High Energy Particle Physics

7.0 Gev Dark Matter Candidate Could be the Missing Particle in Planck Framework

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 6 pages, including 3 figures.

In a recent paper, Hooper et al. have shown that the excess of low energy events observed by the CoGeNT collaboration and the annual modulation observed for some years by the DAMA and DAMA/LIBRA collaborations could be explained by a dark matter particle with a mass of approximately 7.0 GeV. Such a dark matter candidate could be the missing particle within a framework that relates particle masses to the Planck Mass. Massive particles occupy coincident levels and sublevels within three sequences that descend in geometric progression, with common ratios 1/π, 2/π and 1/e, from the Planck Mass. The putative fundamental particles are arranged precisely upon or, in partnership, about mass superlevels and their coincidences within sequences with common ratios (1/π)³, (2/π)³ and (1/e)³. Four close superlevel coincidences, of which three are occupied, occur within the range of mass scales from that of the electron to that of the top quark. The fourth and uniquely precise superlevel coincidence occurs at 7.0 GeV.

Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Fred Alan Wolf
Comments: 15 pages

It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles.

Approximations of the Fine Structure Constant Reciprocal

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 2 Pages

A "brute force" computer search was made for the most accurate approximations of the experimental fine structure constant reciprocal in the form (A^a - D^d)/B^b + C^c - E^e, where A, B, C, D, and E were integers ranging from 0 to 30, while the exponents a, b, and c, were integers ranging from 0 to 3, and d and e were integers ranging from 0 to -3. Within these restrictions, and ignoring all trivial variants, a fit better than or equal to 137.036 was achieved only twice, by (10^3 - 10^-3)/3^3 + 10^2 - 10^-3 = 137.036 and (22^3 - 2^-1)/25^2 + 11^2 - 1^-1 = 137.036, where the search employed a fine structure constant inverse equaling its 2006 CODATA value of 137.035999679. The comparative simplicity of the first of these approximations, its symmetrical reuse of the constant 10, and the small size of its integers, together suggest its origin may be physical, and that the integers 10 and 3 may be important physical constants.

Temperature of the Sn1987a Supernova Provides an Estimate of the Electron Neutrino Mass

Authors: John Michael Williams
Comments: 13 pages

Numerous upper bounds on the (anti)neutrino rest mass have been published based on the SN1987A observations. Here, we use a nonkinematic (thermal) time extent to provide a rest-mass estimate of a few eV (as mc2 energy), if not zero. In the solution, we find that a typical upper-bound formula for the mass implies that this thermal extent was attributable to about 10% of the particle energy measured on Earth. The present approach yields an expected value for the mass, given any theoretical or model-dependent estimate of the fraction of the detected neutrino energy attributable to the supernova temperature. This is a reposting of an old paper which describes an analysis protocol which can be applied for any supernova for which a population of neutrinos is observed.

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 3. the Mass Origin Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 30 Pages.

Two hypotheses of the mass origin are examined: 1) the theory of mass, developed within the framework of electron theory, and 2) Higgs's mechanism of the mass generation of Standard Model. The advantages and disadvantages of each of them are shown. The connections between these two approaches and nonlinear theory of elementary particles are also noted.

A Model of the Proton

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 27 Pages.

AA geometrical/mechanical model of the proton is developed which satisfies general empirical features. A Yukawa / Paris-type potential due to a mesonic field is incorporated into Einstein's equations of general relativity to predict a hadronic force constant, stronger than the fine structure constant by (137/√3) times Proton mass is expressed in terms of muonic mass building-blocks. Analysis of the magnetic moment allows substructure modelling, incorporating 2 grades of triplets. Creation of these component parts is described in terms of action-integrals. The gluon field energy holding the triplets together is related to total energy. Uniqueness of electromagnetic charge is attributed to a governing action principle. Finally, a neutron model has been proposed, consisting of a proton core orbited by a heavy-electron.

A Model of the Muon

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 17 Pages.

A geometrical/mechanical model of the muon has been developed based on a previous detailed model of the electron and the fine structure constant. The anomalous magnetic moment and lifetime have been calculated in terms of muon component parts. Known features of the tauon have also been related to the muon.

A Model of Charmonium

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 7 Pages.

A geometrical/mechanical model of charmonium has been developed, based on the logarithmic confinement potential. The quark and antiquark pair orbit around the centre of mass, with their gluon and colour fields contained within a torus structure of characteristic radius.

Symmetrically Reproducing Quark and Lepton Mass and Charge

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 3 pages

It is shown that a particle set possessing electric charges and masses that coincide with those of the quarks and leptons can be produced with the aid of the symmetry of the cuboctahedron. Specifically, it is shown that small powers of 4.1 are useful in economically reproducing the quark and lepton masses, and that these powers - and thereby the masses they represent - can be joined automatically with their correct values for electric charge with the aid of cuboctahedral symmetry.

Determination of Proton and Neutron Radii

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 2 Pages.

In note we calculate Proton and Neutron radii

A Model of the Electron

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 47 Pages.

A geometrical/mechanical model of the electron has been developed based on the measured fine structure constant, anomalous magnetic moment, and a solution of Einstein's equations of general relativity applied to electromagnetism. Properties such as charge, mass and spin have been explained from a classical viewpoint, and then α and μ calculated in agreement with experiment.

A Mathematical Model of the Quark and Lepton Mixing Angles

Authors: J. S. Markovitch
Comments: 15 pages

A single mathematical model encompassing both quark and lepton mixing is described. This model exploits the fact that when a 3×3 rotation matrix whose elements are squared is subtracted from its transpose, a matrix is produced whose non-diagonal elements have a common absolute value, where this value is an intrinsic property of the rotation matrix. For the traditional CKM quark mixing matrix with its second and third rows interchanged (i.e., c - t interchange), this value equals one-third the corresponding value for the leptonic matrix (roughly, 0.05 versus 0.15). By imposing this and two additional related constraints on mixing, and letting leptonic ϕ₂₃ be maximal, a framework is defined possessing just two free parameters. A mixing model is then specified using values for these two parameters that derive from the solution to a simple equation, where this solution also accurately reproduces the fine structure constant. The resultant model, which is entirely free from parameters adjusted to fit the mixing data, possesses the following angles θ₂₃ = 2.367442^◦, θ₁₃ = 0.190986^◦, θ₁₂ = 12.920966^◦, ϕ₂₃ = maximal, ϕ₁₃ = 0.013665^◦, and ϕ₁₂ = 33.210911^◦, which fit the experimental quark and lepton mixing angles. At the time of its introduction in 2007, this model had a 7.0σ disagreement with the value for |V_ub|, whereas a revised value for |V_ub| from the same source now yields a disagreement of just 1.6σ.

A Promise We Make to the Dead: a Comment on Arxiv:1006.2312

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 Pages.

The authors of Arxiv:1006.2312 study the effect of mentors on their protégés. The study is quantitative, resting its conclusions on measurable outcomes, such as professorships, publications, etc. But what about the mentor who is a paradigm shifter? The paradigm shifter maybe has one protégé, if that. The paradigm shifter does not get published in the mainstream publications, nor does his or her protégé. But the paradigm shifter and his or her protégé cause revolutions, which are what determine directions and the future course of physics. How do we find those mentors and their protégés? Shouldn't that relationship be one we foster and encourage rather than stifle?

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 2. the Photon Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 11 Pages.

In the proposed article the photon theory is examined from the point of view of the nonlinear theory of elementary particles ( http://vixra.org/abs/1005.0019 ).

Fractal Operators in Non-Equilibrium Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 19 pages, This contribution represents a sequel to CSF 28, (2006), 913-922.

Relativistic quantum field theory (QFT) describes fundamental interactions between elementary particles occurring in an energy range up to several hundreds GeV. Extending QFT beyond this range needs to account for the imbalance produced by unsuppressed quantum fluctuations and for the emergence of non-equilibrium phase transitions. Our underlying premise is that fractal operators become mandatory tools when exploring evolution from low-energy physics to the non-equilibrium regime of QFT. Canonical quantization using fractal operators leads to the concept of "complexon", a fractional extension of quantum excitations and a likely candidate for non-baryonic Dark Matter. A discussion on the duality between this new field-theoretic framework and General Relativity is included.

The Basis of Quantum Mechanics' Compatibility with Relativity Whose Impairment Gives Rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 13 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1005.2641 [physics.gen-ph].

Solitary-particle quantum mechanics' inherent compatibility with special relativity is implicit in Schrödinger's postulated wave-function rule for the operator quantization of the particle's canonical threemomentum, taken together with his famed time-dependent wave-function equation that analogously treats the operator quantization of its Hamiltonian. The resulting formally four-vector equation system assures proper relativistic covariance for any solitary-particle Hamiltonian operator which, together with its canonical three-momentum operator, is a Lorentz-covariant four-vector operator. This, of course, is always the case for the quantization of the Hamiltonian of a properly relativistic classical theory, so the strong correspondence principle definitely remains valid in the relativistic domain. Klein-Gordon theory impairs this four-vector equation by iterating and contracting it, thereby injecting extraneous negative-energy solutions that are not orthogonal to their positive-energy counterparts of the same momentum, thus destroying the basis of the quantum probability interpretation. Klein-Gordon theory, which thus depends on the square of the Hamiltonian operator, is as well thereby cut adrift from Heisenberg's equations of motion. Dirac theory confuses the space-time symmetry of the four-vector equation system with such symmetry for its time component alone, which it fatuously imposes, thereby breaching the strong correspondence principle for the free particle and imposing the starkly unphysical momentum-independence of velocity. Physically sensible alternatives, with external electromagnetic fields, to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived, and the simple, elegant symmetry-based approach to antiparticles is pointed out.

Tetron Model Building

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure

Spin models are considered on a discretized inner symmetry space with tetrahedral symmetry as possible dynamical schemes for the tetron model. Parity violation, which corresponds to a change of sign for odd permutations, is shown to dictate the form of the Hamiltonian. It is further argued that such spin models can be obtained from more fundamental principles by considering a (7+1)-dimensional spacetime with octonion multiplication.

Nonlinear Theory of Elementary Particles 1. Choice of Axiomatics and Mathematical Apparatus of Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the previous paper (http://vixra.org/abs/1003.0169), which can be considered as an introduction to the nonlinear theory, we have shown that the Standard Model (S?) is not an axiomatic, but an algorithmic theory. In the proposed article the simplest (minimum) axiomatics is examined from the point of view of the possible forms of its mathematical representation.

The Meaning of the Singularity: 1. a Single Particle Universe

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 6 pages.

We examine the basic term 'particle'. We start by exploring a universe that contains a single particle. In such a universe there is no meaning for motion, energy, space and time. Only for a two particles universe the physical quantities can be measured. However, the determination of the physical quantities implies that the particles are not separated from each other! We thus propose that all particles are interconnected. This novel perception naturally explains the two well known paradoxes: the twin-electrons experiment and Schrödinger's cat. In fact, we argue that the twinelectrons experiment is an actual proof for global non-detachment. We state that it cannot be shown that a particle is elementary. If one is divided by two numerous times, zero is never reached. There must be a jump into zero - the singularity. The sought Higgs particle is simply the singularity itself, which cannot be found, having no properties.

Signs of Supersymmetry

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 10 pages

Particles resulting from the breaking of symmetries are arranged symmetrically about mass levels that descend in geometric progression from the Planck Mass within three sequences, of common ratio 1/π, 2/π and 1/e. Particles arranged in this way include the weak gauge bosons W^± and Z⁰, the quark weak isospin doublets u-d, s-c and b-t, and all hadronic isospin doublets. Many pairs of hadrons with some common quark content also form symmetric partnerships. Often, the mass difference characterising a partnership is precisely equal to the mass of a level. The spin-0 partners of the quarks and charged leptons are identified. The mass sequences may derive from the geometry of compact extra spaces of Planck scale.

Bifurcations and Pattern Formation in Particle Physics: a Model Study

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 pages, This contribution is a sequel to EPL, 82 (2008), 11001. Its content has been updated and expanded with research findings from 2008 up to the present.

Quantum field theories, regardless of their content, lead to a finite or infinite number of coupled nonlinear field equations. In general, solving these equations in analytic form or managing them through lattice-based computations has been met with limited success. We argue that the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems offers a fresh approach to this challenge. Working from the universal route to chaos in coupled systems of differential equations, we find that: a) particles acquire mass as plane wave solutions of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE), without any reference to the hypothetical Higgs scalar; b) the U(1) x SU(2) and SU(3) gauge groups, as well as leptons and quarks, are sequentially generated

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Root Cause of Some Anomalies in Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 16 pages, This contribution is a sequel to a paper published in Hadronic Journal, Vol. 31(6), p.179, 2008.

Despite its remarkable predictive power, the Standard Model for particle physics (SM) leaves out many open questions. Two representative examples are the issue of CP violation and the anomalous magnetic moment of leptons (AMM). Our work develops from the premise that the postulate of unitary evolution no longer holds near or above the scale of electroweak interaction or near the "new physics" sector of SM. Results suggest that CP violation in kaon physics and the AMM problem are manifestations of nonequilibrium dynamics. Numerical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.

Nom Associative SU(3)_L X U(1)_N Gauge Model and Predictions

Authors: N. Mebarki, M. Boussahel
Comments: 38 pages

A classical gauge model based on the Lie group SU(3)_L X U(1)_N with exotic quarks is reformulated within the formalism of non-associative geometry associated to an L-cycle. The N charges of the fermionic particles and the related parameters constraints are uniquely determinedalgebraic consequences. Moreover, the number of scalar particles are dictated by the non-associativity of the geometry. As a byproduct of this formalism, the scalar, charged and neutral gauge bosons masses as well as the mixing angles are derived. Furthermore, various expressions of the vector and axial couplings of the quarks and leptons with the neutral gauge bosons and lower bounds of the very heavy gauge bosons are also obtained.

The Higgs Boson/Quantum Gravity/Cosmological Constant Connections

Authors: James R. Bogan
Comments: 7 pages

We suggest discovery targets for the Higgs boson and a Tev mass scale for quantum gravity, in terms of the cosmological constant, and ultimately, the electron.

A Brief Note on "Un-Particle" Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 1 page, Published in "Progress in Physics" vol. 3 (2008).

The possibility of a hidden sector of particle physics that lies beyond the energy range of the Standard Model has been recently advocated by many authors. A bizarre implication of this conjecture is the emergence of a continuous spectrum of massless fields with non-integral scaling dimensions called "un-particles". The purpose of this Letter is to show that the idea of "un-particles" was considered in at least two previous independent publications, prior to its first claimed disclosure.

Comparison of the Algorithmic and Axiomatic Approaches to the Construction of Quantum Field Theory

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 12 Pages.

Two possibilities of the quantum theory construction, indicated by Feynman, are examined. The special features of the structure of the Standard Model (SM) are enumerated, which attest to the fact that SM is not an axiomatic, but an algorithmic theory. Deficiencies of SM and possibilities of overcoming these deficiencies are indicated. The structure of the nonlinear quantum field theory (NQFT) as an axiomatic theory, which makes it possible to overcome deficiencies in the Standard Model, is presented.

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 22 pages, This submission is preliminary. References and additional corrections will be included in the final submission.

Understanding the origin of certain symmetry breaking scenarios in high-energy physics remains an open challenge. Here we argue that, at least in some cases, symmetry violation is an effect of non-equilibrium dynamics that is likely to develop somewhere above the energy scale of electroweak interaction. We also find that, imposing Poincare symmetry in non-equilibrium field theory, leads to fractalization of the underlying space-time continuum.

New Seiberg-Witten Fields Maps Through Weyl Symmetrization and the Pure Geometric Extension of the Standard Model

Authors: N. Mebarki, F. Khelili, O. Benabbes
Comments: 20 pages, Published in EJTP No22 (2009)5-28

A unified description of a symmetrized and anti-symmetrized Moyal star product of the non-commutative infinitesimal gauge transformations is presented and the corresponding Seiberg-Witten maps are derived. Moreover, the noncommutative covariant derivative, field strenght tensor as well as gauge transformations are shown to be consistently constructed not on the enveloping but on the Lie and/or Poisson algebra. As an application, a pure geometric extension of the standard model is shown explicitly.

Nonlinear Dynamics, Field Theory and Collider Phenomenology

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 pages, This paper is a condensed version of an article published in a nonlinear dynamics journal in 2009

Both theory and experiment strongly suggest that new phenomena await discovery above the energy range of the standard model for particle physics (SM). We argue that a correct description of physics in the Terascale sector needs to account for the unquenched randomness induced by short-distance fluctuations. The existence of unparticles, alleged to emerge at the next-generation colliders, is motivated by a dynamic setting that is far-of-equilibrium and able to sustain a rich spectrum of complex phenomena.

Complex Dynamics and the High-Energy Regime of Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 pages, This paper was published in IJNSNS 6(3), pp. 223-234, 2005

The standard model embodies our current knowledge of elementary particle physics and represents a well-tested framework for the study of non-gravitational phenomena at low energies. It is built on the foundations of relativistic quantum field theory (QFT), which provides the correct description of electroweak and strong interactions involving leptons and quarks. It is generally believed that, extending the validity of QFT to energies on or beyond the TeV range must include the unavoidable signature of vacuum fluctuations and strong-field gravity. We argue that an effective approach to the high-energy regime of QFT demands the tools of complex dynamics and fractal operators. The unexpected consequences of using fractal operators to model complexity beyond the current range of QFT are outlined and discussed.

On PT-Symmetric Periodic Potential, Quark Confinement, and Other Impossible Pursuits

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

As we know, it has been quite common nowadays for particle physicists to think of six impossible things before breakfast, just like what their cosmology fellows used to do. In the present paper, we discuss a number of those impossible things, including PT-symmetric periodic potential, its link with condensed matter nuclear science, and possible neat link with Quark confinement theory. In recent years, the PT-symmetry and its related periodic potential have gained considerable interests among physicists. We begin with a review of some results from a preceding paper discussing derivation of PT-symmetric periodic potential from biquaternion Klein-Gordon equation and proceed further with the remaining issues. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Thirty Unsolved Problems in the Physics of Elementary Particles

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

Unlike what some physicists and graduate students used to think, that physics science has come to the point that the only improvement needed is merely like adding more numbers in decimal place for the masses of elementary particles or gravitational constant, there is a number of unsolved problems in this field that may require that the whole theory shall be reassessed. In the present article we discuss thirty of those unsolved problems and their likely implications. In the first section we will discuss some well-known problems in cosmology and particle physics, and then other unsolved problems will be discussed in next section.

Verifying Unmatter by Experiments, More Types of Unmatter, and a Quantum Chromodynamics Formula

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

As shown, experiments registered unmatter: a new kind of matter whose atoms include both nucleons and anti-nucleons, while their life span was very short, no more than 10^-20sec. Stable states of unmatter can be built on quarks and anti-quarks: applying the unmatter principle here it is obtained a quantum chromodynamics formula that gives many combinations of unmatter built on quarks and anti-quarks.

On Some New Ideas in Hadron Physics

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 3 pages

We shortly review a series of novel ideas on the physics of hadrons and nuclear matter. Despite being vastly different in scope and content, these models share a common attribute, in that they offer unconventional viewpoints on infrared QCD and nuclear phenomena. In a sense, they are reminiscent of the plethora of formulations that have been developed over the years on classical gravitation: many seemingly disparate approaches can be effectively used to describe and explore the same physics.

On Some Novel Ideas in Hadron Physics. Part II

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

As a continuation of the preceding section, we shortly review a series of novel ideas on the physics of hadrons. In the present paper, emphasis is given on some different approaches to the hadron physics, which may be called as "programs" in the sense of Lakatos. For clarity, we only discuss geometrization program, symmetries/unification program, and phenomenology of inter-quark potential program.

A Preon Model from Manasson's Theory

Authors: Fabrizio Vassallo
Comments: 9 pages.

V. Manasson has applied dissipative chaos theory to particle physics, deriving a simple relation between the fine structure constant and Feigenbaum delta constant. It is presented a preon model based on Manasson's theory. The model is intended as a naive toy one, as it makes use of unjustified assumptions, as e.g. the possibility of the existence of neither fermionic nor bosonic particles in 3+1 spacetime.

Solving the Fermion Flavor Problem Using Renormalization Group Flow

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 pages. This is a sequel to a paper published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1845-1850.

A long-standing puzzle of the current Standard Model for particle physics is that both leptons and quarks arise in replicated patterns. Our work suggests that the number of fermion flavors may be directly derived from the dynamics of Renormalization Group (RG) equations. Specifically, we argue that the number of flavors results from demanding stability of the RG flow about its fixed-point solution.

A Scalar-Energy Field that Predicts the Mass of the Electron-Neutrino

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 5 pages.

Using Wolff's model of spherical-wave centers, a scalar energy field is derived between rest-energy of a particle and potential energy of a hypothetical space fabric. The simple formula of mc² = .5kx² that results reveals a different elasticity constant k for each particle, and based on the knowledge of electro-weak unification which requires the constants k for the electron and neutrino to be the same, a mass for the electron-neutrino is predicted to be 0.065 eV.

Universal Transition to Chaos and the Family Structure of Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 pages

The standard model for high-energy physics (SM) describes fundamental interactions between subatomic particles down to a distance scale on the order of 10^-18 m. Despite its widespread acceptance, SM operates with a large number of arbitrary parameters whose physical origin is presently unknown. Our work suggests that the generation structure of at least some SM parameters stems from the chaotic regime of renormalization group flow. Invoking the universal route to chaos in systems of nonlinear differential equations, we argue that the hierarchical pattern of parameters amounts to a series of scaling ratios depending on the Feigenbaum constant. Leading order predictions are shown to agree reasonably well with experimental data.

On Mass of a Photon

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

In the article is shown, as the photons will be formed and the physical sense of a ratio between mass and energy is uncovered.

Understanding the Cause of Electric Charge in Electrons and Quarks

Authors: Colin James
Comments: 7 pages

I suggest that the electron is an electron neutrino with a unique frequency ( ~ 2.47 x 10²⁰s^-1). The unique frequency is identified by the vacuum s virtual photons and the electron is contained by elastic collisions in an approximately circular orbit (hence the diffuse nature of the electron). The containment redistributes the vacuum energy by redirecting one handedness of virtual photons outwards. The loss of homogeneity in the vacuum is counteracted by an inflow of oppositely handed virtual photons. The outward and inward flows account for electric charge. The electron s spin (h/4π) is the spin of its orbit relative to a moving observer. The diameter of the free electron s containment orbit equals the reduced Compton wavelength and its circumference is half the Compton wavelength. A similar structure within hadrons shows the 2:1 charge ratio for quarks. A search for intermittent e^2-, e^3- and e²⁺, e³⁺ with masses /2m_e, /3m_e may provide support for the theory.

The Short-Range or "Particle" Forces

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages. This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The strong force is responsible for the binding of compound atomic nuclei and the binding of quarks in the class of heavy composite particles, the hadrons. Hadrons consist of baryons (containing 3 quarks) and mesons (containing quark-antiquark pairs). The weak force is responsible for the creation, destruction, and transformation of single, unpaired elementary particles (quarks and leptons). Both forces are to be understood in terms of energy, charge, and especially symmetry conservation. The strong force conserves whole quantum units of charge and achieves "least bound energy" nuclear configurations; the weak force ensures the invariance of all conserved parameters in elementary particles during the creation, destruction, or transformation of single, unpaired particles.

Higgs Table No. i: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the "Big Bang"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Multiverse": Non-dimensional "vacuum" source of undefined symmetric energy and creative potential - produces our 4-D universe as a quantum fluctuation of no net energy or charge, conserving energy, with "life-friendly" physical constants ("Anthropic Principle"). Balanced pos-neg (gravitational) energy and matter-antimatter charge symmetry. (Cosmos, Multiverse united). "Big Bang": Cosmos evolves from "Multiverse".

Particle Table

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

A table of elementary particles, including the weak force Intermediate Vector Bosons and Higgs particles is presented and discussed. The field vectors (force carriers) are discussed and examples of several types of particle decay are given. A list of technical terms is appended.

Fractional Dynamics and the Standard Model for Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 pages, Published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1397-1404. Also published in "Hadron Models and New Energy Issues" InfoLearn Quest (2007), ISBN 978-1-59973-042-4.

Fractional dynamics is an attractive framework for understanding the complex phenomena that are likely to emerge beyond the energy range of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM). using fractional dynamics and complex-scalar field theory as a baseline, our work explores how physics on the high-energy scale may help solve some of the open questions surrounding SM. Predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental results.

Section IV: Introduction to the Weak Force

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 10 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The weak force is responsible for the creation of matter during the "Big Bang" (apparently via the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs), and for the subsequent creation, transformation, and destruction of single elementary particles - particles that do not exist in matter-antimatter pairs (seen as radioactivity, particle decay/transformation, fission). Elementary particles created today must be interchangeable with those created during the "Big Bang" with respect to all conserved parameters - mass, spin, charge, etc. Creating absolutely invariant single elementary particles any time or place is the conservation challenge presented to and surmounted by the weak force, requiring the elaborate mechanism of the Higgs boson and the Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs). The great mass of the IVBs recreates the original energy density and unified force symmetry state in which the elementary particle classes (leptons and quarks; leptoquarks; primordial leptons) were originally created, while the Higgs boson "gauges" (scales and selects) the IVBs and unified force symmetry state (there are several) appropriate to the transformation class. It is the quantization of the Higgs boson and the IVBs that ensures the invariance of the weak force transformation mechanism. The weak force charge is "identity" charge (AKA "number" or "flavor" charge), and is carried implicitly by all massive leptons (including leptoquarks) and explicitly by neutrinos.

The Weak Force: Identity or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 6 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.

The Origin of Matter and Information

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 8 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The creation of matter during the "Big Bang" is apparently due to the asymmetric decay of electrically neutral leptoquark-antileptoquark particle pairs, in which the antileptoquarks decay at a slightly faster rate than the leptoquarks. The leptoquarks in these decays (which are electrically neutral due to the fractionally charged quarks) are also colorless (in the limit of "asymptotic freedom"), due to the great compressive force exerted by the "X" IVB. A leptoquark antineutrino is also produced in this decay, balancing the baryon number charge of the eventual proton. This neutrino is a "dark matter" candidate. The interaction is the initiating example of a general class of reactions between symmetric primary energy fields and asymmetric secondary or "alternative" information fields.

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics and Physics of the Terascale Sector

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 pages, This paper is a sequel to "Non-unitary evolution in particle physics – a brief overview", Hadronics Mechanics Journal, 31(3), (2008), 571.

Unitarity and locality are fundamental postulates of Quantum Field Theory (QFT). By construction, QFT is a replica of equilibrium thermodynamics, where evolution settles down to a steady state after all transients have vanished. Events unfolding in the TeV sector of particle physics are prone to slide outside equilibrium under the combined action of new fields and unsuppressed quantum corrections. In this region, the likely occurrence of critical behavior and the approach to scale invariance blur the distinction between "locality" and "non-locality". We argue that a correct description of this far from equilibrium setting cannot be done outside nonlinear dynamics and complexity theory.

The "W" Intermediate Vector Boson and the Weak Force Mechanism

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 16 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

Elementary particles created today must be the same in every respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang". The conservation requirement of elementary particle invariance constrains the mechanism of weak force particle creation and transformation. Weak force transformations recreate primordial symmetric energy states of the "Big Bang" force-unification eras (in the case of the "W", the electroweak force unification era) to accomplish the invariant creation and transformation of "singlet" elementary particles.

Partners of the Su(3) Hadrons

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 18 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

The hadrons of the SU(3) J^P= 0^-, ½⁺ and 1^- multiplets are shown to have partners of the same spin or of spin difference ½. Partnerships occur between hadrons with some quark content in common, there being no distinction between quarks and antiquarks. The partnerships are centred upon particle mass levels that descend in geometric progression from the Planck Mass. The mass differences characterising partnerships are equal to the masses of levels. Isospin doublets behave as single particles, represented by the geometric mean of the hadron masses. The K-meson isospin doublets and the electron are arranged as partnerships, as are the π⁺ and π^- isospin triplet states and the muon.

Derivation of Gauge Boson Masses from the Dynamics of Levy Flows

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 pages, Published in Nonlinear Phenomena in Complex Systems 8:4 (2005), 366-372.

Gauge bosons are fundamental fields that mediate the electroweak interaction of leptons and quarks. The underlying mechanism explaining how gauge bosons acquire mass is neither definitively settled nor universally accepted and several competing theories coexist. The prevailing paradigm is that boson masses arise as a result of coupling to a hypothetical scalar field called the Higgs boson. Within the current range of accelerator technology, compelling evidence for the Higgs boson is missing. We discuss in this paper a derivation of boson masses that bypasses the Higgs mechanism and is formulated on the basis of complexity theory. The key premise of our work is that the dynamics of the gauge field may be described as a stochastic process caused by the short range of electroweak interaction. It is found that, if this process is driven by Levy statistics, mass generation in the electroweak sector can be naturally accounted for. Theoretical predictions are shown to agree well with experimental data.

Chaotic Dynamics of the Renormalization Group Flow and Standard Model Parameters

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 11 pages, Published in Intl. Journal for Nonlinear Science 3 (2007), 170-180

Bringing closure to the host of open questions posed by the current Standard Model for particle physics (SM) continues to be a major challenge for theoretical physics community. Motivated by recent advances in the study of complex systems, our work suggests that the pattern of particle masses and gauge couplings emerges from the critical dynamics of renormalization group equations. Using the ε-expansion method along with the universal path to chaos in unimodal maps, we find that the observed hierarchies of SM parameters amount to a series of scaling ratios depending on the Feigenbaum constant.

The Higgs Boson and the Weak Force Ivbs (Intermediate Vector Bosons): a General Systems Perspective (Part i)

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 17 pages

There is a very good reason why the field vectors of the weak force involve the hugely massive Intermediate Vector Bosons (IVBs) and the associated Higgs boson (while the field vectors of the other forces, the photon, gluon, and graviton, are simple massless energy forms): the weak force is the only force that creates and/or transforms "singlet" elementary particles (single particles without antimatter partners). Single particles cannot be directly produced from the vacuum "zoo" of virtual (and symmetric) particle-antiparticle pairs, as in the case of electromagnetic or strong force particle-pair production (in collisions, for example). Hence some other mechanism for producing the original conserved parameters of elementary particles must be employed. Single elementary particles created today must be the same in all respect as those created eons ago during the "Big Bang", and the massive and elaborate mechanism of the weak force is the only way to accomplish this imperative of energy and symmetry conservation - the invariance of the mass and charge of all elementary particles, wherever and whenever they may be created. It is also for this reason that the whole mechanism is quantized in terms of invariant Higgs boson and IVB mass. The large mass of the Higgs and IVBs actually recreates the energy-density of the primordial environment in which the elementary particles whose transformations they now mediate were originally created. A weak force transformation is in effect a mimi- "Big Bang" which reproduces the conditions of the macro- "Big Bang" so that the elementary particles produced by each are the same in every respect. This is the only way such a replication could be accomplished after eons of entropic evolution by the Cosmos. The role of the Higgs is to select the appropriate unified force symmetric energy-density state (usually the electroweak force unification energy-density level) for the transformation at hand; the IVBs associated with that particular symmetric energy state (the "W" family of IVBs in the electroweak case) then perform the transformation. The Higgs is the mass scalar of the process, the IVBs are the actual transformation mechanism. (See: "The 'W' IVB and the Weak Force Mechanism".) Within a particular unified force symmetric energy state, transformations appropriate to that state are but the natural course of events. At the electroweak level, all quark "flavors" are equivalent (and hence readily swapped or transformed), and all lepton flavors are likewise equivalent, but the quark and lepton families do not intermingle. At the next higher "G.U.T." energy level, quark and lepton families also exchange flavors. In addition to our electromagnetic "ground state", there may be three higher unified force energy-density levels - the electroweak, the "G.U.T." and the "T.O.E.", each with its own Higgs boson and IVB "family". (See: "Table of the Higgs Cascade".) Perhaps a more familiar analogy from the hierarchy of biological classification will be helpful (species/genus/family/order). At the ground state electromagnetic level we find completely separate and stable elementary particle species. At the electroweak level we find the several quark species joined together in their own genus (quarks), and likewise the several electron and neutrino species joined together in another genus (the leptons). At this electroweak energy level, transformations may occur within genera but not between genera. At the G.U.T. level we find the quark and lepton genera joined together in a family (the fermions), and the field vectors (except gravity) joined together in another family (the bosons). Now transformations may occur within the family level but not between families (creating leptoquarks but not yet bound energy itself). At the final level of force unity, the T.O.E. level, we find the fermion and boson families (plus gravity) joined into an order (free and bound electromagnetic energy) in which transformations between all types of particles are allowed, creating primordial forms of bound electromagnetic energy (primordial leptonic elementary particles split into three components - Gamow's "Ylem").

Chaos in Quantum Chromodynamics and the Hadron Spectrum

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 14 pages, To be published in the Electronic Journal of Theoretical Physics.

We present analytic evidence that the distribution of hadron masses follows from the universal transition to chaos in non-equilibrium field theory. It is shown that meson and baryon spectra obey a scaling hierarchy with critical exponents ordered in natural progression. Numerical predictions are found to be in close agreement with experimental data.

Complex Dynamics and the Terascale Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 7 pages, To be published in Nonlinear Science Letters A.

In this report we argue that complex dynamics has the potential of becoming a key tool for the ?new physics? sector of particle theory. The report includes a list of candidate signals for "new physics" that were recently recorded above the scale of electroweak interaction. Some of the pioneering efforts directed towards application of complex dynamics in high-energy physics are briefly surveyed.

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 25 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 52 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Inductive implications of characteristics established from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using a cross disciplinary methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and certain astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The dynamic conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design tasks, with links to Goethe - Zwicky morphology. Analysis of the likely effect of current data on previous historic pathways to current physics was made and alternative models evaluated. A model arose which matched a full observational profile, removed paradox and explained anomalies. It uses only existing maths and dimensions, is logical, intuitive and testable. An insight into the quantum phase shift mechanism gives a new perspective on SR and QFT, and allows unification. Consequences are identified allowing progress in related research areas including quantum gravity. Future papers on these areas are proposed.

On the Coupling Constants, Geometric Probability and Complex Domains

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 pages, This article appeared in Progress in Physics vol. 2 April (2006) 46-53

By recurring to Geometric Probability methods it is shown that the coupling constants, α_EM, α_W, α_C, associated with the electromagnetic, weak and strong (color) force are given by the ratios of measures of the sphere S² and the Shilov boundaries Q₃ = S² x RP¹, squashed S⁵, respectively, with respect to the Wyler measure Ω_Wyler[Q₄] of the Shilov boundary Q₄ = S³ x RP¹ of the poly-disc D₄ (8 real dimensions). The latter measure Ω_Wyler[Q₄] is linked to the geometric coupling strength α_G associated to the gravitational force. In the conclusion we discuss briefly other approaches to the determination of the physical constants, in particular, a program based on the Mersenne primes p-adic hierarchy. The most important conclusion of this work is the role played by higher dimensions in the determination of the coupling constants from pure geometry and topology alone and which does not require to invoke the anthropic principle.

The Charge-Mass-Spin Relation of Clifford Polyparticles, Kerr-Newman Black Holes and the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 21 pages, This article appeared in Foundations of Physics vol 34, no. 7 ( 2004 ) 107.

A Clifford-algebraic interpretation is proposed of the charge, mass, spin relationship found recently by Cooperstock and Faraoini which was based on the Kerr-Newman metric solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations. The components of the polymomentum associated with a Clifford polyparticle in four dimensions provide for such a charge, mass, spin relationship without the problems encountered in Kaluza-Klein compactifications which furnish an unphysically large value for the electron charge. A physical reasoning behind such charge, mass, spin relationship is provided, followed by a discussion on the geometrical derivation of the fine structure constant by Wyler, Smith, Gonzalez-Martin and Smilga. To finalize, the renormalization of electric charge is discussed and some remarks are made pertaining the modifications of the charge-scale relationship, when the spin of the polyparticle changes with scale, that may cast some light into the alleged Astrophysical variations of the fine structure constant.

Particle Mass Levels

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 10 pages

Particles occupy mass levels and sublevels within two sequences that descend in geometric progression from the Planck Mass. The common ratios of the sequences are r₁=1/π and r₂=2/π. Sublevels are arranged in subsequences of common ratio r^1/p, where p is a power of 2. Concise graphical evidence is provided for the sequences. Atomic nuclei with 2≤A≤10, α-particle nuclei with A≤20, all nuclei of double magic number, many ground state hadrons, the weak gauge bosons and the charged leptons are shown to occupy mass levels and sublevels characterised by small p. The mass levels and sublevels constitute a framework upon which broken symmetries are displayed.

Energy Creates Particles, the Particles Creates Fields, and the Fields Creates Interplay

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages

The contents of the article is mirrored in its title

Unified Theory's New Principle of Null Action

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 6 pages

Quantum Theory's Uncertainty Principle violates conservation of energy & momentum and invokes matter's unrealistic creation from, and dissolution into, nothing. In Unified Theory action is an evolute of sharmon with Planck constant h as its quantum. The inviolable conservations of energy and momentum ordain conservation of action, invalidation of the Uncertainty Principle and introduction of the new Principle of Null Action. It has universal applications and is conceptually superior to the old Hamilton's Principle of Least Action as the latter unrealistically associates turnover of action NOT with variations in but with constant energy & momentum. In Nature, the path chosen by an isolated closed system during a real physical change through a succession of intermediate states from the initial equilibrium state 'a' to the final equilibrium state 'b' is such that the summation or integration of action covering all variations of energy or momentum is zero or null. Hence the name: "Principle of Null Action". The new principle has successfully derived the generally accepted equations for the following: Schwinger's Quantum Dynamical Principle, Klein-Gorden Field Equations, Schrodinger Wave Equation, Special and General Relativity, Euler's Equations, Lagrange's Equations, Maxwell Equations for Electromagnetic Radiation, Newton's laws of motion, Thermodynamic Equation of State, Discharge of Capacitance through Inductance & Resistance.

Unified Theory's Elements, Basic Substance & Absolute Reference Frame

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 8 pages

An element composes other particles but it itself is non-composite. The basic substance composes all and it itself is composed by the basic element(s). The Modern Standard Model with Supersymmetry has over 200 basic particles but none of them satisfies the definition of 'element'. Inter-conversions of various forms of energies and/or with mass and the equation E=mc² compellingly needs a 'basic substance' composing all forms of E & m, otherwise E & m could not interconvert. Real Sharmon Medium propagating light as wave-quantum UNITY at constant velocity invariant to source-observer motion is the 'absolute reference frame' and all-composing and all-pervading 'basic substance' composed by the new particle 'sharmon', which comprises a positive positrino & a negative negatrino, the two basic elements named cosminos. They compose all forms of energy & mass, material particles and energy-quanta in the Cosmos. Their electric charge is ± 1.37x 10^-30 esu; mass 2.596x10^-48 gm & spin ½. Sharmon's mass is 5.192x10-48 gm, spin 0 & 1. As a kinetic gas, the sharmon medium is irremovable by any means since the ~10^-33 cm Sharmon can pass thru interatomic spaces and between orbital electrons. Its number density is ~10¹⁵ sharmons per cm³, mass density 0.519x10^-33 gm.cm^-3. Its inter-sharmon distance of ~ 10,sup>-5 cm compares with Mean Free Path for real gasses e.g. 1.12x 10^-5 cm for Hydrogen. An element is singly charged since multiple charges imply that many constituents. Cosmino's single unified charge manifests as mass & electric charge via the mediation of gravitational and electromagnetic fields/forces, which also unify into a single gravitoelectromagnetic field/force. No particle is massless or sizeless point; neutrinos have mass, size & electric charge. Cosmino compositions of quarks, leptons, neutrinos and photon are worked out.

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 788 pages

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy.

1. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p ≅ 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p ≅ 2^k- and 2-fractality.
2. In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large.

Composition-Structure of Electron, Proton & Neutron

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 8 pages

An element is non-composite but composes other particles. The elementary quarks & leptons of the Modern Standard Model are found to be compressible and assembleable, hence having composition. These in Unified Theory are composed by two elementary cosminos, positrino & negatrino. The cosmino-sharmon composition-structures of electron, proton and neutron presented for the first time are defined by Form Factors and concentric regions. It is shown that no ½-spin Fermion can be neutral. Electric Dipole Moment of neutron calculated from Unified Theory agrees with observations. An almost neutral neutron emits electron, never positron, because its outer region is negative. Hofstadter's positive outer region in neutron is inconsistent with negatron decay. Effect of superimposed magnetic field on neutron's negatron decay is explained without Electroweak Theory's weak charge and W^± & Z⁰ particles. A new Hook's law mediated short-range nuclear force is suggested.

Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 33 pages.

The theory of elementary particles permitting to explain their constitution, sizes, bond energy, possible channels of decay, spectrum of weights and other properties is offered.

About "Elementary" Particles

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 41 pages

In the article the general approach to the theory of fundamental particles is described

What Wolfgang Pauli Did Mean?

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 3 pages

An attempt of interpretation and application in modern physics "recipe" of Pauli: "Division and reduction of symmetry this then is the kernel of the brut!"

Maximum Number 12 on the Spectrum of Mass of Elementary Particles

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 2 pages

Some logarithmic transformations of values of mass of elementary particles (one way or another) uncover enigmatic limiting number N=12.

Field Equations for Localized Individual Photons and Relativistic Field Equations for Localized Moving Massive Particles

Authors: André Michaud
Comments: 21 pages

Calculation of the energy of localized electromagnetic particles by integration of energy fields mathematically deemed spherically isotropic and whose density is radialy decreasing from a lower limit of λα/2π to an infinite upper limit (∞), allowing the definition of discrete local electromagnetic fields coherent with permanently localized moving particles.

Phenomenon of 18 Degrees for Pseudoscalar Mesons

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 3 pages

If trigonometric tangent covered interval (0 to 1 to infinity) I try count the proton mass as imaginative unit of the Universe? Then reveal where to go other particles. Result-interesting phenomenon 18 degrees for pseudoscalar mesons.

The Math of Hua Luogeng Another Game in Town

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 11 pages

This paper is an outline of a program for a realistic physics model unifying the Standard Model and Gravity, the details of which can be found in the pdf web book at vixra:0907.0006 The main points of the outline are that the physics model has: EPR structure similar to that of Joy Christian; E8 structure modified from that of Garrett Lisi; Cl (16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford Algebra structure anticipated by Ramon Llull; a Higgs mechanism produced by formation of M4 x CP2 spacetime as shown by work of Meinhard Mayer; Standard Model Gauge Groups produced therein as shown by work of N. A. Batakis; Conformal Gravity produced as in the MacDowell-Mansouri mechanism; a Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter ratio produced by conformal structures similar to those of Irving Ezra Segal; Force Strength and Particle Mass calculations done using the Work of Hua Luogeng, particularly work on the Geometry of Complex Domains; and AQFT constructed from a Clifford Real-Periodicity-8 hyperfinite II1 von Neumann algebra factor. The key to the realism of the model is the Math of Hua Luogeng, which allows calculations in the model that meet Feynman's criterion: "The whole purpose of physics is to find a number, with decimal points, et! Otherwise you haven't done anything."

Physics of e8 and Cl(16) = Cl(8) (X) Cl(8)

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 473 pages, web book

A physics model based on E8 constructed from the Cl(16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford algebra is described including: History of the Concepts; Technical Introduction; Description of the Structure of the Model; Summary of Calculations of Force Strengths, Particle Masses, Kobayahi- Maskaw Parameters, and the ratio Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter; Details of Calculations and of Structures of the Model.

U(1) Axial as a Force Between Neturinos

Authors: Barry D. O. Adams
Comments: 51 pages

We show that when left and right handed neutrinos a have majorana mass matrix, local guage invariance produces a fifth force acting between chiral charges on neutrinos and quarks. The force is a carried by a massless (or low mass) 1-spin guage boson, we call an axiphoton. The force is caused by a U(1) axial guage symmetry in the way as the electromagnetic force. We expect from renormalisation that the force constant, α_a is about 1/60 of the electromagnetic force constant α. We show that this force can explain dark energy. Our model predicts decaying right handed neutrinos in the eV-MeV range, and explain the heating of the solar corona. Finally we show that the Tajmar experiment detecting a force due to a rotating superconductor, may be detection of our force.

Koide Mass Equations for Hadrons

Authors: C. A. Brannen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Koide's mass formula relates the masses of the charged leptons. It is related to the discrete Fourier transform. We analyze bound states of colored particles and show that they come in triplets also related by the discrete Fourier transform. Mutually unbiased bases are used in quantum information theory to generalize the Heisenberg uncertainty principle to finite Hilbert spaces. The simplest complete set of mutually unbiased bases is that of 2 dimensional Hilbert space. This set is compactly described using the Pauli SU(2) spin matrices. We propose that the six mutually unbiased basis states be used to represent the six color states R, G, B, R-bar, G-bar, and B-bar. Interactions between the colors are defined by the transition amplitudes between the corresponding Pauli spin states. We solve this model and show that we obtain two different results depending on the Berry-Pancharatnam (topological) phase that, in turn, depends on whether the states involved are singlets or doublets under SU(2). A postdiction of the lepton masses is not convincing, so we apply the same method to hadron excitations and find that their discrete Fourier transforms follow similar mass relations. We give 39 mass fits for 137 hadrons.

New Evidence for Colored Leptons

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

The recent discovery of CDF anomaly suggest the existence of a new long-lived particle which means a dramatic deviation from standard model. This article summarizes the quantum model of CDF anomaly. The anomaly is interpreted in terms of production of τ-pions which can be regarded as pion like bound states of color octet excitations of τ-leptons and corresponding neutrinos. Colored leptons are one of the basic predictions of TGD distinguishing it from standard model and for 18 years ago were applied to explain the anomalous production of electron-positron pairs in heavy ion collisions near Coulomb wall. First it is shown that the model explains the basic characteristics of the anomaly. Then various alternatives generalizing the earlier model for electro-pion production are discussed and a general formula for differential cross section is deduced. Three alternatives inspired by eikonal approximation generalizing the earlier model inspired by Born approximation to a perturbation series in the Coulomb interaction potential of the colliding charges. The requirement of manifest relativistic invariance for the formula of differential cross section leaves only two options, call them I and II. The production cross section for τ-pion is estimated and found to be consistent with the reported cross section of order 100 pb for option I using same energy cutoff for lepto-pions as in the model for electro-pion production. For option II the production cross section is by several orders of magnitude too small under these assumptions. Since the model involves only fundamental coupling constants, the result can be regarded as a further success of the τ-pion model of CDF anomaly. Analytic expressions for the production amplitude are deduced in the Appendix as a Fourier transform for the inner product of the non-orthogonal magnetic and electric fields of the colliding charges in various kinematical situations. This allows to reduce numerical integrations to an integral over the phase space of lepto-pion and gives a tight analytic control over the numerics.

Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Fred Alan Wolf
Comments: 15 pages

It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles.

Causality is Inconsistent with Quantum Field Theory

Authors: Fred Alan Wolf
Comments: 15 pages

It is shown that the usual quantum field theoretical argument for the vanishing of the commutator (VC) for spacelike separated fields implying causality is not tenable. For VC to be tenable negative energy antiparticles traveling forward in time must exist and negative energy particles traveling backward in time are not allowed. Hence VC denies the existence of positive energy antiparticles.

The Basis of Quantum Mechanics' Compatibility with Relativity Whose Impairment Gives Rise to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac Equations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 14 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1005.2641 [physics.gen-ph].

Solitary-particle quantum mechanics' inherent compatibility with special relativity is implicit in Schrödinger's postulated wave-function rule for the operator quantization of the particle's canonical threemomentum, taken together with his famed time-dependent wave-function equation that analogously treats the operator quantization of its Hamiltonian. The resulting formally four-vector equation system assures proper relativistic covariance for any solitary-particle Hamiltonian operator which, together with its canonical three-momentum operator, is a Lorentz-covariant four-vector operator. This, of course, is always the case for the quantization of the Hamiltonian of a properly relativistic classical theory, so the strong correspondence principle definitely remains valid in the relativistic domain. Klein-Gordon theory impairs this four-vector equation by iterating and contracting it, thereby injecting extraneous negative-energy solutions that are not orthogonal to their positive-energy counterparts of the same momentum, thus destroying the basis of the quantum probability interpretation. Klein-Gordon theory, which thus depends on the square of the Hamiltonian operator, is as well thereby cut adrift from Heisenberg's equations of motion. Dirac theory confuses the space-time symmetry of the four-vector equation system with such symmetry for its time component alone, which it fatuously imposes, thereby breaching the strong correspondence principle for the free particle and imposing the starkly unphysical momentum-independence of velocity. Physically sensible alternatives, with external electromagnetic fields, to the Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations are derived, and the simple, elegant symmetry-based approach to antiparticles is pointed out.

Non-Equilibrium Dynamics as Source of Asymmetries in High Energy Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 23 pages, Submitted for publication in a nonlinear dynamics journal.

Understanding the origin of certain symmetry breaking scenarios in high-energy physics remains an open challenge. Here we argue that, at least in some cases, symmetry violation is an effect of non-equilibrium dynamics that is likely to develop somewhere above the energy scale of electroweak interaction. We also find that, imposing Poincare symmetry in non-equilibrium field theory, leads to fractalization of space-time continuum via period-doubling transition to chaos.

On Some Novel Ideas in Hadron Physics. Part II

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 4 pages

As a continuation of the preceding section, we shortly review a series of novel ideas on the physics of hadrons. In the present paper, emphasis is given on some different approaches to the hadron physics, which may be called as 'programs' in the sense of Lakatos. For clarity, we only discuss geometrization program, symmetries/ unification program, and phenomenology of inter-quark potential program.

On the Higgsless Mass Generation in the Nonlinear Generalization of Standard Model

Authors: A.G. Kyriakos
Comments: 11 Pages.

The results of the experiments, which were set until now for confirmation of Higgs's mechanism, are negative. In connection with the difficulties, which will appear if Higgs's bosons is not discovered, an interest arises in other possible variations of the field theory, which can be accessible for experimental check. Below we will examine the nonlinear quantum field theory (NQFT), which is the generalization of Standard Model and which solves the problem of particle masses without the Higgs mechanism.

Higgs Table No. i: Unified Force Eras or Symmetric Energy Levels of the "Big Bang"

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 5 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

We explore the hypothesis that there are 3 families or energy levels of the Higgs bosons and their associated Intermediate Vector bosons (IVBs), analogously to the three families or energy levels of the quarks and leptons. The Universe apparently devolves (rapidly) in an asymmetric "Higgs Cascade" to the electromagnetic ground state, and evolves (slowly) upward again in a "rebound" driven by symmetry conservation (Noether's Theorem) toward its original state of pure electromagnetic radiation (light).

Fractional Dynamics and the Standard Model for Particle Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 pages, Published in Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 13 (2008) 1397-1404. Also published in "Hadron Models and New Energy Issues" InfoLearn Quest (2007), ISBN 978-1-59973-042-4.

Fractional dynamics is an attractive framework for understanding the complex phenomena that are likely to emerge beyond the energy range of the Standard Model for particle physics (SM). using fractional dynamics and complex-scalar field theory as a baseline, our work explores how physics on the high-energy scale may help solve some of the open questions surrounding SM. Predictions are shown to be consistent with experimental results.

The Weak Force: "Identity" or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 9 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.

The Weak Force: Identity or Number Charge; Neutrinos

Authors: John A. Gowan
Comments: 7 pages, This paper has also been published as a Google "Knol".

"Noether's Theorem" states that in a multicomponent field such as the electromagnetic field (or the metric field of spacetime), where one finds a symmetry one will find an associated conservation law, and vice versa. In matter, light's symmetries are conserved by charge and spin; in spacetime, by inertial and gravitational forces. Neutrinos carry "identity" charge (aka "number" or "flavor" charge), the symmetry debt of light's anonymity. The charges of matter are the symmetry debts of light.

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 29 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 53 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered, including its relationship to quantum fields, E.M. wave propagation and particle non - conservation. Related implications from cross discipline experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed. Correlations between this, the standard model, field theory, cosmological shocks and halos, dark matter and astrophysical anomalies are drawn and a new model is derived and tested to explore its ability to remove anomalies and paradox. The conceptual model utilises Einstein's postulates of Special Relativity, and constancy of 'c', and his opinion that "We can't solve problems using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them." also the conclusions of his 1952 paper[1] that inertial reference frames in space are actually "an infinite number of spaces...in motion with respect to each other." The historic pathway to, and assumptions following, the S.T.R. are reviewed against current data and an adjustment derived. A quantum mechanism for Doppler shifting emerges via 'Discrete Fields' which appears to allow Locality with the Reality Einstein sought from a Unified Field Theory.

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 28 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 53 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Implications from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using cross discipline methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design profession techniques, and is based on Einstein's views on "new ways of thinking" required, and on 'multiple fields.' Analysis of a historic pathway in light of of current data is made and a new model is developed and tested which appears to match observation, remove paradox and resolve anomalies. A resultant quantum phase shift mechanism is identified with the potential to explain relativistic phenomenon in terms of QFT, allowing unification. Consequences are identified for related research areas on which future papers are proposed. The model is termed 'DFM' or Discrete Field Model.

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 26 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 53 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Implications from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using cross discipline methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design profession techniques, and is based on Einstein's views on "new ways of thinking" required, and on 'multiple fields.' Analysis of a historic pathway in light of of current data is made and a new model is developed and tested which appears to match observation, remove paradox and resolve anomalies. A resultant quantum phase shift mechanism is identified with the potential to explain relativistic phenomenon in terms of QFT, allowing unification. Consequences are identified for related research areas on which future papers are proposed. The model is termed 'DFM' or Discrete Field Model.

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 28 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 52 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Implications from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using cross discipline methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design profession techniques, and is based on Einstein's views on "new ways of thinking" required, and on 'multiple fields.' Analysis of a historic pathway in light of of current data is made and a new model is developed and tested which appears to match observation, remove paradox and resolve anomalies. A resultant quantum phase shift mechanism is identified with the potential to explain relativistic phenomenon in terms of QFT, allowing unification. Consequences are identified for related research areas on which future papers are proposed. The model is termed 'DFM' or Discrete Field Model.

Doppler Assisted Quantum Unification Allowing Relativistic Invariance

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 27 Pages. Plus Ref's. Inc. 5 Figures. Article 1. From a 52 page (ex. Figs.) paper.

Free action photo electron cloud build up to accelerated particles is considered in the contexts of quantum fields, wave propagation and particle conservation. Inductive implications of characteristics established from experiment and observation are reviewed and analysed using a cross disciplinary methodology. A model test experiment identifies and explores correlations between the standard model, field theory, dark matter, cosmological shocks and halos, and certain astrological inconsistencies such as those in Shapiro delays. The dynamic conceptual approach uses a 'triple helix' thought process developed from complex design tasks, with links to Goethe - Zwicky morphology. Analysis of the likely effect of current data on previous historic pathways to current physics was made and alternative models evaluated. A model arose which matched a full observational profile, removed paradox and explained anomalies. It uses only existing maths and dimensions, is logical, intuitive and testable. An insight into the quantum phase shift mechanism gives a new perspective on SR and QFT, and allows unification. Consequences are identified allowing progress in related research areas including quantum gravity. Future papers on these areas are proposed.

P-Adic Length Scale Hypothesis and Dark Matter Hierarchy

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: 790 pages

The book is devoted to the applications of p-adic length scale hypothesis and dark matter hierarchy.

1. p-Adic length scale hypothesis states that primes p ≅ 2^k, k integer, in particular prime, define preferred p-adic length scales. Physical arguments supporting this hypothesis are based on the generalization of Hawking's area law for blackhole entropy so that it applies in case of elementary particles. A deeper number theory based justification for this hypothesis is based on the generalization of the number concept fusing real number fields and p-adic number fields among common rationals or numbers in their non-trivial algebraic extensions. This approach also justifies the notion of multi-p-fractality and allows to understand scaling law in terms of simultaneous p ≅ 2^k- and 2-fractality.
2. In TGD framework the levels of dark matter hierarchy are labeled by the values of dynamical quantized Planck constant. The justification for the hypothesis provided by quantum classical correspondence and the fact the sizes of space-time sheets identifiable as quantum coherence regions can be arbitrarily large.

Phenomenon of 18 Degrees for Pseudoscalar Mesons

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 3 pages

If trigonometric tangent covered interval (0 to 1 to infinity) I try count the proton mass as imaginative unit of the Universe? Then reveal where to go other particles. Result-interesting phenomenon 18 degrees for pseudoscalar mesons.

Is Ratio 3:1 a Comprehensive Principle of the Universe?

Authors: Yuri Danoyan
Comments: 5 pages

Examples of physical evidencies supporting the Ratio 3:1 are given. Concept of Metasymmetry and Broken Metasymmetry is introduced. The 3:1 Ratio has been found as a numerical measure of Broken Metasymmetry(BM). An attempt have been made for explanation of BM as total effect Bose-Fermi mixture.

The Math of Hua Luogeng Another Game in Town

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 32 pages

This paper is an outline of a program for a realistic physics model unifying the Standard Model and Gravity, the details of which can be found in the pdf web book at vixra:0907.0006 The main points of the outline are that the physics model has: EPR structure similar to that of Joy Christian; E8 structure modified from that of Garrett Lisi; Cl(16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford Algebra structure anticipated by Ramon Llull; a Higgs mechanism produced by formation of M4 x CP2 spacetime as shown by work of Meinhard Mayer; Standard Model Gauge Groups produced therein as shown by work of N. A. Batakis; Conformal Gravity produced as in the MacDowell-Mansouri mechanism; a Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter ratio produced by conformal structures similar to those of Irving Ezra Segal; Force Strength and Particle Mass calculations done using the Work of Hua Luogeng, particularly work on the Geometry of Complex Domains; and AQFT constructed from a Clifford Real-Periodicity-8 hyperfinite II1 von Neumann algebra factor. The key to the realism of the model is the Math of Hua Luogeng, which allows calculations in the model that meet Feynman's criterion: "The whole purpose of physics is to find a number, with decimal points, et! Otherwise you haven't done anything." The v2 update adds material about Gradings and Triality (pdf pages 12-19) and about E8 lattices (pdf pages 20-32).

The Math of Hua Luogeng Another Game in Town

Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 32 pages

This paper is an outline of a program for a realistic physics model unifying the Standard Model and Gravity, the details of which can be found in the pdf web book at vixra:0907.0006 The main points of the outline are that the physics model has: EPR structure similar to that of Joy Christian; E8 structure modified from that of Garrett Lisi; Cl(16) = Cl(8)xCl(8) Clifford Algebra structure anticipated by Ramon Llull; a Higgs mechanism produced by formation of M4 x CP2 spacetime as shown by work of Meinhard Mayer; Standard Model Gauge Groups produced therein as shown by work of N. A. Batakis; Conformal Gravity produced as in the MacDowell-Mansouri mechanism; a Dark Energy : Dark Matter : Ordinary Matter ratio produced by conformal structures similar to those of Irving Ezra Segal; Force Strength and Particle Mass calculations done using the Work of Hua Luogeng, particularly work on the Geometry of Complex Domains; and AQFT constructed from a Clifford Real-Periodicity-8 hyperfinite II1 von Neumann algebra factor. The key to the realism of the model is the Math of Hua Luogeng, which allows calculations in the model that meet Feynman's criterion: "The whole purpose of physics is to find a number, with decimal points, et! Otherwise you haven't done anything." The v2 update adds material about Gradings and Triality (pdf pages 12-19) and about E8 lattices (pdf pages 20-32).