High Energy Particle Physics

Vacuum Structures.

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 17 Pages.

What does charge and mass consist of, why is the charge of a proton with quarks the same as the charge of a positron without quarks? What is their unity and difference? What does an electric field consist of, what does a magnetic field consist of, and why does the dynamics of one field induce another field? What is a gravitational field and how does mass create gravity? What is dark mass and what is dark energy? Why and how does mass appear from energy? How does all this form a single physical vacuum of the material world? Here is an attempt to answer these and similar questions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Synergic Electroweak Synchrotron Radiation

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

The power spectral formula is derived for radiation of neutral electroweakbosons from an electron in a weak external homogenous electromagnetic field.The calculation method is based on the source theory formulation of quantumfield theory introduced by Schwinger. For ultra-relativistic electrons, it isderived that the Z-0 emission rate is suppressed relative to photon emission.This implies that the decay of electron into W-boson and neutrino is alsoexponentially small under similar conditions. The article is written in the formof mathematical simplicity and the Schwinger pedagogical clarity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Quantum Correction to the Synchrotron Photon Spectrum

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. Original article

We calculate the quantum corrections to synchrotron photon spectrum by methoddeveloped by Schwinger and Tsai. The traditional calculation method working withthe particle wave functions is here replaced by the mass operator approach avoidingthe particle final states and the integration over photon angular distribution. Thealgorithm of the calculation of the quantum corrections to the synchrotron radiationconsists in the evaluation of the forward Compton scattering process in the externalmagnetic field and then in application of the optical theorem to obtain the angularand frequency distribution.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Unifying Equation for Almost All Constituent Quarks Masses, of Cold and Hot Genesis

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 7 Pages. Original paper.

Based on a Cold Genesis pre-quantum theory of particles and fields, (C.G.T.), which explains the constituent quarks and the resulted elementary particles as clusters of negatron-positron pairs (gamma(e-e+)) forming basic z0 -preons of ~34 me which generate preonic bosons z2(4z0) and zpi(7z0) and constituent quarks in a preonic model, from two equations, one for the preonic quarks (u, d, s) and another for the heavy quarks (c-charm and b-bottom), a single unitary equation is obtained for the both mass variants: CGT/Souza and Standard Model, by using four parameters representing integer numbers from 0 to 3: (k1 ; k2) equal and smaller than 3 (for the number of z2- and zpi- preonic bosons); f = (1;2)- flavor number; n = (1/4) —compositeness number, and a multiplication factor: |2n-1-2(n-1)| depending on n, the value n=4 giving a predicted quark, of mass ~15 GeV/c2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Final Theory

Authors: Dimosthenis Michopoulos
Comments: 13 Pages. (Converted to pdf by viXra admin - Please submit article in pdf format only and author name should be in English and listed in the article)

This paper presents the theory of Material Pulses, a radical approach aimed at the completeunification of physical interactions, from classical physics to quantum mechanics. Thematerial pulse is introduced as the fundamental entity, describing the structure of matter andenergy through distributions of charge and energy. The theory aims to explain phenomenathat are traditionally interpreted through abstract concepts, such as spin, which is redefinedas a consequence of the internal dynamics of pulses rather than an independent property.Using minimal coupling, the theory describes the interactions of material pulses with externalfields, leading to a natural emergence of both electromagnetic and gravitational phenomena.Experimental proposals are presented that could validate this theoretical approach, such asmodified Stern-Gerlach experiments and pulse scattering experiments.The theory of Material Pulses offers a unified perspective for understanding physical laws,proposing a simplified and coherent interpretation that can unify classical and quantumphysics, ultimately leading to a Final Theory of physical interactions. (PDF) The Final Theory. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385965279_The_Final_Theory [accessed Nov 21 2024].
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mass and Spacetime Quantization of the Generalized Dirac Equation based on Octonion-Sedenion Algebra: Towards Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant Beyond the 12th Decimal-Digit Precision

Authors: Jau Tang, Brian Tang, Qiang Tang
Comments: 12 Pages.

We present an approach to solving the mystery of the fine structure constant (α) usinghyper-complex algebra. Extending Einstein’s continuous 4D Minkowski space and the Dirac equation, we address internal 4D or 12D spacetime in particles for the octonion and sedenion models. We propose that particle mass originates from internal dynamics, not the Higgs mechanism in Yang-Mills theory. By quantizing mass and internal spacetime, we derive a geometric constant of 137 for the octonion model, and 137.03599920605017 for the sedenion model, precisely matching the experimental value of 1/α = 137.035999206 (11) to within ~10-12. Our theory also suggests a fundamental mass energy of 0.05 eV, likely related to neutrinos. This work reveals that α is not merely a physical parameter but a dimensionless geometric constant, akin to π or Euler’s constant. We found simple empirical mass-ratio formulas linking α to the masses of the electron, Higgs boson, quarks, and Planck mass, elucidating the role of this constant in fundamental forces. This theory revolutionizes the understanding of mass and spacetime quantization, going beyond the Standard Model and opening new paths toward quantum gravity and grand unification.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Coupling Constant of Dirac Magnetic Monopoles is not 34.259 But 308.331

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 4 Pages.

Textbooks tell us that the coupling constant of Dirac magnetic monopoles is 34.259. Here I show by using the quark hypothesis that at zero temperature the coupling constant is as high as 308.331. Moreover I show that it is a running coupling constant and is smaller than 0.5 at the Planck temperature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Koide Formula and the Connection of Elementary Particle Masses With the Fine-structure Constant Α

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The article explores the relationship between the masses of elementary particles and the fine-structure constant α. In addition to the Koide formula, a new formula is proposed, which is as accurate as the Koide formula. The new formula demonstrates the connection between the masses of four elementary particles (electron, proton, tau lepton, and muon) with the fine-structure constant α: Considering the high precision of the fine-structure constant and the accurate experimental values of the electron, proton, and muon masses, the new formula provides a significantly more accurate value for the mass of the tau lepton compared to the current experimental value:mτ/me=3477.0298u2026 (1776.7586u2026 MeV)The obtained value of the tau lepton mass (1776.7586... MeV/c2) is within the range of the experimental value but does not coincide with the result obtained by the Koide formula (1776.9688... MeV/c2). The Koide formula and the new formula yield different values for the mass of the tau lepton with high precision in both results. Both mass values are significantly more accurate than the current experimental value. The discrepancy between the results of the two formulas requires explanation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Practical View on Gravity: the Connection Between Electromagnetic Forces and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.

This research redefines gravity, showing that it is not a separate force but originates from atoms, specifically from the nucleus of the atom. Rather than arising from space-time curvature or the hypothetical graviton particle, this theory suggests that gravity is positive force of atom, that exhibits a weak attraction to neutral atoms (neutral objects) and repel same charge atom (positive charge objects). Moreover, utilizing the framework of gravity, this paper provides a practical and detailed explanation of how the solar system, galaxy, and the broader universe operate. This model solves key cosmological problems, presenting a more tangible and applicable understanding of cosmic phenomena, as opposed to purely theoretical and hypothetical approaches, and combines quantum mechanics and classical physics with gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

New Calculations of the Masses of the W, Z and Higgs Bosons

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. 1 Figures.

In our previous papers, we constructed a model for the masses of elementary particles and calculated the masses of elementary particles especially in atomic units. In this paper, based on the recent more accurate measurements of the masses of the W boson, the Z boson and the Higgs bosons, we revise our previous calculations and give news values of their masses which are 157248.297520661, 178449.921111111 and 244920.803503690 in atomic units, or 80353.714694 (24) MeV, 91187.722057(27) MeV and 125154.273069(26) MeV respectively. Compared to the latest and most accurate measured values of the masses of the W boson, the Z boson and the Higgs bosons which are 80360.2(9.9) MeV, 91187.6(2.1) MeV and 125.11(11) GeV respectively, our new calculated values are very precise if they are correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Extreme Nonlinear Fourier Optics: Singularities of High Harmonics (HHG) and Ultra Subharmonics ((u)subhg) Under the Aspect of Coherent Generation, Kinetics and Control of Photo and Spin Currents Depending on Matter Symmetry

Authors: Peter Krampl
Comments: 48 Pages. In German

This thesis describes in a new extended approach in (1)-(4) the generation and dynamics of photo- and spin currents in the nonlinear regime. For the first time, the description of the exact nonlinear behavior of photo-spin currents using correction factors of nonlinear approximations with an accuracy of up to small 7th order quantities was shown (2). In addition, the complex absorption behavior was examined in more detail and adapted to the real phenomena in a first extended approach (3). New "exotic" expressions were shown for a more precise description of the kinetics of photo- and spin currents in the high-energy nonlinear regime and their resulting nonlinear phenomena. The HOMO and LUMO orbital limit states were adapted to the new findings of nonlinear systems (4).In (5) nonlinear effects on geometric structures were shown, here in photonic crystals. The suppression of hysteresis effects in photonic crystals, as well as in all other micro- and nanoscale devices, will become of great importance in order to avoid disturbances caused by abrupt changes in dynamics, for example in geometric structures such as photonic crystals, to ensure a smooth transition between stable responses in the dielectric layers.Based on this, a nonlinear chemical potential was formulated in (6). Fermi-Dirac-like equilibrium coherences for electrons and holes on photonic crystals were shown. The changed nonlinear eigenfunctions and nonlinear eigenenergies show, by changing the chemical potential of the "Fermi" gas or "Fermi" liquid by a non-continuous phase transition of the 2nd order, that the entropy-rich system transitions into a lower-entropy solid-state system. This makes it possible to facilitate the transition between phases of different symmetry (e.g. crystal ↔, liquid) and different crystalline modifications (non-continuous transition).Finally, an abinitio nonlinear phase transition model for non-equilibrium phenomena was formulated (7). Taking into account many-body quantum theory, phase transitions in non-equilibrium were considered in more detail than nonlinear transitions. First- and second-order phase transitions were found due to nonlinearities. In addition, the particle behavior was formulated in a modified nonlinear high-energy evolution of Greenian functions with additional nonlinear terms and new expressions for the cube formula with new, extended nonlinear terms for nonlinear many-body systems were written down to a new comprehensive nonlinear cube formalism.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Bubble Theory: A Fourth-Dimensional Energy-Matter Framework

Authors: Jameel Chamberlain
Comments: 7 Pages.

The Bubble Theory introduces a novel framework for understanding the fourth spatial dimensionas a multi-layered energy-matter structure coexisting within the same time and space as our observable universe. Central to this theory is the concept of an ’S’ Energy Field—a higher-dimensionalenergy field through which unique ’S’ energy wavelengths propagate. These wavelengths bind matterin the fourth dimension (4D), allowing distinct energy-matter units, or "bubbles," to coexist independently even when overlapping spatially. Each bubble maintains its integrity through its unique ’S’energy signature, preventing interference with other bubbles unless their energy signatures becomeinsufficiently unique, leading to potential interlinking. This paper formalizes the principles of theBubble Theory, develops mathematical models to support the framework, and discusses implicationsfor higher-dimensional physics and potential avenues for experimental validation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Bifurcation Structure of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.

It is nearly universally accepted that the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, despite its remarkable predictive power, remains an incomplete framework. Among the many long-standing puzzles confronting SM, its flavor composition, the origin of three generations, the spectrum of particle masses and charges, and the chirality of electroweak interactions continue to resist explanation. In line with our previous investigations, the goal of this exploratory work is to further bridge the gap between the universal behavior of nonlinear dynamics, on the one hand, and the flavor composition and SM chirality, on the other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Nature of Dark Matter as "Anti-Light": A Hypothesis of Massless Particles Moving Backward in Time

Authors: Nissim Yehuda Harpaz
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a speculative hypothesis that challenges the current understanding of dark matter. We propose that dark matter, instead of being composed of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) or other forms of matter, could be "anti-light"—massless particles that move backward in time. These particles either travel faster than light (tachyonic) or slower than zero speed, rendering them invisible to direct electromagnetic observation. However, their unique interaction with spacetime produces the gravitational effects attributed to dark matter. This theory is an attempt to reconcile the unseen yet influential nature of dark matter through the lens of relativistic and quantum concepts. While highly speculative, this proposal opens new lines of inquiry into the nature of time, mass, and energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of Energy Density

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 3 Pages.

Quantum hole is a hole that quantizes 4D space, and the author has continuously proposed it from previous studies. Quantum hole of 4D has the characteristics of black hole of 3D, but the difference is that quantum hole is anti-matter, and it is 2π times heavier than matter. From this, it was calculated that dark matter is a quantum hole. From the mass densities of 4D quantum hole and 3D black hole, the relationship of physics between cosmological constant, Hubble constant, and dark energy ratio was derived. If this derivation is correct, new physics will be born.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Quantum, Light Wave, and de Broglie Wave

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, an abstract is required and please cite and list scientific references)

The energy quantum proposed by Planck is the basis of today's quantum mechanics. De Broglie also linked this energy quantum to the energy of matter and showed that matter is a wave.In the energy body theory, I linked the energy quantum to the kinetic energy of an electron and discovered that kinetic energy is a photon. 1) The radiation interval of photons which are plane waves becomes the wavelength of light emission line spectrum, 2) When electrons and protons interact, distortion (negative energy) occurs in the foot of each rotating wave, which works a restoring force, 3) It also generates a wave (positive energy) in the corresponding space, 4) The electron (or proton) moves while being dragged by this kinetic energy, and 5) The Schrödinger equation defines the wave that combines the distortion of the foot of the electron and the wave generated in space.It is also estimated that when an electron is on the orbit of an excited proton, the wavelengths of the de Broglie waves of the electron and the proton are the same length. Then, by dividing the distance at the speed of light (3 × 10 to the power of 8) by the wavelength, and multiplying the frequency by the Planck constant, we obtain the energy quantum. It has become clear that this relationship appears as the similarity of a triangle created by the distortion of the foot of a proton. E=hν
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Quark Theory of the Electron and the Vacuum

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 14 Pages.

Paul Dirac introduced the Quantum Theory of the Electron in 1928 that led him to the discovery of antimatter in general and in particular to the discovery of the electron antiparticle, the positron. We propose a new quark theory of the electron and the vacuum. We propose that the electron is a non-elementary non-point like particle comprised of two quarks and two antiquarks and having a tetrahedron structure. We further assume that electrons perform rapid quark flavor exchange reactions with pion tetraquark tetrahedrons comprised of the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the vacuum pion tetrahedron fabric. Motion of the electron tetraquark tetrahedron on the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric is performed by quark flavor exchange reactions of u and d quarks via gluons by tunneling through a double well potential between the electron tetrahedron and the vacuum pion tetrahedrons that transform the electron tetraquark tetrahedron to a pion tetraquark tetrahedron and vice versa. We assume that the quark flavor exchanges occur with Dirac’s equation extremely high zitterbewegung frequency and hence a single electron cannot be isolated since it forms a delocalized electron cloud with the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedrons fabric. Extremely high precision measurements of the electron mass at the earth’s trajectory perihelion and aphelion may prove the quark theory of the electron and the vacuum, the existence of the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric and its density dependence on gravity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of Hubble Tension

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Hubble constant presented from JWST (2024) is 72.6 km/s/Mpc. When the data are reinterpreted, it is calculated as 72.78 km/s/Mpc, and the H0 calculated in our previous study was 72.777 km/s/Mpc. Also, JAGB, TRGB, and Cepheids are presented as 67.96, 69.85, and 72.05 km/s/Mpc from JWST (2024). Reinterpreting this, it is calculated as 70.942 km/s/Mpc, and the H0 calculated in our previous study was 70.940 km/s. The Hubble constant presented in Planck results is 67.3 km/s/Mpc in 2013, 67.8 km/s/Mpc in 2015, and 67.4 km/s/Mpc in 2018, and the H0 calculated from our previous study was 67.833 km/s/Mpc. Depending on the state of star or the methodology of calculation, Hubble constant is judged to be measured or calculated differently. That is, all measured values from 68 to 77 km/s/Mpc for red shift could be correct.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Sommerfeld Equation with the Uehling Potential

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. Original article

The Uehling potential is the one-loop radiative correction to the photon propagator. The correction can be graphically represented by the Feynman diagram of the second order. It means that photon can exist in the intermediate state with electron and photon forming virtual particle pair. Then, the Coulomb potential with radiative corrections can be inserted in the Sommerfeld quantum equation inorder to obtain the Sommerfeld energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chern-Simons Framework for Particles and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 84 Pages.

A novel particle/quantum gravity correspondence framework is proposed and reviewed. It is a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches meeting each other at the Chern-Simons action of supersymmetric fields. The former starts from our SM composite particle model with spontaneously broken Chern-Simons binding. The latter approach of other authors incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral of three dimensional quantum gravity via a Chern-Simons formulation. The $G_N$ and the mass renormalization to leading order in perturbation theory are reviewed. On quantum level, all fundamental matter, as defined in this article, and gravity are conjectured to be different limits of a single topological field theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Comprehensive Framework for Solving the Yang-Mills Existence and Mass Gap Problem

Authors: Thiago M. Nóbrega
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper presents a groundbreaking framework aimed at solving the Yang-Mills existence and mass gap problem. By integrating advanced techniques from functional analysis, gauge theory, geometric analysis, non-commutative geometry, and quantum field theory, I propose a novel and rigorous approach. This framework meticulously constructs the Hamiltonian, applies concentration-compactness principles, and leverages topological and geometric insights to establish the existence of a mass gap. Concrete examples and applications underscore the robustness of this methodology. Furthermore, verification of the field strength tensor and the Yang-Mills action using symbolic computation demonstrates the validity of the theoretical constructs. The verification script is available at https://github.com/mmtmn/yang-mills-novel-framework.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Bridging the Gap Between the Higgs Mechanism and Complex Dynamics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Standard Model of particle physics postulates that the (mass) ^ 2 term of the Higgs potential is negative. This choice is considered unnatural and leads to the tachyonic mass problem. It is known that the formulation of the Higgs mechanism relies on the standard Ginzburg-Landau equation describing equilibrium phase transitions. It is also known that the Complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE) is a universal model of complex dynamics outside equilibrium. This brief note suggests that the tachyonic mas problem goes away upon switching from the standard Ginzburg-Landau equation to the CGLE.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Em Field and Matter

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article tries to unified the four basic forces by Maxwell equations, the only experimental theory.Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory. In the end the conformation elementarily between this theory and QED and weak theory is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Clarifying the Origin of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 7 Pages.

The fine structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. I have discovered its origin using the energy body theory When the electron model of the energy body theory, which has a disk-like shape that rotates while expanding and contracting, interacts with another object, its base becomes distorted. This distortion produces a wave, which is kinetic energy, in the space in front of the electron. When this kinetic energy separates from the electron, it becomes called a photon. This photon has the same shape as the electron, reflecting the distortion angle of the foot. The fine structure constant originates from the distortion of the foot of this electron.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Spin Density Plane Waves in an Elastic Solid Model of the Vacuum

Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 19 Pages.

Plane waves of spin angular momentum density in an ideal elastic solid are analyzed using vector and bispinor descriptions. In both classical and quantum physics, spin density is the axial vector field whose curl is equal to twice the incompressible intrinsic momentum density. The second-order vector wave equation assumes that temporal changes of spin density in an ideal elastic solid are attributable to convection, rotation, and torque density. The corresponding first-order wave equation for Dirac bispinors incorporates terms describing wave propagation, convection, rotations of the medium and rotations of wave velocity relative to the medium. The two rotation terms are also operators for rotational kinetic energy and conventional potential energy, respectively. The potential energy corresponds to half the mass term of the free electron Dirac equation. Bispinor plane wave solutions are constructed consistent with the usual dynamical operators of relativistic quantum mechanics. Lagrangian and Hamiltonian densities are also constructed with each term having a clear classical physics interpretation. The intrinsic momentum associated with the Belinfante-Rosenfeld stress tensor is explained. Application to elementary particles is discussed, including classical physics analogues of the Pauli exclusion principle, interaction potentials, fermions, bosons, and antimatter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Muon Mystery the Origin of the Muon

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article proposes an unusual mechanism of muon structurogenesis in which the particle is formed with the involvement of antimatter. When positrons (antimatter) and electrons (matter) combine, they create particles more complex than positronium. Despite its apparent paradoxical nature, this mechanism has allowed for the discovery of the law of muon structurogenesis. Fundamental muon constants have been obtained from the law of muon structurogenesis. These muon constants have not been obtainable within the framework of the standard model. The muon structurogenesis mechanism predicts the existence of numerous new particles that have not yet been detected. The muon structurogenesis mechanism also predicts the mass spectrum of elementary particles. The proposed structurogenesis mechanism is a general mechanism for all elementary particles, from positronium to the proton. It is a universal mechanism of synthesis in nature. The fallacy of the concept of matter predominance over antimatter in the modern Universe is demonstrated. From the law of muon structurogenesis, it follows that the violation of lepton number conservation is not related to the symmetry or asymmetry of matter and antimatter in the modern Universe. The non-conservation of lepton number and baryon number occurs even under complete symmetry between matter and antimatter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Bag Constant of Composite Fermionic Structures in a Cold Genesis Theory of Particles

Authors: Arghirescu Marius
Comments: 11 Pages.

The paper presents a better calculation of the constants Psi0 and δ of the CGT’s bag model, previously publised, which indicates the existence of a bag pressure (and a bag constant) for each composite particle but also for quarks and the bag’s constant variation with the intrinsic temperature of the particle’s kernel.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Law of Baryogenesis as a Generator of the Mass Spectrum of Elementary Particles

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 13 Pages.

The mass spectrum of elementary particles, in the form of systematically increasing mass values, is obtained from the fractal mechanism of leptosynthesis and baryosynthesis. A theoretical justification for the mass spectrum of elementary particles is provided. The law of baryogenesis serves as the generator of the mass spectrum of elementary particles. The law of baryogenesis implies mass values for both known and yet undiscovered elementary particles. The generated mass spectrum is represented by multiplets of three mass values each. The mass difference within triplets is very small and less than the mass of an electron. The mass values of elementary particles in the mass spectrum adhere to a strict law, forming a systematic increasing sequence. The regularity in the dynamics of mass values growth of elementary particles is close to the law of increasing numbers in the Mersenne sequence. From the mass spectrum of elementary particles, it follows that the predicted number of undiscovered elementary particles far exceeds the number of known particles. In the mass range from the electron to the deuteron, 56 elementary particles remain undiscovered. Expected mass values are provided for new elementary particles that are yet to be discovered in experiments.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Baryogenesis Law: Method of Obtaining the Strong Interaction Coupling Constant From the Baryogenesis Law

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

The value of the strong interaction coupling constant, αs, is not predicted by the Standard Model theory and is known from experiments. This article proposes a method for obtaining the constant from the Baryogenesis Law. The constant is directly calculated from the mass defect of elementary particles, presenting a novel approach to investigating the strong interaction coupling constant. This method unveils the mechanism of the constant's origin from the mass defect of elementary particles, providing new insights into the precision of αs. The calculated value from the Baryogenesis Law, αs(mZ0) = 0.1172(18), aligns well with the experimental value. A range of values for the constant is determined, ensuring its physical significance. The Baryogenesis Law reveals that the strong interaction coupling constant, αs, is not an independent constant, establishing its connection with the fine structure constant α. The dependent status of αs and its link with the fine structure constant indicates a profound connection between the two fundamental interactions — electromagnetic and strong.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Law of Baryogenesis: New Constants of Elementary Particles - Mass Defect and Magic Number

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 11 Pages.

The law of baryogenesis possesses predictive power and yields a series of new results. Some of these results have proven unexpected and require further in-depth study. The law of baryogenesis introduces two new constants of elementary particles - the magic number and mass defect. It is demonstrated that Mersenne numbers are the magic numbers for electrically charged elementary particles, while doubled Mersenne numbers serve as the magic numbers for neutral elementary particles. The mass defect of elementary particles is a novel concept and constant in the realm of elementary particles. Equations for calculating the magic numbers and mass defect of elementary particles are derived from the fractal mechanism of baryogenesis. The law of baryogenesis unifies three dimensionless constants of elementary particles: the ratio of particle mass to electron mass, the ratio of mass defect to electron mass, and the magic number.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Law of Baryogenesis: Single Fractal Mechanism of Leptosynthesis, Baryosynthesis and Nucleosynthesis With Participation of Antimatter

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper explores the fractal mechanism of baryosynthesis involving antiparticles. The remarkably perfected fractal mechanism of baryosynthesis demonstrates that only two types of particles (electrons and positrons) are sufficient for the formation of protons, neutrons, and all the visible matter in the Universe. The baryosynthesis mechanism reveals that matter and antimatter can not only annihilate but also coexist and interact, creating elementary particles. Matter and antimatter from themselves create leptons, protons, neutrons and the whole variety of substances. The fractal mechanism of baryogenesis involving antimatter is a universal mechanism, realized in the stages of leptosynthesis, baryosynthesis, and nucleosynthesis. The interaction and coexistence of matter and antimatter without annihilation are the primary conditions for baryosynthesis. It is shown that without antimatter, the formation and existence of matter in the Universe are impossible. The law of baryogenesis directly follows from the fractal mechanism of baryosynthesis. The law of baryogenesis unveils the mystery of the mass spectrum of elementary particles. The law of baryogenesis has enabled the derivation of essential dimensionless constants of elementary particles, such as 1836.15... (for the proton), 1838.68... (for the neutron), 206.76... (for the muon), 3670.48... (for the deuteron), 3477.2 (for the tau-meson), 5496.92... (for the triton), 5495.88... (for the helium nucleus). These fundamental constants have not been obtained within the framework of the standard model. A new constant, the mass defect of elementary particles, has been introduced for elementary particles. This new constant is a key constant in unraveling the mechanism of strong interaction.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fractal Theory of Proton Mass [and] Fractal Mechanism of Baryonic Asymmetry

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 15 Pages.

Using the proton fractal, the mechanism of baryogenesis has been revealed. From the mechanism of baryogenesis the law of baryogenesis is deduced. From the fractal mechanism, beautiful and simple mathematical equations which display the mechanism of proton formation are obtained. The equations allow us to obtain the fundamental constants of the proton. The proton fractal shows that there are many yet undiscovered elementary particles with masses in the range from the mass of the electron to the mass of the proton. A prediction of the mass spectrum of new elementary particles for their detection in experiments is given. The fractal theory of proton mass makes it possible to obtain the most important dimensional and dimensionless fundamental constants of elementary particles by calculation. These constants could not be obtained within the standard model. The law of baryogenesis was obtained as a generalization of the proton's structural genesis law. The proton fractal leads to the solution of the antimatter problem and reveals the mechanism of baryonic asymmetry. The proton fractal and the mechanism of baryogenesis reveal the fallacy of the conclusion about the predominance of matter over antimatter in the modern Universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[Structure of the Cosmos and Nature of the Electric Charge]

Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 9 Pages.

This paper presents the new approach to the description of the nature and essence of electric charge, formulated within the framework of a unified concept of the formation of the structure of the cosmos. A computer model of the cosmos based on elements in the form of primary space quanta and energy quanta is proposed. We conducted a detailed study and visualization of the process of formation of the structure of the primary space. The essence of electric charge is defined as transformation of smooth continuous two-dimensional primary space by its deformation leading to formation of a set of spacestrons of different levels. The reason of origin and equality of negative and positive charges is explained in the given work. The process of spacestrons formation is investigated in details. It is shown that the electric field arises at distortion of 4-dimensional space-time, similarly to gravitational field, but under the influence of open quanta of space and antispace. In our paper a new inter-pretation of the possible appearance of the Universe from the point of view of submicroscopic approach to nature is proposed. Hypotheses about the role of primary space, the origin and form of the Big Bang, the asymmetry of baryonic matter, as well as such concepts as dark en-ergy, dark matter and their possible correlation in the cosmos are considered.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Detection of a Possible Limit Leading to a Violation of Causality for Low-Mass Particles at Very High Energies

Authors: Christophe Duplan
Comments: 18 Pages.

This study investigates the implications of Planck scales on the causality of low-mass particles at very high energies. Utilizing a fractal approach to space-time, we propose novel dynamics for the fabric of space-time and its interaction with special relativity. Our findings indicate that physical values converge at the Planck scale, revealing potential implications for quantum gravity and unified theories. Specifically, the study explores the self-similar properties of fundamental physical constants, the redefinition of vacuum permittivity, and the anomaly in the light cone for low-mass particles. We hypothesize a secondary fermionic causality limit, distinct from the speed of light, which could account for these anomalies. Furthermore, the results suggest that the properties of the vacuum at the Planck scale could offer new explanations for cosmic inflation, the Big Bang singularity, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy. By redefining the Planck length as a compact fractal object, this research opens promising avenues for future investigations into quantum gravity and the unification of fundamental forces.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Pion Tetrahedron Fabric and Evolution Cosmology

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 28 Pages.

According to the Standard Model (SM) the quantum vacuum is not empty. However, General Relativity (GR) and the SM do not describe the vacuum structure. We propose a valence quark-based theory of the quantum vacuum structure based on a pion tetraquark fabric that fills space with varying density. We assume that the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric are also the building blocks of the protons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons. Motion of particles made of quarks on the vacuum pion tetrahedron fabric is performed by quark exchange reactions by tunneling through a double well potential and motion of massless particles are performed by internal degrees of freedom motion of the pion tetrahedron fabric. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) systems may be Carnot engines working between cold black hole (BH) and hot accretion disk reservoirs. The AGN Carnot cycle may create and emit to space pion tetrahedrons, protons, electrons and photons in pulses by the AGN jets. An alternative explanation for the observed expansion of the universe may be the duplication and emission of pion tetrahedrons, protons and electrons to space by the AGN jets that create new space and expand the universe from inside.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[formulas Showing] Dark Energy Constant 72.9118%, 68.5760%, Cosmological Parameter 1.10616e-52 /m2, Age of Universe 13.784 By, Hubble Parameter 67.832, 72.774 Km/s/Mpc

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

In previous studies, using our originative method, dark energy was calculated as 72.916%, cosmological constant as 1.10616E-52 /m2, and age of universe as 13.783 BY. In this study, regardless of our previous studies, from only physical formulas, dark energy ratio was calculated as 72.9118% and 68.5760% (= 1/2/72.9118%), cosmological constant as 1.10616E-52 /m2, age of universe as 13.784 BY, and Hubble parameter as 67.832, 72.774 km/s/Mpc. Dark energy ratio is absolute constant, cosmological constant is cosmological parameter such as Hubble parameter, and the universe is constant velocity expansion.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Definition of Universal Momentum Operator in Quantum Mechanics and the Nature of Spin of Microscopic Particles: Revealing the Real Reason Why Bell’s Inequality is not Supported by Experiments

Authors: Xiaochun Mei
Comments: 15 Pages. In Chinese (Converted to pdf and abstract shortened by viXra admin - Please only submist article in pdf format)

There are some very basic problems with the existing definition of momentum operators in quantum mechanics and need to be further improved. For example, the kinetic energy operator and the momentum operator are used to calculate the kinetic energy of microscopic particles, and the results obtained are generally different. This article redefines the momentum operator of quantum mechanics and proposes the concept of a universal momentum operator to solve the above problems well. The universal momentum operator only changes the direction of the particle's momentum, but does not change the particle's kinetic energy and energy. Since the calculated values u200bu200bof these two momentum operators differ in the direction of particle motion, additional momentum and additional angular momentum result. This article gives the relationship between the additional angular momentum and the spin of microscopic particles, and explains the nature of the spin of microscopic particles. It is proved that spin is related to the part of angular momentum that cannot be described by the angular momentum operator of quantum mechanics, and is consistent with the inference of the Dirac equation. The description using the Schrödinger equation is unified with the description of the Dirac equation. The so-called spin of an electron is not the rotation around itself, but the rotation around the outermost orbit of the atomic nucleus. The spin operator of microscopic particles is a quantum number, which can be used to make calculations conveniently. On this basis, it is proved that the real reason why Bell's inequality is not supported by experiments is that quantum mechanics has a wrong understanding of the concept of spin projection, and the formula used in deriving Bell's inequality does not hold.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Kaon

Authors: John Caywood
Comments: Pages.

A data processing technique has been used to discover a new Kaon composed of an anti-down (d’) and a strange (s) quark. Anti-down is indicated by d’ instead of the usual d with an overline. The reason is d’ can be stored in a database and overlined d cannot. The K+ kaon is symmetric with the K- kaon, but the K0 composed of a down and anti-strange does not have a symmetric anti-down and strange opposite.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Electron Radius and the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation

Authors: Joseph Catania Jr.
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper presents a summary of calculations in a revamped system of electrodynamics, which the author calls Ether Electrodynamics. The results relate to a newly introduced fundamental principle, a rigorously deduced formalism for the electric fieldof a spinning and precessing electron, the rejection of the magnetic field, the true formal cause of line radiation, a formalism describing how electron spin is quantized, theextension of spin quantization to quantization of precession, the inevitable identity ofquantized precession frequency with the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) frequency, the subsequent calculation of the electron radius and the relation to the mass ofthe proton. Ether Electrodynamics promises to rigorously restructure numerous fieldsof scientific endeavor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Theory of the Quantum Vacuum Structure

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 20 Pages.

According to the standard model (SM) the quantum vacuum is not empty. However, both general relativity (GR) and SM do not describe the quantum vacuum content and structure. We propose a theory of the quantum vacuum structure based on pion tetrahedron tetraquarks that fill space with varying density determined by the local matter and electric charge densities. The quantum vacuum theory assumes that the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the pion tetrahedron tetraquarks are the building blocks of the universe where all other stable and unstable particles are comprised from these building blocks. The pion tetrahedron density drops exponentially moving away from massive and electrically charged objects. Motion of massive particles on the vacuum pion tetrahedron lattice is performed by quark exchanges via quantum tunneling through a double well potential barrier and the motion of massless particles are performed by excitations of internal degrees of freedom of the pion tetrahedron lattice. The Zitterbewegung force free trembling motion, the Zero-Point-Energy (ZPE) electromagnetic field fluctuations, the �� decay and high-precision measurements of the electron mass, may be low energy QCD tracks that may prove the theory of the quantum vacuum structure.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Topological Defects and High-Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) describes the universal formation of topological defects in systems undergoing continuous phase transitions. KZM is traditionally applied to the study of defects in the early Universe and condensed matter phenomena. The goal of this brief report is to uncover the remarkable analogy between KZM and the flavor composition of particle physics. Our findings suggest that defect formation in particle physics and cosmology is rooted in the multifractal topology of the early Universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Theory of the Quiescent Proton

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 6 Pages.

A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of QuantumChromoDynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive, or quiescent state after year of effort using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics can be used to describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A String Theory Flavor Model of Baryon Nodes and Lepto-Mesonic Links

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum systems are built of Elements of Quantum Circuits: baryons as nodes and lepto-mesonic links as channels / connectors. Various levels of connection lines, 1,2 or 3-quark lines, leadto a hierarchy of interactions. The Hopf fibration, as a local model of a Gauge Theory approach to Quantum Physics, is investigated in parallel with the modern experimental data about the structure of nucleons and nuclei. Complex quantum systems, like molecules, nuclei etc. are modeled using Riemann Surfaces and Belyi morphisms, "borrowed" from the String Theory approach. This work continues a series of articles regarding the foundations of Physics, with input from Chemistry and Biology.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Two States of Spin Determined by Magnetic Field (Not a Property of Elementary Particles)

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

Stern-Gerlach's experiments revealed that electrons have two states of spin, in addition to their orbital magnetic moment. However, I question the interpretation of this result. In this experiment, the electron beam that passed through the inhomogeneous magnetic field split neatly into upper and lower parts, I think that this was not because the electrons had two states of spin, up spin, and down spin, but because of the relationship with the inhomogeneous magnetic field. This became clearer through experiments conducted by the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK). KEK is unaware of this. However, if we use the electron model of energy body theory, it becomes clear. In addition, the electron model of the energy body theory also explains the reason and mechanism why the spin angular momentum is ±1/2.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fundamental Properties of Dirac Supersingletons in Particle Theory

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 14 Pages.

As shown in the famous Dyson’s paper "Missed Opportunities", even from purely mathematical considerations (without any physics) it is clear that Poincare quantum symmetry is a special degenerate case of de Sitter quantum symmetries. Then the question arises why in particle physics Poincare symmetry works with very high accuracy. The usual answer to this question is that a theory in de Sitter space becomes a theory in Minkowski space in the formal limit when the radius of de Sitter space tends to infinity. However, de Sitter and Minkowski spaces are purely classical concepts, and in quantum theory the answer to this question must be given only in terms of quantum concepts. At the quantum level, Poincare symmetry is a good approximate symmetry if the eigenvalues of the representation operators $M_{4mu}$ of the anti-de Sitter algebra are much greater than the eigenvalues of the operators $M_{muu}$ ($mu,u=0,1,2,3$).We show that an explicit solution with such properties exists within the framework of the approach where standard elementary particles are bound states of two Dirac supersingletons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Model of Nuclear Structure

Authors: Michael Tzoumpas
Comments: 31 Pages.

The structure of nuclei begins with lower-order nuclei, such as deuterium, tritium, and helium He−3, which evolve into the helium nucleus He−4, and then the first upper-order oxygen nucleus O−16 that has four helium nuclei He−4 in a column of strong negative electric field. Furthermore, the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca is based on the fundamental natural phenomenon of mirror symmetry, by repeating the structure of the first upper-order oxygen nucleus and its half, i.e., at a 2.5 factor. The same principle applies to the third upper-order tin nucleus Sn, which emerges from the second upper-order calcium nucleus Ca, according to mirror symmetry and the same 2.5 factor. It is noted that the tin nucleus Sn will further form the basis for the structure of all heavy nuclei up to the radioactive uranium nucleus U − 235. This is the simple and elegant structure model, according to which nuclei consist of fixed helium nuclei He − 4 (plus deuterium, tritium, and helium He − 3, all evolving into helium He − 4), while the bonding neutrons rotate around them.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Preon Model for Particles and Forces Based on Modified Electric Charge

Authors: Ronald Agius
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

A simple model is proposed in which quarks and leptons are composed of preons that carry only electric charge. But electric charge is modified so that it comes in three varieties. All short-range forces are transmitted through exchange of massive bosons that are themselves composed of preons. The massless bosons that mediate the long-range forces are not composed of preons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Hadronic Resonance Masses and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages.

We study the hadronic resonance masses. We rank those according to the masses. We draw the natural logarithm of the masses, normalised, starting with a rank vs the natural logarithm of the the rank, normalised. We conclude that the hadronic resonance masses, can be characterisedby BP(4,$beta H=0.1$), the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Isingmodel with four nearest neighbours in the presence of external magnetic field, $beta H=0.1$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Electrodynamics in Light of the New Paradigm: New Insights

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 22 Pages.

Standard physics education provides no opportunities to realize that electrical interactions are based on gravitational forces because gravity never shows repulsion. Even when the universe exhibits repulsion in the form of "dark energy," physicists do not recognize that this phenomenon arises from gravity.The new paradigm described herein breaks through this stereotype. According to the new paradigm, gravity not only underlies the phenomenon of dark energy, but is also the basis of electrical interactions. This new understanding of electric charge and magnetism allows us to find simple explanations for many phenomena in this domain. The new paradigm also demonstrates the inconsistency of Faraday's law of induction in the performed experiment.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Nonintegrable Regime of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recent research points out that the unavoidable approach to Hamiltonian chaos well above the Fermi scale leads to a spacetime having continuous (fractal) dimensions. Here we analyze a toy model of inflationary Universe comprising of a Higgs-like scalar in interaction with a pair of vector bosons. The model is manifestly nonintegrable as it breaks the perturbative unitarity of scattering processes and evolves towards Hamiltonian chaos and fractal spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Towards a Bright Future: Nuclear Fusion, the Revolutionary Energy of Tomorrow

Authors: Mostafa Senhaji
Comments: 9 Pages. In French (Translation made by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted)

In a world in search of sustainable energy solutions, nuclear fusion is emerging as a dazzling promise. This article explores the revolutionary advances of the ITER tokamak prototype in France, demonstrating the potential of nuclear fusion to meet global energy needs while preserving our environment. Through in-depth analysis of physical processes and environmental benefits, it offers a captivating glimpse into the clean, near-limitless energy that nuclear fusion promises to bring to our future.

Dans un monde en quête de solutions énergétiques durables, la fusion nucléaire émerge comme une promesse fulgurante. Cet article explore les avancées révolutionnaires du prototype tokamak ITER en France, démontrant ainsi le potentiel de la fusion nucléaire pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques mondiaux tout en préservant notre environnement. À travers une analyse approfondie des processus physiques et des avantages environnementaux, il offre un aperçu captivant de l'énergie propre et quasi-illimitée que la fusion nucléaire promet d'apporter à notre avenir.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron and Muon

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article

The anomalous magnetic moment of electron is calculated in the framework of the Schwinger source method from the assumption the electron and is immersed in the magnetic eld. The magnetic eld causes the modication of the Greenfunction of the charged particle and therefore the modication of the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude. The derived value of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron is in excelent agreement with experiment. The muon magnetic moment is discussed at the experimental and methodological basis. This article is writtenin the form of the pedagogical simplicity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Unified Field Theory by Canonical Gauge Principle

Authors: Tomoichi Sato
Comments: 188 Pages.

This book describes unified field theory. The content consists of 3 parts.part Ⅰ: Considering quantization of spacetime and possible fields are derived based on the canonical gauge principle. This includes the gravitational field, and the undiscovered field of spinor gauge connection. The principle of existence of elementary particles, the origin of symmetry, the unification of Boson/Fermion, and the reality of preon are obtained. Lagrangian of the unified field is derived, which includes the modified Dirac equation from field theory. mass-chirality relation is also analyzed.part Ⅱ：From the viewpoint of unified field, the elimination of the divergence difficulty is discussed, then state-constructive field theory is proposed, including some approximate method. Also, the construction and characteristics of field operators are summarized. (ex. projectivity, double completeness, etc.)part Ⅲ：As a part of unified field, the canonical gauge gravitational theory is discussed, based on the results of parts Ⅰ-Ⅱ. By comparing to Einstein theory, the coincidence under spherical symmetry conditions is concluded. From the perspective of quantum cosmology, the resolution of the Big Bang singularity and quantum black holes are analyzed. The cosmological speculations are described in last parts.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Theory of the Quiescent Proton

Authors: Robert T. Longo
Comments: 7 Pages.

A quiescent proton is a proton that is not involved in high-energy interactions. As is well known, the baryons in which the Proton is the most stable are described in the quantum mechanics system by a theory of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). QCD describes the details of interactions due to the scattering of protons with protons and other particles. In these energetic states, it works well. How is the internal structure of the proton described when it is in a passive state, not interacting energetically with other particles? In the passive or quiescent state, after years of effort, using QCD has not yielded a solution. The passive state is the subject of this paper. Protons, as well as neutrons, are the heaviest stable particles and are largely responsible for contributing mass that generates the global gravitation of the large Universe, leaving out dark matter and dark energy momentarily. This paper will explore how GR gravitation theory and the basic foundation of quantum mechanics, Planck Law, can describe the proton in the quiescent state. Due to the stability of the at-rest proton, this paper studies the proton in this quiet state. The Neutron is known to be stable when part of a more complex atomic nucleus but decays, when free, into a proton, electron, and electron-antineutrino. Due to this instability, neutrons will not be included in this study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

QCD has a low-energy footprint that affects electrons, atoms, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon pion condensate dynamics. We propose that electron motion occurs via quark and antiquark flavor waves of electrons and pions condensate gas. We propose that a polarized pion tetrahedrons sphere of about 1.1% of the Bohr radius may cause the hydrogen atom ground state hyperfine energy split. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We expand the electrons and pion tetrahedrons gas model to a virtual cosmological scale box and propose that the pion tetrahedrons condensate density should be added to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Contraction Effect of Objects in the Time Expansion Effect: Experimental Verification

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 3 Pages.

Relativity theory discusses the effects of velocity time expansion and gravity time expansion. This article will verify through experiments that when an object generates the time expansion effect, its volume will undergo all-round contraction simultaneously, that is, the object contraction effect.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Erosion Protection of Tokamak and Magnetic Force on Single Charge

Authors: Kuan Peng
Comments: 15 Pages.

The walls of Tokamaks are heavily eroded by plasma which suggests that a mysterious force pushes the plasma to the wall. We have theoretically discovered this force and named it extra-force. This force appears only on single charges but not on current carrying wire, which is why the Lorentz force law does not contain it. This discovery not only brings new knowledge to electromagnetism, but also gives a solution against the erosion, which could improve the technology for controlled nuclear fusion. We have proposed an experiment to test this new force.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Heat Bath Algorithm for Lattice Gauge Theories with Fermions

Authors: Mohamed Hafidouni
Comments: 3 Pages.

The heat bath algorithm is applied to the lattice gauge theories with fermions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Special Aether or Special Relativity?

Authors: Mohsen Farshad
Comments: 5 Pages.

The advent of elegant theories, such as special relativity and quantum mechanics, ushered modern physics into an era marked by fantasized contemplation of phenomena, a trend that even persists today. In principle, every phenomenon is physical and can be comprehended mechanistically, given access to the necessary information. In a previous study, we explored the discussion on the equivalence of quantum mechanics with Fick's second law as its classical analogous for Brownian particles which reveals that there should be underlying particles that govern the motion of subatomic particles in quantum mechanics. In this context, we delve into how the description of a special aether medium in space enables the system to adhere to Galilean relativity instead of special relativity, which assumes the absence of aether. Given this, we emphasize that space and time are absolute; rather, it is indeed the velocity that is relative to the initial frame of reference.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert Lloyd Jackson
Comments: 20 Pages.

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, espectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Electron-Positron Pair Creation in Quantum Electrodynamics

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article

The probability of the emission of the electron-positron pairs is calculated from the vacuum-to-vacuum amplitude in such a way that the modified propagation function of photon is applied. The quantum entanglement of the electron-positronpairs is not analysed. In cosmology, pair production is the heuristic explanation of the Hawking radiation. The pair production process is explained here with the pedagogical simplicity.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Particles and Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 23 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article begins with exploring fundamental limits in the universe. It examines key principles, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, that lead to maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. I assert that universal limits govern physical phenomena, leading to very interesting results.I demonstrate that quarks and leptons comprise smaller entities named "Quantum Black Holes." These Quantum black holes are relativistically rotating miniature charged black holes consisting of a single core at the highest possible density. Quantum black holes are the only structures small enough in space-time capable of keeping charges quantization, including gravitational charges. Quantum black holes explain deficiencies of SM like quantized gravity, dark Matter, Mass of elementary particles, quantization of elementary particles, size of elementary particles, neutrino oscillations, and more.Elementary particles release their Energy outward, altering the curvature of nearby space-time and providing new insights into the nature of space-time curvature change. As a result, we can characterize all movements and processes in space-time using simultaneously five sets of equations: four representing the four charges' types and one representing Dark Matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of Mass Defect, Preons and Relic Neutron

Authors: Victor Chibisov
Comments: 17 Pages. (Title modified by viXra admin to conform with scholarly norm)

This article was originally prepared in anticipation of the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) by NASA on December 24, 2021. JWST, in accordance with its program of work, is expected to peer into the first galaxies beyond the redshift corresponding to the time interval of 100-250 million years after the Big Bang. explosion. The article presents the rationale for the prediction of the detection of metals in the gaseous environment of the first galaxies at this point even before the explosion of the first supernovae. To substantiate this forecast, the article considers a variant of the preon structure of nucleons, which allows us to take a fresh look at the mechanism of the occurrence of a mass defect, and the ensuing consequences about the existence of relic neutrons of increased mass in the early Universe, and the implementation of primary nucleosynthesis according to Gamow’s scheme from relic neutrons of increased mass. This article is of a discussion nature and is intended to familiarize the scientific community with the proposed concept, which, in our opinion, does not contradict the ideas of modern physics about the structure of matter, but refines this structure taking into account previously put forward and unreasonably rejected hypotheses.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Huge Inconsistency in Cherenkov's Historic Experimental Setup in 1934

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 10 Pages.

A huge inconsistency in Cherenkov's historic experimental setup in 1934 has been found. In a first calculatory part (involving a lot of Compton scattering formulas), we derive the theoretical minimal apparent magnitude ($m_{astro}=+12.39$) of the Cherenkov radiation from the historic experimental setup (drawing by Cherenkov in 1934). Equivalently, the Cherenkov radiation from the historic experimental setup (drawing by Cherenkov in 1934) is visible, by a perfect naked eye ($m_{Naked-Eye}=+7.5$), with a minimal amount of $9~361.81~mg$ Radium-226 instead of an official amount of $103.6~mg$ Radon-226. In a second part, we summarize the technological & scientific & societal consequences of that huge inconsistency.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Aether and Electron Tetrahedron Model

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density may vary in space and drop to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration limit may be due to the extremely low pion tetrahedron condensate density at the galaxies’ edges. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks, which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. We propose an electron tetrahedron model, where electrons are comprised of tetraquark tetrahedrons, du ̃d ̃d and du ̃u ̃u. Two quarks determine the charge and two quarks determine the spin state. The electron tetrahedron and the pion tetrahedron condensate may perform high frequency quark exchange reactions by tunneling through the condensation gap and form a delocalized electron cloud with a fixed spin state. The pion tetrahedron may act as a "QCD glue" bonding electron pairs and protons and neutrons in the nuclei with opposite spins. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform pion tetrahedron Aether were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics and are not fully understood still.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Euler's Identity in Unification of the Fundamental Interactions

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 29 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

Euler's identity is the most beautiful equation in mathematics. In this paper Euler's identity will be applied to Physics. It will present new beautiful equations of unification of the fundamental interactions. It will calculate new unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. Also it will present new beautiful equations of the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology and it will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. These equations are applicable for all energy scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Possible Structure of the Electron and the Up Quark

Authors: Oliver R Jovanovic
Comments: 12 Pages. (Abstract added by viXra Admin as required - Please conform!)

Any particle consists of some combination of down quarks and (or) antidown quarks because their electric charges imply so.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate Aether and the Electron Cloud

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density may vary in space and drop to extremely low values in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration limit may be due to the extremely low pion tetrahedron condensate density at the galaxies’ edges. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. Due to rapid quark exchange reactions between electrons, assumed to be comprised of four quarks and antiquarks, and the pion tetrahedrons, the electrons are delocalized electron clouds. The electrons are comprised of tetraquarks, where the du ̃ quarks determine the electron charge and the d ̃d quarks determine the electron tetraquark spin state. A u ̃u quarks determine the second spin state for the opposite spin electron tetraquark. The major difference between classical and quantum mechanics may be due to the antimatter discovered by Dirac that may be part of the Aether. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform QCD vacuum that contains antimatter were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their roles are not fully understood still and the discovery of the KBC giant voids and the possibility of a non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate Aether need further study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Loss of Electrons in Storage Rings

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages.

We examine, in general, the energy loss of electrons caused by the multiple Compton scattering of electrons on black body photons in the storage rings. We derive the scattering rate of electrons in the Planckian photon sea and then the energy loss of electrons per unit length. We discuss the possible generalization of our method in particle physics and consider a possible application of our formulas in case of motion of charged particles in the relic cosmological radiation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 13 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density should vary in space and should drop in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void for example in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. We propose to calculate the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate density and propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The MOND acceleration change at the galaxies’ edges may be due to the pion tetrahedron condensate density drop. Gravity may be due to the underlying microscopic attraction between quarks and antiquarks which are part of the vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate. The major difference between classical and quantum mechanics may be due to the antimatter discovered by Dirac that may be part of the vacuum Aether. The central roles of antimatter and the non-uniform QCD vacuum that contains antimatter were not anticipated by general relativity and quantum mechanics. Their roles are not fully understood still and the discovery of the KBC giant voids and the possibility of a non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate need further study
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Negative-Energy and Tachyonic Solutions in the Weinberg-Tucker-Hammer Equation for Spin 1

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 20 Pages.

We considered Weinberg-like equations in the article [1] in order to construct the Feynman-Dyson propagator for the spin-1 particles. An analog of the $S=1/2$ Feynman-Dyson propagator is presented in the framework of the $S=1$ Weinberg's theory. The basis for This construction is based on the concept of the Weinberg field as a system of four field functions differing by parity and by dual transformations. Next, We also analyzed the recent controversy in the definitions of the Feynman-Dyson propagator for the field operator containing the $S=1/2$ self/anti-self charge conjugate states in the papers by D. Ahluwalia et al~cite{Ahlu-PR} and by W. Rodrigues Jr. et al~cite{Rodrigues-PR,Rodrigues-IJTP}. The solution to this mathematical controversy is obvious. I proposed the necessary doubling of the Fock Space (as in the Barut and Ziino works), thus extending the corresponding Clifford Algebra. However, the logical interrelations of different mathematical foundations with physical interpretations are not so obvious. In this work we present some insights with respect to this for spin 1/2 and 1. Meanwhile, the N. Debergh et al article considered our old ideas of doubling the Dirac equation, and other forms of T- and PT-conjugation [5]. Both algebraic equation $Det (hat p - m) =0$ and $Det (hat p + m) =0$ for $u-$ and $v-$ 4-spinors have solutions with $p_0= pm E_p =pm sqrt{{bf p}^2 +m^2}$. The same is true for higher-spin equations (or they may even have more complicated dispersion relations). Meanwhile, every book considers the equality $p_0=E_p$ for both $u-$ and $v-$ spinors of the $(1/2,0)oplus (0,1/2))$ representation only, thus applying the Dirac-Feynman-Stueckelberg procedure for elimination of negative-energy solutions. The recent Ziino works (and, independently, the articles of several other authors) show that The Fock space can be doubled on the quantum-field (QFT) level. We re-consider this possibility on the quantum-field level. In this article we give additional bases for the development of the correct theory of higher spin particles in QFT. It seems, that it is imposible to consider the relativistic quantum mechanics appropriately without negative energies, tachyons and appropriate forms of the discrete symmetries, and their actions on the corresponding physical states.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

KBC Void and the Non-Uniform Pion Tetrahedron Condensate

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 10 Pages.

We propose that the QCD vacuum pion tetrahedron condensate density should vary in space and should drop in the Kennan, Barger and Cowie (KBC) void for example in analogy to earth’s atmospheric density drop with elevation from earth. Based on Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) theory, we propose to calculate the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate density in space and propose a formula for the gravitation acceleration based on the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. A microscopic mechanism for the MOND acceleration crossover at the galaxies’ edges is proposed in terms of the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate. The major difference between classical and quantum physics may be the antimatter and the non-empty vacuum discovered by Dirac. The central roles of antimatter and the non-empty QCD vacuum in physics were not anticipated by both general relativity (GR) and quantum mechanics (QM). Their central roles are not fully understood still and the KBC voids and the non-uniform pion tetrahedron condensate are two examples that need further study.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Interactions in Deformed Special Relativity

Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 10 Pages.

In deformed special relativity with commuting coordinates transforming according special relativity and deformed plane waves the field equations and interactions in coordinate space remain unchanged. However in momentum space Dirac and Weyl equations become deformed together with helicity spinors and Mandelstam variables resulting in deformed amplitudes for massive and massless particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Schematic Diagrams of Micro Particle Models

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 49 Pages.

This article introduces a new micro particle model using pictures and text, introducing the principles of four fundamental forces, the Big Bang, material formation, antimatter, energy conversion, superconductors, relativity, pulsars, magnetic monopoles, and black holes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Geometric Probability Model for α_em and α_s

Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 1 Page. (Notes: Abstract added by viXra Admin. Also scientific references will also be required in any future submission)

A simple geometric probability model for the EM and Strong force coupling constants.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[Discussion on] Black Holes

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 9 Pages.

We will talk about the properties of "black spheres" called "black holes", within the framework of the properties of dynamic space-matter, which are subject to experimental testing. First of all, the presence of new quanta in the cores of planets, in the cores of stars, in the cores of galaxies, in the cores of quasars and in the cores of quasar galaxies. And first of all, stable quanta of the new substance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Pionic Deuterium and the Pion Tetrahedron Vacuum Polarization

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 18 Pages.

A double-well potential model is proposed for the pionic deuterium that enables calculating the energy split, the potential barrier and the pion tetrahedron edge length. We propose that pion tetrahedrons mediate the strong force by enabling quark exchange reactions between protons and neutrons. A vacuum polarization Feynman diagram is proposed for the pion tetrahedrons having two chains of gluons and fermion loops for the two valence quarks and anti-quarks. With a higher order vacuum polarization diagram, the two fermion loops are connected and flipped by additional gluons and the pion tetrahedron chiral symmetry is broken by the non-empty vacuum as expected by the QCD chiral perturbation theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Pionic Deuterium and the QCD Tetrahedron

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 9 Pages.

We propose that QCD tetrahedrons mediate the strong force between hadrons in the nucleus by enabling double quark exchange reaction between protons and neutrons splitting the pionic deuterium ground state energy level to a doublet. The QCD tetrahedron generates with the deuterium a transition state complex that further performs quark exchange reactions with the charged pion that shifts and broadens the pionic deuterium ground state energy. The proposed charged pion exchange reactions generate a negatively charged cloud at the deuterium nucleus vicinity that reduces the effective charge of the proton. The proposed pion exchange reaction is an alternative mechanism to pion absorption and production at low energies by the nucleus.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Physics of the Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in a Binary Field

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 12 Pages.

The entity of time and energy have successfully evaded any concrete definition or elucidation for a disproportionately long period despite their pivotal importance in physics. In this paper, we present a novel theoretical scheme in which not only time and energy but all perceivable physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of asymmetry in a binary digital field. It is made up of spatial quanta with Planck scale properties, and the field has an intrinsic potential to break its symmetry in a totally spontaneous and stochastic manner. The scheme vividly explains the origin of the mass of most of the elementary particles only with fundamental physical constants plus some numbers with universal meaning such as the fractional powers of pi, instead of any artificial parameters. Though it is still in a hatching stage like the old quantum theory, as this paper shows in detail, its capability to provide clear physical images as for why particular Lie groups could rightly describe their corresponding forces is a promising sign that this paradigm shall serve as a powerful guide toward the super-unification of all the fundamental interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mechanism of Gravitational Deflection of Light

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 10 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cause of the light deflection near the Sun is a geometric distortion of spacetime, regardless of the photon structure. Because Einstein had no photon model at his disposal, he used mathematical techniques. In his theory, Einstein did not explain the physical mechanism through which mass produces the spacetime curvature. However, a new paradigm has provided a photon model that can reveal the mechanism of photon deflection in a gravitational field, i.e., in Tesla's inhomogeneous primary substance.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Body Theory that [May] Explains the Origin of Everything in the Universe

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 151 Pages.

The two main pillars of modern physics are said to be the theory of relativity and quantum mechanics. Classically there are Newtonian mechanics and electromagnetism. However, they have only explained the phenomenon and have not investigated the cause of the phenomenon. The energy body theory explored the origin of this phenomenon and discovered that the origin of the universe is made of a simple structure. In other words, the universe is not a container-like container, but space itself is a real entity. That space is an organization filled with particles much smaller than elementary particles. The grains are independent of each other, so if one grain contracts, the adjacent grain expands. Or vice versa. A contracted grain has positive energy as a restoring force, and an expanded grain has negative energy as a restoring force. This is the source of energy. This shows that the law of conservation of energy holds true universally. Further, the recovery speed of the contraction/expansion of the grain is the speed of light. Therefore, we decided to call the space an energy body and the particles that make up the space an energy cell body. Using this as a basic principle, we considered elementary particles, which are matter, and gravity, which is the distortion of space. Using this basic picture, we considered mechanics, electromagnetism, elementary particle theory, quantum mechanics, and cosmology, and revealed the nature of gravity and dark energy, and found a fundamental understanding of phenomena, the discovery of the "velocity of photons" and the reason for the "principle of the constant speed of light," among many other things. results were obtained.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Solution to the Strong CP Problem

Authors: S. A. Larin
Comments: 9 Pages.

We suggest a new solution to the strong CP problem. The solution is based on the proper use of the boumdary conditions for the QCD generatimg functional integral. It obeys the principle of renormalizability of Quantum Field Theory and does not involve new particles like axions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of the Speed of Light 2.99792E8 m/s

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 5 Pages.

In previous study, the masses of six dimensional neutrinos were calculated and the ratio of the 0D mass to the 3D mass was shown to be cosmological constant problem 1E-121.54. In this study, three values were additionally found. (1) The root ratio of the 3D mass to the 2D mass is 2.99789E8, and the error is 0.001% of light speed 2.99792E8 m/s. (2) The root ratio of the 5D mass to the 6D mass is 88.163%, and the error is 0.02% of the ratio 88.145% of W 80.377 GeV and Z 91.1876 GeV. (3) The root ratio of the 0D mass to the 1D mass is 5.9065E-39, and the error is 0.01% of gravitational coupling constant 5.90595E-39. It was once again confirmed that the origin of all things is neutrinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Particle-Antiparticle and Cosmological Constant Problems

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 27 Pages.

Following the results of our publications, we argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra. One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers(electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$, one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle and its antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universe problem does not arise and the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning ofwhich is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used, $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space, but, in semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there is no freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Four Generation Supersymmetric Model of Particles Leading to Two Extra String Dimensions

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 13 Pages.

A previous supersymmetric preon scenario for the first generation particles is extended to include all three generations and the dark sector. The scenario is reformulated as a double field theory (DFT) in 4+4 dimensions. It is proposed that DFT preons are the pointlike limit of string theory below the string scale ~ 10^(18) GeV. The need for extra string theory dimensions is argued to reduce from six to two.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Brief Exposition of the Structured Vacuum Theory (STV)

Authors: Alexander Axelrod
Comments: 35 Pages.

All fundamental categories of energy were assigned to specific component of the superfluid matter velocity. Principle role of decomposition to symmetric and anti-symmetric flows was demonstrated for geometrical interpretation of gravity and electromagnetic phenomena.Energy division between kinetic and potential components was interpreted as the energy equal distribution between available degrees of freedom in the system. Main physical concepts like inertial and gravity masses, electric charge, magnetic moment, linear and rotation moments were presented as different types of the vacuum lattice symmetry breaking; Macroscopic energy transformations were interpreted as manifestations of Planck-scale energy transformation mechanisms. The energy transformations are due to energy exchange between four fundamental velocity components of the superfluid substance;All fundamental macroscopic physical laws may be underpinned by a set of 16 Planck-scale energy transformation mechanisms, as a number of coefficients in the dynamic equation describing the velocities mutual bidirectional transformations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Violations of the Vacuum Lattice Structural Asymmetry and Their Relationship to Traditional Physics Concepts

Authors: Alexander Axelrod
Comments: 20 Pages.

In this letter we demonstrate that all basic physical concepts may be defined via the prism of symmetry breaking phenomena. Specifically, each type of symmetry breaking of the vacuum structure corresponds to some traditional concept of the modern physics. Thus, we can assign the most fundamental concepts to specific type of symmetry violation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Dirac's Irony: Is The Proton/Electron Mass Ratio a Dirac's Large Number In Disguise?

Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 2 Pages.

The proton/electron mass ratio is a scalar. The true origin of this number might be a 24D concept, (mp/me)^24 — living in the 26D space of the 26 sporadic groups. The mass of Higgs boson (125.186 GeV) is recovered. Quark masses are related to the direct product of the 26 sporadic groups.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Re-derivation of the Ewald Summation Formula for Triangular Charge Distribution

Authors: Serdar Acir
Comments: 8 Pages.

A re-formulated version of Ewald Summation method is presented in this paper by replacing each point charge with a triangular shape charge distribution instead of the original Gaussian shape charge distribution. With triangular shape charge distribution, we aim to be able to accelerate the computation of the reciprocal sum part of the Ewald Summation for crystal simulations with periodic boundary conditions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Double Field Theory: Uniting Gauge and Gravity Theories Through the Double Copy of Yang-Mills

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 8 Pages.

In the realm of theoretical physics, scientists have long been intrigued by the link between gaugetheories and gravity. This study explores a fascinating idea called the "double copy technique," which reveals a deep connection between these two seemingly different theories. While gauge theories, like Yang-Mills, describe basic interactions in a simple and elegant way, gravity, despite its symmetry, is a complex and challenging theory in the quantum world. This paper investigates the "double field theory" (DFT) and its connection to the double copy method. This connection shows that gauge and gravity theories are remarkably similar at the quantum level. The double copy technique essentially transforms gravity into a sort of "squared" gauge theory, offering insights into how color and movement are related in gauge theories. By carefully studying the math and important equations, this paper explains how this connection is tied to the idea of color and movement duality. The study concludes by introducing the DFT action, which is derived through the double copy method and doesn’t rely on a specific background. This surprising result highlights how the complexity of gravity can be beautifully linked to the simplicity of Yang-Mills theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Compton Effect in Dielectric Medium

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 13 Pages. original article

We determine the Compton effect from the Volkov solution of the Dirac equationfor a process in medium with the index of refraction n. Volkov solution involves themass shift, or, the mass renormalization of an electron. We determine the modifedCompton formula for the considered physical situation. The index of refractioncauses that the wave lengths of the scattered photons are shorter for some anglesthan the wave lengths of the original photons. This is anomalous Compton effect.Since the wave length shift for the visible light is only 0,01 percent, it means thatthe Compton effect for the visible light in the dielectric medium can be performedby the well educated experimenters.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Oleg G. Verin
Comments: 30 Pages.

More than 20 years ago, in 2002 the small book "Vacuum dynamics and the soliton theory of elementary particles" was published that showedMaxwell’s model effectiveness in describing elementary particles as solitons in vacuum. Already in this book there was a derivation of the equation for the internal field of electromagnetic soliton (electron), which solution gives thevalue of the fine structure constant theoretically or, how it used to say R. Feynman, from computer, not putting it there secretly. Then this calculation was made, but convincing result was not yet achieved because the applied method of calculation has not provided adequate accuracy of the received constant value. And now, 20 years after, the great dream of physicists at last has become the truth: the fine structure constant was got from that equation with good accuracy and rather simple, using for calculation a customary notebook, so that everybody who wants can do it without hard work.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Equations of the Unified Physics

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 39 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In this paper will be presented the equations of Unified Physics. The beautiful equations of the unification of the fundamental interactions. We calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. These equations are applicable for all energy scales. Also we present the unification of atomic physics and cosmology and the formulas for the cosmological constant. It will discover a new simple Large Number Hypothesis which calculates the Mass,the Age and the Radius of the universe. The diameter of the observable universe will be calculated to be equal to the ratio of electric force to gravitational force between electron and proton on the reduced Compton wavelength of the electron. We will prove the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. We propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Introduction to Phenomenology About the Nature of the Muon

Authors: A. I. Andreus
Comments: 4 Pages. In Russian

Introduction to phenomenology about the nature of the muon. Phenomenology about the proton, about the neutron, about the muon, about the tau-lepton, about the pion in the light of the photon can shed light on the ultimate truth - how everything really is - the sphere - the clouds of theensemble of matter. A certain excitation of the proton pulls out a volume close to spherical,clouds of matter from the proton, which represent descriptions and definitions - the internal energy of the proton, the rest energy of the muon, the rest mass of the muon. Similarly, as for the electron and positron, it is possible toformulate moments of truth about matter, and from the proton onwards for the tau lepton, and for the pion, and for the muon, and for any other emainingelementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Conservation of Baryon and Lepton Number is an Effect of Electric and Magnetic Charges

Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 5 Pages.

The conservation of baryon number and lepton number has not yet been explained. Here I present a new nomenclature where I redefine isospin and hypercharge. By doing so I explain baryon and lepton number conservation as an effect of the electric-magnetic duality and the U(1) x U(1) gauge symmetry of quantum electromagnetodynamics. By using this method I predict the quantum numbers of an octet of magnetic monopoles. Another surprising result is that both leptons and quarks have nonzero magnetic isospin, a new quantum number.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Strong-Force Quark Bond Patterns Within Nucleons

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 15 Pages.

According to the Standard Model, nucleons consist of three up/down quarks confined by strong-force interactions as mediated by gluons. The net effect of these interactions is a nucleon model that has an equilateral-triangular form with a strong-force bond between each quark pair.However, this model assumes that strong-force interactions are equally likely between two same-charge quarks (which would otherwise be expected to repel each other) as they are between opposite-charge quarks.Should strong-force interactions only take place between opposite-charge quarks, then the nucleon model changes from an equilateral-triangular to a quark-chain model that involves only two strong-force bonds, each connecting the central quark to an oppositely charged quark. The quark-chain nucleon model leads to some interesting possibilities related to the structure of atomic nuclei, to electron orbitals and related covalent bonding patterns, and to the cause of radioactive decay in unstable elements.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electrons System

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 12 Pages. Note by viXra Admin: Last name should be after first name - Please conform!)

Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Updated Controlled Thermonuclear Reaction

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 3 Pages.

Unlike deuterium - tritium plasma of nuclei of identical charges, which give a certain instability, thermonuclear reactions are physically permissible: 1. method: inelastic collisions of tritium nuclei, without primary plasma, with high-energy protons, at a ready-made collider. 2. Method: structuring of charged counter streams of deuterium plasma at the meeting point, modified by TOKAMAK, by vertical beams of low-energy antiprotons. The reaction products are helium and antiproton, which structures new and new nuclei. At the same time, the number of antiprotons is regulated by beams of protons in annihilation. 3. Method of inelastic collisions in beams of a deuterium nucleus of low energies, without primary plasma.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Synchrotron Spectrum from the Volkov Solution of the Dirac Equation

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 14 Pages. Original Article

We derive the power spectrum of the synchrotron radiation from the Volkov solution of the Dirac equation and from S-matrix. We also generalize the Bargmann-Michel-Telegdi equation for the spin motion in case it involves the radiation term. This equation play the crucial role in the spin motion of protons in LHC and in FERMILAB. The axion production in the magnetic feld described by the Volkovsolution is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Questions of Quantum Field Theory 1

Authors: Danny Fainozzi, Alessandro Giacchetto
Comments: 98 Pages.

Introduction to QFT through questions and exercises starting from Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations, passing through the Second Quantization and ending with interacting fields.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Mass is not What You Think

Authors: Thomas H. Weight
Comments: 2 Pages.

We clarify critical misunderstandings in physics by showing that mass is not a scalar constant,and by reminding readers that momentum is a vector
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Mass Scale Law of the Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper we will present a new mass scale law of the universe. First from the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will find the formulas for the Planck mass. It will be presented as an extended mass relation for fundamental masses. Also we will find the expressions for the minimum mass and the mass of the observable universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Dimensionless Fractal Universe

Authors: Stergios Pellis
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this paper from the Dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions we will calculate the unity formulas that connect the coupling constants of the fundamental forces. We will present the Dimensionless unification of atomic physics and cosmology. We will prove that the shape of the Universe is Poincaré dodecahedral space. From the dimensionless unification of the fundamental interactions will propose a possible solution for the density parameter of baryonic matter,dark matter and dark energy.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

An Alternative to the Higgs field Mass Generation Mechanism, based on a Dipole Wave Pressure Model

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Only Preprint is acceptable)

This paper is based on John A. Macken´s proposal [1], that the universe is only spacetime. In the context of Quantum Mechanics, Macken defines the spacetime dipole wave (DW) model, where spacetime can be seen as a sea of energetic waves, traveling at light speed.From this model, the DW pressure (~ 10113 J/m3) is analyzed in the context of the kinetic gas theory and so DW pressure is used to define a fundamental particle, named by the author as a Ulianov Hole (uhole).Auhole can be related to an elastic tube connecting two regions of space (or time), generating variations inDW pressure. Two kinds of uholes are presented in this paper: the spatial uhole (uhole-S) that has a property related to mass; and the time uhole (uhole-T) that has a property related to electric charge.This paper presents a basic analysis of the uholes-S model, that can explain themass generation mechanism of elemental particles, without using the Higgs field model.The uhole-S has two ends, one related with matter and the other with antimatter. And so, a mass particle is formed when one uhole-S is stretched enough toavoid an annihilation process. The uhole-S model also relates mass particles to the behavior of micro black holesthat reduce the DW pressure. This model also explains mass attractionforce (gravitational mass) and the resistance of mass movement in space (inertial mass), enabling the deduction of some of Newton’s Laws.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Final Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron, Muon and Tauon

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant" (viXra:2106.0042v5), in which we gave some formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron, muon and tauon. For example, we calculated the values of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057152 and 0.00116592057075 on June 2021/6/13 and 2023/3/14 respectively, and with 3 less digits they had the same value of 0.00116592057. On 2023/8/10 Fermilab Muon g-2 Collaboration announced their latest measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057(25), which should be perfectly consistent with our calculations or predictions. In this paper, we’ll give the final formulas of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron, muon and tauon.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The QCD Ground State Chiral Tetrahedron Symmetry

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 31 Pages.

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be a symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability as proposed in a previous paper. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer QED, QCD and gravity. The QCD ground state tetrahedrons hypothesis provides two chiral states and a mass gap may be created by a ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 11 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components to within 1 or 2 standard deviations. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given to the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The QCD Ground State Tetrahedrons

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 27 Pages.

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson compact bound tetraquark having a tetrahedron geometry. The transition from the pion two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry may be a Goldstone symmetry breaking. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability as proposed in a previous paper. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role also in low energy physics where quark and gluon dynamics are relevant not only in the high energy physics research. Quark exchange reactions transfer force via gluon junctions interacting with the QCD ground state tetrahedron having quarks and antiquarks in equal portions
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Exploration of Microscopic Particle Models

Authors: Bin Dong
Comments: 32 Pages.

The microparticle model constructed in this paper can reasonably explain, using classical physics and relativity theory: the formation and decay of all elementary particles, the principle of the four fundamental forces, the principle of the Big Bang, the formation of matter, the principle of antimatter, the principle of energy conversion, the principle of superconductors, the principle of relativity, the principle of pulsars, magnetic monopoles, and black holes. This paper also suggests the feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Invalidation and Proof of the Mass Gap and Viability of The Standard Model on a Discrete Spacetime

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 43 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The Yang Mills Mass gap is often considered as phenomenologically solved, after all QCD does not halt, but mathematically, it remains an open problem, that must be theoretically proven, in order to axiomatically reconstruct Yang Mills, and prove its suitability. The mathematical problem has been elevated to one of the seven Millennium Prize Problems defined by the Clay Mathematics Institute, which has offered a prize of USD1,000,000 for its resolution. In past papers, we argued its resolution in a multi-fold universe with its discrete spacetime, relying on existing proofs in Lattice QCD. It works for discrete spacetime, but was not definitive in the continuous spacetime limit. In this paper, we revisit the standard model on lattices, in particular in the context of the Nielsen—Ninomiya theorem that identifies challenges for modeling both the Weak interaction and QCD on lattices. We treat the continuous case as a larger scale approximation of SM on a discrete spacetime. The paper studies Yang Mills fields and SM viability on discrete spacetimes besides continuous spacetime, and that includes the mass gap. Indeed, in previous papers we showed that General Relativity (GR) prescribes a discrete spacetime. Therefore, the mass gap and the Nielsen—Ninomiya theorem challenges must be addressed for SM in GR-based universes, which, a priori, includes our real universe.Doing so, the paper derives properties like asymptotic freedom, confinement and chiral symmetry breaking in non-abelian 4D Yang Mills theories. It also provides a new understanding of the link between confinement, and the chiral symmetry breaking, which typically occur around when confinement occurs, and explains the differences for abelian fields. These results are valid for discrete and continuous spacetime.In addition, the paper invalidates the mass gap conjecture and its Millennium prize formulation for 4D continuous spacetime by explaining that it can’t guarantee a mass gap. With reformulation, the mass gap Millennium Prize Problem is generally correct only in a 4D discrete spacetime, or in a multi-fold universe.SMG denotes the SM with gravity effects are not negligible at its scales. The present work gives new arguments for SMG: Yang Mills, QCD, and SM. The results also reinforce arguments for a (fundamental) particle desert above the electroweak scale, where the Ultimate Unification (UU) is encountered, and GUTs do not exist. The mass gap is generically proven for 2D random walk multi-fold universes, which characterize all of Physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Bubble Theory: A Fourth-Dimensional Energy-Matter Framework

Authors: Jameel Chamberlain
Comments: 8 Pages.

The Bubble Theory introduces a novel framework for understanding the fourth spatial dimensionas a multi-layered energy-matter structure coexisting within the same time and space as our observable universe. Central to this theory is the concept of an ’S’ Energy Field—a higher-dimensionalenergy field through which unique ’S’ energy wavelengths propagate. These wavelengths bind matterin the fourth dimension (4D), allowing distinct energy-matter units, or "bubbles," to coexist independently even when overlapping spatially. Each bubble maintains its integrity through its unique ’S’energy signature, preventing interference with other bubbles unless their energy signatures becomeinsufficiently unique, leading to potential interlinking. This paper formalizes the principles of theBubble Theory, develops mathematical models to support the framework, and discusses implicationsfor higher-dimensional physics and potential avenues for experimental validation.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Bifurcation Structure of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.

It is nearly universally accepted that the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, despite its remarkable predictive power, remains an incomplete framework. Among the many long-standing puzzles confronting SM, its flavor composition, the origin of three generations, the spectrum of particle masses and charges, and the chirality of electroweak interactions continue to resist explanation. In line with our previous investigations, the goal of this exploratory work is to further bridge the gap between the universal behavior of nonlinear dynamics, on the one hand, and the flavor composition and SM chirality, on the other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Bifurcation Structure of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 20 Pages.

It is nearly universally accepted that the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, despite its remarkable predictive power, remains an incomplete framework. Among the many long-standing puzzles confronting SM, its flavor composition, the origin of three generations, the spectrum of particle masses and charges, and the chirality of electroweak interactions continue to resist explanation. In line with our previous investigations, the goal of this exploratory work is to further bridge the gap between the universal behavior of nonlinear dynamics, on the one hand, and the flavor composition and SM chirality, on the other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Quark Model of the Electron and the Vacuum Pion Tetrahedron Fabric

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 32 Pages.

We propose a quark model for the electron and the vacuum pion tetrahedron fabric, where the electron is a non-elementary, non-point like exotic tetraquark, and the vacuum fabric is comprised of exotic pion tetraquark tetrahedrons comprised of the u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ quarks and antiquarks. We assume that electron tetraquarks perform rapid quark flavor exchange reactions with the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedrons fabric forming and electron and pion tetraquarks cloud. Motion of the electron tetraquark tetrahedron on the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric is performed by a u and d quark flavor exchange reactions by tunneling through a potential barrier between the electron tetraquark tetrahedron and the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron sites that transform the electron tetraquark tetrahedrons into pion tetraquark tetrahedrons and vice versa. We develop a semiclassical quark molecular dynamics scheme for bound states of mesons and exotic tetraquarks and show that the exotic pion tetraquark tetrahedron binding energy is about 0.0486 GeV comparing to the free di-meson dd ̃ and uu ̃ energies. Lattice QCD computations may prove the quark model for the electron and the vacuum pion tetraquark fabric and may allow calculating the mass of the proposed pion and electron exotic tetraquarks.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Quark Model of the Electron and the Vacuum Fabric

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 21 Pages.

We propose a quark model for the electron and the vacuum fabric, where the electron is a non-elementary, non-point like exotic tetraquark, and the vacuum fabric is comprised of exotic pion tetraquark tetrahedrons. We assume that electron tetraquarks perform rapid quark flavor exchange reactions with the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedrons fabric, which is comprised of the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ , forming and electron and pion cloud. Motion of the electron tetraquark tetrahedron on the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric is performed by a u and d quark flavor exchange reactions by tunneling through a double well potential barrier between the electron tetraquark tetrahedron and the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron sites that transform the electron tetraquark tetrahedrons into pion tetraquark tetrahedrons and vice versa. We assume that the quark flavor exchanges occur with the extremely high zitterbewegung frequency and hence a single electron cannot be isolated in the electron and pion fabric cloud. The electron charge polarizes the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron electric dipoles forming together a dense and polarized sphere around the electron. Lattice QCD computation may prove the quark model for the electron and the vacuum fabric and may allow calculating the mass of the proposed pion and electron exotic tetraquarks.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Quark Model of the Electron and the Vacuum Fabric

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 19 Pages.

We propose a quark model for the electron and the vacuum fabric, where the electron is a non-elementary, non-point like particle comprised of quarks, and the vacuum fabric is comprised of pion tetraquark tetrahedrons. We assume that electrons perform rapid quark flavor exchange reactions with the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedrons fabric, which is comprised of the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃. Motion of the electron tetraquark tetrahedron on the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric is performed by a u and d quark flavor exchange reactions by tunneling through a double well potential barrier between the electron tetraquark tetrahedron and the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron sites that transform the electron tetraquark tetrahedrons into a pion tetraquark tetrahedrons and vice versa. We assume that the quark flavor exchanges occur with the extremely high zitterbewegung frequency and hence a single electron cannot be observed since it is part of the electron and pion fabric cloud.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Quark Theory of the Electron and the Vacuum

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 14 Pages.

Paul Dirac developed a quantum theory of the electron in 1928 that led him to the discovery of antimatter in general and to the discovery of the electron antiparticle, the positron. We propose a new quark theory of the electron and the vacuum. We propose that the electron is a non-elementary, non-point like particle comprised of two quarks and two antiquarks having a tetrahedron structure. We further assume that electrons perform rapid quark flavor exchange reactions with vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedrons comprised of the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the quantum vacuum fabric. Motion of the electron tetraquark tetrahedron on the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron fabric is performed by a u and d quark flavor exchange reactions by tunneling through a double well potential between the electron tetraquark tetrahedron and the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron that transform the electron tetraquark tetrahedron to a pion tetraquark tetrahedron and vice versa. We assume that the quark flavor exchanges occur with Dirac’s equation extremely high zitterbewegung frequency and hence a single electron cannot be isolated since it forms a delocalized electron cloud with the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedrons fabric.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

3d Quantum Gravity, Localization and Particles Beyond Standard Model

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 16 Pages. Title changed, text shortened and clarified.

A novel quantum gravity-particle connection is pointed out. We review a 3d quantum gravity model, which incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral in a Chern-Simons formulation. Fundamental matter as defined in our previous preon model is recapped. Both quantum gravity and the particle model are shown to be derivable from the supersymmetric 3d Chern-Simons action.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Chern-Simons Framework for Particles and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 38 Pages. Disorderly Part I rewritten, minor changes elsewhere.

A novel particle-quantum gravity connection is pointed out and reviewed. It is obtained from a combination of bottom-up and top-down approaches originating from Chern-Simons action of supersymmetric fields. The former starts from the author's composite particle model with spontaneously broken Chern-Simons action binding. The latter approach of other authors incorporates massive spinning fields into the Euclidean path integral of three dimensional quantum gravity via a Chern-Simons formulation. Fundamental matter, as defined in this article, and quantum gravity are conjectured to follow from a unique supersymmetric Chern-Simons action.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Em Field and Matter

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 13 Pages.

This article tries to unified the four basic forces by Maxwell equations, the only experimental theory.Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory. In the end the conformation elementarily between this theory and QED and weak theory is discussed.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Clarifying the Origin of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 10 Pages.

The fine-structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. Using the electron and proton model of energy body theory, I clarified the origin of the fine-structure constant from the relationship between Coulomb's law and Planck's constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Clarifying the Origin of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 8 Pages.

The fine-structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. Using the electron and proton model of energy body theory, I clarified the origin of the fine-structure constant from the relationship between Coulomb's law and Planck's constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Clarifying the Origin of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 6 Pages.

The fine-structure constant is generally considered to be a coupling constant that represents the strength of the electromagnetic interaction of elementary particles, but its origin is unknown. Using the electron and proton model of energy body theory, I clarified the origin of the fine-structure constant from the relationship between Coulomb's law and Planck's constant.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Predicting and Responding to Sea Level Rise in the Coming Decades

Authors: Zhi Cheng, Jun Luo
Comments: 24 Pages.

This paper explores the impact of rising global temperature on the melting of ice floes and ice sheets in the Arctic Ocean, Greenland and Antarctic. This paper notes that the current understanding of the impact of climate change on Arctic, Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets may be significantly underestimated. This article presents evidence from three aspects. The first is the rate of global temperature rise after the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), which is now 10 times faster than after the end of the LGM. This also means that the current rate of sea level rise will also be likely to be 10 times faster than the rate of sea level rise at that time. The second piece of evidence is the analysis and fitting of curves from the available observation data, and many of the polynomial formulas that fit the curves show that the magnitude of sea level rise due to global climate change is accelerating. Some results suggest that global sea levels are likely to rise to around 10 meters by about 2050. The third piece of evidence is the very simple model of the impact of rising global temperature on Arctic Greenland and Antarctic ice floes and ice sheets. The model's estimates also suggest that global sea level will rise by about 7 meters by about 2050 due to the dissolution of the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. In any case, these evidences suggest that the magnitude of sea level rise in the coming decades will be enormous, and this will certainly affect the development of human society. Therefore, this article calls on countries around the world to take proactive measures to respond to this rapid sea level rise as soon as possible. These responses may include, but are not limited to, large-scale population migrations, the construction of coastal dams, and more. Given the drawn-up to rapid global sea level rise, especially in countries like China and the United States, coastal dam construction should begin planning and pre-construction work now. When looking at the magnitude of sea level rise in the future, we consider it important to reach a rate of rise of 1 centimeter per year, which means that the rate of sea level rise will be unprecedented after that.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Pion Tetrahedron Fabric and Evolution Cosmology

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 31 Pages.

According to the Standard Model (SM) the quantum vacuum is not empty. However, General Relativity (GR) and the SM do not describe the vacuum structure. We propose a valence quark-based theory of the quantum vacuum structure based on a pion tetrahedron fabric that fills space with varying density. We assume that the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the vacuum pion tetrahedron fabric. Motion of particles made of quarks on the vacuum pion tetrahedron fabric is performed by quark exchange reactions by tunneling through a double well potential and motion of massless particles are performed by internal degrees of freedom motion of the pion tetrahedron fabric. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) systems may be Carnot engines working between cold black hole (BH) and hot accretion disc reservoirs. The AGN Carnot cycle may create and emit to space pion tetrahedrons, protons, electrons and photons in pulses by the AGN jets. An alternative explanation for the observed expansion of the Universe may be the creation and emission of pion tetrahedrons to space by the AGN jets that expands the Universe quantum vacuum pion tetrahedron fabric from inside like a balloon. Shakura and Sunyaev thin accretion disc analytic expressions are used for calculating the pion tetrahedron mass and the number of pion tetrahedrons emitted by an AGN Carnot engine in a cycle.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Calculation of Everything - The Universe

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 10 Pages.

In previous studies, from our originative method for the integration of four fundamental forces, dark energy ratio was calculated as 72.916%. In this study, dark energy ratio was calculated as 72.9138% and 68.5741% by our originative idea and formula. Additionally, from gravitational constant G 6.67430E-11 m3/kg1s2, cosmological constant was calculated as 1.106169E-52 /m2, age of universe as 13.784 BY, and Hubble parameter as 67.833 km/s/Mpc and 72.777 km/s/Mpc. Simultaneously with the above results, the radiation density of 9.117E-5 (= CMBγ 5.408E-5 + CNBν 3.708E-5) was calculated, and the value of 13.784E9Y x 5.408E-5 / 2 is 372,700 years. The following very important results were obtained from this study. Dark energy ratio is the constant regardless of time flow, and cosmological constant is parameter of time flow such as Hubble parameter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A New Methodology for Calculating the Universe

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 6 Pages.

In previous studies, from our originative method for the integration of four fundamental forces, dark energy ratio was calculated as 72.916%. In this study, dark energy ratio was calculated as 72.9138% and 68.5741% by adding our originative idea to physics formula. Additionally, from Planck length 1.616255E-35 m, cosmological constant was calculated as 1.106169E-52 /m2, age of universe as 13.784 BY, and Hubble parameter as 67.833 km/s/Mpc and 72.777 km/s/Mpc. Simultaneously with the above results, the radiation density of 9.117E-5 (= CMB 5.408E-5 + neutrino 3.708E-5) was calculated, and the value of 13.784E9Y x 5.408E-5 is 372,700 years. The following very important results were obtained from this study. Dark energy ratio is the constant regardless of time flow, and cosmological constant is parameter of time flow such as Hubble parameter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Valence Quark-Based Theory of the Quantum Vacuum Structure and Matter

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 25 Pages.

According to the Standard Model (SM) the quantum vacuum is not empty. However, General Relativity (GR) and the SM do not describe the vacuum structure. We propose a valence quark-based theory of the quantum vacuum structure and matter based on pion tetraquarks that fill space with varying density. We assume that the valence quarks and antiquarks, u ,d ,u ̃ ,d ̃ that form the vacuum pion tetraquark tetrahedron lattice are also the building blocks of the protons, neutrons, electrons, and positrons. Motion of particles made of quarks on the vacuum pion tetrahedron lattice is performed by quark exchange reactions by quantum tunneling through a double well potential barrier and motion of massless particles are performed by internal degrees of freedom motion of the pion tetrahedron lattice. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) systems may be Carnot engines working between cold BH and hot accretion disk reservoirs. The proposed AGN system Carnot cycle based on the theory of the quantum vacuum and matter structures creates and emits pion tetrahedrons, protons and electrons to space in pulses by the AGN jets that may lead to the observed expansion of the universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On Topological Defects and High-Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 Pages.

The Kibble-Zurek mechanism (KZM) describes the universal formation of topological defects in systems undergoing continuous phase transitions. KZM is traditionally applied to the study of defects in the early Universe and condensed matter phenomena. The goal of this brief report is to uncover the remarkable analogy between KZM and the flavor composition of particle physics. Our findings suggest that structure formation in particle physics and cosmology is rooted in the multifractal topology of the early Universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Monster Symmetry: CODATA Invariants in a Symmetry Operation

Authors: Mark A. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages.

Mathematica programs utilizing the NIST 2022 are presented in a format whereby the reader may directly relate the LaTex math relations to its Mathematica program. This enables the reader to verify with precision and accuracy the veracity of the presented math symmetry relations. Hopefully, the reader will take away from this peculiar workshop a sense of Beauty and Mystery.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Fundamental Role of Dirac Supersingletons in Particle Theory

Authors: Flex M. Lev
Comments: 17 Pages.

As shown in the famous Dyson’s paper "Missed Opportunities", even from purely mathematical considerations (without any physics) it follows that Poincare quantum symmetry is a special degenerate case of de Sitter quantum symmetries. Then the question arises why in particle physics Poincare symmetry works with a very high accuracy. The usual answer to this question is that a theory in de Sitter space becomes a theory in Minkowski space in the formal limit when the radius of de Sitter space tends to infinity. However, de Sitter and Minkowski spaces are purely classical concepts, and in quantum theory the answer to this question must be given only in terms of quantum concepts. At the quantum level, Poincare symmetry is a good approximate symmetry if the eigenvalues of the representation operators $M_{4mu}$ of the anti-de Sitter algebra are much greater than the eigenvalues of the operators $M_{muu}$ ($mu,u=0,1,2,3$).We show that explicit solutions with such properties exist within the framework of the approach proposed by Flato and Fronsdal where elementary particles in the standard theory are bound states of two Dirac singletons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

On the Nonintegrable Regime of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 8 Pages.

Recent research points out that the unavoidable approach to Hamiltonian chaos well above the Fermi scale leads to a spacetime having continuous (fractal) dimensions. Here we analyze a toy model of inflationary Universe comprising of a Higgs-like scalar in interaction with a pair of vector bosons. The model is manifestly nonintegrable as it breaks the perturbative unitarity of scattering processes and evolves towards Hamiltonian chaos and fractal spacetime.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Study of the Riemann Zeta Function for Odd Integers

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 35 Pages.

In this paper we will try to find a solution for the Riemann Zeta function for odd integers. We will start with ζ(3) (the Riemann Zeta function with s=3) emulating the "Basel problem". But instead of using a sine or cosine function, using functions similar to these:f(x)=1-x^3/3!+x^6/6!-x^9/9!+⋯f(x)=1/3 (e^(-x·e^(1/3 (2πi) ) ) 〖+e〗^(-x·e^(2/3 (2πi) ) )+e^(-x·e^(3/3 (2πi) ) ) )We will discover that the process itself seems ok, but with a problem. The solutions of the above functions are not periodic, so we cannot emulate the "Basel problem" perfectly, obtaining the following value:ζ(3)=(π^3/(3!(√3)^3 ))/(1-1/2^3 )=1.1366020≠1.202056903With a small correction, we arrive to:ζ(3)=(π^3/(3!(√3)^3 ))/(1-1/2^3 ) e^(2/√3)/3=1.202173775≈1.202056903 [7]But not getting the correct value anyhow. The only way of obtaining the correct value would be to find a function of the form:g(x)=1-r(3)·x^3/3!+r(6)·x^6/6!-r(9)·x^9/9!+⋯That has periodic zeros. Where r(n) is an unknown function to be calculate/discovered.We have also generalized this study to calculate a general ζ(k) where k can be higher odd numbers, or even numbers. Having ζ(k) for even numbers would lead to obtaining a closed equation for the Bernoulli numbers. If a generalization for k as a general complex number was possible, we could even consider k=½+it, obtaining a closed function for the zeros of the Riemann Zeta function.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 29 Pages.

QCD affects electron and nucleon through the vacuum quark and gluon condensate dynamics. We propose a double well potential model for the electron and pion tetrahedron dynamics on a pion tetrahedron lattice that represents the vacuum, where quarks are exchanged between electron and pion tetrahedron creating effective motion of the electron. Dirac’s electron Zitterbewegung frequency, (2m_e c^2)/ħ, is related herein to the ground state frequency of the proposed double well potential having a barrier height of at least 2m_e c^2, the threshold for production of an electron-positron pair. The pion tetrahedron density variation in space may be measured using the Zitterbewegung variation between the aphelion and perihelion of earth’s elliptic trajectory using Penning-trap technique. Magnetoresistance and spin torque may be explained by a QCD based electron and pion tetrahedron gas model. We suggest adding the pion tetrahedrons condensate energy density to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor. We propose that the Zitterbewegung force free trembling motion and the Zero-Point-Energy (ZPE) electromagnetic field fluctuations are low energy QCD tracks of the vacuum pion tetrahedrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 27 Pages.

QCD affects electrons and nucleons dynamics and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon condensate dynamics. We propose a double well potential model for the electron and pion tetrahedron dynamics carried by quark flavor exchange waves that propagate in a pion tetrahedron lattice that represents the quantum vacuum. Quarks are exchanged between electron and pion tetrahedron creating effective motion of the electron. Dirac’s electron Zitterbewegung frequency is related in the double well potential model to the ground state frequency. Magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electron and pion tetrahedron model. We suggest adding the pion tetrahedrons condensate energy density to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor. QCD has a significant low-energy footprint where the vacuum quark flavor exchange wave that affects electron dynamics may be a significant example.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

QCD’s Low-Energy Footprint

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 23 Pages.

QCD affects electrons, nucleons, and gravity through the vacuum quark and gluon condensate dynamics. We propose a model for electron motion by quark and antiquark flavor exchange waves in a pion tetrahedron lattice that represents the non-empty vacuum and estimate the quark flavor exchange wave energy density for the hydrogen atom. The magnetoresistance and spin torque of ferromagnetic layers may be explained by the proposed electrons and pion tetrahedron gas model. We suggest adding the pion tetrahedrons condensate energy density to Einstein’s equation energy-momentum tensor. QCD has a significant low-energy footprint, and the quark flavor exchange wave may be an interesting example for the way QCD affects the dynamics of electrons.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 21 Pages. contact at rljacksonmd@gmail.com

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, respectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Generating Function Technique Ameliorates Effective and String Field Theories and Foreshadows Their Linkage to Quantum Information Theory

Authors: Robert L. Jackson
Comments: 20 Pages. contact at rljacksonmd@gmail.com

Many scientists are trying to develop a theory of everything or a supposition to explain all aspects of the physical universe. This paper explores a set of theories called effective and string field theory or EFT and SFT, espectively. These suppositions can be utilized in both old and possibly new physics. Typically, EFT and SFT have a mathematical method for solving problems called the perturbation theory (PT); the generating function technique or GFT can substitute this means of problem-solving. The latter method is used to solve a few examples of physical problems, such as determining the cause of muon g-2 experimental deviations, the means for the calculation of glueballs via meson decay, the ascertainment of tetraquark mass from their decay products, and the analysis of binary black hole mergers. Ultimately, GFT, instead of traditional PT methods, is a potent tool for improving our understanding of concepts in contemporary physics, such as in EFT and SFT. Also, GFT shows the existence of a triality between EFT, SFT, and Quantum Information theory (QIT).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Particles and Their Interaction with Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 25 Pages. Distributed under CC-By Attribution 4.0 International

This article investigates the fundamental principles that establish universal limits in physical phenomena, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, leading to the concepts of maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These principles guide me to explore Quantum Black Holes—relativistically rotating, miniature charged black holes with a singular core at the highest possible density. Uniquely, these Quantum Black Holes maintain all quantized charges, including gravitational ones. The study further demonstrates that quarks and leptons are composed of these Quantum Black Holes, redefining them as the actual elementary particles.Exploring these particles reveals that they emit Energy outward, modifying the curvature of nearby space-time. This discovery provides new insights into local space-time dynamics, characterized by a single equation that includes the influence of all charges and hidden Energy. By the conclusion of this article, I show that Quantum Black Holes offer explanations for several Standard Model deficiencies: the nature of luminous, dark, and anti-Matter; the mass, size, and quantized charges of all elementary particles (including gravitational); the nature of neutrino oscillations; and the mechanism by which electric charges remain bound even though the same type of electric charge components must repeal each other.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Particles and Their Interaction with Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 23 Pages. Copyright license: CC-By Attribution 4.0 International

This article begins with exploring fundamental limits in the universe. It examines key principles, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, that lead to the principles of maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These universal limits govern physical phenomena, culminating in very interesting results.They led to the exploration of Quantum black holes. Quantum black holes are relativistically revolving miniature charged black holes consisting of a single core at the highest possible density. They are the only structures small enough to keep all charges quantized (including gravitational charges). I then demonstrated that quarks and leptons comprise smaller entities - the Quantum Black Holes.Exploring these elementary particles reveals that they release their Energy outward, altering the curvature of nearby space-time and providing new insights. We can characterize movements and processes in local space-time with four sets of equations representing the four charge types and one set representing Dark Matter.By the end of the article, I prove that Quantum black holes explain the quantization of gravity, the nature of Luminous and dark Matter, the Mass, size, and (quantized) charges quantities of elementary particles, and the nature of neutrino oscillations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Elementary Particles and Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 24 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article begins with exploring fundamental limits in the universe. It examines key principles, such as the uniformity of physical laws and Energy conservation, that lead to maximum speed, locality, and maximum density. These universal limits govern physical phenomena, leading to very interesting results.I demonstrate that quarks and leptons comprise smaller entities named "Quantum Black Holes." These Quantum black holes are relativistically rotating miniature charged black holes consisting of a single core at the highest possible density. Quantum black holes are the only structures small enough in space-time capable of keeping all charges quantized (including gravitational charges.) Quantum black holes explain deficiencies of SM - they facilitate explanations of quantized gravity, the nature of Luminous and dark Matter, establishing the Mass, size, and quantized charges of elementary particles, the nature of neutrino oscillations, and more.Elementary particles release their Energy outward, altering the curvature of nearby space-time and providing new insights into the nature of space-time curvature change. With this understanding, we can characterize movements and processes in space-time using simultaneously five sets of equations: four representing the four charges' types and one representing Dark Matter.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Energy Body Theory that [May] Explains the Origin of Everything in the Universe

Authors: Ichiro Nakayama
Comments: 145 Pages.

I searched for the root of phenomenon and discovered that the origin of the universe is a simple structure. In other words, it was found that space is made up of infinitesimal grains, and they are in such a relationship that when one contracts, the other expands. The contraction and expansion of these grains form elementary particles, which are substances. It also forms gravitational fields and dark energy fields as spatial distortions. This discovery follows the law of conservation of energy and complies with the theory of relativity. And the universe circulation system can be predicted.The gravitational field is a positive energy field in which grains in the space around a star contract and form layers arranged in a spherical shape. The dark energy field is a negative energy field in which grains of space expand and form layers arranged in a spherical shape from the edge of the universe. An elementary particle is an excited state of space in which the expansion and contraction of grains in space rotate while shifting the phase. The center part represents character of a particle, and the foot part represents a character of field.Matter moves as it is dragged along by kinetic energy, which is waves generated in space. The kinetic energy of an electron separates from the electron and becomes a photon.Dark matter is a gravitational field. The dark energy field also explains the isotropic acceleration of galaxies moving away from each other and the existence of the cosmic background radiation. Also, contrary to the Big Bang theory, the universe circulation system predicts the existence of older, more mature galaxies the farther out into space.I found the following about elementary particles. 1. 1. The speed of a photon is different from the speed of light 2. The reason for the principle of constant speed of light, 3. Coulomb's constant, the speed of light, and Planck's constant are the same thing 4. The field is the foot of a particle. 5. The reason why an electrical field and a magnetic field are at right angle each other. 6. The reason why an electron and a proton have the same charge. 7. A magnetic field is created around electric current. 8. The appearance of electrical current and the way how electrical energy is transported, 10. Antiparticles are particles that move in the opposite direction of the particles, etc.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Origin of Light Speed Gravitational Force Planck Constant

Authors: Deokjin Kim
Comments: 7 Pages.

In previous study, the masses of six dimensional neutrinos were calculated and the ratio of the 0D mass to the 3D mass was shown to be cosmological constant problem 1E-121.54. In this study, four values were additionally found. (1) The neutrino root ratio of the 3D mass to the 2D mass is 2.99789E8, and the error is 0.001% of light speed 2.99792E8 m/s. (2) The neutrino root ratio of the 5D mass to the 6D mass is 88.163%, and the error is 0.02% of the ratio 88.145% of W 80.377 GeV and Z 91.1876 GeV. (3) The neutrino root ratio of the 0D mass to the 1D mass is 5.9065E-39, and the error is 0.01% of gravitational coupling constant 5.90595E-39. (4) From 2D gravino mass 2.2504E-50 eV/c2 that is photon, 6.5836E-16 eV·s is calculated, and the error is 0.023% of Dirac constant 6.5821E-16 eV·s. It was once again confirmed that the origin of all things is neutrinos and gravinos.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Particle-Antiparticle and Cosmological Constant Problems

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 44 Pages. Published in Axioms, vol. 13, No. 3, 138 (2024) https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1680/13/3/138

We solve the particle-antiparticle and cosmological constant problems proceeding from quantum theory, which postulates that: various states of the system under consideration are elements of a Hilbert space$cal{H}$ with a positive definite metric; each physical quantity is defined by a self-adjoint operator in $cal{H}$;symmetry at the quantum level is defined by a representation of a real Lie algebra $A$ in $cal{H}$ such that the representation operator of any basis element of $A$ is self-adjoint. These conditions guarantee the probabilistic interpretation of quantum theory. We explain that in the approaches to solving these problems that are described in the literature, not all of these conditions have been met. We argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra.One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers (electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to the Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$, one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle and its antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universe problem does not arise. At the present stage of the universe, the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable {it kinematical} consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning of which is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry are not used and $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space. In semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there isno freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Solving Particle-Antiparticle and Cosmological Constant Problems

Authors: Felix M Lev
Comments: 30 Pages.

Following the results of our publications, we argue that fundamental objects in particle theory are not elementary particles and antiparticles but objects described by irreducible representations (IRs) of the de Sitter (dS) algebra.One might ask why, then, experimental data give the impression that particles and antiparticles are fundamental and there are conserved additive quantum numbers(electric charge, baryon quantum number and others). The matter is that, at the present stage of the universe, the contraction parameter $R$ from the dS to the Poincare algebra is very large and, in the formal limit $Rtoinfty$,one IR of the dS algebra splits into two IRs of the Poincare algebra corresponding to a particle andits antiparticle with the same masses. The problem why the quantities $(c,hbar,R)$ are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. Then the baryon asymmetry of the universeproblem does not arise. At the present stage of the universe (when semiclassical approximation is valid), the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) is described without uncertainties as an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. In particular, it is not necessary to involve dark energy the physical meaning ofwhich is a mystery. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used, $R$ has nothing to do with the radius of dS space, but, in semiclassical approximation, the results for PCA are the same as in General Relativity if $Lambda=3/R^2$, i.e., $Lambda>0$ and there isno freedom in choosing the value of $Lambda$.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Three Generation Supersymmetric Composite Model of Particles with Frugal Extra Dimensions

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages. v2. Major upgrade, unfortunate errors in tables 1 and 2 corrected, text compactified.

A previous supersymmetric preon scenario for the first generation particles is extended to include three generations and presumable T-duality.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Theory of Electrons System

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 13 Pages.

Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Fine Structure Constant: Revisited

Authors: Lucian M Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.

A comparison between hydrodynamics (NSE) and gauge theory vector potential gauge flow (e.g. Hopf solution of NSE), yields alpha as the Reynolds number: eddies as Feynman loops etc. It explains the QED grading by alpha and lifetimes of particles (graded by powers of alpha) as a dissipation process.The theory of alpha can be formulated via the Schrodinger operator spectrum for Hydrogen atom and Boltzmann partition function, when related to Hopf fibration (Kepler problem on S3, magnetic topological monopole in the gauge theory formulation as an exact solution of NSE) for one loop (electronic orbital).The computation of the fine structure constant uses finite symmetry groups corroborated with H. Jehle's loopforms model of electron (Hopf fibration with connection and vector potential flow).The article brings together research material towards achieving such a goal. A program emerges: Physics Laws as Period Laws, and alpha an element of Pi-groups of periods.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Final Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron, Muon and Tauon

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 8 Pages. 2 figures.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant" (viXra:2106.0042v5), in which we gave some formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron, muon and tauon. For example, we calculated the values of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057152 and 0.00116592057075 on 2021/6/13 and 2023/3/10 respectively, and with 3 less digits they have the same value of 0.00116592057. On 2023/8/10 Fermilab Muon g-2 Collaboration announced their latest measurement of the anomalous magnetic moment of muon to be 0.00116592057(25), which should be perfectly consistent with our calculations or predictions. In this paper, we give the final formulas of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron, muon and tauon, prediction to Fermilab muon g-2 collaboration’s next measurement to be 0.00116592057(15), and correlations of 2π-e formula to elements and elementary particles.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The QCD Ground State Chiral Tetrahedron Symmetry

Authors: Rami Rom
Comments: 34 Pages. (Author name converted by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

We propose that the exotic meson tetraquark introduced in previous papers, may be a pseudo-Goldstone boson having a tetrahedron geometry and symmetry. The transition from the neutral pion superposition of two free mesons to the tetrahedron geometry with optional two chiral states may be the symmetry breaking of the QCD ground state. The tetrahedron mass may be calculated by measuring the β decay rate variability. We assume that electrons and positrons are composite particle exotic tetraquarks confined by the strong force. We propose that the QCD tetrahedrons play a central role in electron pairing mechanism in both chemical bond forming and superconductor Cooper pairs. We propose a hypothesis where the QCD ground state tetrahedrons play a central role in low energy physics where quark exchange reactions between particles and the QCD tetrahedrons via gluon junctions transfer all the forces. The QCD ground state tetrahedrons hypothesis provides a symmetry breaking and a mass gap may be created by the ground state QCD tetrahedrons Bose-Einstein condensate.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 13 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components at 99.7$%$ confidence. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given on the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Analytic and Parameter-Free Formula for the Neutrino Mixing Matrix

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 12 Pages.

A parameter-free analytic expression for the PMNS matrix is derived which fits numerically all the measured matrix components to within 1 or 2 standard deviations. Results are proven within the microscopic model and also lead to a prediction of the leptonic Jarlskog invariant $J_{PMNS}=-0.0106$. An outlook is given to the treatment of the CKM matrix.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics