Condensed Matter

On the Critical Temperatures of Superconductors: a Quantum Gravity Approach

Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 30 pages.

We consider superconductivity in the light of the quantum gravity theoretical framework introduced in [1]. In this framework, the degree of quantum delocalization depends on the geometry of the energy distribution along space. This results in a dependence of the critical temperature characterizing the transition to the superconducting phase on the complexity of the structure of a superconductor. We consider concrete examples, ranging from low to high temperature superconductors, and discuss how the critical temperature can be predicted once the quantum gravity effects are taken into account.

Morphology, Linear and Nonlinear Optical Response of Octopolar Chromophores Embedded in a Silica Sonogel Matrix

Authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga, O.G. Morales-Saavedra, G. Hennrich, J.O. Flores-Flores, R. Ortega-Martínez
Comments: 15 pages. Manuscript submitted and accepted for publication as an article in Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.

In this work, a liquid crystalline octopolar molecule 1,3,5-tris(ethynylphenyl)benzene-(1) was successfully embedded as dopant chromophore within a SiO2 based sonogel network in order to prepare stable solid state hybrid materials with intense second harmonic generation (SHG). This recently synthesized octopolar compound exhibit a centrosymmetric C₃-symmetry structure, which is constituted by an electron-rich core and electron-poor periphery groups. The sonogel method, induced by energetic ultrasonic (US) waves applied at the TEOS/H₂O reactant mixture interface has proven to be a suitable route in the manufacture of monolithic hybrid systems suitable for optical characterizations. The octopolar-based hybrid samples were comprehensively studied in their morphology, spectroscopic, linear and second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties, according to several characterization techniques: epimicroscopy, AFM, UV-Vis- and fluorescence (PL) spectroscopies, and the NLO-SHG-technique. Epimicroscopy, photoluminiscent and absorption spectra evidence an optimal and homogeneous inclusion of the octopolar compounds within the glassy sonogel network. Without necessity of molecular poling processes, the effective quadratic-NLO susceptibility χ_effS⁽²⁾ of the hybrid was estimated to 13.6x10^-3 pm/V at 1064 nm by SHG-transmission experiments recorded far-off of the resonance regime.

The Tsallis Entropy and the Boltzmann Entropy Applicable to the Same Classic Generalized System

Authors: Xiangjun Feng
Comments: 3 pages and 3 figures. This paper has been published in the on-line journal of World Chinese Forum On Science of General Systems (WCFSGS), ISSN 1936-7260. Report Number: 300-P-10-04-01. Journal Reference: WCFSGS VOL 6, NO. S1 ( A SPECIAL EDITION ON NONEXTENSIVE MECHANICS ), APRIL 2010, ISSN 1936 - 7260.

It is demonstrated clearly that for the same classic generalized system the Tsallis power-laws with both the q > 1 and the q < 1 can be induced by the constraint of the constant harmonic mean for the so-called reciprocal energies r E and at the same time the Boltzmann distribution or the negative exponential probability distribution can be generated with the constraint of the constant arithmetic mean for the generalized energies E . The author thus argues that there might be no definite "extensive system" or "classic system" and there are only "classic physical parameters" and "classic constraints". For any physical system or generalized system, it is the non-natural constraints which determine both the forms of the entropies and the non-uniform equilibrium distributions.

A Note of Extended Proca Equations and Superconductivity

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Frank Lichtenberg
Comments: 4 pages

It has been known for quite long time that the electrodynamics of Maxwell equations can be extended and generalized further into Proca equations. The implications of introducing Proca equations include an alternative description of superconductivity, via extending London equations. In the light of another paper suggesting that Maxwell equations can be written using quaternion numbers, then we discuss a plausible extension of Proca equation using biquaternion number. Further implications and experiments are recommended.

On Emergent Physics, "Unparticles" and Exotic "Unmatter" States

Authors: Ervin Goldfain, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 pages

Emergent physics refers to the formation and evolution of collective patterns in systems that are nonlinear and out-of-equilibrium. This type of large-scale behavior often develops as a result of simple interactions at the component level and involves a dynamic interplay between order and randomness. On account of its universality, there are credible hints that emergence may play a leading role in the Tera-ElectronVolt (TeV) sector of particle physics. Following this path, we examine the possibility of hypothetical highenergy states that have fractional number of quanta per state and consist of arbitrary mixtures of particles and antiparticles. These states are similar to "un-particles", massless fields of non-integral scaling dimensions that were recently conjectured to emerge in the TeV sector of particle physics. They are also linked to "unmatter", exotic clusters of matter and antimatter introduced few years ago in the context of Neutrosophy. The connection between 'unmatter' and 'unparticle' is explained in details in this paper. Unparticles have very odd properties which result from the fact that they represent fractional field quanta. Unparticles are manifested as mixed states that contain arbitrary mixtures of particles and antiparticles (therefore they simultaneously evolve "forward" and "backward" in time). From this, the connection with unmatter. Using the fractal operators of differentiation and integration we get the connection between unparticle and unmatter. 'Unmatter' was coined by F. Smarandache in 2004 who published three papers on the subject.

A New Form of Matter-Unmatter, Composed of Particles and Anti-Particles

Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

Besides matter and antimatter there must exist unmatter (as a new form of matter) in accordance with the neutrosophy theory that between an entity <A> and its opposite <AntiA> there exist intermediate entities <NeutA>. Unmatter is neither matter nor antimatter, but something in between. An atom of unmatter is formed either by (1): electrons, protons, and antineutrons, or by (2): antielectrons, antiprotons, and neutrons. At CERN it will be possible to test the production of unmatter. The existence of unmatter in the universe has a similar chance to that of the antimatter, and its production also difficult for present technologies.

Hadron Models and Related New Energy Issues

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 476 pages

The present book covers a wide-range of issues from alternative hadron models to their likely implications in New Energy research, including alternative interpretation of lowenergy reaction (coldfusion) phenomena.

A Study of the Schrödinger-Langevin Equation with PT-Symmetric Periodic Potential and Its Application to Deuteron Cluster, and Relation to the Self-Organized Criticality Phenomena

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

One of the most reported problem related to the CMNS (condensed matter nuclear science, or LENR), is the low probability of Coulomb barrier tunneling. It is supposed by standard physics that tunneling is only possible at high enough energy (by solving Gamow function). However, a recent study by A. Takahashi (2008, 2009) and experiment by Arata etc. (2008) seem to suggest that it is not impossible to achieve a working experiment to create the CMNS process. In accordance with Takahashi's EQPET/TSC model [1][2][3], the proposed study will find out some analytical and numerical solutions to the problem of barrier tunneling for cluster deuterium, in particular using Langevin method to solve the time-independent Schrödinger equation. It is hoped that the result can answer some of these mysteries.

Nonlinear Optical Performance of Poled Liquid Crystalline Azo-Dyes Confined in SiO₂ Sonogel Films

Authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga, O. G. Morales-Saavedra, E. Rivera, J. O. Flores-Flores, J. G. Bañuelos, and R. Ortega-Martínez
Comments: 27 Pages. Manuscript submitted and accepted for publication as an article in Journal of Modern Optics

The catalyst-free sonogel route was implemented to fabricate highly pure, optically active, hybrid azo-dye/SiO₂-based spin-coated thin films deposited onto ITO-covered glass substrates. The implemented azo-dyes exhibit a push-pull structure; thus chromophore electrical poling was performed in order to explore their quadratic nonlinear optical (NLO) performance and the role of the SiO₂ matrix for allowing molecular alignment within the sonogel host network. Morphological and optical characterizations were performed to the film samples according to atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and the Maker finger technique. Regardless of absence of a high glass transition temperature (T_g) in the studied monomeric liquid crystalline azo-dyes, some hybrid films displayed stable NLO activity such as second harmonic generation (SHG). Results show that the chromophores were homogeneously embedded within the SiO₂ sonogel network, where the guest-host molecular and mechanical interactions permitted a stable monomeric electrical alignment in this kind of environment.

Call to Fund an Independent Research Facility

Authors: Frank Lichtenberg
Comments: 13 pages

Brief presentation about fundamentally new developments in physics & technology, novel energy technologies, the potential of non-mainstream science & its present achievements, and a positive evolution of mankind

Searching for Room Temperature Superconductors

Authors: Frank Lichtenberg
Comments: 55 pages

The interesting and fascinating physical phenomenon of superconductivity appears, until now, only at very low temperatures and therefore its technical application is limited to relatively few areas. If it is possible to create materials which are superconducting at room temperature, then this could initiate a revolution in technology. More than 10 years fundamental research, experience, knowledge and ideas in the field of special materials (oxides) lead

• to the conviction that superconductivity at room temperature is possible
• together with Global Scaling - a new knowledge and holistic approach

in science - to a new approach on the search for room temperature superconductors Furthermore, this presentation calls to fund an independent facility for research and development in the area of an extended physics / science. Its intention is to set a vital and powerful example which will contribute to a global paradigm shift in science, technology, consciousness, and to a positive evolution of mankind. Examples of areas of research and development are fundamentally new and environmentally friendly energy sources which are based on an energy extraction from space-time or quantum vacuum, an accelerated radioactive decay for a riskless utilization of nuclear waste, searching for room temperature superconductors, and holistic life science. Invited to fund this facility are especially wealthy and courageous women and men who want to make a difference.

Proposing a New Structure to the Electromagnetic Wave a New Solution to the Maxwell's Equations in Vacuum

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 12 Pages.

The author shows that the Maxwell's equations in vacuum have solutions which have helical structure in space while being circularly polarized at the same time. This goes against the universally accepted solutions which treat the electromagnetic wave as sinusoidal wave propagating along a linear path. He shows that the helical wave structure assumes that the fundamental state of the electromagnetic wave is the circularly polarized state and not the linearly polarized state. Since the photon is theorized to exist in a circularly polarized state, the proposed new solution is consistent with that picture. The author proposes a simple experiment using a maser to confirm the veracity of the proposed helical structure.

Knot Formation in Open and Closed Self-Avoiding Walks: an Empirical Comparative Study

Authors: Robert A.J. Matthews
Comments: 2 Pages.

We describe an empirical study of the formation of knots in open and closed self-avoiding walks (SAWs), based on a simple model involving randomly agitated cords. The results suggest that the probability of a closed SAW remaining knot-free follows a similar scaling law to that for open-ended SAWs. In particular, the process of closing a given SAW prior to random agitation substantially increases the probability that it will be knot-free following agitation. The results point to a remedy for the well-known problem of tangling of cord, rope, headphone cables etc. The simple act of connecting the two free ends to each other, thus creating a loop, greatly reduces the risk of such tangling. Other implications, in particular for DNA storage in cells, are briefly discussed.

Toward a Mininum Criteria of Multi Dimensional Instanton Formation for Condensed Matter Systems?

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 23 pages, extension of "NEW S-S' PAIR CREATION RATE EXPRESSION IMPROVING UPON ZENER CURVES FOR I-E PLOTS; Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 20, No. 14 (2006) 849-861", as written by the authors, with a so called 'minimum criterion' for formation of instanton structure in condensed matter systems. which the author eventually will send to a condensed matter journal. Has eight figures. Key part of text on pages 21-23, as discussion built about 7th and final question as to applications of false vacuum hypothesis, and instanton physics for condensed matter systems.

We present near the end of this document a promising research direction as to how to generalize a technique initially applied to density wave current calculations to questions of instanton formation in multi dimensional condensed matter systems. Initially we review prior calculations done through a numerical simulation that the massive Schwinger model used to formulate solutions to CDW transport in itself is insufficient for transport of soliton-antisoliton (S S') pairs through a pinning gap model of CDW transport. Using the Peierls condensation energy permits formation of CDW S S' pairs in wave functionals. This leads us to conclude that if there is a small spacing between soliton-antisoliton (S S') charge centers, and an approximate fit between a tilted washboard potential and the system we are modeling, that instantons are pertinent to current/transport problems. This requires a very large 'self energy' final value of interaction energy as calculated between positive and negative charged components of soliton-antisoliton (S S') pairs with Gaussian wave functionals as modeled for multi dimensional systems along the lines of Lu's generalization given below. The links to a saddle point treatment of this instanton formation are make explicit by a comment as to a cosmology variant of instanton formation in multi dimensions we think is, with slight modifications appropriate for condensed matter systems

Making a Wavefunctional Representation of Physical States Congruent with the False Vacuum Hypothesis of Sidney Coleman

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 15 pages. Mathematical / condensed matter joint piece designed to explain the congruence of the Bogomol’nyi inequality with the fate of the false vacuum hypothesis as given by Sidney Coleman. Foundational issue involved which was key to up dates as to my PhD dissertation, and subsequent work in terms of the tunneling Hamiltonian, and I-E curves in laboratory data taking. Note , the Bogomol’nyi inequality is a key work horse as to PARTICLE/ Astro physics, as is the false vacuum hypothesis

We examine quantum decay of the false vacuum in the driven sine-Gordon system and show how both together permit construction of a Gaussian wave functional. This is due to changing a least action integral to be similar with respect to the WKB approximation. In addition we find that the soliton-antisoliton (S-S') separation distance obtained from the Bogomol'nyi inequality permits after rescaling a dominant &phi² contribution to the least action integrand. This is from an initial scalar potential characterized by a tilted double well potential construction.

Electrodynamics of a Classical Charge Density Wave Model with Random Pinning

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 18 pages, Constitutes one fifth of the author's PhD dissertation at the U. of Houston, in late 2001. Remainder of dissertation used Sidney Coleman's "fate of the false vacuum" article, plus the Schwinger equation, with chain couplings to fix short comings evident in the simulations presented in this document. 6 figures.

We have evidence that the classical random pinning model, if simulated numerically using a phase evolution scheme pioneered by Littlewood, gives dispersion relationships that are inconsistent with experimental values near threshold. These results argue for a revision of contemporary classical models of charge density wave transport phenomena. Classically, phase evolution equations are in essence driven harmonic oscillator models, with perturbing terms plus damping. These break down when we are adding more 'energy' into a measured sample via an applied electric field than is dissipated via a damping coefficient behavior in a phase evolution equation. We see the consequences of the breakdown of these phase evolution models in Charge Density Wave conductivity and dielectric functional graphs.

How to Capture an Electron Into Atomic Orbit

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 3 pages

In the article the capture bar of an electron into atomic orbit and mechanism for analysis of screw motion of an electron is described.

Colloid Systems

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 19 pages

In the article the equations of a kinetics of coagulation of disperse systems and theory of a solvate layer of colloidal particles are given.

Classical Justification of the Hall Effect

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages

By exerting a magnetic field normal to a current-carrying strip we cause a deviation in the path of moving electrons as if our conducting path is a wire along an edge of the strip which at a point is deflected normal to the edge and reaches the other edge and afterwards is continued along this other edge in the same direction as before. It is clear that connecting the two end points of the transverse part of such a wire by a minor wire we expect a part of the main current to pass through this minor wire. The direction of such a current flowing in the minor wire is such that as if the current-carrying charges in the main current-carrying strip are positive charges. This is the basis of this article. A quite practical experiment is proposed for testing the presented theory.

Role of Air Pressure in Diamagnetism

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages

In a gradient of magnetic field, magnetic dipoles of the air are attracted toward the region of intense field such that the air pressure is more in the regions of more intense field. The formed pressure gradient exerts a net force on a body placed in the air in this gradient of magnetic field toward the region of low pressure or the region having weaker field. This is like what takes place in sink-float separation.

Two Kinds of Potential Difference for a Capacitor

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 5 pages

It is shown that contrary to this current belief that the electrostatic potential difference between the two conductors of a capacitor is the same potential difference between the two poles of the battery which has charged it, the first is twofold compared with the second. We see the influence of this in the experiments performed for determination of charge and mass of the electron.

Independence of Capacitance from Dielectric

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 30 pages

It is shown that there exists a uniqueness theorem, stating that the charges given to a constant configuration of conductors take a unique distribution, which contrary to what is believed does not have any relation to the uniqueness theorem of electrostatic potential. Using this theorem we obtain coefficients of potential analytically. We show that a simple carelessness has caused the famous formula for the electrostatic potential to be written as U = 1/2 ∫D.Edv while its correct form is U = 1/2 ∫D.E_ρdv in which E_ρ is the electrostatic field arising only from the external charges not also from the polarization charges.
Considering the above-mentioned material it is shown that, contrary to the current belief, capacitance of a capacitor does not at all depend on the dielectric used in it and depends only on the configuration of its conductors. We proceed to correct some current mistakes resulted from the above-mentioned mistakes, eg electrostatic potential energy of and the inward force exerted on a dielectric block entering into a parallel-plate capacitor are obtained and compared with the wrong current ones.
It is shown that existence of dielectric in the capacitor of a circuit causes attraction of more charges onto the capacitor because of the polarization of the dielectric. Then, in electric circuits we should consider the capacitor's dielectric as a source of potential not think wrongly that existence of dielectric changes the capacitor's capacitance. Difference between these two understandings are verified completely during some examples, and some experiments are proposed for testing the theory. For example it is shown that contrary to what the current theory predicts, resonance frequency of a circuit of RLC will increase by inserting dielectric into the capacitor (without any change of the geometry of its conductors). It is also shown that what is calculated as K (dielectric constant) is in fact 2 - (1/K).

About "SURFACE GAS" of Liquids and Solids

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 5 pages

Many characteristics of fluids and solids it is possible to calculate, using notion about existence of "surface gas".

Basics of Deuteron-Cluster Dynamics by Langevin Equation

Authors: Akito Takahashi
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

This paper gives the follow-up study on the basics for our previous papers, Study on 4D/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate Condensation Motion by Non-Linear Langevin Equation, Symposium 998-Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Source Book, ACS, published on August 2008 from Oxford University Press. Pertaining to the quantum mechanics, the basics of new approach using the stochastic differential equation (Langevin equation) is written for quantifying dynamic motion of known molecules as D₂⁺, D₂ and D₃⁺ as well as D-atom state. The role of the Platonic symmetry in these known molecules are discussed for deducing simple one-dimensional (R_dd dependent; here R_dd is distance between nearest d-d pair) Langevin equation and making quantum-mechanical ensemble averaging to obtain equation for expectation value. The methodology is applied for more complicated D-clusters as 4D/TSC and 6D/OSC which would keep the Platonic symmetry, by introducing the force fluctuation deviating from the ideal Platonic symmetry. Time-dependent TSC and OSC trapping potentials which take balance to getting back to the Platonic symmetry from the distorted states were defined and used for numerical solution of Langevin equation. Finally, time-dependent fusion rate formula for simultaneous 4D interaction was obtained based on the Fermi's golden rule and one-pion exchange potential of strong interaction. The 4D fusion is regarded to cause radiation-less excess heat and ⁴He ash in metal-deuterium systems under dynamic conditions

Study on 4D/TSC Condensation Motion by Non-Linear Langevin Equation

Authors: Akito Takahashi, Norio Yabuuchi
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Tetrahedral symmetric condensate (TSC) with 4 deuterons and 4 electrons has been proposed as a seed of clean 4D fusion with 4He product in condensed matter. To solve molecular dynamics motion of 4D/TSC condensation, a nonlinear Langevin equation was formulated with a Coulombic main condensation force term under Platonic symmetry, 6 balancing forces by quantum mechanical electron clouds of dde*(2,2) EQPET molecules on 6 faces of TSC cube and a random quantum mechanical fluctuation term f(t) for d-d distance. Gaussian wave functions for d-d pairs and their ground state energies were first obtained by variational method, for D2 and EQPET molecules. Then same sigma-value was used for time-dependent Gaussian wave functions of d-d pairs of TSC system to calculate the ensemble-averaged <f(t)> for changes of Coulomb energy and force of distorted TSC system deviated from the ideal double Platonic symmetry. Molecular dynamics calculation with TSC Langevin equation by the Verlet time-step method was then done. We obtained mean relative final-stage d-d kinetic energy 13.68 keV with -130.4 keV deep trapping TSC potential at Rdd-minimum = 25 fm and time-to-TSC-minimum =1.4007 fs. Mean kinetic energy of electron of a "d-e-d-e" EQPET molecule of TSC system was estimated as 57.6 keV at Rdd =25 fm. These time-dependent trapping potential for d-d pair of TSC can be approximated by HMEQPET potentials with the empirical relation of m=4.36x10⁴/R_dd, (Rdd in fm unit), continuously as a change of condensation time or Rdd(t). Barrier factors for fusion reactions as a function of Rdd(t) and 4D fusion rate per TSC generation were calculated using these HMEQPET potentials and Fermi's golden rule. We found that 4D/TSC got to the TSC-minimum state with 10 fm-20 fm radius in 1.4007 fs and 4D fusion rate was 100 % per 4D/TSC generation-condensation. Thus we concluded that 4He production rate by 4D/TSC was equal to two times of 4D/TSC generation rate in condensed matter (e.g., PdDx).

Dynamic Mechanism of TSC Condensation Motion

Authors: Akito Takahashi
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

This paper gives further discussions and explanations on the timedependent quantum-mechanical behaviors of electron-clouds in 4D/TSC condensation motion by Langevin equation, in comparison with steady ground state electron orbits and their de Broglie wave lengths for D-atom and D₂ molecule.

The Tsallis Entropy and the Boltzmann Entropy Applicable to the Same Classical Generalized System

Authors: Xiangjun Feng
Comments: 3 pages and 3 figures. This paper has been published in the on-line journal of World Chinese Forum On Science of General Systems (WCFSGS), ISSN 1936-7260. The paper has also been included in the NONEXTENSIVE STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS: BIBLIOGRAPHY edited by Prof. Constantino Tsallis . Â Report Number: 300-P-10-04-01 Journal Reference: WCFSGS VOL 6, NO. S1 ( A SPECIAL EDITION ON NONEXTENSIVE MECHANICS ), APRIL 2010, ISSN 1936 - 7260.

It is demonstrated clearly that for the same classical generalized system the Tsallis power-laws with both the q > 1 and the q < 1 can be induced by the constraint of the constant harmonic mean for the so-called reciprocal energies E_r and at the same time the Boltzmann distribution or the negative exponential probability distribution can be generated with the constraint of the constant arithmetic mean for the generalized energies E . The author thus argues that there might be no definite "extensive system" or "classical system" and there are only "classical physical parameters" and "classical constraints". For any physical system or generalized system, it is the non-natural constraints which determine both the forms of the entropies and the nonuniform equilibrium distributions.

The Tsallis Entropy and the Boltzmann Entropy Applicable to the Same Classic Generalized System

Authors: Xiangjun Feng
Comments: 3 pages and 3 figures. This paper has been published in the on-line journal of World Chinese Forum On Science of General Systems (WCFSGS), ISSN 1936-7260. Report Number: 300-P-10-04-01. Journal Reference: WCFSGS VOL 6, NO. S1 ( A SPECIAL EDITION ON NONEXTENSIVE MECHANICS ), APRIL 2010, ISSN 1936 - 7260.

It is demonstrated clearly that for the same classic generalized system the Tsallis power-laws with both the q > 1 and the q < 1 can be induced by the constraint of the constant harmonic mean for the so-called reciprocal energies r E and at the same time the Boltzmann distribution or the negative exponential probability distribution can be generated with the constraint of the constant arithmetic mean for the generalized energies E . The author thus argues that there might be no definite "extensive system" or "classic system" and there are only "classic physical parameters" and "classic constraints". For any physical system or generalized system, it is the non-natural constraints which determine both the forms of the entropies and the non-uniform equilibrium distributions.

Proposing a New Structure to the Electromagnetic Wave a New Solution to the Maxwell's Equations in Vacuum

Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 13 Pages.

The author shows that the Maxwell's equations in vacuum have solutions which have helical structure in space while being circularly polarized at the same time. This goes against the universally accepted solutions which treat the electromagnetic wave as sinusoidal wave propagating along a linear path. He shows that the helical wave structure assumes that the fundamental state of the electromagnetic wave is the circularly polarized state and not the linearly polarized state. Since the photon is theorized to exist in a circularly polarized state, the proposed new solution is consistent with that picture. The author proposes a simple experiment using a maser to confirm the veracity of the proposed helical structure.