Quantum Physics

A Case Against the First Quantization

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 15 pages

The blackbody radiation is an open problem, in the sense that there is no classical counterpart to describe the spectrum in physical terms. The usual derivation of Planck implicitly assumes that the spectral density is a mean for a special kind of exponential distributions. There is however a case where the classical statistics makes sense for the spectrum, if we consider the spectral density as a probability density for the values of the frequency at a certain temperature. We show here this case and illustrate it on contemporary COBE-FIRAS data, pointing out to a special tensor nature of the cosmic background radiation. Some conclusions about the measurement process and about the progress in general are drawn.

Gravity Waves and the Constancy of the Speed of Light

Authors: John R. McWhinnie
Comments: 9 pages.

This paper takes two phenomena in physics, attempts to show that the solutions to them are linked and that these solutions shall require a radical re-think of physics

Time Paradox, Zitterbewegung and Noncommutative Geometry

Authors: Lawrence B. Crowell
Comments: 21 Pages.

The zitterbewgung of the electron is associated with an intrinsic time for an electron, or any of the fermionic particles with mass such as quarks and leptons. In this article it is shown that a massless particle coupled to noncommutative coordinate geometry is subjected to a gauge-like force. This force acts to trap the massless particle in an orbit within a region. This bottled massless particle then has an induced mass. This is then argued to be tied to fundamental aspects of physics, such as a dynamical Higgs model, as well as strings and p-brane theory.

Hydrodynamics of the Rotating Spherical Matter Fields and Atomic Structure

Authors: Ibrahim Mutlay
Comments: 6 pages, 1 figure.

Atomic structure model was proposed as a rotating stratified fl uidic matter field with the particles corresponded to solitary waves in the field. Mathematical formulation of the proposed structure was constructed on the model of thermal convection in rotating spherical shells of conducting fluids using magnetohydrodynamic Navier-Stokes Equations. Acceleration term was derived using Coulomb potential. Novel model showed that internal structure of atoms is subjected to complex fluid dynamics.

The Derivation of the Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Richard B. Dowd
Comments: 3 Pages.

A derivation of the fine structure constant by deduction

Planck Constant Estimation Using Constant Period Relativistic Symmetric Oscillator

Authors: J. Bar-Sagi
Comments: 15 pages

The electromagnetic wave quantum-energy depends only on its frequency, not on the emitting system's radiation power. The proportionality constant between the frequency and the quantumenergy of the electromagnetic wave, the Planck's constant is in the essence of quantum mechanics. This constant is known experimentally but till now there was no clue for calculating its value on a theoretical basis. In the present work a methodology for calculating a lower bound for Planck's constant is presented, based on simple principles. In order to get a reasonable good lower bound it is necessary to have a model of a relativistic oscillator whose period is independent of its energy and which efficiently radiates electromagnetic energy. It is highly desired that the mathematics involved is simple enough to enable good insight into the results. Such a model can also be used for other investigations, and therefore, in this work a potential that conserves the vibration period of symmetric oscillators at relativistic velocities is found and analyzed. The electrically charged system of constant period is used to calculate a lower bound H_m of the Planck's constant h . The value of H_m is smaller than h by a factor very close to √3 . The explanation of this factor also explains the value of Planck's constant. From this value the fine structure constant value is calculated and a new interpretation of this constant obtained.

The Formula of the Particle Radii

Authors: Chun-Xuan Jiang
Comments: 1 page

The Formula of the Particle Radii

The Single Thread

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 9 pages, In Italian

This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=cost., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (Q=cost., varying Isospin an Hypercharge).

Effective Relativistic Quantum Mechanics on a Causal Net

Authors: R.D. Bateson
Comments: 11 pages.

The observation of emergent particles in condensed matter physics such as phonons, holes, and recently magnetic monopoles [1] may lead one to speculate that real particles themselves could exist as emergent properties of a space-time lattice. There are many examples in the literature of the Dirac equation being supported by a lattice structure [2,3,4,5], related, for example, to the physics of ice [6] or of graphene [7]. In particular the case of the Dirac equation on the ice lattice is of potential practical interest as ice models can now be realised in a variety of new experimental systems, including spin ice materials [1] and artificial micromagnetic arrays [8]. We noticed that a Reichenbach causal net [9] has the same topology as an ice lattice and hence, if formulated in space-time, might support a version of relativistic quantum mechanics. In this paper we explore this idea at its simplest level. We propose a causal net for the free motion of a particle based on a relational concept of time as an ordered series of possible events that are linked by a principle of common cause. The causal net is 1+1 dimensional but applies along the direction of motion of the particle in three dimensions. It is reminiscent of the Feynman chequerboard [2] and the ice model [6] but differs from both in important respects. The causal net appears to support the 3+1 dimensional Dirac equation [10] for a free fermion and hence the Schrödinger equation in the low velocity limit. The causal net idea gives an intuitive picture of relativistic quantum mechanical motion and the origin of quantization although it is not a complete re-derivation of conventional quantum mechanics, partly because the space-time is discrete, and partly because it does not automatically imply a principle of superposition. If however we identify a causal net as representing a Dirac state vector then superposition of nets allows a development more consistent with conventional quantum mechanics. We therefore suggest that a more detailed study of effective quantum mechanics on causal nets, based on the transparent underlying concepts of causality and probability, might be a fruitful exercise.

Gravitation as a Thermodynamic Process of the Primary Gas that Represents a Particle-ix

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 19 pages

The author after clarifying the concepts of imaginary time, reversible time showed that the progressive time which is experienced by the macroscopic systems are a direct result of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process which also leads to the collapse of wave function apart from introducing limits to entanglements [1]. He now shows that the vean process could lead to a gradient in the energy of the vacuum fluctuations background near a massive body which in turn could produce the gravitational field. According to the author, the accumulation of the rest mass by a particle by the vean process would be so small that an electron would have increased its rest mass by only 40% over a period of 10 billion years. It is shown that part of the red shift observed in distant galaxies could be attributed to the reduced mass of electrons in the distant past. He suggests that the observed expansion of universe could be a direct result of the vean process.

Retrospective Examination of Three Articles Published in the Revue Des Questions Scientifiques in 2005 and 2006.

Authors: François Barriquand
Comments: 20 pages, The present article is going to be submitted to the "Revue des Questions Scientifiques"

Three articles published by the same author in the Revue des Questions Scientifiques in 2005 and 2006 are reexamined with special attention paid to a theorem published by Allahverdyan and Nieuwenhuizen in 2002 concerning Thomson's formulation of the second law, as well as to the results of the so-called "before-before" experiment performed on entangled pairs by Stefanov, Zbinden, Gisin and Suarez. As far as thermodynamics are concerned, it is explained here that a macroscopic observer can generate quasi "cycles", whose cyclical characteristics are in fact only valid from the macroscopic point of view, that can potentially enable her/him to retrieve work from a thermalizer without causing any perpetual motion. Concerning quantum entanglement, it is recognized - in contrast with what the author originally published in 2005 and 2006 - that superluminal transmission of decipherable information cannot be achieved if the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum theory remains universally valid. It is also pointed out that the foundations of general relativity cannot be easily reconciled with the implications of Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen measurements.

Explaining the Arrow of Time and the Collapse of Wave Function Based on the Primary Gas Structure of Particle-Viii

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 pages

The author after clarifying the physical implications of the imaginary time approach and the reversible real time approach goes on to explain how they differ from the progressive time which is experienced by all macroscopic systems [1]. He proposes that the progressive nature of time is a direct result of the increase in the entropy at the level of the structure of the elementary particles. According to him just as the vacuum fluctuations confine the photino (single luminal wave) to form a staphon (standing wave) which is the basic structure of a particle, a small part of the energy gets converted into heat which gets expressed in the jiggling motion of the particle. It is proposed that this random motion arising from the absorption of the vacuum energy contributes to infinitesimal increase in the internal heat of the particle which results in the increase in entropy right at the level of the elementary particle. He calls the process by which the particles absorb energy from vacuum "the vean process". He proposes that this increase in entropy at the level of the elementary particles results in time acquiring the progressive nature. With this interpretation of the progressive nature of time, the problem of the collapse of wave function gets resolved without invoking the presence of a conscious observer. Even the process of entanglement appears to have space-time limitations. He suggests that the existence of gravitational field and the expansion of the universe also may be traced to this vean process.

Wave, Formal-Mathematical and Corpuscular Description of the World

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 2 pages.

The contents of the article is mirrored in its title.

Probabilistic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics with Schrödinger Quantization Rule

Authors: Saurav Dwivedi
Comments: 4 pages, To be published in "Physics Essays"

We quantize the probabilistic interpretation of quantum mechanics using Schrödinger quantization rule. We describe the probability of getting a quantum object in configuration space as the eigenvalue (image) of quantum mechanical probability (operator) satisfying Schrödinger probability eigenvalue equation. The deduction is used to obtain quantum description of systems which would be used to quantize many classical and quantum (differential) problems.

The Primary Gas and the Postulates of Quantum Mechanics-Vii

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 11 pages

The author shows that that for each quantum mechanical property of a micro-system there is a corresponding thermodynamic one in the primary gas. He further shows that the basic postulates of quantum mechanics have equivalents in the primary gas approach based on statistical mechanics provided time is accorded directional symmetry. He shows that the interference pattern obtained in Young's double slit experiment could be explained in terms of the primary gas approach using the directional symmetry of time.

Block Universe

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 11 page

According to the formalism d = v*t fourth dimension of space-time X₄ = i*c*t is spatial too. Time is not a fourth dimension of space-time. Material change i.e. motion run in a timeless space. Fundamental unit of numeric order t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n of material change is Planck time t_p . We measure numeric order of material change with clocks. Material change t_n-1 is "before" material change t_n equivalently as natural number n-1 is "before" natural number n. Numeric order of material change runs in a timeless 4D space and has no duration. Space-time is a timeless phenomenon.

Quantum Smarandache Paradoxes

Authors: Gheorghe Niculescu
Comments: 2 pages

In this paper one presents four of the smarandacheian paradoxes in physics found in various physics sites or printed material.

Smarandache Hypothesis: Evidences, Implications and Applications

Authors: Leonardo F. D. da Motta
Comments: 5 pages

In 1972, Smarandache proposed that there is not a limit speed on the nature, based on the EPR-Bell (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen, Bell) paradox. Although it appears that this paradox was solved recently, there are many other evidences that guide us to believe that Smarandache Hypothesis is right on quantum mechanics and even on the new unification theories. If Smarandache Hypothesis turns to be right under any circumstance, some concepts of modern physics would have to be "refit" to agree with Smarandache Hypothesis. Moreover, when the meaning of Smarandache Hypothesis become completely understood, a revolution on technology, specially in communication, will arise.

Relativistic Gravitational Effects Start Above Photon Scale

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 1 page

Constancy of the light velocity in areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic gravitational effects start on the scale above photon. At the photon scale and below physical phenomena have no relativistic gravitational effects.

Proposing the Existence of a New Symmetry Called the Wick Symmetry-Representation of a Particle as a Primary Gas vi

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 21 pages

The author discusses the similarity between the expression for the state function of the primary gas representing a particle and that of the wave function. It is observed that the only difference between these two expressions is that in the former time appears as a real function while in the latter it appears as an imaginary function. He shows that the primary gas approach which treats time as a real and the quantum mechanical approach which treats time as imaginary are two ways of representing the same reality and points to a new symmetry called the Wick symmetry. He shows that the probability postulate of quantum mechanics can be understood in a very simple and natural manner based on the primary gas representation of the particle. It is shown that the zero point energy of the quantum mechanics is nothing but the energy of the thermal bath formed by the vacuum fluctuations in the Higgs field. He shows that the quantum mechanics is nothing but the thermodynamics of the primary gas where time has not lost its directional symmetry.

Covariant Isolation from an Abelian Gauge Field of Its Nondynamical Potential, Which, When Fed Back, Can Transform Into a "Confining Yukawa"

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 12 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1005.1101 [physics.gen-ph]

For Abelian gauge theory a properly relativistic gauge is developed by supplementing the Lorentz condition with causal determination of the time component of the four-vector potential by retarded Coulomb transformation of the charge density. This causal Lorentz gauge agrees with the Coulomb gauge for static charge densities, but allows the four-vector potential to have a longitudinal component that is determined by the time derivative of the four-vector potential's time component. Just as in Coulomb gauge, the two transverse components of the four-vector potential are its sole dynamical part. The four-vector potential in this gauge covariantly separates into a dynamical transverse four-vector potential and a nondynamical timelike/longitudinal four-vector potential, where each of these two satisfies the Lorentz condition. In fact, analogous partition of the conserved four-current shows each to satisfy a Lorentz-condition Maxwellequation system with its own conserved four-current. Because of this complete separation, either of these four-vector potentials can be tinkered with without affecting its counterpart. Since it satisfies the Lorentz condition, the nondynamical four-vector potential times a constant with dimension of inverse length squared is itself a conserved four-current, and so can be fed back into its own source current, which transforms its time component into an extended Yukawa, with both exponentially decaying and exponentially growing components. The latter might be the mechanism of quark-gluon confinement: in non-Abelian color gauge theory the Yukawa mixture ratio ought to be tied to color, with palpable consequences for "colorful" hot quark-gluon plasmas.

On Relating a 10-Dimensional and 11-Dimensional Duality Model of Quantized Space-Time to Elementary Particles

Authors: Gary Heen
Comments: 8 pages

It is suggested in this paper that space-time and matter are both derived from a common entity, the quantum mass unit. A 10-dimensional and 11-dimensional duality model of the quantum mass unit is presented diagrammatically, and a mathematical argument is put forth indicating how energetic photons interact with space-time, converting space-time into virtual particle pairs of matter and anti-matter.

Equivalence of Maxwell's Source-Free Equations to the Time-Dependent Schrödinger Equation for a Solitary Particle with Two Polarizations and Hamiltonian |cp|

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 17 pages, Also archived as arXiv:1004.1820 [physics.gen-ph].

It was pointed out in a previous paper that although neither the Klein-Gordon equation nor the Dirac Hamiltonian produces sound solitary free-particle relativistic quantum mechanics, the natural square-root relativistic Hamiltonian for a nonzero-mass free particle does achieve this. Failures of the Klein-Gordon and Dirac theories are reviewed: the solitary Dirac free particle has, inter alia, an invariant speed well in excess of c and staggering spontaneous Compton acceleration, but no pathologies whatsoever arise from the square-root relativistic Hamiltonian. Dirac's key misapprehension of the underlying four-vector character of the time-dependent, configuration-representation Schrödinger equation for a solitary particle is laid bare, as is the invalidity of the standard "proof" that the nonrelativistic limit of the Dirac equation is the Pauli equation. Lorentz boosts from the particle rest frame point uniquely to the square-root Hamiltonian, but these don't exist for a massless particle. Instead, Maxwell's equations are dissected in spatial Fourier transform to separate nondynamical longitudinal from dynamical transverse field degrees of freedom. Upon their decoupling in the absence of sources, the transverse field components are seen to obey two identical time-dependent Schrödinger equations (owing to two linear polarizations), which have the massless freeparticle diagonalized square-root Hamiltonian. Those fields are readily modfied to conform to the attributes of solitary-photon wave functions. The wave functions' relations to the potentials in radiation gauge are also worked out. The exercise is then repeated without the considerable benefit of the spatial Fourier transform.

Condensed Light a Reinterpration of Quantum Mechanics and Relativity

Authors: Niels Vandamme
Comments: 7 pages

This paper propounds several hypotheses which offer an alternate explanation to some of the real or purported effects encountered in quantum mechanics and relativity, giving a mechanical explanation for the absolute speed of light, the conversion of matter to energy, and the observed superluminal expansion of the universe.

Quantizing Time and Space from the Standing Wave to the Primary Gas Structure of a Particle V

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 25 pages

The author introduces the concept of a primary gas which is an abstract gas where the microstates are occupied successively in time unlike in the case of a real gas where the microstates are occupied simultaneously. He shows that a single plane wave associated with a standing wave formed by the confinement of a luminal wave could be treated as the microstate of the primary gas that represents a particle. This approach makes it possible to understand the dynamics of a particle in terms of the thermodynamics of the primary gas. In this approach, time and space turn out to be the intrinsic properties of the primary gas that represents a particle and the quantized nature of time and space emerges from it in a natural manner. It is shown that the action (with a negative sign) of a particle could be identified with the entropy of the primary gas and the principle of least action is nothing but the second law of thermodynamics. The author shows that the uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics can be derived directly from the equation for fluctuations and he explains the statistical basis of the virtual interactions.

The "Measurement Problem" in Quantum Physics Can be Partly Resolved with Analysis of Relatedness Between Space-Time, Physical Time and Psychological Time

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 5 pages

Clocks are systems for measuring frequency, velocity, duration and numerical order t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n of physical events. Time t obtained with clocks is not a forth dimension X₄ of space, time t is only a component of X₄ = i * c * t. This view of clock/time as a measuring system sees physical phenomena running exclusively in space and not in time. This view is supported with several experiments which confirm that time t of physical event can be zero. Time is not part of space; time is run of clocks in space. Past, present and future exist as a psychological time in the mind only not in the universe. We experience motion i.e. change in the space through the frame of psychological time. We "project" linear psychological time "past-present-future" into the space, however it is not there. Observer who distinguishes between space-time, physical time and psychological time is aware that in quantum measurement he only measures physical events in space and not in time. Clock/time is merely a measuring device. With this understanding observer's observation, measurement and experience of quantum phenomena are closer to their real nature. Stream of numerical order of quantum phenomena t₀,t₁,t₂,...,t_n runs in space only and not in time. Stream of quantum phenomena has no duration on its own. Duration is result of measurement.

The Wave Structure of the Electric Field

Authors: Michael Harney
Comments: 5 pages

Maxwell's equations describe the interactions of the electromagnetic field at a macroscopic level. In the 1920s, Louis DeBroglie demonstrated that every moving particle (including an electron) has a wave nature, and we know from Einstein that every wave has a particle nature, which we call the photon. Later in the 1930s, Paul Dirac's development of the famous Dirac equation showed the quantum nature of the electron at relativistic speeds. Then in 1948 Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger extended these concepts in the development of quantum electrodynamics which gives a full accounting (although a very strange one) of how an electron can borrow energy from the vacuum of space and return it legally as long it does so within limits of the uncertainty principle.

Application of Wheeler-Feynman Absorber Theory to Laser Power Output

Authors: Michael Harney, Michael Weber, Milo Wolff
Comments: 2 pages

The method described is designed to increase laser output power using a concept from Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory [1,2] and the work of Tetrode [3], where photons are modeled as sources of energy that must also have a sink (an electron) to be absorbed. According to Wheeler-Feynman and Tetrode, if an electron is not present to absorb the photon, then the photon can never be emitted. In Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory, advanced and retarded potentials resemble time-reversal equations because there must be communication faster than light between the source-photon and the sink-electron, reasoned Feynman, so that the source photon's atom would know whether to emit a photon. This enigma was resolved by Milo Wolff in his work "Exploring the Physics of the Unknown Universe" [4], where he describes the use of spherical scalar in-waves and out-waves that travel at c and whose local speed is based on local-mass density. The in-out waves form electrons and also allows communication between them.

Looking for Roots in All the Wrong Places: a Comment on Arxiv:1003.5008

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 4 pages

The authors of ArXiv:1003.5008 tell us they are searching for the foundations of quantum mechanics, a theory they say was born early in the twentieth century. As a matter of fact, the theory was born in the eighteenth century.

Higgs Field and the Creation of Mass Standing Wave Structure of the Electron-IV

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 12 pages

The author develops his idea of the standing electromagnetic half wave structure of the electron and proposes that the confinement of the wave is effected by the interactions with the Higgs field which can be explained on the basis of the uncertainty principle. These interactions allow vacuum to act like a thermal bath with the standing half wave in equilibrium with it. It is shown that this equilibrium is not destroyed even when it is in uniform translational motion. This invariance of the equilibrium to the velocity transformation is another way of looking at the theory of relativity.

The Moebius Strip. a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 163 pages, In Italian

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. I quote from David Hestenes: "For many years I mulled over (...etc.). I was reluctant to publish my ideas, however, because the supporting arguments were mainly qualitative, and physics tradition demands a quantitative formulation which can be subjected to experimental test". We intend to make us an image purely electromagnetic of all interactions, and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as one electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads to the entire set of all and only the mesons and barions, in a unique way. In a quite spontaneous way colours theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittely primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research

Quantum Similarities or Radar Scattering as a Gauge Theory

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 48 pages

As a continuation of a preceding paper "The trapped light" a preliminary attempt of how to construct a spinor theory of radar scattering or radar signal-target interaction with the gauge theories of quantum mechanics is presented. This way radar signals and radar targets may become visible macroscopic objects to be put in analogy with Standard Model particles and interactions. The basic idea is that particles and forces are all of electromagnetic nature, light, and appear different due to the size and shape of interacting objects. For the purpose that we propose here, you must first deal with a generic radar signal in spinor form (note: it is TEM, TE, TM or evanescent. I mean "radar signal" in a wide sense, ie for ex. also into a waveguide). This is done by deriving a spinor representation of the TE TM through the Dirac equation for plane wave, starting rigorously from Maxwell's equations without any use of equivalent V, I as in previous papers. As a byproduct the representation is extended to the TEM. Then I introduce a tentative procedure to express the deflection of the field in a different direction, and its variation in frequency, and rest mass. This is accomplished through the interaction with SU(2)xU(1) gauge fields ie electroweak interactions. Some simple but illustrative examples are given. The ideas set out here need of course further research.

Numerical Result of Supersymmetric Klein-Gordon Equation. Plausible Observation of Supersymmetric-Meson

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

In the context of some recent papers suggesting CT-symmetric QM in order to generalize PT-symmetric QM, in this paper we present an idea that there is quite compelling reasoning to argue in favour of supersymmetric extension of Klein-Gordon equation. Its numerical solutions in some simplest conditions are presented. Since the potential corresponding to this supersymmetric KGE is neither Coulomb, Yukawa, nor Hulthen potential [2a], then one can expect to observe a new type of matter, which may be called 'supersymmetric-meson'. Its presence may be expected in particular in the process of breaking of Coulomb barrier in low energy schemes. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

On the Meaning of Imaginary Part of Solution of Biquaternion Klein-Gordon Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

In the preceding article we argue that biquaternionic extension of Klein-Gordon equation has solution containing imaginary part, which differs appreciably from known solution of KGE. In the present article we discuss some possible interpretation of this imaginary part of the solution of biquaternionic KGE (BQKGE). Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Introduction to Biquaternion Number, Schrödinger Equation, and Fractal Graph

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 pages

It is known that quaternion number has wide application in theoretical physics and engineering fields alike, in particular to describe Maxwell electrodynamics. In the meantime, recently this quaternion number has also been used to draw fractal graph. The present note is intended as an introduction to this very interesting study, i.e. to find linkage between quaternion/biquaternion number, quantum mechanical equation (Schrödinger equation) and fractal graph. Hopefully this note will be found useful for subsequent study.

G-Dimensional Theory & the Smarandache Quantum Paradoxes: Comparative Logic and Modern Quantum Theory

Authors: L. Stephen Young
Comments: 44 pages

The Smarandache Quantum Paradoxes ["Nature", Vol. 413, No. 6854] and Smarandache Hypothesis (FTL) are defined as a formal set of (anti-logic) statements inclusive in modern quantum theory. To determine whether they constitute theoretical artifacts or can be considered true physical paradoxes, G Dimensional Theory, a unique, logical and physically congruent system of physics, at significant variance with modern and classical theory, is presented in Sections 3-4. A comparative analysis of the Smarandache quantum paradoxes within context of the two theories follows in Section 5.

Numerical Solution of Schrödinger Equation with PT-Symmetric Periodic Potential, and Its Gamow Integral

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 pages

In a number of preceding papers we introduced a new PT-symmetric periodic potential, derived from biquaternion radial Klein-Gordon equation. In the present paper we will review our preceding result, and continue with numerical solution of Gamow integral for that periodic potential. And then we also compare with other periodic potentials which are already known, such as Posch-Teller or Rosen-Morse potential. We also discuss a number of recent development in the context of condensed matter nuclear science, in particular those experiments which are carried out by Prof. A. Takahashi and his team from Kobe University. There is hint to describe his team's experiment as 'mesofusion' (or mesoscopic fusion). We then analyze possibility to enhance the performance of Takahashi's mesofusion experiment under external pulse field. Further experiments are of course recommended in order to verify or refute the propositions outlined herein.

Introduction to Smarandache-Christianto (SC) Potential

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 6 pages

A new type of potential for nucleus, which is different from Coulomb potential or Yukawa potential. This new potential may have effect for radius range within r = 5-10 fm.

Is there Iso-PT Symmetric Potential in Nature?

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 pages

In recent years there are new interests on special symmetry in physical systems, called PT-symmetry with various ramifications. Along with the isodual symmetry popularized by RM Santilli, these ideas form one of cornerstone in hadron physics. In the present article, we argue that it is plausible to generalise both ideas to become iso-PT symmetry which indicate there should be new potential obeying this symmetry. We also discuss some possible interpretation of the imaginary solution of the solution of biquaternionic KGE (BQKGE); which indicate the plausible existence of the propose iso-PT symmetry. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Do Thermodynamic Entropy and Quantum Non-Locality Have a Common Basis?

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau
Comments: 6 pages, The author notes that revisions are needed for this paper to be rigorously accurate, but wishes to foster conversation on this topic.

Both researchers and educators have expressed displeasure with the definition of entropy as a measure of disorder. Instead, it is argued by Leff, Lambert, and others that the increase of entropy can be far more accurately described using terms such as 'dispersal of energy,' 'spreading and sharing of energy,' and 'spatial and temporal spreading.' In decoherence theory, a similar metaphor is used to describe the phenomena involved with quantum non-locality, superposition, and entanglement. Specifically the wavefunction of a quantum entity, such as a sub-atomic particle or photon is not seen to collapse but rather is transferred through interactions to a system and/or its environment. This suggests there may be a common basis for entropy and non-locality. I explore the idea that energy is motive and extensive by nature, and that all its forms of expression involve motion, action, and propagation, which clearly leads to its being spread and shared when unconstrained, among the available microstates of its local system and the larger environment. Thus a single description, focusing on this universal quality of energy, explains both 2nd Law entropy and quantum non-locality.

The Trapped Light ie Towards an Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 17 pages

Examines the possibility of a purely electromagnetic formation of the physical world, and in particular electron. For this purpose presents a number of parallels between elementary particles and radar signals and radar target.

The Neutrosophic Logic View to Schrödinger's Cat Paradox, Revisited

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

The present article discusses Neutrosophic logic view to Schrödinger's cat paradox. We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) which Neutrosophic logic can take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzy logic cannot. To make this proposition clear, we revisit our previous paper by offering an illustration using modified coin tossing problem, known as Parrondo's game.

Kaluza-Klein-Carmeli Metric from Quaternion-Clifford Space, Lorentz' Force, and Some Observables

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 pages

It was known for quite long time that a quaternion space can be generalized to a Clifford space, and vice versa; but how to find its neat link with more convenient metric form in the General Relativity theory, has not been explored extensively. We begin with a representation of group with non-zero quaternions to derive closed FLRW metric [1], and from there obtains Carmeli metric, which can be extended further to become 5D and 6D metric (which we propose to call Kaluza-Klein-Carmeli metric). Thereafter we discuss some plausible implications of this metric, beyond describing a galaxy's spiraling motion and redshift data as these have been done by Carmeli and Hartnett [4, 5, 6]. In subsequent section we explain Podkletnov's rotating disc experiment. We also note possible implications to quantum gravity. Further observations are of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Numerical Solution of Radial Biquaternion Klein-Gordon Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In the preceding article we argue that biquaternionic extension of Klein-Gordon equation has solution containing imaginary part, which differs appreciably from known solution of KGE. In the present article we present numerical /computer solution of radial biquaternionic KGE (radialBQKGE); which differs appreciably from conventional Yukawa potential. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Yang-Mills Field from Quaternion Space Geometry, and Its Klein-Gordon Representation

Authors: Alexander Yefremov, Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 9 pages

Analysis of covariant derivatives of vectors in quaternion (Q-) spaces performed using Q-unit spinor-splitting technique and use of SL(2C)-invariance of quaternion multiplication reveals close connexion of Q-geometry objects and Yang-Mills (YM) field principle characteristics. In particular, it is shown that Q-connexion (with quaternion non-metricity) and related curvature of 4 dimensional (4D) space-times with 3D Q-space sections are formally equivalent to respectively YM-field potential and strength, traditionally emerging from the minimal action assumption. Plausible links between YM field equation and Klein-Gordon equation, in particular via its known isomorphism with Duffin-Kemmer equation, are also discussed.

Plausible Explanation of Quantization of Intrinsic Redshift from Hall Effect and Weyl Quantization

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 4 pages

Using phion condensate model as described by Moffat [1], we consider a plausible explanation of (Tifft) intrinsic redshift quantization as described by Bell [6] as result of Hall effect in rotating frame. We also discuss another alternative to explain redshift quantization from the viewpoint of Weyl quantization, which could yield Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization.

A Note on Geometric and Information Fusion Interpretation of Bell's Theorem and Quantum Measurement

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

In this paper we present four possible extensions of Bell's Theorem: Bayesian and Fuzzy Bayesian intrepretation, Information Fusion interpretation, Geometric interpretation, and the viewpoint of photon fluid as medium for quantum interaction.

Schrödinger Equation and the Quantization of Celestial Systems

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

In the present article, we argue that it is possible to generalize Schrödinger equation to describe quantization of celestial systems. While this hypothesis has been described by some authors, including Nottale, here we argue that such a macroquantization was formed by topological superfluid vortice. We also provide derivation of Schrödinger equation from Gross-Pitaevskii-Ginzburg equation, which supports this superfluid dynamics interpretation.

The Neutrosophic Logic View to Schrödinger's Cat Paradox

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 5 pages

This article discusses Neutrosophic Logic interpretation of the Schrodinger's cat paradox. We argue that this paradox involves some degree of indeterminacy (unknown) which Neutrosophic Logic could take into consideration, whereas other methods including Fuzzy Logic could not. For a balanced discussion, other interpretations have also been discussed.

Entangled States and Quantum Causality Threshold in the General Theory of Relativity

Authors: Dmitri Rabounski, Larissa Borissova, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 7 pages

This article shows, Synge-Weber's classical problem statement about two particles interacting by a signal can be reduced to the case where the same particle is located in two different points A and B of the basic space-time in the same moment of time, so the states A and B are entangled. This particle, being actual two particles in the entangled states A and B, can interact with itself radiating a photon (signal) in the point A and absorbing it in the point B. That is our goal, to introduce entangled states into General Relativity. Under specific physical conditions the entangled particles in General Relativity can reach a state where neither particle A nor particle B can be the cause of future events. We call this specific state Quantum Causality Threshold.

There is no Speed Barrier for a Wave Phase Nor for Entangled Particles

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In this short paper, as an extension and consequence of Einstein-Podolski-Rosen paradox and Bell's inequality, one promotes the hypothesis (it has been called the Smarandache Hypothesis [1, 2, 3]) that: There is no speed barrier in the Universe and one can construct arbitrary speeds, and also one asks if it is possible to have an infinite speed (instantaneous transmission)? Future research: to study the composition of faster-than-light velocities and what happens with the laws of physics at faster-thanlight velocities?

Quantum Quasi-Paradoxes and Quantum Sorites Paradoxes

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

There can be generated many paradoxes or quasi-paradoxes that may occur from the combination of quantum and non-quantum worlds in physics. Even the passage from the micro-cosmos to the macro-cosmos, and reciprocally, can generate unsolved questions or counter-intuitive ideas. We define a quasi-paradox as a statement which has a prima facie self-contradictory support or an explicit contradiction, but which is not completely proven as a paradox. We present herein four elementary quantum quasi-paradoxes and their corresponding quantum Sorites paradoxes, which form a class of quantum quasi-paradoxes.

Essence Neutrosophy

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 34 pages, In Russian language

Essence Neutrosophy

Multi-Valued Logic, Neutrosophy, and Schrödinger Equation

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 109 pages

This book was intended to discuss some paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics from the viewpoint of Multi-Valued-logic pioneered by Lukasiewicz, and a recent concept Neutrosophic Logic. Essentially, this new concept offers new insights on the idea of 'identity', which too often it has been accepted as given. Neutrosophy itself was developed in attempt to generalize Fuzzy-Logic introduced by L. Zadeh. While some aspects of theoretical foundations of logic are discussed, this book is not intended solely for pure mathematicians, but instead for physicists in the hope that some of ideas presented herein will be found useful. The book is motivated by observation that despite almost eight decades, there is indication that some of those paradoxes known in Quantum Physics are not yet solved. In our knowledge, this is because the solution of those paradoxes requires re-examination of the foundations of logic itself, in particular on the notion of identity and multi-valuedness of entity. The book is also intended for young physicist fellows who think that somewhere there should be a 'complete' explanation of these paradoxes in Quantum Mechanics. If this book doesn't answer all of their questions, it is our hope that at least it offers a new alternative viewpoint for these old questions.

Quantum Causality Threshold and Paradoxes

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 15 pages

In this paper we consider two entangled particles and study all the possibilities: when both are immobile, or one of them is immobile, or both are moving in different directions, or one of them is moving in a different direction. Then we study the causality between them and the paradoxes, which are generated. We define the Causality Threshold of a particle A with respect to another particle B.

Quantization in Astrophysics, Brownian Motion, and Supersymmetry

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 516 pages

The present book discusses, among other things, various quantization phenomena found in Astrophysics and some related issues including Brownian Motion. With recent discoveries of exoplanets in our galaxy and beyond, this Astrophysics quantization issue has attracted numerous discussions in the past few years. Most chapters in this book come from published papers in various peer-reviewed journals, and they cover different methods to describe quantization, including Weyl geometry, Supersymmetry, generalized Schrödinger, and Cartan torsion method. In some chapters Navier-Stokes equations are also discussed, because it is likely that this theory will remain relevant in Astrophysics and Cosmology While much of the arguments presented in this book are theoretical, nonetheless we recommend further observation in order to verify or refute the propositions described herein. It is of our hope that this volume could open a new chapter in our knowledge on the formation and structure of Astrophysical systems. The present book is also intended for young physicist and math fellows who perhaps will find the arguments described here are at least worth pondering.

A Note on Unified Statistics Including Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein, and Tsallis Statistics, and Plausible Extension to Anisotropic Effect

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 4 pages

In the light of some recent hypotheses suggesting plausible unification of thermostatistics where Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein and Tsallis statistics become its special subsets, we consider further plausible extension to include non-integer Hausdorff dimension, which becomes realization of fractal entropy concept. In the subsequent section, we also discuss plausible extension of this unified statistics to include anisotropic effect by using quaternion oscillator, which may be observed in the context of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

A New Derivation of Biquaternion Schrödinger Equation and Plausible Implications

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

In the preceding article we argue that biquaternionic extension of Klein-Gordon equation has solution containing imaginary part, which differs appreciably from known solution of KGE. In the present article we discuss some possible interpretation of this imaginary part of the solution of biquaternionic KGE (BQKGE); thereafter we offer a new derivation of biquaternion Schrödinger equation using this method. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

A Derivation of Maxwell Equations in Quaternion Space

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

Quaternion space and its respective Quaternion Relativity (it also may be called as Rotational Relativity) has been defined in a number of papers, and it can be shown that this new theory is capable to describe relativistic motion in elegant and straightforward way. Nonetheless there are subsequent theoretical developments which remains an open question, for instance to derive Maxwell equations in Q-space. Therefore the purpose of the present paper is to derive a consistent description of Maxwell equations in Q-space. First we consider a simplified method similar to the Feynman's derivation of Maxwell equations from Lorentz force. And then we present another derivation method using Dirac decomposition, introduced by Gersten (1998). Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify some implication of this proposition.

Extension of the Big Bang Theory

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 2 pages

In this note we propose the extension of the Big Bang Theory of the origin of the Universe to the model that there are cycles of beginning and ending.

Experiment to Test the Quantum Effect of a Waveguide (I)

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 6 pages.

The waveguide can be regarded as a potential barrier to microwaves and we apply quantum mechanics to study the coefficient of reflection R and transmission T . An initial experimental result is also presented in this paper that the transverse momentum of the electromagnetic field in a waveguide is zero which is no longer in proportion to the transverse wave vector. We're preparing to detect under other conditions and will report as soon as possible.

The Reaction Force of Emitted Radiation: a Comment on Arxiv:1003.0247

Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages

The authors of [arxiv:1003.0247] neglect to consider that the source of radiation is an accelerated electron, that an emitted photon reacts, or pushes back, on the electron that releases it. This is a linear process, therefore a nonlinear Schrödinger equation is not applicable.

"The Meaning of ψ "! an Interpretation of Schrödinger's Equation

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages

In our derivation of Planck's Law (showing that this Formula is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of measurement) the 'accumulation of energy' locally at time t was a key variable. By starting with this as the primary variable and defining energy, momentum and force in terms of it we are able to mathematically derive such basic laws of Physics as Conservation of Energy and Momentum, and Newton's Second Law of Motion. Following the same approach we demonstrate in this short note how Schrödinger's Equation relates to this formulation. This leads to a physical meaning of the wave-function ψ and a plausible explanation of the double-slit experiment.

Two Uncertainty Principles?

Authors: Anthony Pinedo Araujo
Comments: 8 pages. This paper is written in Spanish.

There are two uncertainty principles, but most of students get confused between both of them because of the lack of conceptual context that this topic is explained in books. In this article, both principles are discussed, making the differences between them clear. Also, I propose some examples that are very easy to understand by students.

The Photoelectric Effect Without Photons

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 4 pages

Using the same ideas and approach followed in our derivation of Planck's Law is an exact mathematical identity and our explanation of the double-slit experiment, we in this note provide an explanation of the Photoelectric Effect and derive equations that conform well with experimental data.

Planck's Law is an Exact Mathematical Identity

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 3 pages

In this short note we mathematically derive Planck's Formula for blackbody radiation in Quantum Physics. This derivation shows that under certain plausible assumptions Planck's Formula is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of energy. Furthermore, these assumptions are well justified by mathematical derivations and established physical principles.

A Plausible Explanation of the Double-Slit Experiment in Quantum Physics

Authors: Constantinos Ragazas
Comments: 2 pages

A plausible non-Quantum Mechanical explanation to the double-slit experiment is considered. This is based on the view that globally energy propagates continuously as a wave while locally energy is manifested (measured or observed) in discrete units. The 1989 Tonomura 'single electron emissions' double-slit experiment is used as a backdrop to this discussion.

The Double Rotation as Invariant of Motion in Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Dainis Zeps
Comments: 8 pages

Quantum mechanics may loose its weirdness if systematically geometric algebra methods would be used more. Crucial aspect is to find laws of quantum mechanics be present in macroworld in form of description of motions rather than objects. To help to reach this goal we suggest to use double rotation as one of base invariants in quantum mechanics. We suggest to consider geometric algebra as algebra of motion and double rotation specifically.

Equivalent Waveguide Representation for Dirac Plane Waves

Authors: Giuliano Bettini, Alberto Bicci
Comments: 18 pages

Ideas about the electron as a sort of a bound electromagnetic wave and/or the electron as electromagnetic field trapped in (equivalent) waveguide can be found more or less explicitly in many papers, for example by Zhi-Yong Wang, Roald Ekholdt, David Hestenes, V.A.Induchoodan Menon, J. G. Williamson, M. B. van der Mark. What we want to show here is that the Dirac equation for electron and positron plane waves admits an equivalent electrical circuit, consisting of an equivalent transmission line. The same transmission line is representative of a mode in waveguide, so you can also say that the Dirac equation for plane waves includes an implicit representation in terms of an equivalent waveguide. All the calculation will be done in elementary form, with the usual notations of circuit theory and electromagnetism, without the need to resort to Clifford algebra as in previous papers.

Standing (Electromagnetic) Wave Structure of the Electron III Creation of the Electric Charge

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 13 Pages.

The author shows that that just as the mass and the spin, the electric charge of the electron also could be attributed to its standing helical (electromagnetic) half wave structure [1]. It turns out that the fine structure constant is the ratio of the electromagnetic field energy of the electron to its total energy. The magnetic dipole moment of the electron also emerges in a simple manner from the standing helical half wave structure. This structure rules out the existence of the magnetic monopole. The standing helical half wave structure also allows two states which would not possess any charge while having spin of ?h. The author suggests that they could very well represent the neutrino and the anti-neutrino.

λ=h/p is Universal?

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 6 pages.

de Broglie formula to photons in an unbounded space is E=hν and λ=h/p. According to electrodynamics, nevertheless,we prove the ratio E/p in a waveguide is greater than the product νλ which implies E=hν and p=h/λ cannot be tenable at the same time. Then the Casimir effect is applied to confirm E=hν and p<h/λ. It is helpful to study quantum tunnelling and superluminality[1]~[2], Cavity-QED, origin of mass, etc. The microwave experiment to test is also presented.

Getting Path Integrals Physically and Technically Right

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 20 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0910.2490 [physics.gen-ph].

Feynman's Lagrangian path integral was an outgrowth of Dirac's vague surmise that Lagrangians have a role in quantum mechanics. Lagrangians implicitly incorporate Hamilton's first equation of motion, so their use contravenes the uncertainty principle, but they are relevant to semiclassical approximations and relatedly to the ubiquitous case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta, which accounts for the Lagrangian path integral's "success". Feynman also invented the Hamiltonian path integral, which is fully compatible with the uncertainty principle. This paper refines that path integral to automatically enforce standard endpoint stipulations on the paths over which it integrates, which makes proof of its key decomposition property straightforward. Orthogonal path expansion using "Taylor-normalized" Legendre polynomials in time enables that path integral to be evaluated unambiguously through first order in its elapsed time. This, together with its decomposition property, shows that the path integral satisfies the Schrödinger equation with a unique quantization of its classical Hamiltonian. A widespread misconception regarding that uniqueness is traced to the erroneous belief that widely separated path endpoint stipulations are not fulfilled for arbitrarily short nonzero elapsed times. The paper also obtains the quantum amplitude for any stipulated configuration or momentum path, which turns out to be an unrestricted functional integral over, respectively, all momentum or all configuration paths. The first of these results is directly compared with Feynman's mistaken Lagrangian-action hypothesis for such a configuration path amplitude, with special heed to the case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta.

Unambiguous Quantization from the Maximum Classical Correspondence that is Self-Consistent: the Slightly Stronger Canonical Commutation Rule Dirac Missed

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 10 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0908.3755 [quant-ph].

Dirac's identification of the quantum analog of the Poisson bracket with the commutator is reviewed, as is the threat of self-inconsistent overdetermination of the quantization of classical dynamical variables which drove him to restrict the assumption of correspondence between quantum and classical Poisson brackets to embrace only the Cartesian components of the phase space vector. Dirac's canonical commutation rule fails to determine the order of noncommuting factors within quantized classical dynamical variables, but does imply the quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets between any linear function of phase space and the sum of an arbitrary function of only configuration space with one of only momentum space. Since every linear function of phase space is itself such a sum, it is worth checking whether the assumption of quantum/classical correspondence of Poisson brackets for all such sums is still self-consistent. Not only is that so, but this slightly stronger canonical commutation rule also unambiguously determines the order of noncommuting factors within quantized dynamical variables in accord with the 1925 Born-Jordan quantization surmise, thus replicating the results of the Hamiltonian path integral, a fact first realized by E. H. Kerner. Born-Jordan quantization validates the generalized Ehrenfest theorem, but has no inverse, which disallows the disturbing features of the poorly physically motivated invertible Weyl quantization, i.e., its unique deterministic classical "shadow world" which can manifest negative densities in phase space.

Sound Relativistic Quantum Mechanics for a Strictly Solitary Nonzero-Mass Particle, and Its Quantum-Field Reverberations

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 9 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0909.4025 [physics.gen-ph].

It is generally acknowledged that neither the Klein-Gordon equation nor the Dirac Hamiltonian can produce sound solitary-particle relativistic quantum mechanics due to the ill effects of their negative-energy solutions; instead their field-quantized wavefunctions are reinterpreted as dealing with particle and antiparticle simultaneously - despite the clear physical distinguishability of antiparticle from particle and the empirically known slight breaking of the underlying CP invariance. The natural square-root Hamiltonian of the free relativistic solitary particle is iterated to obtain the Klein-Gordon equation and linearized to obtain the Dirac Hamiltonian, steps that have calculational but not physical motivation, and which generate the above-mentioned problematic negative-energy solutions as extraneous artifacts. Since the natural square-root Hamiltonian for the free relativistic solitary particle contrariwise produces physically unexceptionable quantum mechanics, this article focuses on extending that Hamiltonian to describe a solitary particle (of either spin 0 or spin ½ in relativistic interaction with an external electromagnetic field. That is achieved by use of Lorentz-covariant solitary-particle four-momentum techniques together with the assumption that well-known nonrelativistic dynamics applies in the particle's rest frame. Lorentz-invariant solitary-particle actions, whose formal Hamiltonization is an equivalent alternative approach, are as well explicitly displayed. It is proposed that two separate solitary-particle wavefunctions, one for a particle and the other for its antiparticle, be independently quantized in lieu of "reinterpreting" negative-energy solutions - which indeed don't even afflict proper solitary particles.

Lepton Generation Problem, Some Properties and Implications of the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equation.

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 12 pages, 1 figure, 5 tables, Submitted to the Apeiron Journal

This reading is a continuation of the earlier reading Nyambuya (2008); where three new Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations have been derived mainly to try and account in a natural way for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of fermions and the suggestions is that particles including the Electron, which is thought to be a point particle, do have a finite spatial size and this is one of the reasons for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio. Combining the idea in Nyambuya (2008) which lead to the derivation of the three new Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations, and the proposed Unified Field Theory (Nyambuya 2007), a total of 12 equations each with 16 sub-components are generated thus leading to a total of 192 equations for the Curved Spacetime Dirac Equation. Some symmetries of these equations are investigated, i.e., the Lorentz symmetry, charge conjugation symmetry (C), time reversal symmetry (T), Space reversal (P) and a combination of the C, P&T-symmetries. It is shown that these equations are Lorentz invariant, obey C-symmetry and that some violate T and P-symmetry while others do not and that they all obey PT-symmetry. These symmetries show (or modestly said - seem to suggest) that anti-particles have positive mass and energy but a negative rest-mass and the opposite sign in electronic charge. Through the inspection of these symmetries, a suggestion is (here) made to the effect that the rest-mass of a particle must be related to the electronic charge of that particle thus leading us to a possible resolution of whether or not Neutrinos do have a none-zero rest-mass. Additionally, we demonstrate that these equations have the potency to explain naturally the observed lepton generation phenomena.

Zitterbewegung and Higgs Particle. a Short Introduction.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 19 pages, In Italian

As I showed in my previous writings [16], a field similar to the gauge boson W provides a helical motion that transforms a TEM in a TE (or TM) in a waveguide. This helical motion in the Hestenes interpretation of electron is the zitterbewegung. In [16] I just talk about electromagnetic fields, TEM and TE, TM. I noticed that "a TEM is wrapped in a waveguide and becomes a TE or TM with mass" and "the Higgs particle do not appear". Similarities inevitable appear, already appeared in [15], all questionable, with neutrinos and electrons / positrons. However Hestenes in "Spacetime calculus", speaking of the helical motion ie zitterbewegung makes more explicitly the hypothesis that, given the above similarities, it seems interesting: "This opens up possibilities for integrating the zitterbewegung idea with electroweak theory. Evidently that would obviate the need for including Higgs bosons in the theory, since the zitterbewegung provides an alternative mechanism to account for the electron mass." In face of a possible elimination of the Higgs particle from the electroweak theory it appears useful to repeat my ideas in a popular way.

On Representing a Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-II-Incorporating Spin

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 17 Pages.

The author extends his approach which treats the elementary particle as a standing luminal half wave to the 3-dimensional situation incorporating spin. It is shown that the function representing the circularly polarized standing electromagnetic half wave is a solution to the Dirac equation and the two positive energy solutions turn out to be formed by the forward and the reverse luminal half waves belonging to two different spin states of the standing wave. In the process, the author presents the physical picture behind the spinor representation of the particle. The standing wave structure formed by the circularly polarized luminal wave offers a simple explanation for the "zitterbewegung" undergone by the electron. Besides, this structure of the half spin particle offers a simple but elegant explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.

New Curved Spacetime Dirac Equations

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 8 pages, Published in Foundation of Physics, Vol. 38, pp.665-667, July 2008 Issue, pp. 665-677; Also archived at http://arxiv.org/abs/0709.0936

I propose three new curved spacetime versions of the Dirac Equation. These equations have been developed mainly to try and account in a natural way for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio of Fermions. The derived equations suggest that particles including the Electron which is thought to be a point particle do have a finite spatial size which is the reason for the observed anomalous gyromagnetic ratio. A serendipitous result of the theory, is that, to of the equation exhibits an asymmetry in their positive and negative energy solutions the first suggestion of which is clear that a solution to the problem as to why the Electron and Moun - despite their acute similarities - exhibit an asymmetry in their mass is possible. The Moun is often thought as an Electron in a higher energy state. Another of the consequences of three equations emanating from the asymmetric serendipity of the energy solutions of two of these equations, is that, an explanation as to why Leptons exhibit a three stage mass hierarchy is possible.

On a General Spin Dirac Equation

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 7 pages, Published in the Apeiron Journal, 2009, Vol. 4, pp.516-531: http://redshift.vif.com/JournalFiles/V16NO4PDF/V16N4NYA.pdf

In its bare and natural form, the Dirac Equation describes only spin-1/2 particles. The main purpose of this reading is to make a valid and justified mathematical modification to the Dirac Equation so that it describes any spin particle. We show that this mathematical modification is consistent with the Special Theory of Relativity (STR). We believe that the fact that this modification is consistent with the STR gives the present effort some physical justification that warrants further investigations. From the vantage point of unity, simplicity and beauty, it is natural to wonder why should there exist different equations to describe particles of different spins? For example, the Klein-Gordon equation describes spin-0 particles, while the Dirac Equation describes spin-1/2, and the Rarita-Schwinger Equation describes spin-3/2. Does it mean we have to look for another equation to describe spin-2 particles, and then spin-5/2 particles etc? This does not look beautiful, simple, or at the very least suggest a Unification of the Natural Laws. Beauty of a theory is not a physical principle but, one thing is clear to the searching mind - i.e., a theory that possesses beauty, appeals to the mind, and is (posteriori) bound to have something to do with physical reality if it naturally submits itself to the test of experience. The effort of the present reading is to make the attempt to find this equation.

Electroweak Forces Acting on TE, TM, TEM.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 45 pages, In Italian

In a previous paper [1] we showed that the energy impulse four vector of the propagation of electromagnetic fields into a waveguide and in free space can be described by a Dirac spinor ψ . This suggest an analogy with for example TE-electron, TM-positron and possibly TEM-neutrino. Aim of this work is an interpretation of the action, if any, of the electroweak gauge group SU(2) ⊗ U(1) on the before mentioned e.m. fields (TE, TM, TEM modes). This is based on the following observation: the energy impulse four vector is invariant under a global transformation of SU(2) ⊗ U(1), so ψ can be "gauged" in order to verify the effect not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the weak forces. In other words, what are "weak forces", if any, on TE, TM and TEM? Obviously this requires "a modification of the Dirac equation to accomodate the larger gauge group" (Hestenes, [2]). This is in fact done here, and it is shown that the analogous of the "weak forces" can be roughly interpreted in the following way: the W boson acts as a horn antenna (receiving or transmitting), performing the transformation TEM ↔ TE, TM, giving or subtracting mass to the field; the Z⁰ boson is as a radar target acting on the TEM (neutrinos) with a doppler frequency. Those objects have a mathematical counterpart in gauge fields. No Higgs boson is needed in the theory.

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 53 pages, In Italian

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.

Entropy Rate of Thermal Diffusion

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 9 pages

The thermal diffusion of a free particle is a random process and generates entropy at a rate equal to twice the particle's temperature, R = 2k_BT/ℎ (in natural units of information per second). The rate is calculated using a Gaussian process with a variance of (Δx₀ + Δp⋅t/m)². One would be keen to notice that the solution to the quantum mechanical diffusion of a free particle is (Δx₀)² + (Δp⋅t/m)², however we assume that concurrent to quantum diffusion, the center of the wavepacket is also undergoing classical diffusion which adds an addition variance in the amount of (ℎ⋅t/m), making up the difference. Derivations of the variance and subsequent entropy rate are given.

The Electric Charge and Magnetization Distribution of the Nucleon: Evidence of a Subatomic Turing Wave Pattern

Authors: Paul A. LaViolette
Comments: 30 pages, This paper was published in 2008 in the International Journal of General Systems., vol 37, pp. 649-676.

Subquantum kinetics, a physics methodology that applies general systems theoretic concepts to the field of microphysics has gained the status of being a viable unified field theory. Earlier publications of this theory had proposed that a subatomic particle should consist of an electrostatic field that has the form of a radial Turing wave pattern whose form is maintained through the ongoing activity of a nonlinear reaction-diffusion medium that fills all space. This subatomic Turing wave prediction now finds confirmation in recent nucleon scattering form factor data which show that the nucleon core has a Gaussian charge density distribution with a peripheral periodicity whose wavelength approximates the particle's Compton wavelength and which declines in amplitude with increasing radial distance. The subquantum kinetics explanation for the origin of charge correctly anticipates the observation that the proton's charge density wave pattern is positively biased while the neutron's is not. The phenomenon of beta decay is interpreted as the onset of a secondary bifurcation leading from the uncharged neutron solution to the charged proton solution. The Turing wave dissipative structure prediction is able to account in a unitary fashion for nuclear binding, particle diffraction, and electron orbital quantization. The wave packet model is shown to be fundamentally flawed implying that quantum mechanics does not realistically represent the microphysical world. This new conception points to the possible existence of orbital energy states below the Balmer ground state whose transitions may be tapped as a new source of energy.

Does the Non-Locality of Quantum Phenomena Guarantee the Emergence of Entropy?

Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau
Comments: 23 Pages. Special thanks to Paola Zizzi, who invited this submission for the Quantum Spaces special issue of Entropy. It was later withdrawn by the author, but appears here as submitted, with a slight correction to the abstract.

Quantum-Mechanical objects and phenomena have a different nature, and follow a different set of rules, from their classical counterparts. Two interesting aspects are the superposition of states and the non-locality of objects and phenomena. A third aspect, that gives quantum-mechanical objects which have common roots a non-local connection, is quantum entanglement. This paper takes up the question of whether these three properties of quantum mechanical systems facilitate the action of entropy's increase, in terms of creating a condition where energy is dispersing, or going from being localized to being more spread out over time. Quantum Mechanics gives each quantum entity the nature of a container or vehicle for both energy and information, some part of which is necessarily non-local. The author feels that quantum-mechanical systems take on aspects of computing engines, in this context. He discusses how the onset of chaos is possible with even the simplest calculational processes, how these processes also result in complexity building, and why both of these dynamics contribute to the character of entropy as observed in ordinary affairs, or with macroscopic systems.

How the Classical World Got Its Localization: an Elementary Account of How the Age of the Universe May be Implicated in the Quantum-Classical Transition

Authors: C. L. Herzenberg
Comments: 11 Pages.

An expanding universe of finite duration appears to impose limits on the temporal and spatial extent of quantum waves. These limitations seem to be able to bring about localization for sufficiently large quantum objects that can resemble classical behavior. A threshold for a transition from quantum to classical behavior of a physical object is derived in terms of the magnitude of its moment of inertia.

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-re-Visiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.

On Nonlinear Quantum Mechanics, Brownian Motion, Weyl Geometry and Fisher Information

Authors: Carlos Castro, Jorge Mahecha
Comments: 16 pages, This article appeared in Progress in Physics vol. 1 (2006) 38-45.

A new nonlinear Schrödinger equation is obtained explicitly from the (fractal) Brownian motion of a massive particle with a complex-valued diffusion constant. Real-valued energy plane-wave solutions and solitons exist in the free particle case. One remarkable feature of this nonlinear Schrödinger equation based on a ( fractal) Brownian motion model, over all the other nonlinear QM models, is that the quantum-mechanical energy functional coincides precisely with the field theory one. We finalize by showing why a complex momentum is essential to fully understand the physical implications of Weyl's geometry in QM, along with the interplay between Bohm's Quantum potential and Fisher Information which has been overlooked by several authors in the past.

There is no Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox in Clifford-Spaces

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 8 pages, This article appeared in Adv. Studies in Theor. Phys. 1, no. 12 (2007) 603-610.

It is shown how one can attain the desired locally causal property of QM in Clifford-spaces despite the spacelike separation of two massive spin-½ particles involved in the Einstein-Podolksy-Rosen (EPR) experiment. This is achieved by proving why the addition laws of the particles poly-vector-valued momentum in Clifford-space is null-like. This is the key reason why it is possible to implement a locally causal QM theory in Clifford-spaces despite that QM has a non-local character in ordinary spacetime. The two particles can exchange signals in Clifford-space encoding their respective spin measurement values. Consequently, there is no EPR paradox in the Clifford space associated with the Clifford algebra Cl(3,1) of the underlying 4D spacetime.

Information Mechanics

Authors: John L. Haller Jr.
Comments: 24 pages

Advances in science are brought fourth by hypothesizing that the action of a system is a direct measure of the amount of information in that system. We begin to interpret this governing hypothesis by examining its implications to current research. From this investigation, we find four primary conclusions.

1. To properly and completely quantify the amount of information contained within a particle (or system), one must add the self-information of both the wavefunction and its Fourier transform pair.
2. Information in nature is found in packets quantized to an integer number of the natural units.
3. Over a period of time, the energy of a system acts like an information rate and thus the information needed to describe that system for that period of time is equal to the product of the energy and the time divided by the minimum uncertainty.
4. At a given instant in time, the angular momentum, J, of a system is in direct proportion to the amount of information that is contained within or can be transmitted by that system.

Critic of Notions of Official Physics Concerning a Microcosm

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 11 pages

In the article a critic of the main notions of a modern physics is given

Conditions for Entanglement

Authors: Dieter Gernert
Comments: 6 pages. Journal reference: Frontier Perspectives, vol. 14, no. 2, 8-13 (2005)

Whereas entanglement and nonlocality belong to the fundamental findings of quantum theory, possible extensions to macroscopic systems outside the quantum laboratory are scarcely studied. This paper analyses conditions for entanglement to occur on a macrophysical level. An empirical basis is given by historic episodes and modern quantitative data. Theoretical understanding can start from the concept of perspective notions; the crucial new term is "common prearranged context", which characterizes the preparation to be made in advance (or naturally given conditions) in order to enable entanglement. A mathematical formalization is possible and gives some insight about how to handle perspective notions.

Interplay of Fields

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 15 pages

In the article the different aspects of interplay of fields with field carriers are reviewed.

Unified Theory Replaces Quantum Theory & Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 11 pages

Heisenberg argued that wave and particle are too exclusively different in properties, making the intrinsic wave-quantum unity of light impossible to visualize and describe by the language. He invented mathematical Quantum Theory to circumvent visualization and inadequacy of language. But mathematics too is a language to supplement description. He used it to superimpose hidden concepts leading to the Uncertainty Principle. In Unified Theory the wave & particle aspects of electromagnetic radiation and moving material particle coexist blended together as wave-quantum UNITY. This is also supported by experiments. The wave-or-quantum DUALITIES of Quantum Theory appear due to experimental limitations to observe only one and not both of the two aspects simultaneously. Conservation of mass & momentum are inviolable. Matter's creation from, or dissolution into, 'nothing' is unrealistic. So the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is rejected as unrealistic and new Principle of Null Action with universal applications is introduced. The Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Theory is reappraised critically.

Formation and Constitution of Solar System

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 15 pages

In the article is shown, that the planets are in quantum exited states and have appeared as a result of capture bodily or in the greater part.

Radiations

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 13 pages.

In the article the different kinds of radiations are considered.

Frequency of Photons in Absolute Space of a Newton

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 19 pages

In the article the radiation and reception of photons in different conditions is considered.

Properties of the Geometric Phases on Qbits

Authors: Anthony Pinedo Araujo
Comments: 39 pages. This paper is written in Spanish. The title and the abstact are written in both languages English and Spanish. The content is in Spanish.

Since Berry demostrated that the standard description of adiabatic processes in quantum mechanics was incomplete, geometric phases have been studied in many areas of physics. Both adiabatic and non-adiabatic phase are described in detail, with the mathematical background. Then we study the qbit, that is the principal unit of information of the quantum computation, and its representation on the Bloch sphere. Finally we find the general expression for geometric phases for qbits. Those final expression are in fact related to the solid angle enclosed in the circuit on the Bloch sphere.

Audit of a Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 12 pages

The problems solving of a quantum mechanics is obtained by a classic way or with the help of a corpuscular quantum mechanics

Neoclassical Physics Corpuscular Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 21 pages

In the article the motion of a body on a circumference is updated and the hypothesis of originating of a gravidynamic field is stated at motion of gravitational charges.

Some Reasons About Motion Photons

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 17 pages

In the article the motion of photons is reviewed in connection with miscellaneous properties of light.

Theory of Heat Radiation and Degradation of Oscillators

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

Is offered neoclassical of the Planck formula construction and the degradation of oscillators resulting in to originating of relict radiation is shown.

The N Particle Model

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 56 pages

The universe is made of a single elementary particle that is neither created nor destroyed. I have named that particle the N particle. A one elementary particle model that makes physics as simple as it can get is the ultimate in Occam's razor. This is a simple theory of everything. I analyze only simple symmetries, usually just point sources or spherical objects, so the geometry is simple and the equations are simple. Everything is at the level of introductory physics using calculus and some very important pieces of the puzzle are at the middle school science level.

The Role of Space and Time in Non-Relativistic Quantum Physics

Authors: Rafael-Andrés Alemañ-Berenguer
Comments: 10 pages

Since the very begining of quantum theory there started a debate on the proper role of space and time in it. Some authors assumed that space and time have their own algebraic operators. On that basis they supposed that quantum particles had "coordinates of position", even though those coordinates were not possible to determine with infinite precision. Furthermore, time in quantum physics was taken to be on an equal foot, by means of a so-called "Heisenberg's fourth relation of indeterminacy" concerning time and energy. In this paper, the proper role of space and time in the core of non-relativistic quantum phsysics is analyzed. We will find that, rigorously, that relation for time and energy shows a different root. For the role of space, it will be discussed that there is no "coordinate of position" in the conceptual structure of quantum physics because quantum particles are not point-like objects.

An Introduction to the Neutrosophic Probability Applied in Quantum Physics

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

In this paper one generalizes the classical probability and imprecise probability to the notion of "neutrosophic probability" in order to be able to model Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle of a particle's behavior, Schrödinger's Cat Theory, and the state of bosons which do not obey Pauli's Exclusion Principle (in quantum physics). Neutrosophic probability is close related to neutrosophic logic and neutrosophic set, and etymologically derived from "neutrosophy".

Quantum Hall Effect and Hierarchy of Planck Constants

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

I have already earlier proposed the explanation of FQHE, anyons, and fractionization of quantum numbers in terms of hierarchy of Planck constants realized as a generalization of the imbedding space H = M⁴ x CP₂ to a book like structure. The book like structure applies separately to CP₂ and to causal diamonds (CD ⊂ M⁴) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones. The pages of the Big Book correspond to singular coverings and factor spaces of CD (CP₂) glued along 2-D subspace of CD (CP₂) and are labeled by the values of Planck constants assignable to CD and CP₂ and appearing in Lie algebra commutation relations. The observed Planck constant h, whose square defines the scale of M⁴ metric corresponds to the ratio of these Planck constants. The key observation is that fractional filling factor results if h is scaled up by a rational number. In this chapter I try to formulate more precisely this idea. The outcome is a rather detailed view about anyons on one hand, and about the Kähler structure of the generalized imbedding space on the other hand.

The Single Thread

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 11/12 pages, v2 in Italian, v3 in English

This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=const., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (examples: Q=const., varying Isospin an Hypercharge; or Strangeness S or Y=const. varying Charge and Isospin).

The Single Thread

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 12 pages, In Italian

This short paper explores intriguing analogies between helical structures of electron and elementary particles and circular supercoiled DNA. I propose a strong relation between the dispositions Lk=Tw+Wr (Lk=const., changing Twist and Writhe) and the quark compositions Q=I3+Y/2 (examples: Q=const., varying Isospin an Hypercharge; or Strangeness S or Y=const. varying Charge and Isospin).

Gravitation as a Thermodynamic Process of the Primary Gas that Represents a Particle-ix

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 19 pages

The author after clarifying the concepts of imaginary time and reversible time shows that progressive time which is experienced by macroscopic systems is a direct result of the vean (vacuum energy absorption) process which also leads to the collapse of wave function apart limits to entanglements [1]. He now shows that the vean process could result in a gradient in the energy of the vacuum fluctuations in the Higg's field near a massive body which in turn could produce the gravitational field. According to the author, the accumulation of the mass by a particle by the vean process would be so small that an electron would have increased its rest mass by only 10% over a period of 1 billion years. It is shown that part of the red shift observed in distant galaxies could be attributed to the reduced mass of electrons in the distant past. He suggests that the observed expansion of universe could be a direct result of the vean process.

Relativistic Effects of Relative Velocity of Material Change Start Above Photon Scale

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 2 pages

Constancy of the light velocity in different inertial systems and areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic effects of relative velocity of material change start on the scale above photon.

Relativistic Effects of Relative Velocity of Material Change Start Above Photon Scale

Authors: Amrit S. Sorli
Comments: 2 pages

Constancy of the light velocity in different inertial systems and areas of space with different gravity implies that relativistic effects of relative velocity of material change start on the scale above photon.

Quantizing Time and Space from the Standing Wave to the Primary Gas Structure of a Particle V

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 21 pages

The author introduces the concept of a primary gas which is an abstract gas where the microstates are occupied successively in time unlike in the case of a real gas where the microstates are occupied simultaneously. He shows that a single plane wave associated with a standing wave formed by the confinement of a luminal wave could be treated as the microstate of the primary gas that represents a particle. This approach makes it possible to understand the dynamics of a particle in terms of the thermodynamics of the primary gas. In this approach, time and space turn out to be the intrinsic properties of the primary gas that represents a particle and the quantized nature of time and space emerges from it in a natural manner. It is shown that the action (with a negative sign) of a particle could be identified with the entropy of the primary gas and the principle of least action is nothing but the second law of thermodynamics. The author shows that the uncertainty relation of quantum mechanics can be derived directly from the equation for fluctuations and he explains the statistical basis of the virtual interactions.

The Moebius Strip: a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: v3 169 pages In Italian, v4 164 pages in English.

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. We intend to make us a purely electromagnetic image of all interactions and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as an electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads in a unique way to the entire set of all and only the mesons and baryons. In a quite spontaneous way also the color theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittedly primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research.

The Moebius Strip: a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 169 pages, small corrections, modified some figures, added a Section on P C invariance.

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. We intend to make us a purely electromagnetic image of all interactions and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as an electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads in a unique way to the entire set of all and only the mesons and baryons. In a quite spontaneous way also the color theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittedly primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research.

The Moebius Strip: a Biology of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 164 pages, In Italian, abstract and some figures slightly amended

A book of semi qualitative ideas on electron, quarks and life. We intend to make us a purely electromagnetic image of all interactions and elementary particles, in particular electron, and quarks. This would force even the idea of a single universal vibration, a single field. The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge, elementary mass and Planck quantum of action. With the aid of a few math we identify the electron as an electromagnetic half wave closed on a Moebius strip. This is equivalent to a full wavelength making two turns on the border. It is also probably not totally irrelevant to note that this leads to interesting numerics on the fine structure constant. We identify a quark with a confined electromagnetic wave which is not sufficient in itself to complete a closed loop in space. So quarks are pictured as 1/3 and 2/3 of a full wavelength. A space model of their combination leads in a unique way to the entire set of all and only the mesons and baryons. In a quite spontaneous way also the colour theory is interpreted. Finally the various helices of quarks are interpreted as living organisms and similarities with a biological behaviour are showed. Arguments here are of course admittely primitive and mainly qualitative, also if supported with some math, but to my knowledge this overall conjecture has not been discussed elsewhere, and therefore may be useful for further research

The Trapped Light ie Towards an Electromagnetic Theory of Elementary Particles

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 17 pages, slightly amended

Examines the possibility of a purely electromagnetic formation of the physical world, and in particular electron. For this purpose presents a number of parallels between elementary particles and radar signals and radar target.

Experiment to Test the Quantum Effect of a Waveguide (I)

Authors: Z.Y. Wang
Comments: 6 pages.

The waveguide can be regarded as a potential barrier to microwaves and we apply quantum mechanics to study the coefficient of reflection R and transmission T . An initial experimental result is also presented in this paper that the transverse momentum of the electromagnetic field in a waveguide is zero which is no longer in proportion to the transverse wave vector. We're preparing to detect under other conditions and will report as soon as possible.

Equivalent Waveguide Representation for Dirac Plane Waves

Authors: Giuliano Bettini, Alberto Bicci
Comments: 18 pages, slightly amended.

Ideas about the electron as a sort of a bound electromagnetic wave and/or the electron as electromagnetic field trapped in (equivalent) waveguide can be found more or less explicitly in many papers, for example by Zhi-Yong Wang, Roald Ekholdt, David Hestenes, V.A.Induchoodan Menon, J. G. Williamson, M. B. van der Mark. What we want to show here is that the Dirac equation for electron and positron plane waves admits an equivalent electrical circuit, consisting of an equivalent transmission line. The same transmission line is representative of a mode in waveguide, so you can also say that the Dirac equation for plane waves includes an implicit representation in terms of an equivalent waveguide. All the calculation will be done in elementary form, with the usual notations of circuit theory and electromagnetism, without the need to resort to Clifford algebra as in previous papers.

Standing (Electromagnetic) Wave Structure of the Electron III Creation of the Electric Charge

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 13 Pages.

The author shows that that just as the mass and the spin, the electric charge of the electron also could be attributed to its standing helical (electromagnetic) half wave structure [1]. It turns out that the fine structure constant is the ratio of the electromagnetic field energy of the electron to its total energy. The magnetic dipole moment of the electron also emerges in a simple manner from the standing helical half wave structure. This structure rules out the existence of the magnetic monopole. The standing helical half wave structure also allows two states which would not possess any charge while having spin of ?h. The author suggests that they could very well represent the neutrino and the anti-neutrino.

Getting Path Integrals Physically and Technically Right

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 18 pages, Also archived as arXiv:0910.2490 [physics.gen-ph].

Feynman's Lagrangian path integral was an outgrowth of Dirac's vague surmise that Lagrangians have a role in quantum mechanics. Lagrangians implicitly incorporate Hamilton's first equation of motion, so their use contravenes the uncertainty principle, but they are relevant to semiclassical approximations and relatedly to the ubiquitous case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta, which accounts for the Lagrangian path integral's "success". Feynman also invented the Hamiltonian phase-space path integral, which is fully compatible with the uncertainty principle. We recast this as an ordinary functional integral by changing direct integration over subpaths constrained to all have the same two endpoints into an equivalent integration over those subpaths' unconstrained second derivatives. Function expansion with generalized Legendre polynomials of time then enables the functional integral to be unambiguously evaluated through first order in the elapsed time, yielding the Schrödinger equation with a unique quantization of the classical Hamiltonian. Widespread disbelief in that uniqueness stemmed from the mistaken notion that no subpath can have its two endpoints arbitrarily far separated when its nonzero elapsed time is made arbitrarily short. We also obtain the quantum amplitude for any specified configuration or momentum path, which turns out to be an ordinary functional integral over, respectively, all momentum or all configuration paths. The first of these results is directly compared with Feynman's mistaken Lagrangian-action hypothesis for such a configuration path amplitude, with special heed to the case that the Hamiltonian is quadratic in the canonical momenta.

Zitterbewegung and Higgs Particle. a Short Introduction.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 19 pages

As I showed in my previous writings [16], a field similar to the gauge boson W provides a helical motion that transforms a TEM in a TE (or TM) in a waveguide. This helical motion in the Hestenes interpretation of electron is the zitterbewegung. In [16] I just talk about electromagnetic fields, TEM and TE, TM. I noticed that "a TEM is wrapped in a waveguide and becomes a TE or TM with mass" and "the Higgs particle do not appear". Similarities inevitable appear, already appeared in [15], all questionable, with neutrinos and electrons / positrons. However Hestenes in "Spacetime calculus", speaking of the helical motion ie zitterbewegung makes more explicitly the hypothesis that, given the above similarities, it seems interesting: "This opens up possibilities for integrating the zitterbewegung idea with electroweak theory. Evidently that would obviate the need for including Higgs bosons in the theory, since the zitterbewegung provides an alternative mechanism to account for the electron mass." In face of a possible elimination of the Higgs particle from the electroweak theory it appears useful to repeat my ideas in a popular way.

Electroweak Forces Acting on TE, TM, TEM.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 46 pages, V1 In Italian, V2 in English

In a previous paper [1] we showed that the energy impulse four vector of the propagation of electromagnetic fields into a waveguide and in free space can be described by a Dirac spinor ψ . This suggest an analogy with for example TE-electron, TM-positron and possibly TEM-neutrino. Aim of this work is an interpretation of the action, if any, of the electroweak gauge group SU(2) ⊗ U(1) on the before mentioned e.m. fields (TE, TM, TEM modes). This is based on the following observation: the energy impulse four vector is invariant under a global transformation of SU(2) ⊗ U(1), so ψ can be "gauged" in order to verify the effect not only of the electromagnetic force but also of the weak forces. In other words, what are "weak forces", if any, on TE, TM and TEM? Obviously this requires "a modification of the Dirac equation to accomodate the larger gauge group" (Hestenes, [2]). This is in fact done here, and it is shown that the analogous of the "weak forces" can be roughly interpreted in the following way: the W boson acts as a horn antenna (receiving or transmitting), performing the transformation TEM ↔ TE, TM, giving or subtracting mass to the field; the Z⁰ boson is as a radar target acting on the TEM (neutrinos) with a doppler frequency. Those objects have a mathematical counterpart in gauge fields. No Higgs boson is needed in the theory.

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 51 pages, V1 and v3 in Italian, V2 and v4 in English, (slightly amended, corrected formula (123)) .

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 51 pages, V1 and v3 (slightly amended, corrected formula (123)) in Italian, V2 in English, .

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.

Clifford Algebra and Dirac Equation for TE, TM in Waveguide.

Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 51 pages, V1 in Italian, V2 in English

Following Hestenes and others we explore the possibility that the electron is a (sort of) bound electromagnetic wave. To do this a waveguide analogy is considered. The E, H field components in waveguide satisfy the second order Klein Gordon equation. The question is if a (first order) Dirac equation is involved. Making use of Clifford Algebra, by first it is shown that a spinor ψ satisfying Dirac equation describes, trough the relativistic energy impulse four vector, the energy propagation of the electromagnetic field into a waveguide and in free space. At the same time ψ automatically describes TE and TM modes (TEM in free space), each with Right or Left polarization. It is shown that this description with Dirac equation has been implicit in the waveguide theory all the time. The equivalence is embedded in the usual V and I mode description [1]. The Dirac equation for TE, TM modes opens new interesting interpretations. For example the effect on ψ of a gauge transformation with the electromagnetic gauge group generator ( iσ₃ in the Hestenes notation [2]) is readily interpreted as a modification of the TE, TM group velocity. This acts as the electromagnetic force on a charge, and requires two opposite sign of (fictitious) charges for TE or TM. Obviously this suggest an analogy with electron, positron and possibly neutrino for the TEM.

Towards a Set Theoretic Axiomatization of Quantum Theory and Related Topics

Authors: B. Serifo Balde
Comments: 17 pages, This manuscript is a preliminary draft of work in progress : Set Theoretic Axiomatization of Physics. Comments , corrections and typo alerts are most welcome !

Motivated by Hilbert's sixth problem on axiomatization of physics, the author is proposing a rather provocative abstract axiomatic framework called S - formalization, where S is an arbitrary physical system .The proposal is an attempt to provide a general axiomatic framework , from which mathematical frameworks of new physical theories can be formulated on firm axiomatic basis and the mathematical frameworks of subjects such as standard (nonrelativistic) quantum mechanics are naturally derived as special cases of this general axiomatic framework. Introduction

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-Revisiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 12 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-re-Visiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.

On Representing Particle by a Standing Luminal Wave-re-Visiting de Broglie's Phase Wave

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 14 Pages.

De Broglie when he introduced the concept of the phase wave to represent a particle, he assumed that in the rest frame of reference the particle will have the form of a standing vibration. According to the author, this was a serious mistake. He shows that instead, had de Broglie assumed a standing luminal wave structure for the particle, it would have led him to very exciting insights. The author shows that in a relativistic transformation the average energy and the momentum of the forward and the reverse waves forming the standing wave transform exactly like the energy and momentum of a particle. Besides, the plane wave expansion which is used to represent a particle in quantum mechanics is found to emerge directly from this standing wave structure. He proposes to extend the approach to incorporate the spin of the particle and also provide a simple explanation for the Pauli's exclusion principle.

Unified Theory Replaces Quantum Theory & Uncertainty Principle

Authors: Rati Ram Sharma
Comments: 12 pages

Heisenberg argued that wave and particle are too exclusively different in properties, making the intrinsic wave-quantum unity of light impossible to visualize and describe by the language. He invented mathematical Quantum Theory to circumvent visualization and inadequacy of language. But mathematics too is a language to supplement description. He used it to superimpose hidden concepts leading to the Uncertainty Principle. In Unified Theory the wave & particle aspects of electromagnetic radiation and moving material particle coexist blended together as wave-quantum UNITY. This is also supported by experiments. The wave-or-quantum DUALITIES of Quantum Theory appear due to experimental limitations to observe only one and not both of the two aspects simultaneously. Conservation of mass & momentum are inviolable. Matter's creation from, or dissolution into, 'nothing' is unrealistic. So the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle is rejected as unrealistic and new Principle of Null Action with universal applications is introduced. The Copenhagen interpretation of Quantum Theory is reappraised critically.

Quantum Hall Effect and Hierarchy of Planck Constants

Authors: Matti Pitkänen
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

I have already earlier proposed the explanation of FQHE, anyons, and fractionization of quantum numbers in terms of hierarchy of Planck constants realized as a generalization of the imbedding space H = M⁴ x CP₂ to a book like structure. The book like structure applies separately to CP₂ and to causal diamonds (CD ⊂ M⁴) defined as intersections of future and past directed light-cones. The pages of the Big Book correspond to singular coverings and factor spaces of CD (CP₂) glued along 2-D subspace of CD (CP₂) and are labeled by the values of Planck constants assignable to CD and CP₂ and appearing in Lie algebra commutation relations. The observed Planck constant h, whose square defines the scale of M⁴ metric corresponds to the ratio of these Planck constants. The key observation is that fractional filling factor results if h is scaled up by a rational number. In this chapter I try to formulate more precisely this idea. The outcome is a rather detailed view about anyons on one hand, and about the Kähler structure of the generalized imbedding space on the other hand.