High Energy Particle Physics

1911 Submissions

[18] viXra:1911.0508 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-30 07:54:46

Evidence for the Generation of Baryons from Electromagnetic Instabilities of the Vacuum from a Comparison with Energetic Cosmic Rays Data for Protons.

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 14 Pages. 3 figures

Following previous work, we present a field-theoretical treatment in which baryons are generated from perturbations of magnetodynamic origin built upon a background sea of excitations located by the model at 3.7 GeV. A Zeta-function regularization procedure previously adopted for the Casimir Effect is applied to account for the infinite range of the excitations spectrum, and states of negative energy compared to the background state( in the physical form of vortices) are obtained to represent the baryons. A prediction of this theory is that if the energy difference of 2.7 GeV between the vacuum background energy level and a proton rest energy is surpassed by energetic protons, such particles might not be detected since the vortices would become unstable. In reality, a marked decrease in the flux of cosmic rays protons is observed beyond 2.7GeV kinetic energies. Such results gives support to the existence of a vacuum energy state at 3.7 GeV, but the fact that protons are still observed in small amounts even at extremely high energies cannot fit in the simple vortex picture. We argue that at very high energies the binding interactions between individual constituents inside protons not considered in the vortex picture become relevant and this determines the survival of part of the protons in the rays.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[17] viXra:1911.0503 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-29 13:23:34

Hypothetical X17 Particle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 37 Pages.

A new paper from the same team, led by Attila Krasznahorkay at the Atomki institute in Hungary, now reports another anomaly, in a similar nuclear transition, that could also be explained by the same hypothetical particle. [28] These new subatomic particles could either be made of six heavy quarks (charm and bottom) or heavy and strange quarks. [27] Argonne scientists look to 3-D printing to ease separation anxiety, which paves the way to recycle more nuclear material. [26] Recently, scientists suggested switching from electron to nuclear transitions that may considerably increase the precision of clocks due to higher frequency. [25] Now, physicists are working toward getting their first CT scans of the inner workings of the nucleus. [24] The process of the sticking together of quarks, called hadronisation, is still poorly understood. [23] In experimental campaigns using the OMEGA EP laser at the Laboratory for Laser Energetics (LLE) at the University of Rochester, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), University of California San Diego (UCSD) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) researchers took radiographs of the shock front, similar to the X-ray radiology in hospitals with protons instead of X-rays. [22] Researchers generate proton beams using a combination of nanoparticles and laser light. [21] Devices based on light, rather than electrons, could revolutionize the speed and security of our future computers. However, one of the major challenges in today's physics is the design of photonic devices, able to transport and switch light through circuits in a stable way. [20] Researchers characterize the rotational jiggling of an optically levitated nanoparticle, showing how this motion could be cooled to its quantum ground state. [19] Researchers have created quantum states of light whose noise level has been "squeezed" to a record low. [18] An elliptical light beam in a nonlinear optical medium pumped by "twisted light" can rotate like an electron around a magnetic field. [17]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[16] viXra:1911.0487 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-29 07:21:22

Heating Plasma by Cooling

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 76 Pages.

When you cool the edge of the plasma by injecting impurities, what every standard theory and intuition would tell you is that a cold pulse propagates in, so that eventually the core temperature will drop as well. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning—all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[15] viXra:1911.0472 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-28 05:34:22

Proton Radius Puzzle

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 85 Pages.

Instead, it involves smashing electrons into protons at nearly the speed of light, then measuring how far the electrons travel when they bounce off, or scatter, from the protons. [47] Ten years ago, just about any nuclear physicist could tell you the approximate size of the proton. But that changed in 2010, when atomic physicists unveiled a new method that promised a more precise measurement. [46] "Spin has surprises. Everybody thought it's simple … and it turns out it's much more complicated," Aschenauer says. [45] Approximately one year ago, a spectacular dive into Saturn ended NASA's Cassini mission-and with it a unique, 13-year research expedition to the Saturnian system. [44] Scientists from the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, and their colleagues from the international ALICE collaboration recently collided xenon nuclei, in order to gain new insights into the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (the QGP)-the matter that the universe consisted of up to a microsecond after the Big Bang. [43] The energy transfer processes that occur in this collisionless space plasma are believed to be based on wave-particle interactions such as particle acceleration by plasma waves and spontaneous wave generation, which enable energy and momentum transfer. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[14] viXra:1911.0469 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-27 09:54:22

Fifth Fundamental Force

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 24 Pages.

The fifth force could exist, but we haven't found it yet. What we do know is that the Standard Model doesn't entirely add up, and that means some very interesting discoveries are waiting to be found. [11] This paper explains the magnetic effect of the electric current from the observed effects of the accelerating electrons, causing naturally the experienced changes of the electric field potential along the electric wire. The accelerating electrons explain not only the Maxwell Equations and the Special Relativity, but the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, the wave particle duality and the electron’s spin also, building the bridge between the Classical and Quantum Theories. New ideas for interactions and particles: This paper examines also the possibility to origin the Spontaneously Broken Symmetries from the Planck Distribution Law. This way we get a Unification of the Strong, Electromagnetic, and Weak Interactions from the interference occurrences of oscillators. Understanding that the relativistic mass change is the result of the magnetic induction we arrive to the conclusion that the Gravitational Force is also based on the electromagnetic forces, getting a Unified Relativistic Quantum Theory of all 4 Interactions.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[13] viXra:1911.0467 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-27 10:13:53

ATLAS Quark-Gluon Plasma

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 78 Pages.

A key process examined by ATLAS Experiment physicists involves the annihilation of photons into pairs of oppositely charged muons. [44] Scientists from the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, and their colleagues from the international ALICE collaboration recently collided xenon nuclei, in order to gain new insights into the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (the QGP)-the matter that the universe consisted of up to a microsecond after the Big Bang. [43] The energy transfer processes that occur in this collisionless space plasma are believed to be based on wave-particle interactions such as particle acceleration by plasma waves and spontaneous wave generation, which enable energy and momentum transfer. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40] The authors designed a mechanism based on the deployment of a transport barrier to confine the particles and prevent them from moving from one region of the accelerator to another. "There is strong experimental evidence that there is indeed some new physics lurking in the lepton sector," Dev said. [38] Now, in a new result unveiled today at the Neutrino 2018 conference in Heidelberg, Germany, the collaboration has announced its first results using antineutrinos, and has seen strong evidence of muon antineutrinos oscillating into electron antineutrinos over long distances, a phenomenon that has never been unambiguously observed. [37]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[12] viXra:1911.0457 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-27 03:04:42

Upper Limit on Neutrino Mass

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 45 Pages.

An international team of researchers has used a new spectrometer to find and set an upper limit for the mass of a neutrino. [17] While these experiments seem miniature in comparison to others, they could reveal answers about neutrinos that have been hiding from physicists for decades. [16] In a paper published today in the European Physical Journal C, the ATLAS Collaboration reports the first high-precision measurement at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) of the mass of the W boson. [15] A team of researchers at the University of Michigan has conducted a thought experiment regarding the nature of a universe that could support life without the weak force. [14] The international T2K Collaboration announces a first indication that the dominance of matter over antimatter may originate from the fact that neutrinos and antineutrinos behave differently during those oscillations. [13] Neutrinos are a challenge to study because their interactions with matter are so rare. Particularly elusive has been what's known as coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering, which occurs when a neutrino bumps off the nucleus of an atom. [12] Lately, neutrinos-the tiny, nearly massless particles that many scientists study to better understand the fundamental workings of the universe-have been posing a problem for physicists. [11] Physicists have hypothesized the existence of fundamental particles called sterile neutrinos for decades and a couple of experiments have even caught possible hints of them. However, according to new results from two major international consortia, the chances that these indications were right and that these particles actually exist are now much slimmer. [10] The MIT team studied the distribution of neutrino flavors generated in Illinois, versus those detected in Minnesota, and found that these distributions can be explained most readily by quantum phenomena: As neutrinos sped between the reactor and detector, they were statistically most likely to be in a state of superposition, with no definite flavor or identity. [9] A new study reveals that neutrinos produced in the core of a supernova are highly localised compared to neutrinos from all other known sources. This result stems from a fresh estimate for an entity characterising these neutrinos, known as wave packets, which provide information on both their position and their momentum. [8]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[11] viXra:1911.0430 [pdf] replaced on 2020-12-01 12:59:25

Some Problems about the Massive Neutrino Oscillation and New Explanation for the Neutrino Observations

Authors: Ting-Hang Pei
Comments: 17 Pages.

We review the massive neutrino oscillation and find some problems about it. The original theory predicts the mass differences existing on three kinds of neutrinos. However, if no external energy or mass participates in the transition process, it will experience the non-conservation of mass when one neutrino transits to others and then transits back to itself again. It also violates one of the conservation of laws of energy and momentum. Furthermore, according to the conservation of momentum in the special relativity, the speeds of neutrinos before and after transition must be different because the mass is non-conserved. It results in the special physical phenomena of self-acceleration and self-deceleration. Especially, it clearly reveals the unhappened neutrino transition at some positions varying with kinetic conditions which means the massive neutrino oscillation is controlled by its kinetic value! On the other words, when the measurements are proceeded at these zero transition places, then the results show no neutrino oscillation phenomenon. Even the violation of the Lorentz invariance is proposed in the standard model extension to discuss the neutrino oscillation without the existence of the mass difference, the all other original elementary particles predicting by the standard model will lose their criteria because they seriously obey the Lorentz invariance. After reviewing the results of Super-Kamiokande Collaboration and Sudbury Neutrino Observatory, both results strongly imply the ratio of number between three kinds of neutrinos is approximately νe:νμ:ντ=1:1:1. According to this, we propose a new explanation for the observation data. The detection of neutrinos in the supernova SN 1987A event earlier than light may tell us the truth that the mass of neutrino is very possibly zero. Otherwise, the non-zero mass neutrino must be dragged by gravity to slow down its average velocity whole the traveling period.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[10] viXra:1911.0359 [pdf] replaced on 2020-08-19 09:58:20

The Marked Decrease of Protons Flux in Cosmic Rays Beyond 3 Gev Kinetic Energy Analyzed Through a Vortex Model for the Proton.

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 6 Pages. 2 figures

We analyze available data for cosmic rays protons below 10 GeV and find evidence for instability of these particles as their kinetic energy increases beyond about 3 GeV, as expected from our recent model [1] which proposes the existence of a parent state at about 3.7 GeV, from which protons would condense in the form of flux-confining vortices. According to the model, above 2.7 GeV kinetic energy such vortex states become unstable compared to the parent, and thus protons of higher energy become very rare in cosmic rays, as confirmed by the data. Protons actually radiate towards lower energy conditions. We associate the 3.7 GeV to the temperature of protons creation in the origins of Universe.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[9] viXra:1911.0358 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-21 02:33:53

The Magnetic Moment of the Lee Particle

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 22 Pages. original article

The Lee model of the unstable particle V going to N + Θ, where N-particle is considered charged and Θ−particle uncharged, is inserted into electromagnetic field. While the Θ−particle propagates undisturbed, the N-particle is deflected by the extended photon source. The result of such process is the additional magnetic moment of the Lee particle. The Schwinger source theory is employed to present the calculation of the magnetic moment of the Lee model of the unstable particle.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[8] viXra:1911.0284 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-16 10:27:13

Mass of the W Boson as Threshold Energy in Electroweak Interactions

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.

The W and Z bosons are the normal particles that masses follow from weak interactions of pions and leptons. In reality, the weak interactions are defined by the scalar condensates in centres of fermions. Here we show that to produce the scalar condensate in centre of the baryons, involved energy must be equal to or higher than mass of the W boson.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[7] viXra:1911.0270 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-15 08:28:30

Particle Beam Instability

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 64 Pages.

The more intense the beams, the more easily scientists can examine the object they are looking at. But intensity comes with a cost: the more intense the beams, the more they become prone to instabilities. [40] DESY scientists have created a miniature particle accelerator for electrons that can perform four different functions at the push of a button. [39] Femtosecond lasers are capable of processing any solid material with high quality and high precision using their ultrafast and ultra-intense characteristics. [38]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[6] viXra:1911.0212 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-12 07:29:08

The Ferent Mechanism Gives the Electron Mass, not the Wrong Higgs Mechanism

Authors: Adrian Ferent
Comments: 455 Pages. © 2014 Adrian Ferent

“The Ferent mechanism gives the electron Mass, not the wrong Higgs mechanism” Adrian Ferent “The photon confined inside the electron has mass” Adrian Ferent “The photon confined inside the electron has mass and electric charge” Adrian Ferent “The Dark electron gives mass to the electron” Adrian Ferent “Because the Ferent mechanism gives Mass to elementary particles, the Higgs mechanism is wrong and the Higgs boson is an unimportant particle” Adrian Ferent You learned from scientists, Nobel Laureates, your professors… that the Higgs boson is a special particle, ‘the God particle’, because it is the manifestation of the Higgs field, that gives mass to elementary particles like electrons, quarks…that cannot be broken into smaller parts. I discovered that: “The electron is not an elementary particle, because it is composed of a Photon and a Dark electron” Adrian Ferent Steven Weinberg and Abdus Salam included the wrong Higgs mechanism into modern particle physics and is an essential part of the Standard Model. I discovered that: “The Standard Model is wrong because the electron is not an elementary particle, and it does not include Dark Matter particles” Adrian Ferent 2013 Nobel Prize in physics was a fraud because: François Englert and Peter Higgs did not discover a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles! “The reaction of the Swedish Academy to Higgs boson discovery appears to be a result of being beguiled by CERN’s attempts to justify the billions of dollars of public money being spent.“ The same thing with LIGO, one billion of dollars of public money being spent and zero results! Another fraud was the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics, awarded for a project, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO), not for a scientific discovery; they did not detect anything. In Ferent Quantum Gravity, LIGO is a fraud. Since they received the Nobel Prize they did not detect gravitational waves, because: “Einstein’s gravitational waves do not exist, how they can detect them?” Adrian Ferent “Einstein did not understand Gravitation, he calculated Gravitation” Adrian Ferent “Gravitational waves are carried by gravitons” Adrian Ferent The mass generation mechanism is a theory that describes the origin of mass. The mass generation mechanism is one of the most burning problem of the modern particle physics. The problem is complex because the primary role of mass is to mediate gravitational interaction between bodies. “Ferent Quantum Gravity explains how mass mediates gravitational interaction between bodies, with Matter and Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent The Higgs mechanism doesn't explain the source of any masses, the Higgs mechanism is not a mechanism for generating mass. The Higgs boson does not give other particles mass; the Higgs boson is a quantized manifestation of a Higgs field that not generates mass through its interaction with other particles. Particles drag through the Higgs field by exchanging virtual Higgs particles with it. How scientists explain how elementary particles get their masses, with syrup and honey: Except for massless photons and gluons, "all elementary particles get their masses from their interactions with the [Higgs] field, kind of like being 'slowed down' by passing through a thick syrup" “The Higgs field is likened to a rich and creamy soup, or maybe a dense and heavy fog, or even a vat of thick and goopy honey… impeding the free travel of carefree electrons and quarks.” “The elementary particles contain Dark Matter with the mass much smaller than particles mass, but with much higher energy” Adrian Ferent That is why: “The electrons contain Dark Matter with the mass much smaller than electrons mass, but with much higher energy” Adrian Ferent “The Ferent mechanism: the interaction energy of gravitons emitted by Dark Matter gives mass to the elementary particles” Adrian Ferent “Because the elementary particles contain Dark Matter with the mass much smaller than particles mass, Dark Matter is not detected at CERN” Adrian Ferent “What you learned from your professors, from your books, from the greatest scientists…about elementary particles is wrong; because you learned about elementary particles without Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “In Ferent Quantum Gravity the mass generation mechanism is caused by an internal field the Gravitational field; in Higgs mechanism, there is an external field, the Higgs field.” Adrian Ferent “Ferent Quantum Gravity is right, because were only few Higgs boson detected, with very short life, that is why the Higgs field is not like syrup or honey and that is why the Higgs mechanism is wrong” Adrian Ferent “Physics is much more complicated than you learned it, with Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “Because the Ferent mechanism gives Mass to elementary particles, the Higgs mechanism is wrong and the Higgs boson is an unimportant particle” Adrian Ferent “I explained Particle physics with Dark Matter from Ferent Quantum Gravity” Adrian Ferent “The electron is a photon around Dark Matter” Adrian Ferent “The Dark Matter electron is the Dark Matter inside the electron” Adrian Ferent “Between the Ferent time t = 1.294 × 10^(-86) s and the Planck time t = 5.391 × 10^(-44) s were created the Dark Matter electrons” Adrian Ferent “When the photons were created, the photons with the energy 0.5 MeV and the Dark Matter electrons created the electrons” Adrian Ferent “I calculated the charge created by the photon with f = 10^20 Hz inside the electron Q = 1.6 × 10^(-19) C, the electron charge” Adrian Ferent “The Spin of the electron is the Orbital angular momentum of the photon within the electron” Adrian Ferent “Ferent equation for elementary particle, made of 2 particles, a Matter particle and a Dark Matter particle, is the Unification between Matter and Dark Matter!” Adrian Ferent “The electron equation:” Adrian Ferent Where Ψ is the wave function of the electron. “I discovered what the electron is, because I discovered what Dark Matter is” Adrian Ferent “The photon confined inside the electron has mass” Adrian Ferent “The photon confined inside the electron has mass and electric charge” Adrian Ferent “The Dark electron gives mass to the electron” Adrian Ferent “The Ferent mechanism gives the electron Mass, not the wrong Higgs mechanism” Adrian Ferent 272. I am the first who discovered that the Ferent mechanism gives the electron Mass, not the wrong Higgs mechanism 273. I am the first who discovered that the photon confined inside the electron has mass 274. I am the first who discovered that the photon confined inside the electron has mass and electric charge 275. I am the first who discovered that the Ferent mechanism gives Mass to elementary particles and the Higgs mechanism is wrong and the Higgs boson is an unimportant particle 276. I am the first who discovered that the Dark electron gives mass to the electron
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[5] viXra:1911.0202 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-11 09:36:29

Unified Theory W-En..1

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko
Comments: 1 Page. Unified theory w-EN..1

Unified theory w-EN..1
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[4] viXra:1911.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-07 01:39:07

Smaller Proton Radius

Authors: George Rajna
Comments: 86 Pages.

Using the first new method in half a century for measuring the size of the proton via electron scattering, the PRad collaboration has produced a new value for the proton's radius in an experiment conducted at the Department of Energy's Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility. [47] Ten years ago, just about any nuclear physicist could tell you the approximate size of the proton. But that changed in 2010, when atomic physicists unveiled a new method that promised a more precise measurement. [46] "Spin has surprises. Everybody thought it's simple … and it turns out it's much more complicated," Aschenauer says. [45] Approximately one year ago, a spectacular dive into Saturn ended NASA's Cassini mission-and with it a unique, 13-year research expedition to the Saturnian system. [44] Scientists from the Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, and their colleagues from the international ALICE collaboration recently collided xenon nuclei, in order to gain new insights into the properties of the Quark-Gluon Plasma (the QGP)-the matter that the universe consisted of up to a microsecond after the Big Bang. [43] The energy transfer processes that occur in this collisionless space plasma are believed to be based on wave-particle interactions such as particle acceleration by plasma waves and spontaneous wave generation, which enable energy and momentum transfer. [42] Plasma particle accelerators more powerful than existing machines could help probe some of the outstanding mysteries of our universe, as well as make leaps forward in cancer treatment and security scanning-all in a package that's around a thousandth of the size of current accelerators. [41] The Department of Energy's SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory has started to assemble a new facility for revolutionary accelerator technologies that could make future accelerators 100 to 1,000 times smaller and boost their capabilities. [40]
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[3] viXra:1911.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-07 10:28:44

The Exact Mass of Tau Lepton

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 2 Pages.

The predicted within the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) the exact mass of the tau lepton is 1776.833 MeV. It is consistent with experimental result: 1776.86 +- 0.12 MeV. We claim that higher accuracy of measurement should give a result with the central value closer to the SST value.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[2] viXra:1911.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-05 12:05:14

Minimal Fractal Manifold and the Dual Nature of Dark Matter

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.

As of today, the nature of Dark Matter (DM) remains controversial. Broadly speaking, there are two major schools of thought on the topic. While the first school considers DM to be an extrapolation of particle physics, the second one asserts that DM is a signature of gravitational phenomena. The basic tenet of the second school of thought is that DM can be explained away either through revisions of General Relativity (GR), through its inherent nonlinearity or by deploying non-traditional interpretations of GR. The goal of this brief note is to point out that DM and gravitational physics may no longer be mutually exclusive, but complementary manifestations of the same reality. Elaborating from the minimal fractality of spacetime above the Fermi scale - along with its quaternion formulation - we suggest that DM can replicate the contribution of gravitational nonlinearities on galactic scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

[1] viXra:1911.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2019-11-01 04:38:08

On Quantum Field Theory and Gravitation

Authors: Paul R. Gerber
Comments: 9 Pages. Would also fit in category "Quantum Gravity (and String Theory)"

Quantum Field Theory is derived from the relativistic symmetry group, the Lorentz group (LG). Results presented here aim at a basic understanding rather then at treating specific systems. They include: • Categorizing field types in terms of irreducible representations of the LG (infinitely many) • A particular field type, "bosonic quark”, yielding a meson-type candidate for dark matter • Structure of spinor-type fields as 4-vector amplitudes • Flavor as consequence of the permutation group S3 for the three space dimensions • Spin-dynamics equations for general spinor types (spin propagation), yielding phase speeds smaller then one, for spin 1 upwards • Consequently, no free field solutions for spin 1 upwards (asymptotic freedom) • Identification of interaction as propagation of fields of equal transformation type (phase speed) • Gravitation as a consequence of the square-root-density (sqd) nature of fields (density-mediated propagation) • The gravitational field is the scalar field which is the only field that is affected by Lorentz transformations exclusively through its sqd property.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics