mass of the electron and the four fundamental constants of physics, including fine structure constant, is precisely satisfied (to the millionth) if we take the inverse of the latter equal to the whole number 137. This value is interpreted as "ideal" for a Vacuum which would be free from radiation and other particles, therefore consisting exclusively of dark energy, this would imply a slight modification of the speed of light and Planck's constant, in this medium.
Category: Classical Physics

[On] Cosmogenesis: Initial Stage

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 24 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite scientific references!)

In this paper, I attempt to suggest a model of physical genesis that excludes the idea of the big bang and proposes a different hypothesis. The basic hypothesis attributes to the cosmos a lower limit of density that cannot be be violated, since space collapses when the density reaches that limit.
Category: Classical Physics

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. https://physics.stackexchange.com/q/659378 (Note by viXra Admin: Please make the article printable and remove the blocked texts!)

I project a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complex plane-wave(1) electric field onto cross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of the electric field versus diffraction angle in the far field(2)? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’ electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ rays traces Lissajous curves(3) particular to the diffraction(4) angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependent lines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringing interference of transverse field undulations(5) summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law(6,7) since the vector sum(1), somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentially retro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’s Double-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell, Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion(8.9).
Category: Classical Physics

Beyond Classical Physics and Relativity

Authors: Ioannis Xydous
Comments: 26 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Frequent replacements/withdrawals are not acceptable))

This study seeks to unveil groundbreaking concepts challenging conventional ideas, providing a fresh outlook on the underpinnings of classical physics and relativity. Employing a meticulous and systematic analytical approach, this work unearths innovative understandings that transcend the traditional constraints associated with these domains. The findings not only enrich the theoretical framework of classical physics and relativity but also carry practical implications. Embracing these novel ideas is poised to trigger a paradigm shift in the comprehension of classical physics and relativity, unlocking new avenues for exploration and advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

Control of Propulsion in Horizontal Direction for EHD and Electrostatic Propulsion Device

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. When a high voltage is applied to the EHD device, levitaion force is generated and the EHD device levitates. I have already revealed the levitation property of the EHD device in the gravitational direction. I had also demonstrated a control method for hovering, ascent, and descent by applying pulse voltage to the EHD propulsion device. However, the method for horizontal propulsion was not yet demonstrated. In this time, with the object of controlling propulsion in the horizontal direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity, I proposed a method of dividing the upper wire electrode of the double ring electrodes, or adding a new single-pole capacitor composed of multiple electrodes to the lower part. Experiments had been conducted to proof that the two methods actually work.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics Part I: Algebra of Stignatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 24 Pages. doi:10.20944/preprints202306.0765.v1

This article is the first part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics". This study is based on two main postulates: 1) independence of the propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in vacuum from their frequency; 2) the constancy of the averaged zero vacuum balance, associated with the assertion that only mutually opposite formations are born from vacuum, so that on average they completely compensate for each other’s manifestations. In this part of the "Geometrized Vacuum Physics" the foundations of the Algebra of Stignatures are laid, which is the mathematical and logical foundation of the entire project. In the next articles of this project it will be shown that the Algebra of Stignatures can be used for the development of "zero" (vacuum) technologies, algebraic genetics, vacuum cosmology, the vacuum standard model of "elementary particles", vacuum gravity and levitation, vacuum energy, ethics and aesthetics and many other branches of knowledge. At the end of this article, one of the many possible applications of the Algebra of Stignatures is given, in particular, the basics of the stignature-spectral analysis are outlined, with the help of which the possibilities of communication channels can be significantly expanded.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part II. Algebra of Signatures

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 27 Pages. doi: 10.20944/preprints202307.0716.v1

This article is the second part of a scientific project under the general name "Geometrized vacuum physics". On the basis of the Algebra of Stignatures presented in the previous article [1], this article develops the main provisions of the Algebra of Signatures. Both of the above algebras are aimed at studying the properties of an ideal vacuum, but at the same time they are universal and can be applied in various branches of knowledge. It is shown that the signature of a quadratic form is related to the topology of the metric space for which the given quadratic form is a metric. Conditions are given under which an additive imposition of metric spaces with different topologies (or signatures) leads to a total Ricci flat space similar to a Calabi-Yau manifold. A spin-tensor representation of metrics with different signatures is considered and a Dirac bundle of quadratic forms is presented. This article does not contain physical applications of the Algebra of Signatures, but the potential power of this mathematical apparatus will be demonstrated in subsequent articles of this project.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part III. Curved Vacuum Area

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 28 Pages. doi: 10.20944/preprints202308.0570.v3

This article is the third part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first two papers [1,2], the ideal (i.e., non-curved and immobile) local region of vacuum was studied and the foundations of the Algebra of Signatures were laid. This article considers the possibilities of describing the curved and moving state of the same vacuum region on the basis of the mathematical apparatus of the Algebra of Signatures. The reasons for the multilateral consideration of vacuum and twisting of intra-vacuum processes into spiral bundles are disclosed. The 4-tensor is introduced for two-sided and 16-sided consideration of the curvature of the local vacuum region. On the basis of kinematic models, the following assumptions were made: about the inert properties of vacuum layers; about the possibility of displacement of vacuum layers relative to each other at a speed significantly exceeding the speed of light; about the possibility of "rupture" of the local region of vacuum. The proposed kinematic models of the movement of vacuum layers can be a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e., vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

Geometrized Vacuum Physics. Part IV: Dynamics of Vacuum Layers

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 25 Pages. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202310.1244.v3

This article is the fourth part of a scientific project under the general title "Geometrized vacuum physics based on the Algebra of Signatures". In the first three articles [1,2,3], the foundations of the Algebra of Stignatures were laid and the main aspects of the kinematics of vacuum layers were considered. This article continues the development of the mathematical apparatus of the proposed project, in particular, the dynamics of vacuum layers is developed based on the Algebra of Signatures. The development of this direction of research (with simplifications related to Riemann's differential geometry) led to the possibility of a geometrized representation of the electric field strength and magnetic field induction. This geometrized mathematical apparatus allows one to interpret the electromagnetic field as an interweaving of accelerated and rotational flows of the adjacent layers of vacuum. The proposed dynamic models of accelerated movements and rotations of vacuum layers can provide a theoretical basis for the development of "zero" (i.e. vacuum) technologies.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons with Intrinsic Angular Momentum

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work analyzes a recently reported numerical solution to a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons by computing its energy, momentum, invariant mass, and intrinsic angular momentum. While the invariant mass is used to improve the model's Born-Infeld parameter, the computed energy and intrinsic angular momentum provide new insights into the model. Specifically, the computed energy is negative, which might be a consequence of the model describing a bound state in the form of a massive particle. The computed intrinsic angular momentum agrees with the spin of electrons within the accuracy of the numerical approximations; however, the actual predictive power of the model remains unclear because one of the parameters of the model is the reduced Compton wavelength of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Addition of Velocities: An Adjusted Equation

Authors: Teimuraz Bregadze
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using the ideas of the constancy of speed of light and time dilation, a revised equation of addition of velocities is obtained, which coincides with Einstein’s similar equation only in one-dimensional cases. The necessity of abandoning the idea of a ruler as a tool for instant measuring of distances, which is tantamount to instant transfer of information, is discussed. In the absence of a ruler, electromagnetic waves remain the only tools for measuring distances, and a quantum, the smallest portion of an electromagnetic emission, becomes the smallest portion (i.e. the smallest unit of measurement and the size of uncertainty) of space-time as well.
Category: Classical Physics

磁场应该用能量流重新来定义而不是矢量势的旋度
The Magnetic Field Should be Redefined in Terms of Energy Flow Rather Than the Curl of Vector Potential

Authors: shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 77 Pages. In Chinese

本文从两个载流线圈之间的能量的纽曼公式推导了准静态电磁场方程，然后讨论了3种方法从准静态方程过度到辐射电磁场方程。1）Maxwell提出的位移电流方法，2）洛伦兹的滞后势方法，3）作者提出的基于能量守恒的包含超前波的方法。作者分析了磁场的不同定义，按照安培力，洛伦兹力，矢量势的旋度，滞后矢量势的旋度，法拉第电磁感应，坡印廷矢量，互能流定义的磁场。磁场定义还分在环路上和在直线上求平均值两种不同类型定义方法。在这些不同方法中，作者认为用互能流定义的磁场是正确的。按照这个磁场定义电磁波的磁场和电场保持90度相位差。不是像麦克斯韦电磁理论那样磁场和电场保持同相位。这样电磁波的确是无功功率的波。这种波的能量是不会溢出宇宙的。单独靠电磁波并不能传递能量。传递能量得靠互能流。互能流由同步的滞后波和超前波构成。互能流具有光子的性质，作者认为互能流就是光子。本文的重点是由互能流定义了磁场。由于互能流不管是在准静态条件下，按照麦克斯韦电磁理论，还是按照作者的电磁理论都成立。因此这样定义的磁场是合理的。这个定义和麦克斯韦按照磁矢量势定义磁场是不相同的。

This article derives the quasi-static electromagnetic field equation from the Newman formula of the energy between two current-carrying coils, and then discusses three methods to transition from the quasi-static equation to the radiation electromagnetic field equation. 1) The displacement current method proposed by Maxwell, 2) Lorentz's hysteresis potential method, 3) The method based on energy conservation and including advanced waves proposed by the author. The author analyzes different definitions of magnetic fields, including magnetic fields defined in terms of Ampere force, Lorentz force, curl of vector potential, curl of hysteresis vector potential, Faraday electromagnetic induction, Poynting vector, and mutual energy flow. The definition of magnetic field is also divided into two different types of definition methods: averaging on a loop and averaging on a straight line. Of these different approaches, the authors consider the magnetic field defined in terms of mutual energy flow to be correct. According to this magnetic field definition, the magnetic field and electric field of electromagnetic waves maintain a phase difference of 90 degrees. It is not like Maxwell's electromagnetic theory that the magnetic field and the electric field remain in the same phase. In this way, electromagnetic waves are indeed waves of reactive power. The energy of this wave will not overflow into the universe. Electromagnetic waves alone cannot transmit energy. The transfer of energy depends on mutual energy flow. The mutual energy flow consists of synchronized delayed waves and advanced waves. Mutual energy flow has the properties of photons, and the author believes that mutual energy flow is photon. The focus of this article is on the magnetic field defined by mutual energy flow. Since the mutual energy flow is established no matter under quasi-static conditions, according to Maxwell's electromagnetic theory or according to the author's electromagnetic theory. Therefore the magnetic field defined in this way is reasonable. This definition is different from Maxwell's definition of magnetic field in terms of magnetic vector potential.
Category: Classical Physics

Visual Representation of Differential Forms and Pseudo-Forms

Authors: R. I. Khrapko
Comments: 80 Pages. In Russian

It is widely believed that the example of electrodynamics shows how physical laws are naturally expressed in terms of external differential forms and integrals of them. However, in practice, the authors of popular textbooks avoid using the mathematical apparatus of differential forms [1—4]. Differential forms are not mentioned in the popular Handbook of Mathematics [5]. Physicists ignore the remarkable works of Schouten, carried out in the first half of the last century [6, 7], in which visual images of differential forms are given. Only occasionally do publications appear on this topic [8]. However, even in the book [6] only one page is devoted to the equations of electrodynamics.On the other hand, the strict formalism of differential forms, expounded in detail and repeatedly by mathematicians [9, 10], is not suitable for the formulation and explanation of physical laws. It loses when compared with the traditional style of presentation, and the notation of mathematicians fatally prevents the use of the theory of differential forms in physics. True, a remarkable and almost successful attempt to bring mathematics and physics closer was made by Schutz [11]. However, in our opinion, the notation used in the book [11] is not yet fully adapted for successful use by physicists. This also applies to the section of the book devoted to electrodynamics.We hope to introduce external differential forms into ordinary electrodynamics primarily by changing the notation. We also use conjugation [12] instead of the traditional Hodge operation [13]. This makes it possible to connect various fields of electrodynamics into single chains. Moreover, the depiction of differential forms makes this connection very clear. In particular, the representations of fields related by Maxwell's equations made these equations self-evident. A particularly long chain of fields is shown in Fig. 9.Field chains contain both known exotic fields [14] and many hypothetical fields. The use of field chains allowed us to take a new look at the action of the Laplace operator, the action of the "second-order generation operator" inverse to the Laplace operator, and the Helmholtz expansion procedure. In particular, the Helmholtz expansion of the singular delta function turned out to be related to the expansion of magnetic induction into the magnetization vector and magnetic field strength [15]. We hope to show the simplicity and naturalness of the proposed approach.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Mass

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 7 Pages. 7 pp., English, Brest, Belarus

Using the mass model, the article examines the thesis about the fundamental nature of the eld form of matter in physics. A eld model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of massive bodies is revealed. The mass model is compared with the Dirac equation.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Basic Interactions That Occur as the Early Universe Evolved

Authors: Tai-Choon Yoon
Comments: 11 Pages.

The basic forces that govern the universe are repulsive force, gravity, quark interaction, and electromagnetic force. All forces except repulsive force are attractive forces.Among these forces, repulsive force or expansive force is a force that acts between pure energies, which is the force that dominates the universe. As the universe expands, the temperature decreases and changes into dark energy and dark matter when it reaches 〖10〗^13 K.Dark matter is an invisible material called imp (invisible material particle) and consists of imps and quarks. Imp liberates gravity and creates a gravitational field. As the universe continues to expand and the temperature decreases, at 〖10〗^10 K, an imp interacts with quarks to create neutron, and the force acting at this time is quark interaction. Quark interaction is involved in creating all particles such as neutrons and protons, and is also involved in creating and closing electromagnetic force fields.Electromagnetic force is a force made by creating an electromagnetic force field inside the proton and emitting electrons during the process of converting neutron into proton. It is also involved in closing the electromagnetic force field during the process of converting proton into neutron.
Category: Classical Physics

Keplerbahnen (On Kepler Orbits)

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther
Comments: 11 Pages. In German (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Die Bahnen von Planeten um die Sonne sind Ellipsen. Die Sonne liegt dabei in einem Brennpunkt der Ellipse. Dies gilt ganz allgemein für die Bewegung eines Objekts im Gravitationsfeld einer zentralen Masse. Dieses Skript enthält eine mathematische Herleitung der Bahnkurven eines Massepunktes im sphärisch symmetrischen Gravitationsfeld auf Basis des Lagrange-Formalismus. Als Grundlage wird zunächst die Ellipsengleichung behandelt. Weitere Grundlagen werden in Kurzform im Anhang aufgeführt. Aus der Theorie ergeben sich schließlich die drei Keplerschen Gesetze.

The orbits of planets around the sun are ellipses. The sun lies at a focal point of the ellipse. This applies generally to the movement of an object in the gravitational field of a central mass. This script contains a mathematical derivation of the trajectories of a mass point in a spherically symmetrical gravitational field based on the Lagrange formalism. The ellipse equation is first treated as a basis. Further basics are briefly listed in the appendix. The theory ultimately gives rise to Kepler's three laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 30 Pages. English translation from Russian. Original paper: "Нелинейные уравнения Максвелла", https://vixra.org/abs/2109.0213

Based on the analysis of biquaternionic quadratic forms of the field, it is shown that Maxwell's equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy flow-momentum of the field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence of more general nonlinear field equations. The classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in new nonlinear equations in a special way and are a special case of them. It is shown that in a number of important cases, nonlinear equations, unlike linear ones, allow solutions with a swirling energy flow. The solutions of the equations obtained by us make it possible to describe charged particles in waves within the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Special attention is paid to the problem of dividing the field into the "own" field of a charged particleand the "external" field with respect to it.Both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of charge motion underthe action of the Lorentz force follow from the nonlinear field equations. Thus, the problem of finding nonlinear field equations involving interaction is solved. Within the framework of our approach, the charge of a particle is electromagnetic (complex-valued), periodically passing through various linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the charge of the particle itself that plays a role, but its phase ratio with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

Effective Mass of Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Yuri Mahotin
Comments: 2 Pages.

Theoretically, we discovered very unusual properties of the effective mass of dark matter and dark energy. If dark energy increases the effective mass, as is currently assumed, then dark matter reduces it. In the extreme case, the effective mass of an object can be zero and therefore can move at incredibly high speed, comparable to the speed of light.
Category: Classical Physics

How an Airplane Flies: [An] Explanation

Authors: Guillermo Ayala-Martinez
Comments: 3 Pages.

The way an airplane wing acts has given rise to multiple popular explanations with erroneous and incomplete theories. Here it is explained simply with physical principles applied to aeronautics and without errors.
Category: Classical Physics

About the Planck LT System of Units

Authors: Konstantin Nikonenko
Comments: 46 Pages.

The article presents the Planck LT system of units, formed on the basis of the dimensions of physical quantities of the kinematic system of units by R.O. di Bartini. The values of units of measurement, basic constants, conversion coefficients in relation to the International SI and Gaussian system are given, ensuring the transfer of initial data and calculation results between these systems of units without loss of calculation accuracy.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Charged Leptons Part 1: Foundations

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

This work proposes and outlines a generalization of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons that includes all charged leptons, i.e., electron, muon, tau, and their antiparticles. In the proposed model, all charged leptons are based on linearly scaled versions of a single field solution. Due to the nonlinear nature of the modified Born-Infeld field equations, these linearly scaled versions themselves do not satisfy the field equations. A quantized excitation is hypothesized to compensate for the nonlinear effects and satisfy the nonlinear field equations such that electron and positron correspond to the ground state of the excitation, and heavier leptons correspond to excited states. While the proposed model is assumed to be testable, an actual test is beyond the scope of this work.
Category: Classical Physics

The Effect of the Earth's Rotation and Gravity on the Speed of Light

Authors: Miloš Čojanović
Comments: 12 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Based on the results of the "Michelson—Morley" experiment and the direct measurement of the speed of light in two directions, we can conclude that the movement of the Earth in relation to the Sun and the movement of the solar system in relation to the center of the galaxy do not affect the measurement of the speed of light in the vicinity of the Earth. But on the other hand, based on results of the "Michelson—Morley" experiment and the direct measurement of the speed of light in two directions we cannot know with certainty whether the Earth's rotation around its axis affects the measurement of the speed of light in one direction. Thus, instead of the motion by which the Earth's surface moves in relation to the Sun, we will observe the angular motion by which the Earth rotates on its axis relative to distant stars. Instead of measuring the speed of light in two directions, we will measure the speed of light in one direction.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons Featuring a Lorentz-Type Force

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 6 Pages.

This work analyzes the interaction of a rotating field solution of a modified Born-Infeld model of electrons with a weak, low-frequency electromagnetic field. The interaction is shown to be of the same type as the Lorentz force on a charged particle in an electromagnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics

Solving the Monty Hall Problem using Information Theory

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Monty Hall Problem, which involves probability, uncertainty and information is solved using information theory. When the host opens one or more doors that don’t contain the prize, he adds information to the remaining unselected doors. Information theory shows that the added information increases the likelihood that the prize is behind an unselected door. The method was applied to a generalization of the Monty Hall Problem and showed that the probability or winning the prize is increased by switching doors.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons and a Numerical Solution Procedure

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 8 Pages.

This work presents a modified Born-Infeld field theory and a numerical solution procedure to compute electron-like solutions of this field theory in the form of rotating waves of finite self-energy. For the well-known constants of real electrons, the computed solution results in a Born-Infeld parameter of 5x10^22 V/m, which is consistent with previous work.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton’s Theory of Universal Gravitation — A Critique Leading to A Revised Version

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 16 Pages; 3 Figure

A close look into Newton’s theory of gravitational attraction reveals some controversial statements. The theory does not corroborate with the experimental observations on the properties of gravitational constant. An ‘external push’ is suggested instead of the well accepted theory of ‘attractive pull’ between two masses. This new concept is able to resolve the inconsistencies and drawbacks present in Newton’s theory. An alternative approach is proposed for the theory of evolution of the Universe (Big Bang), that can account for the lacunas noticed in the existing theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Theory of Ultra Particle

Authors: Gjelard Karrica
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Amdin: Please list scientific references and stop using grandiose words!)

This paper aims to present new ideas in the field of physics; the content is tailored to be easily comprehensible by readers of diverse backgrounds and expertise. This [] hypothesis offers a fresh perspective that may challenge current scientific beliefs. However, it seeks to make a meaningful contribution to our understanding of quantum particles and the fundamental principles of matter across all scales. While the prevailing knowledge about electrons is that they are elementary particles since they are not composed of smaller particles, this theory proposes otherwise. It suggests that electrons, like protons and neutrons, are composed of other components, so our current understanding of elementary particles needs to be revised. This paper proposes that everything in the universe, including electrons, protons, neutrons, quarks, and everything else, comprises something much smaller called the "ultra-particle" (UP). The reason it is called "ultra" is because its scope is quite remote from ordinary particles. The ultra-particle is a fundamental particle that explains all the forces and fields of the universe, quantum behaviors, and the motion of celestial bodies, including black holes. Although unimaginably small, the ultra-particle permeates the universe, making everything we know of possible.
Category: Classical Physics

Electrokinetic Thermonuclear Reactor (Электрокинетический термоядерный реактор)

Authors: Gennady Rudominsky
Comments: 10 Pages. In Russian

In article the concept of the electrokinetic thermonuclear reactor on the facing plazmoids is offered. For ignition of thermonuclear reaction of synthesis it is used as energy of the electric currents flowing in plazmoids and kinetic energy of their headway.

В статье предложена концепция электрокинетического термоядерного реактора на сталкивающихся плазмоидах. Для зажигания термоядерной реакции синтеза используется как энергия электрических токов, текущих в плазмоидах, так и кинетическая энергия их поступательного движения
Category: Classical Physics

[proof] that the Half Retarded and Half Advanced Electromagnetic Theory is Equivalent to Maxwell's Classical Electromagnetic Theory

Authors: Shuang-ren Zhao
Comments: 13 Pages.

Abstract Dirac, Wheeler Feynman, and Cramer proposed the electromagnetic theory idea of current element generating half retarded wave and half advanced wave. The author further refined this idea. Proposed the laws of mutual energy flow and conservation of energy. And thus established a new set of electromagnetic theories. For calculating electromagnetic wave radiation of current elements, Maxwell's electromagnetic theory requires electromagnetic radiation to meet the boundary conditions of Sliver Muller. In the author's new theory, this boundary condition is replaced by the charge of the absorber covering the infinite sphere. The author assumes that these absorbers are sinks and will generate advanced waves. The radiation of the current element is a retarded wave. This retarded wave and advanced wave form a mutual energy flow. The author believes that these mutual energy flows are photons. The sum of the energy of countless photons is the macroscopic electromagnetic radiation of the current element. This radiation should be consistent with the Poynting energy flow in classical electromagnetic theory. If the two are indeed consistent, it indicates that the two theories of electromagnetic radiation are equivalent. The author proves that the two theories are indeed equivalent. In this proof, the author also addresses an inherent loophole in Poynting's theorem. In addition, the author found that due to the introduction of sinks, both the field and potential must be compressed to the original %50. This corresponds precisely to the current generating either a %50 retarded wave or a %50 advanced wave. In this way, the author's electromagnetic theory can be seen as the lower level electromagnetic theory of Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. This macroscopic electromagnetic wave is composed of countless photons. Photons are mutual energy flows, which are composed of retarded waves emitted by the sources and advanced waves emitted by the sinks.
Category: Classical Physics

Yes, Real Work is Done to Accelerate a Car; Pseudowork as Real "Work"

Authors: Richard Kaufman
Comments: 9 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required - Please conform in the future)

The work-energy theorem states that the work done on a system is equal to the change in translational and rotational kinetic energy of the system. However, there are cases in which the work-energy theorem provides for so-called paradoxes. In these situations, there is no work done by an external static force (which does not act through a distance) and yet the kinetic energy of the system has increased. To help patch up the discrepancy between both sides of the work-energy equation, the literature discusses "pseudowork", which is identified as not real work. Although the literature states or implies that energy within a system is directly transformed into kinetic energy, we argue that real work must actually be performed to increase the kinetic energy. That is, we argue that real work is performed because energy within a system is transformed into work done on the system. In these cases, a system interacts with an external object (with sufficient inertia to remain static) through equal and opposite forces. Although an external static force does not act through a distance at the system’s boundary, the external static force is transferred within the system, imparting an unbalanced force that acts through a distance to perform external work within the system itself. This is somewhat similar to the way in which the external force of gravity can act within a system to perform work, where the force of gravity is taken to act at the center of mass.
Category: Classical Physics

[Critical Analysis of] Maxwell's "Displacement Current" Hypothesis and "Electromagnetic Waves" Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 18 Pages.

Maxwell's equations introduced "displacement current" theoretical hypothesis, which stated that a changing electric field could induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. Furthermore, Maxwell extended Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction from metal circuits to vacuum, and theoretically concluded that a changing magnetic field could induce a changing electric field in a vacuum. Then, Maxwell predicted the existence of "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum and claimed wireless communication could be achieved by "electromagnetic waves". This study reinterprets Hertz's "electromagnetic waves" verification experiment, and reveals that Hertz’s experiment did not prove the existence of "electromagnetic waves", but rather proved that wireless communication was achieved by independent electric field waves. Based on Coulomb's law and mathematical derivation, this paper proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is inconsistent in theory, and directly demonstrates through experiment that the "displacement current" hypothesis is not true, that is, a changing electric field cannot induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. In a modern wireless broadcasting system, there are only electric field signals without magnetic field signals. Wireless radio signals are the transmission, propagation, and reception of independent electric field waves in the air. In the application of microwave technology, when a microwave oven is turned off or on, the energy density of the electric field wave and the energy density of the magnetic field wave are not equal, which violates the principle of energy conservation. In EMC engineering testing, a magnetic field probe cannot directly detect magnetic field signals in a changing electric field environment. Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, this study proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is incorrect and denies the existence of "electromagnetic waves," which will have a profound impact on modern scientific discoveries and technological advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons with Realistic Magnetic Dipole Moment

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 3 pages

The original Born-Infeld model of electrons has been used to describe static electrons without magnetic dipole moment. It is not obvious how to include the magnetic field of a realistic magnetic dipole moment in the original model. This short work proposes a small modification to the original model that might allow for experimentally observed values of electric charge and magnetic dipole moment of electrons.
Category: Classical Physics

Visual Model of Electromagnetic Interactions of Sub-Photons

Authors: William Beaujon
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by vXra Admin: Scientific references are required in a scholarly article - Please conform in the future!))

This paper propovides a visual based conceptual model and framework to help explain the behavior of electrical, electromagnetic and gravitational phenomenon that is consistent with basic knowledge in the field. This model both reinforces current electrical behavior and introduces new possibilities for further research. A conceptual paticle is introduced, referred to as a sub-photon by this paper. The proposed framework relies on previous research in controversial physical models such as repulsive gravity and a fractal universe. Despite its reliance on controversial models and assumptions, the model is intuitive in many respects, easy to visualize and not reliant on difficult mathematics. If this model is adopted by teaching institutions, it may help students learn more visually and intuitively.
Category: Classical Physics

Localization of Energy-Momentum and Spin of Electromagnetic Radiation

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 18 Pages. In Russian; Submitted to JETP Letters.

The spin theory of electrodynamics, dating back to the work of Sadovsky, Poynting and others, is called in the article the classical spin theory, in contrast to the currently widespread spin theory, which is a gradient theory. The uniqueness of the local densities of energy-momentum and spin of the electromagnetic field is demonstrated, and the energy-momentum is determined by the Maxwell tensor, which does not allow change. In particular, the Belinfante-Rosenfeld procedure is meaningless. The existence of spin as an internal angular momentum is confirmed experimentally. Mathematically, spin arises from the Principle of Least Action in the form of a spin tensor, along with energy, momentum and moment of momentum relative to some point. The use of the spin tensor made it possible to obtain new results concerning the emission and absorption of spin angular momentum. It is shown that the use of the spin tensor is the same natural process as the use of the energy-momentum tensor. The adequacy of the spin tensor provides the violation of the gauge equivalence of various vector potentials. In particular, it is demonstrated that the standard vector potential gives an incorrect value for the spin emission from a rotating dipole. Vector potentials related to each other by a gauge transformation are equivalent to each other only when calculating energy-momentum. The gradient theory of spin has been criticized. In particular, it separates the internal spin angular momentum from the energy and momentum of the radiation.
Category: Classical Physics

A Direct Current Power Supply Based on Electron Emission

Authors: Xiaodong Liu, Qichang Liang, Yu Liang
Comments: 3 Pages.

A direct current power supply was designed based on electron emission. An anode is used to accelerate electrons toward a parallel plate capacitor, which is connected to the positive and negative terminals of a battery. A permanent magnetic field acts on the capacitor, causing the electrons to bend toward the negative plate of the capacitor. The output current consists of the electrons reaching the negative plate.
Category: Classical Physics

Drag Coefficient Estimation of Low Density Objects by Free Fall Experiments

Authors: Thomas Heiko Günther, Khoi Anh Hoang
Comments: 13 Pages. Published in Annals of West University of Timisoara - Physics, Vol. LXV, 2023 https://sciendo.com/de/article/10.2478/awutp-2023-0005

The present article investigates whether the drag coefficient of low density objects can be determined by free fall experiments with sufficient accuracy. Among other things, the drag coefficient depends on the flow velocity, which can be controlled in wind channels experiments. Free fall experiments do not offer an experimental environment with constant flow velocity. Especially the later part of the movement gets relevantly influenced by air drag deceleration. We theoretically estimate an average sphere drag coefficient for the relevant part of the movement of falling spheres. The results are verified by examining the drag coefficient from experimental data. Finally, we determine the drag coefficient of a model rocket, which is compered to the result of the corresponding wind channel experiment.
Category: Classical Physics

FDTD Computer Modelling of a Half Wavelength (4pi) Toroidal Cavity Mode With Spin and Angular Momentum

Authors: Michael Glen
Comments: 28 Pages. 19 figures

The properties of a resonant half wavelength mode, sometimes called a 4pi mode, is investigated in a toroidal cavity of large aspect ratio. No dividing wall is used but instead the field is given a poloidal (in the direction of the smaller circumference) twist. The toroidal cavity resonator equations are derived by bending a length of cylindrical waveguide into a toroid and changing the field equations from cylindrical to local toroidal. If the toroid aspect ratio is large the errors are small but the equations must still be considered to be approximate and so in order to confirm the stability and form of the resonant modes a finite difference time domain (FDTD) program was written to model the propagation of the fields. This also confirms that no false assumptions have been made, particularly regarding how the fields behave where the two ends of the half wave join. This is believed to be the first confirmation of the existence of a half wave toroidal mode without a dividing wall. FDTD simulations of both a toroidal (in the direction of the larger circumference) and a poloidal spinning 4pi mode were also carried out. It was observed that the presence of twist would prevent either a pure toroidal or poloidal spinning mode being produced and that the poloidally spinning field produced a stable mode with both spin and angular momentum.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolutionism: the Relationship Between Matter, Space, Time and Movement

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese (Note by viXra Admin: Watermark is not permitted - Please conform)

In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out many contradictions and mistakes in it. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up "length shortening", "clock slowing down" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment. It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect. Only Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and galilean transformation is the theory that correctly describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relationship between matter, space, time and motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.
Category: Classical Physics

[Speculation on] Dynamic Aether from Spin 2 Bosons

Authors: Francois Zinserling
Comments: 22 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

It is postulated that the vacuum of space is filled with a dynamic primordial aether; boson particles moving at the speed of light, forming a tensor flux of spin=2 massless bosons. Each aether particle consists of two destructively interfering spin=1 bosons. This dynamic aether is compatible with known concepts of spacetime, and further leads to an understanding of the unstoppable arrow of time, and the mechanisms that slow clocks at velocity or in a gravity well. Mass, energy and momentum is understood, Fermions that interact with the aether gain the property of mass. From the well-known equation E=mc2, E is seen as only the portion of aether that interacts with mass. When a mass is set in motion, the aether bosons traversing an object is perturbed to not only reflect its energy and momentum, but the aether also perpetuates the motion. Further, an equivalence exists; a mass which finds itself in an asymmetric aether, is driven by the aether toward a constant velocity. This may lead to further investigations into the mechanics of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics

A Classical Mechanism for Creation of Magnetic Moment in a Particle

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 3 Pages.

We propose a classical mechanism for the creation of magnetic moment in a particle.
Category: Classical Physics

Multi-Channel Illumination Optical System

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Most optical systems used in lithography include both illumination and imaging parts. The illumination part projects the light source into the plane of the objects of the optical system. In most cases, illuminators use the Kohler type of illumination, when the light source is projected to infinity. However, in some cases in illuminators, it is necessary to use the "Critical" type of illumination when the light source is projected directly into the plane of the objects of the optical system. In this case, it becomes possible to control the plane of objects, that is, to change the configuration of the object without reticle change. That is, in this case, it will be possible to change the configuration of the object without changing the reticle. In this case, the object must include a set of SLM (special light modulators) that form the desired configuration, which must be transferred to the image plane. Thus, by managing the SLM set, you can change the configuration of the object and thus exclude its replacement. That means that one reticle can be used to obtain different images. In this case, the SLM kit makes it possible to eliminate the replacement of the reticle when changing the geometric configuration of the object, which is achieved by changing the transmission (reflection) of the light flux.
Category: Classical Physics

Fictitious Currents as a Source of Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the idea of fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment and charge of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics

From Coulomb’s Force to Magnetic Force and Experiments that Show Magnetic Force Parallel to Current

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Lorentz force law is fundamental for electromagnetism. However, it is known long ago that the Lorentz forces between two current elements do not respect the Newton's third law. This seemingly harmless flaw had never been corrected. In physical sciences a discrepancy often hides in it new understanding or unexpected breakthrough. For solving this problem, we give a purely theoretical derivation of magnetic force which respects the Newton's third law in the case of current elements and is identical to the Lorentz force in the case of coils. This new law reveals how electric force is transformed into magnetic force by velocity and is supported by experimental evidences that we will explain and compute with the new law
Category: Classical Physics

Explain the Photoelectric Effect and Derive the Planck Constant from the Perspective of Volatility

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 2 Pages. (Name correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

When the photoelectric effect was discovered, it was found that only photons could explain the effect, so everyone thought that light was for particles.However, if light is a particle, it cannot explain the independent propagability of light，the particle velocity is superimposed with the emission source, and the loss of light is to loss the photon mass or the velocity.In order to solve these contradictions, I try to explain the photoelectric effect from the volatility of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 3:) Submerged Circular Cylinder and Arbitrary Shaped Submerged Body

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 21 Pages. 2 Figures, 45 Equations, 61 References

We recently proved that " the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure " for floating bodies. This subject was an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating body with heel angle. In that state, the forces and moments due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it could be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As mentioned above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Following that, in the 2nd report, semi-submerged circular cylinder and triangular prism were also published here. Thus, we have completed the proof for floating bodies, so in this 3rd report, we aim to prove for submerged bodies. We first prove for a submerged circular cylinder, and then apply Gauss's integral theorem to prove it clearly for an arbitrarily shaped submerged body.
Category: Classical Physics

Using Three [Plausible] Light-related Conclusions to [Attempt to] Explain 76 Light-related Physical Phenomena and Experimental Results

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 48 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

Through my long-term research on dozens of physical phenomena and experimental results related to light, I have summed up three related conclusions, which respectively explain the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, the nature of light speed and the main factors that determine light speed. At the same time, it also shows that many physical phenomena and experimental results related to light can be explained only by using the most basic Coulomb law and Biot-Savart law in electromagnetism. This paper uses these three conclusions to explain the following 76 common physical phenomena and experimental results related to light at the same time, and has achieved unexpected success. Please correct your mistakes if you are interested. At the same time, I hope to collect more questions related to light through this paper to further test the applicability, reliability and correctness of these three conclusions. If these three conclusions can explain more physical phenomena and experimental results related to light without exception, it can be proved that the closer these three conclusions are to objective reality, the closer they are to truth. These three conclusions will be more accurate, objective and true in understanding and summarizing the nature of light, the law of interaction between light and medium, the nature of light speed and the main factors that determine light speed.
Category: Classical Physics

Redefining Gravity

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 12 Pages. copyright license CC0

The purpose of this paper is to present a hypothesis that redefines gravity. The current definition for gravity is: The natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies, which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.The current definition explains the force of attraction between two massive bodies. Einstein’s well-known equation, E = mc2, relates mass and energy. So, this paper expands upon that premise and proposes that gravity is not the force of attraction between two massive bodies but is rather the force of attraction between two energy bodies.Gravity — the natural force of attraction between any two energy bodies, which is directly proportional to the product of their energies and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.This proposed definition of gravity predicts the bending of light by a massive body. And may also be used to improve our understanding of how galaxies rotate. If supported by experimentation, we may then be able to combine gravity into a Grand Unified Theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Computing Solid Angle Using Perimeter Points

Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 8 Pages.

The solid angle of a region can be computed as the rotational transformation of an axis after its tip slews about the solid angle region once while its base remains fixed at the observer location. The transformation can be achieved by moving the tip of the axis from perimeter point to point sequentially using great circle arcs until it returns to its original orientation. This method works very well for spherical polygon shapes, but has reduced accuracy when the perimeter is curved. Increasing the number of points that define the perimeter improves accuracy but can also introduce numerical roundoff error. The proposed method uses both slewing and rotational motion of the axis to define the contour of the solid angle region more accurately. This new method results in greater accuracy while using fewer perimeter points. Numerical examples are included to illustrate the method.
Category: Classical Physics

The New Law of Motion — Revisited

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

In a previous paper a new law of kinematics was proposed: given an inertial frame, in every elastic collision, it will always be the case that after an elastic collision the higher kinetic energy body will lose kinetic energy and the lower kinetic energy body will gain kinetic energy. The arguments given came from similar arguments in Special Relativity with different observers in different inertial frames of reference and thermal equilibrium concepts. In this paper, we give a proof of this law that is more in line with simple conservation laws and mathematical logic.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 2:) Semi-Submerged Circular Cylinder and Triangular Prism

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 26 Pages, 4 Figures, 65 Equations, 60 References.

We prove that "the center of buoyancy of floating bodies is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating bodies with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it can be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As noted above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Although the case of a semi-submerged circular cylinder and a triangular prism are also included in the proof of arbitrary shapes, we prove for each shape separately in this 2nd report, since they are two typical cross-sectional shapes along with rectangles. However, there is an essential difference in the proof between the two shapes. The reason is why the former does not change its underwater shape when inclined laterally, while the latter, like the rectangle, changes its cross-sectional shape when inclined. The present paper provides clear proofs for both shapes.
Category: Classical Physics

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

Authors: Günther Landvogt
Comments: 26 Pages.

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to "explain" particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The "anomaly" indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be . Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the "anomaly" factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.
Category: Classical Physics

Observational Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 13 Pages.

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone_ENG+ITA

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 12 Pages.

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone.
Category: Classical Physics

A Note on the Laws of Newtonian Mechanics.

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here attention is drawn to the assumptions behind some very elementary results of Newtonian mechanics. It is noted that incorrect conclusions may be drawn if these are not remembered when applying or criticising these laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Control of Altitude and Acceleration in Direction of Gravity for Ehd and Electrostatic Propulsion Devices

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. I had succeeded in hovering EHD device in an arbitrary space for the first time. It means that we can control height at floating in the air. Also, I had succeeded in controlling the speed and acceleration of the EHD device and decreased to a significantly low level. I considered a theory for hovering EHD device. Here, high output voltage of small Tesla coil was modulated at a low repetition frequency, and output voltage of Cock-Walton circuit was controlled in a rectangular pulse shape temporally. Furthermore, I analyzed position, velocity, and acceleration of EHD device for levitation and descent using the optical-flow method. I confirmed that the velocity and acceleration were significantly lower than when a high DC voltage was applied.
Category: Classical Physics

Gradual Rise and Growth Versus the Sudden Inflation of the Cosmic Globe

Authors: Jaswant Rai Mahajan
Comments: 10 Pages. constructive feedback is welcome

According to the present investigation, the energy (Mc2) of the Cosmic Globe is a kinetic expression of its Potential Energy (P. E.) in the Vacuum Field (V-Field). It is above the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) of the Vo-Field and due to its dynamic nature expands isotropically in the surrounding Vacuum, increasing the size of the Cosmic Globe. But the progress of Centrifugal Expansion is opposed by the Centripetal drag of the G-Field, which brings the expansion to a halt when the P.E. in the V-Field and the Kinetic Energy (K.E.) of the Cosmic Globe exhaust themself at Rc = Mc2 x G/c4. Instead, the G-Field P.E. attains its maximum value Rc x c4 /G = Mc2 = total mass-energy of the Cosmic Globe - which triggers the Contraction phase. Thus, Rc is the delimiting non-crossable boundary for the mass-energy expanding inside the Cosmic Globe - marking a sharp contrast with the Schwarzschild radius (Rs), which delimits the no-return boundary of the mass-energy collapsing under its g-forces! And, during the G-compression, the contracting globe squeezes out the voids and discharges its energy into the V-Field to attain its ZPE state. At the Maximum Contraction (Ro), the G-Field P.E. equals zero, while the P.E. with respect to the V-Field attains its maximum value - which initiates the Expansion Cycle. In short, the Cosmic Globe perpetuates its expansion and contraction cycle by recycling its total energy through the periodic and gradual interconversion into the P.E. of the V-Field and G-Field.
Category: Classical Physics

New Consideration of Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs. Maxwell's Equation

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages.

Based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, this study proves that the electromotive force truly expressed by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is the open-circuit electromotive force of a metal loop. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction should be revised to Faraday's law of open-circuit electromagnetic induction. The electromotive force of a closed metal loop is equal to zero, that is, the line integral of the electric field intensity along a closed metal loop must be equal to zero. Therefore, Maxwell's mathematical expression of electromagnetic induction is inconsistent with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This study further proposes a symmetrical metal closed loop - an equipotential metal current ring. The charges in the equipotential metal current ring are not affected by an electric field force, and are only affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Theoretical and experimental verification prove that the electric potential and electric field intensity in an equipotential metal current ring are equal to zero everywhere, and a changing magnetic field cannot induce an electric field in the equipotential metal current ring. Expanding the equipotential metal current ring to the vacuum, it can be concluded that in the vacuum, a changing magnetic field cannot induce an electric field, which is a great challenge to Maxwell's "electromagnetic waves" theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical Hydrostatics of Floating Bodies: New Developments on the Center of Buoyancy, the Metacentric Radius and the Hydrostatic Stability

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 67 Pages, 19 Figures, 142 Equations, 73 References, 3 Appendices.

This paper presents new developments in the hydrostatics of floating bodies, such as a ship. In it, we show that a proof that the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure, a new derivation of the metacenter radius, and theoretical treatments of the hydrostatic stability of floating bodies based on these two new theories.

In Chapter 1, we prove that "the center of buoyancy of a ship is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the ship with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero, it was proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface in the upright state.

In Chapter 2, we develop a new theory on the derivation of the transverse metacentric radius which governs the stability of ships. As a new development in its derivation process, it was shown that the direction of movement of the center of buoyancy due to lateral inclination of ship is the direction of the half angle of the heel angle. By finding it, we were able to derive a metacentric radius worthy of its name by showing that the metacentric radius correctly represents the radius centered on the metacenter, which is the center of inclination.

In Chapters 3 and 4, theoretical treatments on the hydrostatic stability of ships are presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and arbitrary material, is chosen. In Chapter 3, the conditions under which the ship is stable in the upright state with horizontal deck are analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. And in Chapter 4, the stable attitude in an inclined state of the ship, which is not stable in the upright state with horizontal deck, is analyzed. By doing so, the dependence of the stable conditions and of the inclined attitude on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.
Category: Classical Physics

Naturally Synthesized Polar Waves and Logic Puzzles

Authors: Guanju Wu
Comments: 13 Pages. This is what I found in my experiment, and hopefully someone will study it.

This paper first introduces a set of devices and methods for synthesizing polar waves, using a special magnetic circuit hidden pole motor to produce two stable fundamental waves, one is similar to harmonics, the other is polar waves with great difference in positive and negative amplitudes, which are natural synthetic waves, non-electronic tuning, different topologies have different phases and shapes. Using a pair of coils with opposite winding directions can make the motor output these two fundamental waves and their inverse waves at the same time. By selecting different wiring methods, four conjugated electromotive forces can be synthesized and exist at the same time, that is, the change of topology is like a logical operation, which can cause the observation results to become multiple equivalent images. If the motor has a pair of mirrored windings and is short-circuited to one of them, then even if the topology is no longer changed, only the direction of motion is changed, the output waveform of the motor in the reciprocal direction will also be significantly different, it does not have formal symmetry: one direction is the same amplitude, the opposite direction is the polar wave with a huge difference between the positive and negative amplitudes, and this difference increases with the increase of the number of turns of the two sets of coils. This means that the observation of natural results may also be affected by logical selection.
Category: Classical Physics

Interstellar Matter is the Main Cause of Hubble Redshift and the Testing Method of Hubble's Law

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 24 Pages.

The article "Eight Magnifiers Relay to Take a Picture of Dark Matter Halo" published by science and technology hall, China on September 3, 2020 introduced the situation of taking pictures of dark matter, and posted relevant photos. So what is the so-called dark matter halo in these photos made of? What are their physical meanings? These so-called dark matter should only be normal matter with low temperature and little visible light, which we can call interstellar matter.The existence of interstellar matter directly excludes the possibility that Hubble redshift is Doppler effect, and at the same time, the existence of interstellar matter will cause astronomical observers on earth to actually observe only the secondary light produced by interstellar matter, rather than the primary light produced by celestial bodies. In the process of producing secondary light, the frequency of interstellar matter will decrease slightly every time it is regenerated. Therefore, when interstellar matter is regarded as macroscopic isotropic and basically uniform, the frequency of starlight will decrease in direct proportion to the distance, which is called Hubble redshift. This is the mechanism and truth of Hubble redshift.Since Hubble discovered in 1929 that the redshift of celestial bodies is proportional to the distance between celestial bodies and the earth, it is believed that the redshift of celestial bodies is the Doppler effect caused by the retrogression of celestial bodies, and then the redshift of celestial bodies is directly converted into the retrogressive velocity of celestial bodies and Hubble's law is deduced, in which the coefficient is called Hubble constant. But up to now, the values of Hubble constant measured by different methods are not completely the same. The emergence of this phenomenon may indicate that there is a fundamental error in Hubble's law: the fact that the redshift of celestial bodies is proportional to the distance is not the Doppler effect caused by the retrogression of celestial bodies, but the result of interstellar matter. This paper puts forward some analysis and discussion on this, which can be used for reference by interested friends.
Category: Classical Physics

Poynting's Theorem and Undecidability of The Logic of Causality in Light of EPR Completeness Condition

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 13 Pages.

The most elementary empirical truth associated with any experiment involving light (electromagnetic radiation) propagation is the distinction between the source (region of cause) and the detector (region of effect), i.e. ``cause/effect'' distinction, based on which one can speak of ``distance between source and detector'', ``propagation from source to detector'' and, therefore, ``action at a distance'', ``velocity of propagation''. According to EPR's completeness condition, ``cause/effect'' distinction should be taken into account in a theory that is supposed to provide explanations for such an experiment, the simplest one being the Hertz experiment. Then, in principle, one can decide whether ``cause before effect'' or ``cause after effect'' i.e. the logic of causality remains decidable. I show that, working with Maxwell's equations and ``cause/effect'' distinction to explain Hertz experiment, Poynting's theorem is unprovable. It is provable if and only if ``cause/effect'' distinction is erased by choice through an act of free will, but the logic of causality becomes undecidable. The current theoretical foundation behind the hypothesis of `light propagation' comes into question as theoretical optics is founded upon Maxwell's equations and Poynting's theorem. A revisit to the foundations of electrodynamics, with an emphasis on the interplay among logic, language and operation, seems necessary and motivated.
Category: Classical Physics

Математический анализ дроидов's Method for Proving Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper introduces the derivation process of Einstein's two methods of proving Lorentz transformation, the simple method and the coordinate method. It is pointed out that the main problem of the simple method is that the original condition is the only zero solution, that is, x, t, x', t'are all 0, in order to conform to the equations set by Einstein. Such an operation has no mathematical or physical meaning. The simple method of proof is not valid. The main problem with the coordinate method is that the partial differential equations listed by Einstein cannot be deduced at all. Of course, the latter calculus doesn't make any sense. The proof method of coordinate method is also not valid. It is pointed out that the main problem of Математический анализ дроидов's proof of Lorentz transformation is that the space-time interval invariance is derived from Lorentz transformation and cannot be applied as a condition. The origin coordinates of the moving system belong to time-like space-time, so the origin coordinates of the moving system (0, t') and the implicated velocity v cannot be solved in the linear equations.
Category: Classical Physics

Lachesis: Optimization of a Handheld Line Launcher of for Microgravity Utility and Rescue Tasks

Authors: John LaRocco
Comments: 17 Pages. This is more an engineering paper, but one with classical physics as our main method of improvement.

Line launchers are devices that have been used for centuries for maritime rescue operations. The typical implementation is the use of a gun, rocket, or mechanical launcher to hurl a grappling hook or flotation buoy for stranded ships and overboard sailors. Microgravity offers analogous use cases, ranging from microsatellite operations to space debris interception. As such, the Lachesis line launcher is a handheld device that is purpose-built for microgravity applications. After the user pulls the trigger, a laser ignites a smoothbore rocket-propelled projectile which carries a nylon line behind it. Angled threads in the barrel provide the spin and stability that is typically only achieved by conventional rifling. To reduce weight, most components are 3D-printed out of polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable and light plastic. With a total weight of 68 g and a projectile kinetic energy of 0.127 J, the Lachesis line launcher presents an effective, potential option, even with contemporary operational constraints. The design combines several proven principles to demonstrate the viability and use case for an updated line launcher in orbital operations.
Category: Classical Physics

Implications of Positive Charge Carriers for Electric Currents, Covalent Bonds and Radioactive Decay

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 7 Pages.

Although an explanation of electric current in terms of the one-way movement of electrons is widely accepted, and represents a reassuringly simple model, there are several problems when it comes to explaining phenomena such as the Hall Effect, electrical currents within semiconductor circuitry and the generation of electric and magnetic fields by electric currents. This article overviews the implications of the existence of real rather than pseudo positive charge carriers to explaining electric currents and related electromagnetic phenomena, and some unexpected implications for covalent bonds and radioactive decay.
Category: Classical Physics

Study on Classical Electrodynamics Spin

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 28 Pages. A chapter the book "Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1"

There are two mutually exclusive concepts of the electrodynamics spin. According to the widespread concept, the spin density is proportional to the gradient of the electromagnetic energy density. Therefore, an unlimited plane wave of circular polarization does not contain spin, and a real wave, limited in space, carries all spin at its boundary, separately from energy. In contrast with the gradient theory, according to the original theory, the spin density is proportional to the energy density, and the spin of plane waves is not related to the existence of the boundaries. Within the framework of this theory, we explain the Beth experiment, we calculate: the spin fluxes of plane waves in various situations, a previously unnoticed spin flux in the dipole radiation. The reason for the transition from the initial theory to the gradient theory is discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Optimal Leg Height of Landing Legs to Reduce Risk of Damage from Regolith Ejecta by Retrorocket Exhausts

Authors: Johan J. Karukayil
Comments: 8 Pages.

Over the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in rocket launches. 2022 was a record-breaking year for the aerospace industry, with 180 successful rocket launches into orbit, 44 more than the previous year.[2] Reducing as many risks as possible is essential as interplanetary rocket launches and reusable booster landings become more frequent. One such risk occurs when a rocket/booster lands. During the landing process, the retrorockets spray debris from the loose ground, which may damage the rocket/landing module. Retrorockets are rocket engines that provide a thrust opposing the spacecraft’s motion, causing it to decelerate. This paper studies the effect of landing leg height on ejecta velocity, the volume of debris ejected, and ground surface temperature change. Four landing leg heights were tested with an Estes® E-16 consumer model rocket motor: 0 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm. The experiment suggests that the optimal height above the ground’s surface for a simulated landing module based on the volume and velocity of the ejecta is 50 mm. Landing legs that elevate a model rocket this height create an average crater volume of 610.5 mL and a max crater diameter of 10.34 cm. After determining the optimal height, a landing leg system was developed. This system was attached to an Aerodactyl TS® model rocket and utilized landing legs that elevated the rocket to a height of 50 mm above the ground at landing.
Category: Classical Physics

Preliminary Study on the Essence of Temperature, Heat and Energy

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 41 Pages.

Through the analysis of the nature of temperature and heat, I found that temperature is not the sign of the average kinetic energy of molecular thermal motion, but related to the frequency corresponding to the peak intensity of thermal radiation, and the temperature is positively correlated with the main frequency of molecular thermal motion. Based on this, the physical phenomena such as constant temperature but absorbing or releasing a large amount of heat during the phase transition of most substances can be well explained. At the same time, the physical phenomena such as the inverse relationship between specific gravity and specific heat of most solid materials are predicted and explained. Heat is a measure of the degree of change of molecular kinetic energy in the process of molecular temperature convergence. On the basis of a new understanding of temperature and heat, this paper intends to reinterpret and understand entropy increase, heat death and the second law of thermodynamics.Energy is the most common term in physics, but there are still many disputes and misunderstandings about the nature of energy. In this paper, the essence of energy is discussed in depth, and its physical significance is expounded on this basis. At the same time, by expounding the essential meaning of temperature and heat, it is applied to explain the abnormal correlation between temperature and heat during the phase change of water and the abnormal temperature distribution in various layers outside the sun.On the basis of re-examining the differences between the two forms of Planck's blackbody radiation formula (frequency, wavelength and energy intensity respectively), the relationship between blackbody temperature and the frequency corresponding to the peak radiation intensity is re-deduced, and the temperature of the sun surface is calculated to be 9932.78℃ by using this relationship, instead of 5522.85℃ calculated by Wien's law. The reason of uneven surface temperature of artificial earth satellite is also discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Magnetic Levitation

Authors: Dudarev Valery
Comments: 4 Pages.

The proposed device belongs to the field of classical physics, namely, to the method of creating an electromagnetic force having a strictly defined action vector.
Category: Classical Physics

Dimensional Bandwidth of the Gravitational Field Density

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 5 Pages. This paper is a spinoff from my paper at https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083 so please read that one first.

In my papers "Relationship of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge" (https://vixra.org/abs/2301.0148) and "Relationship of the Photon to Cosmology and Origin of the Universe" (https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083) I computed the Gravitational Field Density (FDg) for our universe and stated that each other universe (or Field) has a different value for this; a different value of its Field. However, a question arises and that is one of bandwidth. Specifically, given that each value of FDg is a different universe, down to how many decimal places of accuracy must we go before the values for two different universes amount to being one and the same? What is this bandwidth?
Category: Classical Physics

Hooke's Claim on the Law of Gravity

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submissions will not be accepted)

Based on Galileo's experiments, Newton develops the theory of gravity in his first book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Principia") of 1686. Immediately after, Robert Hooke accused Newton of plagiarism, claiming that he unduly assumed his "notion" of "the rule of the decrease of Gravity, being reciprocally as the squares of the distances from the Center". But, according to Edmond ley, Hooke agreed that "the demonstration of the curves generated by it" belongs entirely to Newton.
Category: Classical Physics

The Process of Pulsation of a Quantum of Matter

Authors: Robert Yusupov
Comments: 14 Pages.

According to the ideological position of the author, nature is material and dialectical in its basis. The materiality of nature means that all bodies, things, objects in nature are material, that is, they ultimately consist of minimal material bodies that are no longer divisible or crushable. Such bodies are fundamental particles (proton, neutron, electron, etc.). The dialectic nature of nature means that the entire evolution of nature is reduced to continuous changes in everything in all of nature. Everything in nature is in motion, displacement, change, evolution. Nature is logical and the logic of nature is dialectical logic. As for fundamental particles, the author believes that each fundamental particle is based on a quantum of matter. The quantum of matter is the true material "first brick" of our Universe. The quantum of matter is in constant external motion — this is moving of the quantum of matter. The quantum of matter is also in constant internal motion — this is the pulsation of the quantum of matter. This article is devoted to the consideration of the algorithm of the quantum of matter pulsation process. This article is written in Russian. Please study Russian.
Category: Classical Physics

Gravity is Similar to Dispersive Adhesion Among Macroscopic Objects

Authors: Ashraful Islam
Comments: 5 Pages.

Gravity is a universal and inherent attraction among the masses. In this article here I propose gravity is similar to adhesiveness among masses. Among different adhesive mathematical models, I will prefer here the dispersive adhesion. For making an equation of motion due to the gravity concept of the "London Van der Waals attraction between macro particles" by H.C. Hamaker will be used. Photons or light particles can be agglomerated and can result in mass.
Category: Classical Physics

Newton’s Action at a Aistance: Different Views

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Different authors have attempted to clarify the aspects of remote action and God's involvement on the basis of textual investigations, mainly from the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, Newton's correspondence with Richard Bentley (1692/93), and Queries that Newton introduced at the end of the Opticks book in the first three editions (between 1704 and 1721).
Category: Classical Physics

Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Phase Shifter

Authors: Dhaifallah Almutairi, Karl Johnson, Alexei Smolyaninov, Andrew Grieco, Yeshaiahu Fainman
Comments: 13 Pages.

This study proposes a novel technique for a 2D beam steering system using hybrid plasmonic phase shifters with a cylindrical configuration in a 2D periodic array suitable for LIDAR applications. A nanoscale VCSEP design facilitates a sub-wavelength spacing between individual phase shifters, yielding an expanded field of view and side lobes suppression. The proposed design includes a highly doped sub-micron silicon pillar covered by a thin layer of nonlinear material and an additional conductive metal layer. Characterization of a single VCSEP demonstrated a Free Spectral Range (FSR) of 53.28 ± 2.5 nm and a transmission variation of 3dB, with VπL equal to 0.075 V-mm.
Category: Classical Physics

New Consideration on Electromagnetic Induction: Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs Lorentz’s Magnetic Field Force Theorem

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages. (Name added to article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction reveals that the induction electromotive force generated in a metal coil is proportional to the change rate of the magnetic fluxes passing through the coil. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem reveals that an electric charge moving in a magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem is the microscopic physical nature of induction electromotive force. A metal wire moving in a magnetic field will generate an induction electromotive force between two ends of the wire. In this study, the calculation formulas of electromotive force of metal wires were derived based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem, respectively. When a metal wire moves at a uniform speed in a magnetic field, the calculation formulas derived from both of them are the same. When a metal wire moves back and forth sinusoidally in a magnetic field, the electromotive force of the wire, which derived from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem, is different. Lorentz 's magnetic force theorem is a universal fundamental electromagnetic theorem. Therefore, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula. This study proposes the electron motion resistance force theorem: An electron moves in the metal wire, it will be affected by the motion resistance force, and the electron motion resistance force is proportional to the speed of the electron. An electric charge moving in a uniform magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical nature of the motional electromotive force. An electric charge at rest in a magnetic field wave is also affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical nature of the induced electromotive force. The electromotive force in metal wires and coils is essentially the result of the counter-potential movement of electric charges under the action of the Lorentz magnetic field force. This study reveals that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula, which is a great challenge for Maxwell's equations and the fundamental electromagnetic theorems.
Category: Classical Physics

Inertial Mass and the Inertial Reaction Force Revisited

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 22 Pages.

The inertial mass of an object is a property of the object linking the acceleration of the object relative to a field in space that I will term the temporal inertial (TI) field. This linkage resists the acceleration of the object relative to the TI field. While inertial mass is a property of the object, it is the TI field, not the object, that asserts the force that resists the acceleration of the object relative to the TI field. This force is termed the inertial reaction force and it is a real, not a fictitious force. The inertial reaction force is a physical force between an object and the TI field. It is not a force derived from a change in a frame of reference. In one instance, the inertial reaction force manifests as the weight of an object at rest on the surface of a gravitational body, such as Earth. It derives from the acceleration of the TI field at the object and toward the center of mass of Earth. This interaction occurs because the TI field is directly subject to gravity and matter objects are not. Accordingly, the TI field is accelerated toward the center of mass of Earth. Absent air resistance, a free falling object is accelerated at the same rate as the TI field toward the center of mass of Earth. It is the acceleration of the TI field toward Earth that determines that all objects, regardless of mass, accelerate toward Earth at the same rate, at the same rate as the TI field! Ever wonder what the acceleration of gravity means? It is the acceleration of the TI field in response to gravity. The roles of inertial mass and the inertial reaction force are examined in five different scenarios to illustrate their interaction.
Category: Classical Physics

Equilibrio Electrogravitatorio (Electro-Gravitational Balance)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chippini
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Los casos ideales sirven para analizar abstractamente la estructura teórica de la física.Permiten, por ejemplo, evaluar la coherencia individual y mutua de las leyes. Una ventaja delos casos ideales es poner en evidencia detalles que pueden motivar investigaciones futuras.En el desarrollo de este documento, el objetivo es plantear el equilibrio entre la repulsióneléctrica coulombiana y la atracción gravitatoria newtoniana en condiciones ideales, parasimplificar toto lo posible la tarea matemática. Los objetos ideales que participan son dosnubes de átomos positronios que no son neutras. Cada una tiene un exceso de electrones muypequeño. Entonces se repelen mutuamente equilibrando a la fuerza gravitatoria.Cada nube posee individualmente un equilibrio dinámico que permite soportar el exceso deelectrones sin dispersión de la nube. El análisis termodinámico pone en evidencia la relaciónexplícita entre el número de electrones en exceso y el número total de positroniosconstituyentes de la nube.El número de grados de libertad queda determinado. En consecuencia, queda determinado elnúmero mínimo de electrones en exceso imprescindible para posibilitar el equilibrio. Por larelación mencionada previamente, queda determinado el número total mínimo de partículasintegrantes de la nube.Sucede algo no planeado. El número total mínimo coincide muy bien con el número deAvogadro. Este detalle reclama investigación.Lo mostrado en este documento es simplemente un juego abstracto referido a condicionesideales, que sería útil si pudiese motivar investigaciones futuras.

Ideal cases serve to abstractly analyze the theoretical structure of physics.They allow, forexample, to evaluate the individual and mutual coherence of the laws. An advantage of theideal cases is to reveal details that can motivate future investigations.In the development of this document, the objective is to establish the balance between theCoulomb electrical repulsion and the Newtonian gravitational attraction in ideal conditions,to simplify the mathematical task as much as possible. The ideal objects involved are twoclouds of positronium atoms that are not neutral. Each has a very small excess of electrons.So they repel each other balancing the gravitational force.Each cloud individually has a dynamic equilibrium that allows the excess of electrons to besupported without scattering from the cloud. The thermodynamic analysis reveals theexplicit relationship between the number of excess electrons and the total number ofpositronium constituents of the cloud.The number of degrees of freedom is determined. Consequently, it is determined minimum1number of excess electrons essential to enable equilibrium. Then, by the previously mentionedrelationship, the minimum total number of particles forming the clouds is determined.Something unplanned happens. The minimum total number agrees very well with Avogadro'snumber. Can this be random? A detail to investigate.What is shown in this document is simply an abstract game referring to ideal conditions,which would be useful if it could motivate future research.
Category: Classical Physics

Problem with the Derivation of Navier-Stokes Equations

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages.

The English idiom "Where there’s a will, there’s a way" means that if someone really wants to do something, she or he will find a way to do it.
Category: Classical Physics

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame-Part III

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we elucidate on the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame, of two electrons, a la relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell.
Category: Classical Physics

Stoe Plenum is Real

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 6 Pages.

The ``plenum'' in the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) is the component of the universe that is a continuous medium that interacts with matter particles. Because a medium is not directly detected in instruments, the question of its reality is controversial. This is linked with the question of whether quantum waves are real waves in the plenum or merely probability waves. The experiment to demonstrate the reality of the plenum as a component of the universe has been done. The conclusion is that the plenum is a real component of the universe.
Category: Classical Physics

Bajo Electrico - Experimento (Electric Bass - Experiment)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 4 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Solamente por curiosidad, arrollé alambre envainado sobre la carcaza de cada pastilla. Denomino pastilla al dispositivo sensible que capta en forma electromagnética las vibraciones de las cuerdas. El bajo tiene dos pastillas y ambas carcazas están envueltas por el mismo alambre, sin ser cortado. Esto equivale a construir sobre cada carcaza un bobinado individual y después conectarlos en serie. Después de envolver ambas carcazas quedan libres los dos extremos del alambre. Antes de conectar algo entre ellos probé el instrumento y noté un cambio en el sonido. Es decir que sin colocar algo material para cerrar el circuito se verifica una acción efectiva, audible aunque no es intensa. Después construí una bobina y la puse en serie con un capacitor. Conectando esta serie entre ambos extremos libres del alambre que envuelve a las pastillas cerré el circuito. Modificando iterativamente la bobina y probando capacitores de valores distintos llegué a una condición que exhibió una acción muy evidente, que optimizó el comportamiento del bajo. Los detalles están en el desarrollo de este documento.

Just out of curiosity, I wrapped sheathed wire over the housing of each pickup. This is the name given to the sensitive device that electromagnetically captures the vibrations of the strings. The bass has two pickups and both cases are wrapped by the same wire, without being cut. This is equivalent to building an individual winding on each case and then connecting them in series. After wrapping both casings, the two ends of the wire remain free. Before connecting anything between them I tested the instrumentand noticed a change in sound. That is to say that without placing something material to close the circuit, an effective action is verified, audible although it is not intense. Then I built a coil and put it in series with a capacitor. Connecting this series between both free ends of the wire that surrounds the pickups I closed the circuit. Iteratively modifying the coil and trying capacitors of different values, I arrived at a condition that exhibited a very evident action, which optimized the behavior of the bass. The details are in the development of this document.
Category: Classical Physics

A Calculation of the Binding Force For A Photon Within a Particle

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 2 Pages.

Based on the theories presented in my first paper, "Relation of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge" (https://vixra.org/abs/2301.0148), wherein particles are comprised of photons entangled at the same given frequency, in this paper I shall calculate the force with which such entangled photons are bound within their particle. Also referenced is my other paper, "Calculating the Size of any Stable Particle" (https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0167).
Category: Classical Physics

The Law of Interaction Between Light and Media Proves that Light is Neither an Electromagnetic Wave Nor a Photon Nor a Wave-Particle Duality

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 38 Pages.

The interaction of light with a medium changes all the characteristics of light, including but not limited to the direction of light transmission, the phase of light, the amplitude of light, the frequency of light, the wavelength of light, the speed of light and so on. However, people's understanding of what light really is is still not completely unified, there are those who think light is electromagnetic wave, there are those who think light is photon, and there are those who think light has wave-particle two-phase nature. Through my long time research found: from the existence of reflected light half-wave loss, polarization refraction light Faraday magneto-optical effect, single-slit diffraction light intensity change four laws, double-slit interference phenomenon, Seeman effect, medium surface state determines the phenomenon of absorbance, the speed of light at the interface of different media jump and uniform medium internal speed of light relative to the medium itself speed constant and other phenomena after comprehensive analysis can be concluded: light is neither electromagnetic waves, nor photons, and there is no wave-particle duality. Light should only be one of the manifestations of the Coulombic and magnetic interactions between charges, and cannot be an object that can exist independently of the charge/light source. In this paper, we focus on the relevant issues with the chain of evidence formed by many evidences of the law of light-medium interaction, with a view to correcting the current misconceptions about the nature of light. Also, the results of several light-related physical experiments, such as the Michelson-Morley experiment, the photoelectric effect and the Compton effect, are explained in terms of the light-dielectric interaction law.
Category: Classical Physics

Redefining Black Hole Entropy Due to Proporcionality to the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Keith Huckelby
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this article we propose a new definition of the entropy of black holes. For this we base ourselves on a reformulation of the Hawking-Bekenstein formula in such a way that, on the one hand, by introducing a new variable that represents the number of microstates and On the other hand, taking into account the mass of the black hole, we can conclude a new equation for the entropy of black holes.
Category: Classical Physics

Vortons Revisited

Authors: M. I. Aksman
Comments: 21 Pages.

Reasons for introduction of vortons [are explained]. Answers to vortons critiques, "modifications" and "improvements" [are presented]. New interpretations of vorton results [are given]. The simplest solenoid vortex singularity is a vorton Ref.[1-5]. Finite core vortex tubes may be represented as superposition of vortons Ref.[1- 5]. Experimentally observed vortex structures topological metamorphoses could be seen in numerical vortons simulations without any additional assumptions. Vortons in plasma have magnetic dipole moments. Magnetic vorton tubes reconnect Ref.[3-5,14]. The 3D Euler equations of incompressible inviscid fluid mechanics develop singularities on timescales on the order of vortex rotations. Solutions to the 3D Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible viscous flow are smooth for all time, but they bifurcate and are not unique Ref.[6-8]. The 3D Navier-Stokes equations probably have an inviscid attractor that exhibits inviscid turbulence and dissipation Ref.[1- 5, 10].
Category: Classical Physics

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame-Partii

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we extend the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame of two equal mass particles, ala relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell up to $(v/c)^{2}$ order.
Category: Classical Physics

Space and Gravity

Authors: Anatoly V. Belyakov
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on the mechanistic interpretation of J. Wheeler’s geometrodynamics, where space has the properties of an ideal fluid surface, it was found that the ratio of forces acting in the surface wave transverse component to the forces in its longitudinal component is equal to the ratio of electric forces to gravitational ones. The surface of finite thickness is the original material entity, which fractalization leads to the material bodies’ forming and to the tension of this surface, which manifests itself as an attraction between the bodies. The speed of light was determined and the gravitational constant calculating formula was obtained. The radiating cell of a surface wave generates radiation having wavelengths corresponding to the background radiation maximum.
Category: Classical Physics

Microgravity Radar

Authors: Damian Młodziankowski, Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 1 Page.

A simple method to detect horizontal gravitational anomalies with a China balance.
Category: Classical Physics

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we elucidate on the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame of two equal mass particles, ala relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( III & IV )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 29 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of new universal forces of interaction, called kinetic forces. Additionally, in this paper, we assume that all forces can obey or disobey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( I & II )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

A Reformulation of Classical Mechanics ( I & II )

Authors: Agustín A. Tobla
Comments: 28 Pages.

In classical mechanics, a new reformulation is presented, which is invariant under transformations between inertial and non-inertial reference frames, which can be applied in any reference frame without introducing fictitious forces and which establishes the existence of a new universal force of interaction, called kinetic force. In addition to the above, in this paper, we assume that all forces always obey Newton's third law.
Category: Classical Physics

The Essential Principle of Universal Gravitation and Its Mathematical Derivation

Authors: Ding Lei
Comments: 21 Pages. In Chinese

This article explores the fundamental principle of universal gravitation and derives a new formula for universal gravitation which can be verified by a variety of experimental methods.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether — Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 45 Pages.

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. Corroboration with results from previous works leads to the conclusion that the complete nature of light and radio waves is that of electro-gravitational waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 45 Pages.

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. Corroboration with results from previous works leads to the conclusion that the complete nature of light and radio waves is that of electro-gravitational waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundaments of a Theory of Aether Part 4: The Mechanical Origin of the Electrostatic Force

Authors: Ionel Dinu
Comments: 45 Pages.

This work is a further development of the theory that explains electrostatic attractions and repulsions by the molecular vibration of objects acting on one another through the liquid aether that fills the vacuum and the interatomic spaces of substances. The physical origin of the electric field is that of a to-and-fro motion of the aether. The 2000-year-old problem of a mechanical explanation of the laws of electrostatics is answered by the behavior of coupled oscillators. Light and radio waves are shown to be longitudinal waves consisting of to-and-fro motions of the aether along the direction of wave propagation, which makes them essentially electric waves. The 100-year-old problems of the photoelectric effect and of the wave-particle duality are solved by uncovering the direct link between voltage and frequency of vibration, by a new interpretation of de Broglie equation, and by advancing the new theory of light propagation in channels.
Category: Classical Physics

Unfringing Interference of Cross-Polarized Slits

Authors: W. Michael Feuerstein
Comments: 2 Pages. fixed inconsistent coordinates/wrong constants, misc/minor edits, upgrade to html abstract

Iproject a diagonally-polarized (D) monochromatic complexplane-wave⁽¹⁾ electric field ontocross-polarized slits. (1) What is the instantaneous behavior of theelectric field versus diffraction angle in the far field⁽²⁾? (2) The time-parametric vector sum of crossed-polarized slits’electric fields in a fixed plane about normal to the slits’ raystraces Lissajous curves⁽³⁾particular to the diffraction⁽⁴⁾angle. (3) These uniform-brightness, diffraction-angle-dependentlines, circles, and ellipses constructively constitute unfringinginterference of transverse field undulations⁽⁵⁾summed in parallel and falsify the first Fresnel-Arago Law^(6,7)since interference (the 3-d vector sum)⁽¹⁾,somewhat ironically, predicts the outcome. This result essentiallyretro-extends Fresnel optics (transverse vibrations) upon the Young’sDouble-Slit via the (parallel and direct) lineages of Maxwell,Heaviside, and Poynting, supporting Young’s original assertion oflight as a wave^(8.9).

Nonlinear Maxwell Equations

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 32 Pages. Improved translation to English

Based on the analysis of biquaternion quadratic forms of field, it is shown that Maxwell equations arise as a consequence of the principle of conservation of the energy-momentum flow of field in space-time. It turns out that this principle presupposes the existence more general nonlinear field equations. Classical linear Maxwell equations are embedded in a special way into new nonlinear equations and are their special case. It is shown that in a number of important cases nonlinear equations, in contrast to linear ones, allow solutionsthat have a swirling energy flow. Solutions of the equations we obtained make it possible to give wave description of charged particles, common for quantum mechanics, within the framework of nonlinear classical electrodynamics. Special attention in the work is paid to the problem of dividing the field into "own" field of a charged particle and a field "external" to it. From the nonlinearfield equations follow both the classical Maxwell equations themselves and the equations of charges moving under the Lorentz force. In this way, the problem of finding nonlinear field equations that include interaction is solved. In our approach, the particle charge is electromagnetic (complex-valued), passingthrough periodically changing linear combinations of electric and magnetic charges - from purely electric to purely magnetic. In real processes, it is not the particle charge itself that plays a role, but its phase relationship with other charges and fields.
Category: Classical Physics

A Modified Born-Infeld Model of Electrons and a Numerical Solution Procedure

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: Revision fixes equations (2), (5), (6), (16), and adds footnote on page 4.

This work presents a modified Born-Infeld field theory and a numerical solution procedure to compute electron-like solutions of this field theory in the form of rotating waves of finite self-energy. For the well-known constants of real electrons, the computed solution results in a Born-Infeld parameter of 5x10^22 V/m, which is consistent with previous work.
Category: Classical Physics

Critical Analysis of Maxwell's "Displacement Current" Hypothesis and "Electromagnetic Waves" Theory

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 18 Pages. version2.0

Maxwell's equations introduced "displacement current" theoretical hypothesis, which stated that a changing electric field could induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. Furthermore, Maxwell extended Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction from metal circuits to vacuum, and theoretically concluded that a changing magnetic field could induce a changing electric field in a vacuum. Then, Maxwell predicted the existence of "electromagnetic waves" in a vacuum and claimed wireless communication could be achieved by "electromagnetic waves". This study reinterprets Hertz's "electromagnetic waves" verification experiment and reveals that Hertz’s experiment did not prove the existence of "electromagnetic waves", but rather proved that wireless communication was achieved by independent electric field waves. Based on Coulomb's law and mathematical derivation, this paper proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is inconsistent in theory, and directly demonstrates through experiment that the "displacement current" hypothesis is not true, that is, a changing electric field cannot induce a changing magnetic field in a vacuum. In a modern wireless broadcasting system, there are only electric field signals without magnetic field signals. Wireless radio signals are the transmission, propagation, and reception of independent electric field waves in the air. In the application of microwave technology, when a microwave oven is turned off or on, the energy density of the electric field wave and the energy density of the magnetic field wave are not equal, which violates the principle of energy conservation. In EMC engineering testing, a magnetic field probe cannot directly detect magnetic field signals in a changing electric field environment. Based on theoretical analysis and experiments, this study proves that Maxwell's "displacement current" hypothesis is incorrect and denies the existence of "electromagnetic waves," which will have a profound impact on modern scientific discoveries and technological advancement.
Category: Classical Physics

Absolutism: the Relationship Between Matter, Space, Time and Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 27 Pages. English Edition

In this paper, the absolute static reference frame of the universe is established, Galileo's relativity principle and the essence of light are analyzed, and the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment is re-recognized. The conclusion is that the light in two directions reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and when the interferometer is rotated at any angle, the light in two directions still reaches the eyepiece at the same time, and the interference fringes will not move, so the zero result of the experiment is inevitable. This paper analyzes Lorenz's explanation of the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and points out many contradictions and mistakes in it. Because Michelson's wrong calculation result is not consistent with the zero result of the experiment, Lorenz had to set up "length shortening", "clock slowing down" and a Lorenz transformation factor to piece together the zero result of the experiment. It is precisely because these assumptions are incorrect that all the relations and related theories that use Lorentz transformation factors are incorrect. Only Galileo's relativity principle can correctly explain the zero result of Michelson-Morey experiment, and galilean transformation is the theory that correctly describes motion. This paper also re-understands the relationship between matter, space, time and motion, inertia, field, field wave, force and energy, analyzes the essence of nuclear energy, and establishes a new model of the universe. It makes physics return to the correct track of classical theory and deepens and develops classical theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Fictitious Currents as a Source of Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the idea of electric fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Electric fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics

Fictitious Currents as a Source of Electromagnetic Field

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 11 Pages.

In this paper we introduce the idea of electric fictitious currents for the electromagnetic field. Electric fictitious currents are currents that arise in electrodynamics when we change the topology of space. We show, with a specific example, how fictitious currents may be the source of magnetic moment and charge of a singularity.
Category: Classical Physics

From Coulomb’s Force to Magnetic Force and Experiments that Show Parallel-to-Current Magnetic Force (Letter)

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 17 Pages.

It is known that the Lorentz forces between two current elements do not respect the Newton's third law. This discrepancy hides an unknown property of electromagnetism. For solving this problem, we will derive a new law of magnetic force which respects the Newton's third law. This new law reveals the mechanism that transforms Coulomb’s force into magnetic force. We will also present experimental evidence that supports this new law.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 3:) Submerged Circular Cylinder and Arbitrary Shaped Submerged Body

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 22 Pages, 2 Figures, 47 Equations, 62 References.

We recently proved that " the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure " for floating bodies. This subject was an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to create the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating body with heel angle. In that state, the forces and moments due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it could be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As mentioned above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them on this viXra.org in English. Following that, in the 2nd report, separate proofs for a semi-submerged circular cylinder and triangular prism were also published here. Thus, we have completed the proof for floating bodies, so in this 3rd report, we aim to prove for submerged bodies. We first prove for a submerged circular cylinder, and then apply Gauss's integral theorem to prove it clearly for an arbitrarily shaped submerged body.
Category: Classical Physics

Redefining Gravity

Authors: Felipe Wescoup
Comments: 14 Pages.

The purpose of this paper is to present a hypothesis that redefines gravity. The currentdefinition for gravity is: The natural force of attraction between any two massive bodies,which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional tothe square of the distance between them.The current definition explains the force of attraction between two massive bodies.Einstein’s well-known equation, E = mc2, relates mass and energy. So, this paperexpands upon that premise and proposes that gravity is not the force of attractionbetween two massive bodies but is rather the force of attraction between two energybodies.Gravity — the natural force of attraction between any two energy bodies, which is directlyproportional to the product of their energies and inversely proportional to the square ofthe distance between them.This proposed definition of gravity predicts the bending of light by a massive body. Andmay also be used to improve our understanding of how galaxies rotate. If supported byexperimentation, we may then be able to combine gravity into a Grand Unified Theory.
Category: Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 2:) Semi-Submerged Circular Cylinder and Triangular Prism

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 27 Pages. 4 Figures, 65 Equations, 60 References.

Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2023 (December), Vol.63, No.2, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.117~143.

We prove that " the center of buoyancy of floating bodies is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating bodies with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it can be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As noted above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Although the case of a semi-submerged circular cylinder and a triangular prism are also included in the proof of arbitrary shapes, we prove for each shape separately in this 2nd report, since they are two typical cross-sectional shapes along with rectangles. However, there is an essential difference in the proof between the two shapes. The reason is why the former does not change its underwater shape when inclined laterally, while the latter, like the rectangle, changes its cross-sectional shape when inclined. The present paper provides clear proofs for both shapes.
Category: Classical Physics

Observation Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

Observation Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical Hydrostatics of Floating Bodies: New Developments on the Center of Buoyancy, the Metacentric Radius and the Hydrostatic Stability

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 104 Pages, 26 Figures, 261 Equations, 80 References, 7 Appendices.

This paper presents new developments in the fundamental theory for the hydrostatics of floating bodies, such as a ship. In it, we show that a proof that the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure, a new derivation of the metacenter radius, and theoretical treatments of the hydrostatic stability of floating bodies based on the above two new theories.

In Chapter 1, we prove that " the center of buoyancy of a ship is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. As a breakthrough, we dared to create the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the ship with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure for the shape of rectangular and arbitrary cross-sections. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero, it was proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface in the upright state. Furthermore, we showed an extension to the center of buoyancy for a 3-D floating body.

In Chapter 2, we develop a new theory on the derivation of the transverse metacentric radius which governs the stability of ships. As a new development in its derivation process, it was shown that the direction of movement of the center of buoyancy due to lateral inclination of ship is the direction of the half angle of the heel angle. By finding it, we were able to derive a metacentric radius worthy of its name by showing that the metacentric radius correctly represents the radius centered on the metacenter, which is the center of inclination.

In Chapters 3 and 4, theoretical treatments on the hydrostatic stability of ships are presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and arbitrary material, is chosen. In Chapter 3, the conditions under which the ship is stable in the upright state with horizontal deck are analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. And in Chapter 4, the stable attitude in an inclined state of the ship, which is not stable in the upright state with horizontal deck, is analyzed. By doing so, the dependence of the stable conditions and of the inclined attitude on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.

In Appendices, we prove that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy for four shapes separately which are a triangular prism and a semi-submerged circular cylinder as floating bodies, and a submerged circular cylinder and an arbitrary shaped submerged body as submerged bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical Hydrostatics of Floating Bodies: New Developments on the Center of Buoyancy, the Metacentric Radius and the Hydrostatic Stability

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 103 Pages, 26 Figures, 257 Equations, 78 References, 7 Appendices.

This paper presents new developments on the hydrostatics of floating bodies, such as a ship. In it, we show that a proof that the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure, a new derivation of the metacenter radius, and theoretical treatments of the hydrostatic stability of floating bodies based on the above two new theories.

In Chapter 1, we prove that " the center of buoyancy of a ship is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the ship with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure for the shape of rectangular and arbitrary cross-sections. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero, it was proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface in the upright state. Furthermore, we showed an extension to the center of buoyancy for a 3-D floating body.

In Chapter 2, we develop a new theory on the derivation of the transverse metacentric radius which governs the stability of ships. As a new development in its derivation process, it was shown that the direction of movement of the center of buoyancy due to lateral inclination of ship is the direction of the half angle of the heel angle. By finding it, we were able to derive a metacentric radius worthy of its name by showing that the metacentric radius correctly represents the radius centered on the metacenter, which is the center of inclination.

In Chapters 3 and 4, theoretical treatments on the hydrostatic stability of ships are presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and arbitrary material, is chosen. In Chapter 3, the conditions under which the ship is stable in the upright state with horizontal deck are analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. And in Chapter 4, the stable attitude in an inclined state of the ship, which is not stable in the upright state with horizontal deck, is analyzed. By doing so, the dependence of the stable conditions and of the inclined attitude on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.

In Appendices, we prove that the hydrostatic pressure center is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy for four shapes separately which are a triangular prism and a semi-submerged circular cylinder as floating bodies, and a submerged circular cylinder and an arbitrary shaped submerged body as submerged bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Theoretical Hydrostatics of Floating Bodies: New Developments on the Center of Buoyancy, the Metacentric Radius and the Hydrostatic Stability

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 102 Pages, 25 Figures, 255 Equations, 78 References, 7 Appendices.

This paper presents new developments on the hydrostatics of floating bodies, such as a ship. In it, we show that a proof that the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure, a new derivation of the metacenter radius, and theoretical treatments of the hydrostatic stability of floating bodies based on the above two new theories.

In Chapter 1, we prove that " the center of buoyancy of a ship is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the ship with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure for the shape of rectangular and arbitrary cross-sections. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero, it was proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface in the upright state. Furthermore, we showed an extension to the center of buoyancy for a 3-D floating body.

In Chapter 2, we develop a new theory on the derivation of the transverse metacentric radius which governs the stability of ships. As a new development in its derivation process, it was shown that the direction of movement of the center of buoyancy due to lateral inclination of ship is the direction of the half angle of the heel angle. By finding it, we were able to derive a metacentric radius worthy of its name by showing that the metacentric radius correctly represents the radius centered on the metacenter, which is the center of inclination.

In Chapters 3 and 4, theoretical treatments on the hydrostatic stability of ships are presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and arbitrary material, is chosen. In Chapter 3, the conditions under which the ship is stable in the upright state with horizontal deck are analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. And in Chapter 4, the stable attitude in an inclined state of the ship, which is not stable in the upright state with horizontal deck, is analyzed. By doing so, the dependence of the stable conditions and of the inclined attitude on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.

In Appendices, we prove that the hydrostatic pressure center is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy for four shapes separately which are a triangular prism and a semi-submerged circular cylinder as floating bodies, and a submerged circular cylinder and an arbitrary shaped submerged body as submerged bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Phenomenon Caused by the Relative Velocity Between the Observer and the Light Source

Authors: TaekJin Kim, JaeHyeok Chang
Comments: 329 Pages.

This study aims to experimentally verify the principle of constant velocity of light and Galilean relativity. Special relativity states that the velocity of light is constant to all observers, but there has been no study that had experimentally verified the principle of constant velocity of light as the velocity of the light source increases with respect to the observer. This paper aims to experimentally verify the principle of a constant velocity of light by using the velocity of the image data signal sent by Voyager 1 to Earth. The experiment is performed by dividing the distance of the light path between Voyager 1 and Earth by the delay time for the signal from Voyager 1 to reach Earth. If the principle of the velocity of light is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the same as the velocity of light in the vacuum. But if Galilean relativity is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the velocity of light subtracting the velocity of Voyager 1. In this study analyzing the velocity of the signal shows that the velocity of the signal does not match the velocity of light in the vacuum. Furthermore, the velocity of the signal decreases in inverse proportion to the increase in the velocity of Voyager 1, suggesting that the velocity of Voyager 1 affects the velocity of light. This phenomenon can be an example of Galilean relativity being applied to the velocity of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Phenomenon Caused by the Relative Velocity Between the Observer and the Light Source

Authors: TeakJin Kim, JaeHyeok Chang
Comments: 330 Pages.

This study aims to experimentally verify the principle of constant velocity of light and Galilean relativity. Special relativity states that the velocity of light is constant to all observers, but there has been no study that had experimentally verified the principle of constant velocity of light as the velocity of the light source increases with respect to the observer. This paper aims to experimentally verify the principle of a constant velocity of light by using the velocity of the image data signal sent by Voyager 1 to Earth. The experiment is performed by dividing the distance of the light path between Voyager 1 and Earth by the delay time for the signal from Voyager 1 to reach Earth. If the principle of the velocity of light is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the same as the velocity of light in the vacuum. But if Galilean relativity is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the velocity of light subtracting the velocity of Voyager 1. In this study analyzing the velocity of the signal shows that the velocity of the signal does not match the velocity of light in the vacuum. Furthermore, the velocity of the signal decreases in inverse proportion to the increase in the velocity of Voyager 1, suggesting that the velocity of Voyager 1 affects the velocity of light. This phenomenon can be an example of Galilean relativity being applied to the velocity of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Generation Mechanism for the Sun's Poloidal Magnetic Field

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 16 Pages. 10 Figures, 2 Tables

There was established a sequence of physical processes forming the cause-and-effect relationship between the observed alternating poloidal magnetic field of the Sun and a non-electromagnetic factor external to the Sun. It has been shown that nonuniformity of the Sun's orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions for generation of the alternating poloidal component of the Sun's magnetosphere having a period of about 20 years. Keywords: Sun's poloidal magnetic field, inversion, flip, Jupiter, Saturn.
Category: Classical Physics

Dimensional Bandwidth of the Gravitational Field Density

Authors: Mark Anthony Tierno
Comments: 7 Pages. This paper is a spinoff from my paper at https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083 so please read that one first.

In my papers "Relationship of the Internal Structure of the Photon with Field and Charge" (https://vixra.org/abs/2301.0148) and "Relationship of the Photon to Cosmology and Origin of the Universe" (https://vixra.org/abs/2303.0083) I computed the Gravitational Field Density (FDg) for our universe and stated that each other universe (or Field) has a different value for this; a different value of its Field. However, a question arises and that is one of bandwidth. Specifically, given that each value of FDg is a different universe, down to how many decimal places of accuracy must we go before the values for two different universes amount to being one and the same? What is this bandwidth? Also, is there a limit to how large or small a value of FDg there can be?
Category: Classical Physics

New Consideration of Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs. Lorentz’s Magnetic Field Force Theorem

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction reveals that the induction electromotive force generated in a metal coil is proportional to the change rate of the magnetic flux passing through the coil. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem reveals that an electric charge moving in a magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem is the microscopic physical essence of the induction electromotive force. An induction electromotive force will be generated between the two ends of a metal wire moving in a magnetic field. In this study, calculation formulas of the electromotive force of metal wires were separately derived based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem. When a metal wire moves at a uniform speed in a magnetic field, the calculation formulas derived from both of them are the same. When a metal wire moves back and forth sinusoidally in a magnetic field, the electromotive forces of the wire derived from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem are different. Lorentz's magnetic force theorem is a universal fundamental electromagnetic theorem. Therefore, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula. This study proposes the electron motion resistance force theorem: When an electron moves in the metal wire, it will be affected by the motion resistance force, and the electron motion resistance force is proportional to the speed of the electron. An electric charge moving in a uniform magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical essence of the motional electromotive force. An electric charge at rest in a changing magnetic field wave is also affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical essence of the induced electromotive force. The electromotive force in metal wires and coils is essentially the result of the counter-potential movement of electric charges under the action of the Lorentz magnetic field force. This study reveals that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula, which is a great challenge for Maxwell's equations and the fundamental electromagnetic theorems.
Category: Classical Physics