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Any replacements are listed further down
[69] viXra:1305.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-16 11:01:07
Authors: John Girault
Comments: 1 Page. We show Einsten wrong.
We EXPOSE the AGENDA of the sientist who tells us thet EINSTEN was wright.
Category: Condensed Matter
[68] viXra:1305.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2013-05-01 12:15:26
Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
Comments: 11 Pages.
The puzzle associated with the cost of sex, an old problem of evolutionary biology, is discussed
here from the point of view of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The results suggest, in a simplified model, that the prevalence of sexual species in nature can be a natural and necessary consequence of the discrete character of the nonlinear interactions between couples and their pathogens/parasites. Mapped into a field theory, the stochastic processes performed by the species are described by continuous fields in space and time. The way that the model's parameters scale with subsequent iterations of the renormalization group gives us information about the stationary emergent properties of the complex interacting systems modeled. We see that the combination of one aspect of the Red Queen theory with the stochastic processes theory, including spatiotemporal interactions, provides interesting insights into this old Darwinian dilemma.
Category: Condensed Matter
[67] viXra:1304.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-16 20:03:09
Authors: John Shim
Comments: 5 Pages.
The dispersion relation between the conjugate Fourier variables of position and momentum, ∇px∇x ≥ ħ/2, when expressed as an equality, ∇px∇x = ħ/2, defines the relationship between the ground-state kinetic energy of a confined quantum, and its degree of containment. This containment can occur in two ways: the first is by an attractive potential, and the second by a repulsive potential. These two cases behave very differently. If the quantum is bound by an attractive potential, the ground-state kinetic energy is balanced by the containing potential in a stable state where the kinetic energy remains within the bound system. In the second type of containment, which is only possible by compression, this is not so. In this case, the quantum is contained by collisions with the bounding potential, which must result in a transfer of kinetic energy to the boundary. If the boundary is sufficiently massive, then the energy transfer will have a negligible effect on the dimensions of containment, and therefore the ground-state kinetic energy of the contained quantum will not significantly change. An electron contained within the approximate diameter of an iron atom, 250 nm, for example, if contained by the attractive potential of the atomic nucleus, would transmit no energy from the atom. The same electron, however, contained in the same volume by a repulsive potential, would transmit energy to the boundary at each collision. Because the minimum velocity of the electron determined by the dispersion relation is very great compared to the dimension of containment, the number of collisions per second with the boundary would be very high, on the order of 10^15. For even a small energy exchange per collision, this would result in a very large rate of energy transfer. An exchange of only 10^-6 ev per collision, for example, would produce 10^9 ev per second of energy transmitted to the boundary.
Category: Condensed Matter
[66] viXra:1304.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-12 18:20:38
Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos, Ronald Dickman
Comments: 15 Pages. Journal reference: Journal of Statistical Mechanics
Recently a model of intra- and interspecific competition between two species was proposed [Phys. Rev. E 87 (2013) 010101], in which the scarcer species (i.e., with smaller stationary population size) can be more resistant to extinction when it holds a competitive advantage. Here we verify this survival of the scarcer in
space (SSS) phenomenon in models with spatial structure, both analytically and numerically. We find that the conditions for SSS, as obtained applying renormalization group analysis and Monte Carlo simulation to a discrete-space model, differ significantly from those found in the spatially homogeneous case.
Category: Condensed Matter
[65] viXra:1304.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-09 21:19:41
Authors: P. R. Silva
Comments: 09 pages; no figures
Starting from a string with a length equal to the electron mean free path in metals and having a unit cell equal to the Compton length of the electron, we construct a Schwarzschild-like metric. We found that this metric has a surface horizon with radius equal to that of the electron mean free path and its Bekenstein-like entropy is proportional to the number of squared unit cells contained in this spherical surface. The Hawking temperature goes with the inverse of the perimeter of the maximum circle of this sphere. Besides this, interesting analogies are traced out with some features of the particle physics.
Category: Condensed Matter
[64] viXra:1304.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2013-04-04 18:31:34
Authors: P. R. Silva
Comments: 06 pages, no figure
A minimization of a free energy inspired in the Landauer’s erasure principle combined with alternatives treatments of the Brownian motion of the free electrons, is used as a means to derive the Fermi energy of metals. The obtained result differs from the usual one by a small discrepancy between the coefficients of the two versions of it, when expressed as a function of the density of free electrons, its mass and the Planck’s constant.
Category: Condensed Matter
[63] viXra:1303.0210 [pdf] submitted on 2013-03-28 10:02:50
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 4 Pages. his report is part of a series I am doing on science which will later be published into a book. This is part 2.
This guide is provided by Andrew Nassif, and is part of a series explanatory on science. This guide will include real life examples of Colligative properties in Chemistry as well as define them.
Category: Condensed Matter
[62] viXra:1302.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-28 07:26:46
Authors: Leo Vuyk.
Comments: 13 Pages. 13
Recently performed Silicon based Ball Lightning experiments done by two different laboratories have both produced rest products in the form of Silicon globules, both with unusual complex internal and external structures.
These Silicon globule structures show strong differences with normal Silicon matter, which was reason to compare these complexities in detail and make suggestions for future research.
Category: Condensed Matter
[61] viXra:1302.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-25 17:54:48
Authors: Nasir Germain
Comments: 1 Page.
Nasir Germain summarizes fluid mechanics in a quick paper
Category: Condensed Matter
[60] viXra:1302.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2013-02-24 17:38:42
Authors: Joseph Catania
Comments: 2 Pages.
The phenomenon of ferroelectric polarization saturation should not be viewed as a sine qua non when dealing with modified barium titanate formulations. Some, for instance, when in the cubic phase, may exhibit a linear (constant dielectric constant) response to applied electric field increase. This would explain the high (~10,000 J/cc) claim made by one researcher (Richard Weir) for energy density in such materials. Also, calculations which assume energy is stored by polarizing the dielectric would seem to be in error.
Category: Condensed Matter
[59] viXra:1301.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-17 12:26:27
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 7 Pages.
A research paper on some of the biggest controversies in the field of science and theoretical physics. This includes attempts on finding new scientific discoveries and research on the field itself as well as what is Quantum Field Theory.
Category: Condensed Matter
[58] viXra:1301.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2013-01-14 10:26:00
Authors: Andrew Nassif
Comments: 3 Pages.
A guide on what are colligative properties and how they help us in the understanding of chemistry as well as semi-conductor physics. This will also give us the ability to look at modern research and understanding in the field of chemistry through a conceptual thinking to the dimensional analysis behind it.
Category: Condensed Matter
[57] viXra:1212.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2012-12-22 08:31:48
Authors: Zafar Turakulov
Comments: 6 Pages. Rejected from the Journal of Mathematical Physics.
Maxwell equations for electromagnetic waves propagating in dispersive media are studied as they are, without commonplace substituting a scalar function for electromagnetic field. A method of variables separation for the original system of equation is proposed. It is shown that in case of planar symmetry variables separate in systems of Cartesian and cylindric coordinates and Maxwell equations reduce to one-dimensional Schr¨odinger equation. Complete solutions are obtained for waves in medium with electric permittivity and magnetic permeability given as ϵ = e^−κz, µ = c^−2e^−λz.
keywords: Maxwell equations, dispersive media, complete solutions
PACS numbers: 41.20.Jb, 42.25 .Bs
Keywords: Maxwell equations, dispersive media, complete solutions
Category: Condensed Matter
[56] viXra:1212.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2012-12-14 10:15:55
Authors: L. F. Zagonel, J. Bettini, R. L. O. Basso, P. Paredez, H. Pinto, C. M. Lepienski, F. Alvarez
Comments: Surface and Coatings Technology Volume 207, 25 August 2012, Pages 72–78 ; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2012.05.081
A comprehensive study of pulsed nitriding in AISI H13 tool steel at low temperature (400°C) is reported for several durations. X-ray diffraction results reveal that a nitrogen enriched compound (Epsilon-Fe2-3N, iron nitride) builds up on the surface within the first process hour despite the low process temperature. Beneath the surface, X-ray Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) indicates relatively higher nitrogen concentrations (up to 12 at.%) within the diffusion layer while microscopic nitrides are not formed and existing carbides are not dissolved. Moreover, in the diffusion layer, nitrogen is found to be dispersed in the matrix and forming nanosized precipitates. The small coherent precipitates are observed by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) while the presence of nitrogen is confirmed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). Hardness tests show that the material hardness increases linearly with the nitrogen concentration, reaching up to 14.5 GPa in the surface while the Young Modulus remains essentially unaffected. Indeed, the original steel microstructure is well preserved even in the nitrogen diffusion layer. Nitrogen profiles show a case depth of about ~43 microns after nine hours of nitriding process. These results indicate that pulsed plasma nitriding is highly efficient even at such low temperatures and that at this process temperature it is possible to form thick and hard nitrided layers with satisfactory mechanical properties. This process can be particularly interesting to enhance the surface hardness of tool steels without exposing the workpiece to high temperatures and altering its bulk microstructure.
Category: Condensed Matter
[55] viXra:1209.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2012-09-25 18:28:54
Authors: Akito Takahashi
Comments: 6 Pages. Submittal to Proceedings of ICCF17
This paper gives explanation on the basic physics of cold fusion by the TSC (tetrahedral symmetric condensate) theory. Models of TSC formation conditions in condensed matter are first proposed. Secondly formulas for cold fusion rates per D(H)-cluster are explained with typical quantitative results. The 4D/TSC fusion and the 4H/TSC WS fusion are answers, respectively for the D (deuterium)-system and the H (protium)-system.
Category: Condensed Matter
[54] viXra:1209.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2012-09-20 14:27:56
Authors: P. R. Silva
Comments: 14 Pages. 1 table, no figures
Various parameters tied to the electrical conductivity of typical metals are estimated and are expressed in terms of universal constants. It happens that they are close to those found in metallic copper at room temperature. The fact that the realization of the model occurs at room temperature is explained by using the Landauer’s erasure principle. The averaged collision time of the electron of conduction is also thought as a particle lifetime. Finally an analogy is established between the motion of the electron of conduction and the cosmological constant problem, where a spherical surface of radius equal to the electron mean free path has been thought as a surface horizon for the charge carriers.
Category: Condensed Matter
[53] viXra:1209.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2012-09-18 20:58:03
Authors: Akito Takahashi, Daniel Rocha
Comments: 22 Pages.
A model of final state interaction for 8Be* of 4D/TSC fusion is proposed. The 8Be*(Ex=47.6MeV) may damp its excited energy by major BOLEP (burst of low energy photons) process from
Category: Condensed Matter
[52] viXra:1209.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2012-09-02 21:56:50
Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 11 Pages.
Clusters of Palladium atoms (also clusters of atoms of Nickel and similar elements) have two basic structures:
Icosahedral and Cuboctahedral
1 - Icosahedon <-> Cuboctahedron Jitterbug Transformation.
2 - Palladium clusters with absorbed Deuterium (PdDx) have two states:
Icosahedral with Tetrahedral absorption sites
Cuboctahedral with Octahedral absorption sites.
3 - Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation (TSC) in PdDx produces Fusion.
4 - Icosahedra TSC Fusion Triggers Jitterbug to Cuboctahedra.
5 - Cuboctahedra Jitterbug back to Icosahedra and reload TSC sites.
6 - Repeat the Cycle.
Category: Condensed Matter
[51] viXra:1207.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2012-07-03 14:15:38
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 9 Pages.
We show that by intensifying the gravitational interaction between electron pairs it is possible to produce pair binding energies on the order of 10−1eV, enough to keep electron’s pairs (Cooper Pairs) at ambient temperatures. By means of this method, metals can be transformed into superconductors at ambient temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter
[50] viXra:1206.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2012-06-29 09:00:58
Authors: X. Q. Huang
Comments: 6 Pages.
We investigate the nature of the superconducting current from the Maxwell's displacement current.
We argue that the conduction current density term of the Maxwell's equations is physically untrue, and it should be eliminated from the equations. Essentially, both the superconducting current and conduction current are originated from the Maxwell's displacement current characterizing
the changes of electric field with time or space.
Therefore, there are no electrons tunnel through the insulating layer of the Josephson junction.
It is shown that the conventional static magnetic field is, in fact, the static electric field of the intrinsic electron-ion electric dipoles in the materials. The new paradigm naturally leads to unification of magnetic and electrical
phenomena, while at the same time realizing the perfect symmetry of the Maxwell's equations. Moreover, it is well confirmed that the Dirac's
magnetic monopole is indeed the well-known electron. This research is expected to shed light on the high-temperature superconductivity.
Category: Condensed Matter
[49] viXra:1205.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2012-05-06 18:08:51
Authors: Blaise Mouttet
Comments: 59 Pages.
Presentation from the 1st Memristor and Memristive Systems Symposium held at UC Berkeley in December 2008.
Category: Condensed Matter
[48] viXra:1205.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2012-05-03 08:45:16
Authors: Blaise Mouttet
Comments: 13 Pages.
Memristive system models have previously been proposed to describe ionic memory resistors. However, these models neglect the mass of ions and repulsive forces between ions and are not well formulated in terms of semiconductor and ionic physics. This article proposes an alternative dynamic systems model in which the system state is derived from a second order differential equation in the form of a driven damped harmonic oscillator. Application is made to Schottky and tunneling barriers.
Category: Condensed Matter
[47] viXra:1205.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2012-05-03 08:51:54
Authors: Blaise Mouttet
Comments: 5 Pages.
A dynamic systems model is proposed describing memory resistors which include a filament conductive bridge. In this model the system state is defined by both a dynamic tunneling barrier (associated with the filament-electrode gap) and a dynamic Schottky barrier (associated with the electron depletion width surrounding the filament-electrode gap). A general model is formulated which may be applicable to many different forms of memory resistor materials. The frequency response of the model is briefly discussed.
Keywords- mem-resistor, non-linear dynamic systems, RRAM, ReRAM, Schottky junction, tunneling junction
Category: Condensed Matter
[46] viXra:1205.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2012-05-03 08:57:16
Authors: Blaise Mouttet
Comments: 5 Pages.
A dynamic systems model has previously been proposed for mem-resistors based on a driven damped harmonic oscillator differential equation describing electron and ionic depletion widths in a thin semiconductor film. This paper derives equations for set, reset, and retention times based on the previously proposed model.
Keywords- mem-resistor, RRAM, ReRAM
Category: Condensed Matter
[45] viXra:1201.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-30 15:34:13
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 86 pages. Portuguese.
This note collection is related to an analysis throughout the paper viXra:1112.0066.
Category: Condensed Matter
[44] viXra:1201.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2012-01-31 00:20:44
Authors: Theodore Charles III
Comments: 3 Pages.
VASP can be used to run various material simulations and molecular dynamics. VASP uses DFT with both LGA and GGA approximation-based pseudopotentials to calculate various material properties.
Category: Condensed Matter
[43] viXra:1112.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2011-12-26 01:57:02
Authors: Giuliano Bettini
Comments: 7 Pages.
The electron is interpreted as a small electric current carrying the elementary charge and the elementary mass. The equivalent circuit is a quarter-wave short circuited transmission line, the line having characteristic impedance 25812.807449 Ohm, the von Klitzing constant.
A similar line, closed on itself after a twist (as in a Moebius strip), not only justifies the charge and mass, but also the angular momentum of the electron.
Category: Condensed Matter
[42] viXra:1112.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2011-12-20 17:51:50
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 13 pages. English.
This brief paper is part of my research on the origins of turbulence. Since the derivations of the Navier-Stokes equation are frequently cumbersome, I would like to provide this pedagogical derivation (I hope), discussing the properties of the continuum fluids under a heuristical approach.
Category: Condensed Matter
[41] viXra:1112.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2011-12-20 08:13:04
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 3 pages. English.
Through a convenient mathematical approach for the Navier-Stokes equation, we obtain the quadratic dependence $v^{2}$ of the drag force $F_{D}$ on a falling sphere, and the drag coefficient, $C_{D}$, as a function of the Reynolds number. Viscosity effects related to the turbulent boundary layer under transition, from laminar to turbulent, lead to the tensorial integration related to the flux of linear momentum through a conveniently choosen control surface in the falling reference frame. This approach turns out to provide an efficient route for the drag force calculation, since the drag force turns out to be a field of a non-inertial reference frame, allowing an arbitrary and convenient control surface, finally leading to the quadratic term for the drag force.
Category: Condensed Matter
[40] viXra:1112.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2011-12-07 19:38:19
Authors: Mohit Shridhar
Comments: 19 Pages.
Particles on a plate form Chladni patterns when the plate is acoustically excited. To better understand these patterns and their possible real-world applications, I present a new analytical and numerical study of the transition between standard and inverse Chladni patterns on an adhesive surface at any magnitude of acceleration. By spatial autocorrelation analysis, I examine the effects of surface adhesion and friction on the rate of pattern formation. Next, I explore displacement models of particles translating on a frictional surface with both adhesive and internal particle-plate frictions. In addition, I find that both adhesion and damping forces serve as exquisite particle sorting mechanisms. Finally, I discuss the possible real-world applications of these sorting mechanisms, such as separating nanoparticles, organelles, or cells.
Category: Condensed Matter
[39] viXra:1111.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2011-11-29 10:25:38
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 49 Pages. Number of figures:7
In order to explain why (i.e. cause) and how (i.e. way) superconductivity is generated and related properties and its effects take place, presently a new theory has been propounded determining such a cause over which unfortunately, despite having its knowledge, nobody ever tried to think, while it acts as the true cause. Consequently, the present theory gives a very clear and complete explanation (picture) why and how superconductivity is generated and related properties and its effects take place. So far unexplained some properties have also been explained, e.g.: 1. Why and how transition temperature ( ) varies from substance to substance; 2. Why and how very good conductors of current, e.g. gold, silver, copper do not superconduct even down to very low temperatures; 3. Why and how ferromagnetic substances do not superconduct; etc. Most important- it has also been tried to explain how currently known some non-superconducting (e.g. ferromagnetic) substances can be made superconducting. In order to verify/justify the truth of the determined cause, plausible arguments and evidences have been given from the well-established knowledge. The existing theories fail to give a clear and complete explanation as to how superconductivity is generated and related properties and effects take place, which is their great drawback. Because, whenever any phenomenon takes place, there occurs always a way (procedure), how that phenomenon and related properties take place, and hence if any theory is developed in order to explain that phenomenon, the theory must give a clear and complete explanation how that phenomenon and related properties take place. The existing theories, in addition, give rise to several such questions of which no any explanation can be given. The BCS theory for which it is claimed that it provides better explanation and accounts very well for all the properties exhibited by the superconductor. But if we examine this theory closely, we find that it is based on such concepts which: 1. Are practically not possible; 2. Contradict two well-observed facts; 3. Give rise to numerous such questions of which no explanation can be given. These drawbacks raise serious question mark over the truth of the BCS theory. Finally, some possible new effects have been predicted and it has been tried to explain why and how they shall take place.
Category: Condensed Matter
[38] viXra:1111.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2012-05-15 01:01:30
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 58 pages, 13 figures
When an electric current flows through any conducting rod: 1- Why and how is a magnetic field
generated around the rod? 2- Why and how does this field occur in a plane perpendicular to the
direction of flow of current and possesses direction? 3- How and which type of magnetism
(electromagnetism) is generated? How do electrons move together in electron beams despite
having repulsive Coulomb force between them? Why and how does the Lorentz force come into
play? No explanation is found how these phenomena take place. Electromagnetic theory has
wide success to its credit but it and other theories fail to do so. These theories fail
because there are some causes behind the occurrence of these phenomena but no account of
those causes have been taken into consideration. The causes are, e.g.: 1- The electron
possesses magnetism by virtue of nature similarly as it possesses charge by virtue of nature,
and magnetism occurs in the form of a ring around the charge of electron, 2- The magnetism
of the electron spins similarly as it's charge spins but in opposite directions, 3- The
interaction between magnetic fields of interacting particles (e.g. between magnetic fields
of electrons in electron beams) or interacting systems give rise to a force between them.
Presently, taking into account the above causes, a new theory has been propounded which
gives a very clear and complete explanation of all the above phenomena. The force caused
due to interaction between magnetic fields of electrons has some very important and
striking properties: this force is strong, short range and charge independent. Since the
nature of this force is exactly similar to what we speculate for nuclear force between
nucleons, and nucleons possess a magnetic field too, the nuclear force should be due to
interaction between magnetic fields of nucleons in nuclei. Most importantly, this force
has a repulsive component too, which is very essential to cause, e.g. alpha and beta
decays etc. because the Coulomb repulsive force is too weak and hence cannot cause these
decays. How this force varies, that has been determined. To confirm the truth of the
determined force, so far unexplained an important mysterious nuclear phenomenon has been
explained. Finally: i- effects of the present theory on some important current concepts
and their consequences have been discussed; and ii- some possible new effects have been
predicted and explained why and how they shall take place.
Category: Condensed Matter
[37] viXra:1110.0074 [pdf] submitted on 29 Oct 2011
Authors: Vasili Baranau
Comments: 37 pages.
We propose a universal approach in the framework of the lattice Boltzmann
method (LBM) to modeling constant velocity constraints and constant temperature
constraints on curved walls, which doesn't depend on dimensionality, LBM scheme,
boundary geometry; which is numerically stable, accurate and local and has a good
physical background. This technique, called a maximum entropy method, utilizes the idea
of recovering unknown populations on boundary nodes through minimizing node state
deviation from equilibrium while assuring velocity or temperature restrictions. Also,
theoretical justifications of a popular Zou-He boundaries technique and isothermal
boundaries algorithm are provided on the basis of the method derived. Finally, while
conducting numerical benchmarks, typical straight boundaries algorithm (Zou-He) was
compared to a typical curved boundaries algorithm (Guo-Zheng).
Category: Condensed Matter
[36] viXra:1110.0053 [pdf] submitted on 17 Oct 2011
Authors: Lunyong Zhang, Hongbo Zuo, Zhiyong Yuan, Ji Zhou, Jianfei Sun, Dawei Xing, Jiecai Han
Comments: 17 pages
The tridimensional morphology and etching kinetics of the etch pit on the C-{0001}
plane of sapphire crystal (a-Al2O3) in KOH molten were studied experimentally. It was shown that
the etch pit takes on tridimensional morphologies with triangular symmetry same as the symmetric
property of the sapphire crystal. Pits like centric and eccentric triangular pyramid as well as
hexagonal pyramid could be observed, but the latter is much less in density. Analyses show the side
walls of the etch pits belong to the {1 0 } family, and the triangular pit contains edges full
composed by Al3+ ions on the etching surface so it is more stable than the hexagonal pit since
whose edges on the etch surface contains Al2+ ions. The etch pits developed in manner of kinematic
wave by the step moving with constant speed controlled by the chemical reaction with activation
energy of 96.6KJ/mol between Al2O3 and KOH.
Category: Condensed Matter
[35] viXra:1109.0001 [pdf] submitted on 1 Sep 2011
Authors: Lunyong Zhang, Hongbo Zuo, Jianfei Sun, Dawei Xing, Jiecai Han, Xiaohong Wang
Comments: 18 pages and 8 figures.
A model relating the diameter variation with the process parameters during a practical
crystal growth by pulling has been proposed. The crystal shape evolution under various growth
process was analysed. The results prove, in theory, that the most effective and convenient measure
to control the crystal diameter is adjusting the pulling rate, and the optimal process for growing a
equal diameter crystal is simultaneously decreasing the pulling rate and the heater temperature
with dropped decreasing rate. Moreover, the model could be used for designing the process for
growing a crystal with a desired shape.
Category: Condensed Matter
[34] viXra:1104.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2 Apr 2011
Authors: Lunyong Zhang, Hongbo Zuo, Jianfei Sun, Xiaohong Wang, Jiecai Han, Dawei Xing
Comments: 9 pages and 5 figures, will be submited to the journal Crystal Research and Technology.
This paper constructed a geometric model of crystal growth with pulling. On the basis of the model, effects of
processes on crystal shape evolution were clarified. The results shown some effects always used to control the
crystal diameter in practice. Some unusual effects also be shown. Crystal could have a self-stable diameter
and decreasing the convex extent of solid liquid interface could enhance the increase rate of crystal diameter
or reduce the decrease rate of crystal diameter.
Category: Condensed Matter
[33] viXra:1103.0098 [pdf] submitted on 23 Mar 2011
Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 3 pages.
What would most of us do with only three hours of
electricity per day? Yet that is what Dr. Sabiha Al-Jabbar
did when she was working on her PhD in Baghdad. She
had to design her experiments so that she could have
the results she needed before the lights went out.
Category: Condensed Matter
[32] viXra:1103.0059 [pdf] submitted on 14 Mar 2011
Authors: Rainer W. Kühne
Comments: 107 pages, dissertation, Dr. rer. nat. obtained from the University
of Dortmund on 19 July 2001
This PhD thesis examines the thermodynamical properties of spin-1/2 Heisenberg chains which are
coupled to Einstein phonons. One result of this study is that these spin-phonon systems undergo a
phase transition similar to a spin-Peierls transition (cf. Physical Review B 60 (1999) 12125-12133
and Physical Review B 65 (2002) 144438). Another result is that in the undimerized phase the critical
exponent nu depends on both the phonon frequency and the spin-phonon coupling constant. This means
that these spin-phonon systems change the universality class continuously with the spin-phonon
coupling (cf. arXiv: cond-mat/9912150v1).
Category: Condensed Matter
[31] viXra:1103.0028 [pdf] submitted on 10 Mar 2011
Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 5 pages.
We accept the statement that "carriers in graphene
are described not by the Schrödinger equation" as a
challenge to show that electrons in graphene can be
described by the Schrödinger equation.
Category: Condensed Matter
[30] viXra:1102.0040 [pdf] submitted on 22 Feb 2011
Authors: Shpend Mushkolaj
Comments:
21 pages.
The most astonishing properties of condensed matter are the formation of collective quantum
states of superconductivity, magnetic order, electric order and crystalline order. In this paper,
new universal formulas for transition temperatures are derived, that depend simply on atomatom
distances, atomic masses and electron masses. The universality of these formulas is
tested by comparing the calculated values and experimental data for critical temperatures of
different systems and phases.
Category: Condensed Matter
[29] viXra:1101.0100 [pdf] submitted on 31 Jan 2011
Authors: S.V.Akimenko, V.V.Demjanov
Comments: 3 pages.
The article shows that in case if the photon is viewed as a particle moving in empty space
the zero value of chemical potential of equilibrium electromagnetic radiation cannot be explained
basing only on first principles of statistical physics. On the contrary, to explain the chemical
potential of equilibrium electromagnetic radiation being equal to zero is rather simple if the photon
is considered as a quasi-particle that is the way to describe collective motion of a system consisting of
particles whose number is a fixed value. Collective motions of the particles of mentioned system are
interpreted in the article as oscillations of an electromagnetic field that corresponds to observation
data of modern astronomy, according to which the space, that fills the gaps, both between massive
objects and between massive particles forming them, should be attributed to characteristics of a
continuous medium.
Category: Condensed Matter
[28] viXra:1012.0045 [pdf] submitted on 22 Dec 2010
Authors: A.Takahashi, A. Kitamura, Y. Sasaki, Y. Miyoshi, A. Taniike, R. Seto, Y. Fujita
Comments: 18 pages, This is a preprint of our paper to J. Condensed Matter Nuclear Science,
Vol.4, to be published in 2011.
The PdO-coated layer of Pd-nano-particle may arrange fractal nano-dips on its surface when D(H)-gas
is charged and de-oxidation molecules (D2O or H2O) are released.
Fractal nano-dips may make local deep adsorption potentials, through which rapid penetration of D-atoms
(ions) into deeper Pd-local lattice (Bloch potential) O-sites of nano-particle may be induced, to realize
full or over-full D(H) loaded state (x>1.0) of PdDx in a short time of the Phase-I process. Formation of
D-clusters, such as 4D/TSC on surface may be enhanced at nano-dips. A phenomenological model of quasi-free
D-motion under constraint of the Bloch potential within a global mesoscopic potential well is proposed
for the Phase-II phenomena, where nuclear heating by 4D fusion reactions may rather steadily take place.
Generation of collective mesoscopic potential well (CMPW) will make a Pd nano-particle with PdO working
as "mesoscopic catalyst" which realizes very large D(H)-loading ratios and anomalously large chemical heat
releases both for H-gas and D-gas loading.
Category: Condensed Matter
[27] viXra:1012.0041 [pdf] submitted on 22 Dec 2010
Authors: A.Takahashi, A. Kitamura, Y. Miyoshi, H. Sakoh, A. Taniike, R. Seto, Y. Fujita
Comments: 11 pages, This is a preprint of our paper to Proceedings of JCF11 Meeting,
Japan CF-Research Society, to be published in 2011.
Discussions with brief summary of the Kobe group's experiments are given. Phenomenological
modeling on mechanisms are made for explaining observed anomalies in D(H)-overloading and high
heat-power release rates from nano-palladium-particles and binary metal PdNi nano-particles
dispersed in/on ZrO2 ceramics supporter flakes under D(H)-gas loading at room temperature. Roles
of PdO layer and Pd-ad-atoms (incomplete outer shell) of nano-Ni-core are modeled as mesoscopic
catalysts which have sub-nano-holes (SNH) on nano-particle-surfaces. SNH may realize strong
sticking force for D(H)-gas to dissociate and diffuse rapidly into inner local lattice sites.
During the beginning process, 4D/TSC cluster fusions with 1watt/g-Pd(or PdNi) may happen on
surface. By the very over-loading (x>>1) states in the later region of Phase-I and in the
Phase-II after saturation, TSC formation inside nano-particles may be strongly enhanced by the
non-linearly coupled QM oscillation (high free energy states of deuterons in local Bloch
potentials) under the deep mesoscopic global collective potential well.
Category: Condensed Matter
[26] viXra:1010.0037 [pdf] submitted on 25 Oct 2010
Authors: Ron Bourgoin
Comments: 2 pages
Arxiv:1010.0259, now withdrawn, presents analysis to show
that on approach to the absolute zero of temperature, the specific
heat of matter in the aggregate, such as ultrathin wires that do not
enter the state of superconductivity, increases. There is good reason
to expect that this is true, which we will show in the present paper,
which moves us to urge that Arxiv:1010.0259 be restored.
Category: Condensed Matter
[25] viXra:1010.0034 [pdf] submitted on 22 Oct 2010
Authors: Lunyong Zhang, Jianfei Sun, Hongbo Zuo, Dawei Xing, Jiecai Han
Comments: 17 pages
The interface shape function for the pure material directional solidification system with
temperature disturbances on the heater and cooler is derived. It is approximately a fraction function
including cosine terms in the denominator and the numerator. Calculation of the function shows the interface
shape can respond to the temperature disturbance. When both the solidification rate V and the interface
cooler distance α determined by the boundary temperatures are lower than critical value deteimined by a
formula, the interface shape changes from sinusoidal wave to figures pattern with the increase of the rate or
the distance. Once the rate or the distance reaches the critical value, the interface branches at the bottom of
the grooves between figures and then the branches expand along the sidewall of the figures with further
increase of the rate or the distance. According to that, we conclude that the sinusoidal interface shape
assumption always used by the interface instability analyses is not always valid and the interface shape in
Hele-Shaw solidification experiments in fact maybe is not planar but a cellular interface with quite small
amplitude, and the role of temperature disturbance should be considered in experiments studying
solidification interface stability.
Category: Condensed Matter
[24] viXra:1007.0010 [pdf] submitted on 8 Jul 2010
Authors: Andrea Gregori
Comments: 30 pages.
We consider superconductivity in the light of the quantum gravity theoretical framework
introduced in [1]. In this framework, the degree of quantum delocalization depends on the
geometry of the energy distribution along space. This results in a dependence of the critical
temperature characterizing the transition to the superconducting phase on the complexity of
the structure of a superconductor. We consider concrete examples, ranging from low to high
temperature superconductors, and discuss how the critical temperature can be predicted
once the quantum gravity effects are taken into account.
Category: Condensed Matter
[23] viXra:1004.0082 [pdf] submitted on 16 Apr 2010
Authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga, O.G. Morales-Saavedra, G. Hennrich, J.O. Flores-Flores, R. Ortega-Martínez
Comments:
15 pages. Manuscript submitted and accepted for publication as an article in Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst.
In this work, a liquid crystalline octopolar molecule 1,3,5-tris(ethynylphenyl)benzene-(1)
was successfully embedded as dopant chromophore within a SiO
Category: Condensed Matter
[22] viXra:1004.0080 [pdf] submitted on 13 Apr 2010
Authors: Xiangjun Feng
Comments:
3 pages and 3 figures. This paper has been published in the on-line journal of World Chinese Forum On
Science of General Systems (WCFSGS), ISSN 1936-7260. Report Number: 300-P-10-04-01.
Journal Reference: WCFSGS VOL 6, NO. S1 ( A SPECIAL EDITION ON NONEXTENSIVE MECHANICS ), APRIL 2010, ISSN 1936 - 7260.
It is demonstrated clearly that for the same
classic generalized system the Tsallis power-laws with both
the q > 1 and the q < 1 can be induced by the constraint
of the constant harmonic mean for the so-called reciprocal
energies r E and at the same time the Boltzmann
distribution or the negative exponential probability
distribution can be generated with the constraint of the
constant arithmetic mean for the generalized energies E .
The author thus argues that there might be no definite
"extensive system" or "classic system" and there are only
"classic physical parameters" and "classic constraints".
For any physical system or generalized system, it is the
non-natural constraints which determine both the forms of
the entropies and the non-uniform equilibrium
distributions.
Category: Condensed Matter
[21] viXra:1003.0054 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache, Frank Lichtenberg
Comments: 4 pages
It has been known for quite long time that the electrodynamics of Maxwell equations
can be extended and generalized further into Proca equations. The implications of introducing
Proca equations include an alternative description of superconductivity, via
extending London equations. In the light of another paper suggesting that Maxwell
equations can be written using quaternion numbers, then we discuss a plausible extension
of Proca equation using biquaternion number. Further implications and experiments
are recommended.
Category: Condensed Matter
[20] viXra:1003.0053 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: Ervin Goldfain, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 6 pages
Emergent physics refers to the formation and evolution of collective patterns in systems
that are nonlinear and out-of-equilibrium. This type of large-scale behavior often develops
as a result of simple interactions at the component level and involves a dynamic
interplay between order and randomness. On account of its universality, there are credible
hints that emergence may play a leading role in the Tera-ElectronVolt (TeV) sector of
particle physics. Following this path, we examine the possibility of hypothetical highenergy
states that have fractional number of quanta per state and consist of arbitrary
mixtures of particles and antiparticles. These states are similar to "un-particles", massless
fields of non-integral scaling dimensions that were recently conjectured to emerge
in the TeV sector of particle physics. They are also linked to "unmatter", exotic clusters
of matter and antimatter introduced few years ago in the context of Neutrosophy.
The connection between 'unmatter' and 'unparticle' is explained in details in this paper.
Unparticles have very odd properties which result from the fact that they represent fractional
field quanta. Unparticles are manifested as mixed states that contain arbitrary mixtures of
particles and antiparticles (therefore they simultaneously evolve "forward" and "backward" in time).
From this, the connection with unmatter. Using the fractal operators of differentiation and
integration we get the connection between unparticle and unmatter. 'Unmatter' was coined by
F. Smarandache in 2004 who published three papers on the subject.
Category: Condensed Matter
[19] viXra:1003.0035 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages
Besides matter and antimatter there must exist unmatter (as a new form of matter) in
accordance with the neutrosophy theory that between an entity <A> and its opposite
<AntiA> there exist intermediate entities <NeutA>. Unmatter is neither matter nor
antimatter, but something in between. An atom of unmatter is formed either by (1):
electrons, protons, and antineutrons, or by (2): antielectrons, antiprotons, and neutrons.
At CERN it will be possible to test the production of unmatter. The existence of
unmatter in the universe has a similar chance to that of the antimatter, and its production
also difficult for present technologies.
Category: Condensed Matter
[18] viXra:1003.0024 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 476 pages
The present book covers a wide-range of issues from alternative hadron models to their
likely implications in New Energy research, including alternative interpretation of lowenergy
reaction (coldfusion) phenomena.
Category: Condensed Matter
[17] viXra:1003.0022 [pdf] submitted on 6 Mar 2010
Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages
One of the most reported problem related to the CMNS (condensed matter nuclear science, or
LENR), is the low probability of Coulomb barrier tunneling. It is supposed by standard physics
that tunneling is only possible at high enough energy (by solving Gamow function).
However, a recent study by A. Takahashi (2008, 2009) and experiment by Arata etc. (2008)
seem to suggest that it is not impossible to achieve a working experiment to create the CMNS
process.
In accordance with Takahashi's EQPET/TSC model [1][2][3], the proposed study will find out
some analytical and numerical solutions to the problem of barrier tunneling for cluster
deuterium, in particular using Langevin method to solve the time-independent Schrödinger
equation. It is hoped that the result can answer some of these mysteries.
Category: Condensed Matter
[16] viXra:1001.0048 [pdf] submitted on 29 Jan 2010
Authors: V. Torres-Zúñiga, O. G. Morales-Saavedra, E. Rivera, J. O. Flores-Flores, J. G. Bañuelos, R. Ortega-Martínez
Comments: 27 Pages. Manuscript submitted and accepted for publication as an article in Journal of Modern Optics
The catalyst-free sonogel route was implemented to fabricate highly pure,
optically active, hybrid azo-dye/SiO2-based spin-coated thin films deposited onto ITO-covered glass
substrates. The implemented azo-dyes exhibit a push-pull structure; thus chromophore electrical
poling was performed in order to explore their quadratic nonlinear optical (NLO) performance and
the role of the SiO2 matrix for allowing molecular alignment within the sonogel host network.
Morphological and optical characterizations were performed to the film samples according to
atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and the Maker finger
technique. Regardless of absence of a high glass transition temperature (Tg) in the studied
monomeric liquid crystalline azo-dyes, some hybrid films displayed stable NLO activity such as
second harmonic generation (SHG). Results show that the chromophores were homogeneously
embedded within the SiO2 sonogel network, where the guest-host molecular and mechanical
interactions permitted a stable monomeric electrical alignment in this kind of environment.
Category: Condensed Matter
[15] viXra:0912.0038 [pdf] submitted on 18 Dec 2009
Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 12 Pages.
The author shows that the Maxwell's equations in vacuum have solutions
which have helical structure in space while being circularly polarized at the
same time. This goes against the universally accepted solutions which treat the
electromagnetic wave as sinusoidal wave propagating along a linear path. He
shows that the helical wave structure assumes that the fundamental state of the
electromagnetic wave is the circularly polarized state and not the linearly
polarized state. Since the photon is theorized to exist in a circularly polarized
state, the proposed new solution is consistent with that picture. The author
proposes a simple experiment using a maser to confirm the veracity of the
proposed helical structure.
Category: Condensed Matter
[14] viXra:0911.0055 [pdf] submitted on 21 Nov 2009
Authors: Robert A.J. Matthews
Comments: 2 Pages.
We describe an empirical study of the formation of knots in open and closed self-avoiding walks
(SAWs), based on a simple model involving randomly agitated cords. The results suggest that
the probability of a closed SAW remaining knot-free follows a similar scaling law to that for
open-ended SAWs. In particular, the process of closing a given SAW prior to random agitation
substantially increases the probability that it will be knot-free following agitation. The results
point to a remedy for the well-known problem of tangling of cord, rope, headphone cables etc.
The simple act of connecting the two free ends to each other, thus creating a loop, greatly
reduces the risk of such tangling. Other implications, in particular for DNA storage in cells, are
briefly discussed.
Category: Condensed Matter
[13] viXra:0909.0059 [pdf] submitted on 28 Sep 2009
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 23 pages, extension of "NEW S-S' PAIR CREATION RATE EXPRESSION IMPROVING UPON ZENER
CURVES FOR I-E PLOTS; Modern Physics Letters B, Vol. 20, No. 14 (2006) 849-861", as written by
the authors, with a so called 'minimum criterion' for formation of instanton structure in
condensed matter systems. which the author eventually will send to a condensed matter journal.
Has eight figures. Key part of text on pages 21-23, as discussion built about 7th and final
question as to applications of false vacuum hypothesis, and instanton physics for condensed
matter systems.
We present near the end of this document a promising research direction as to how to generalize
a technique initially applied to density wave current calculations to questions of instanton
formation in multi dimensional condensed matter systems. Initially we review prior calculations
done through a numerical simulation that the massive Schwinger model used to formulate solutions
to CDW transport in itself is insufficient for transport of soliton-antisoliton (S S') pairs
through a pinning gap model of CDW transport. Using the Peierls condensation energy permits
formation of CDW S S' pairs in wave functionals. This leads us to conclude that if there is a
small spacing between soliton-antisoliton (S S') charge centers, and an approximate fit between
a tilted washboard potential and the system we are modeling, that instantons are pertinent to
current/transport problems. This requires a very large 'self energy' final value of interaction
energy as calculated between positive and negative charged components of soliton-antisoliton
(S S') pairs with Gaussian wave functionals as modeled for multi dimensional systems along the
lines of Lu's generalization given below. The links to a saddle point treatment of this
instanton formation are make explicit by a comment as to a cosmology variant of instanton
formation in multi dimensions we think is, with slight modifications appropriate for
condensed matter systems
Category: Condensed Matter
[12] viXra:0909.0056 [pdf] submitted on 28 Sep 2009
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 15 pages. Mathematical / condensed matter joint piece designed to explain
the congruence of the Bogomol’nyi inequality with the fate of the false vacuum hypothesis as given by Sidney Coleman.
Foundational issue involved which was key to up dates as to my PhD dissertation, and subsequent work in terms of the
tunneling Hamiltonian, and I-E curves in laboratory data taking. Note , the Bogomol’nyi inequality is a key work horse
as to PARTICLE/ Astro physics, as is the false vacuum hypothesis
We examine quantum decay of the false vacuum in the driven sine-Gordon
system and show how both together permit construction of a Gaussian wave
functional. This is due to changing a least action integral to be similar with
respect to the WKB approximation. In addition we find that the soliton-antisoliton
(S-S') separation distance obtained from the Bogomol'nyi inequality permits after
rescaling a dominant &phi2 contribution to the least action integrand. This is from an
initial scalar potential characterized by a tilted double well potential construction.
Category: Condensed Matter
[11] viXra:0909.0054 [pdf] submitted on 28 Sep 2009
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 18 pages, Constitutes one fifth of the author's PhD dissertation
at the U. of Houston, in late 2001. Remainder of dissertation used Sidney Coleman's
"fate of the false vacuum" article, plus the Schwinger equation, with chain
couplings to fix short comings evident in the simulations presented in this
document. 6 figures.
We have evidence that the classical random pinning model, if simulated numerically using
a phase evolution scheme pioneered by Littlewood, gives dispersion relationships that are
inconsistent with experimental values near threshold. These results argue for a revision
of contemporary classical models of charge density wave transport phenomena. Classically,
phase evolution equations are in essence driven harmonic oscillator models, with perturbing
terms plus damping. These break down when we are adding more 'energy' into a measured sample
via an applied electric field than is dissipated via a damping coefficient behavior in a
phase evolution equation. We see the consequences of the breakdown of these phase evolution
models in Charge Density Wave conductivity and dielectric functional graphs.
Category: Condensed Matter
[10] viXra:0908.0082 [pdf] submitted on 22 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 3 pages
In the article the capture bar of an electron into atomic orbit and mechanism for analysis
of screw motion of an electron is described.
Category: Condensed Matter
[9] viXra:0908.0078 [pdf] submitted on 21 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 19 pages
In the article the equations of a kinetics of coagulation of disperse systems and
theory of a solvate layer of colloidal particles are given.
Category: Condensed Matter
[8] viXra:0908.0044 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages
By exerting a magnetic field normal to a current-carrying strip we
cause a deviation in the path of moving electrons as if our conducting path
is a wire along an edge of the strip which at a point is deflected normal
to the edge and reaches the other edge and afterwards is continued along
this other edge in the same direction as before. It is clear that connecting
the two end points of the transverse part of such a wire by a minor wire
we expect a part of the main current to pass through this minor wire. The
direction of such a current flowing in the minor wire is such that as if the
current-carrying charges in the main current-carrying strip are positive
charges. This is the basis of this article. A quite practical experiment is
proposed for testing the presented theory.
Category: Condensed Matter
[7] viXra:0908.0043 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 7 pages
In a gradient of magnetic field, magnetic dipoles of the air are attracted
toward the region of intense field such that the air pressure is more in the
regions of more intense field. The formed pressure gradient exerts a net
force on a body placed in the air in this gradient of magnetic field toward
the region of low pressure or the region having weaker field. This is like
what takes place in sink-float separation.
Category: Condensed Matter
[6] viXra:0908.0041 [pdf] submitted on 10 Aug 2009
Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 30 pages
It is shown that there exists a uniqueness theorem, stating that the
charges given to a constant configuration of conductors take a unique distribution,
which contrary to what is believed does not have any relation to
the uniqueness theorem of electrostatic potential. Using this theorem we
obtain coefficients of potential analytically. We show that a simple carelessness
has caused the famous formula for the electrostatic potential to be
written as U = 1/2 ∫D.Edv while its correct form is U = 1/2 ∫D.Eρdv
in which Eρ is the electrostatic field arising only from the external charges
not also from the polarization charges.
Considering the above-mentioned material it is shown that, contrary
to the current belief, capacitance of a capacitor does not at all depend
on the dielectric used in it and depends only on the configuration of its
conductors. We proceed to correct some current mistakes resulted from
the above-mentioned mistakes, eg electrostatic potential energy of and the
inward force exerted on a dielectric block entering into a parallel-plate
capacitor are obtained and compared with the wrong current ones.
It is shown that existence of dielectric in the capacitor of a circuit
causes attraction of more charges onto the capacitor because of the polarization
of the dielectric. Then, in electric circuits we should consider the
capacitor's dielectric as a source of potential not think wrongly that existence
of dielectric changes the capacitor's capacitance. Difference between
these two understandings are verified completely during some examples,
and some experiments are proposed for testing the theory. For example
it is shown that contrary to what the current theory predicts, resonance
frequency of a circuit of RLC will increase by inserting dielectric into the
capacitor (without any change of the geometry of its conductors). It is
also shown that what is calculated as K (dielectric constant) is in fact
2 - (1/K).
Category: Condensed Matter
[5] viXra:0908.0033 [pdf] submitted on 7 Aug 2009
Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 5 pages
Many characteristics of fluids and solids it is possible to calculate, using notion
about existence of "surface gas".
Category: Condensed Matter
[4] viXra:0902.0005 [pdf] submitted on 14 Feb 2009
Authors: Akito Takahashi
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
This paper gives the follow-up study on the basics for our previous papers, Study on
4D/Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate Condensation Motion by Non-Linear Langevin Equation,
Symposium 998-Low Energy Nuclear Reactions Source Book, ACS, published on August 2008
from Oxford University Press.
Pertaining to the quantum mechanics, the basics of new approach using the stochastic
differential equation (Langevin equation) is written for quantifying dynamic motion of
known molecules as D2+, D2 and D3+
as well as D-atom state. The role of the Platonic
symmetry in these known molecules are discussed for deducing simple one-dimensional
(Rdd dependent; here Rdd is distance between nearest d-d pair) Langevin equation and
making quantum-mechanical ensemble averaging to obtain equation for expectation value.
The methodology is applied for more complicated D-clusters as 4D/TSC and 6D/OSC which
would keep the Platonic symmetry, by introducing the force fluctuation deviating from
the ideal Platonic symmetry. Time-dependent TSC and OSC trapping potentials which take
balance to getting back to the Platonic symmetry from the distorted states were defined
and used for numerical solution of Langevin equation. Finally, time-dependent fusion
rate formula for simultaneous 4D interaction was obtained based on the Fermi's golden
rule and one-pion exchange potential of strong interaction. The 4D fusion is regarded to
cause radiation-less excess heat and 4He ash in metal-deuterium systems under dynamic conditions
Category: Condensed Matter
[3] viXra:0902.0004 [pdf] submitted on 14 Feb 2009
Authors: Akito Takahashi, Norio Yabuuchi
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
Tetrahedral symmetric condensate (TSC) with 4 deuterons and 4 electrons has been proposed as
a seed of clean 4D fusion with 4He product in condensed matter. To solve molecular dynamics
motion of 4D/TSC condensation, a nonlinear Langevin equation was formulated with a Coulombic
main condensation force term under Platonic symmetry, 6 balancing forces by quantum mechanical
electron clouds of dde*(2,2) EQPET molecules on 6 faces of TSC cube and a random quantum
mechanical fluctuation term f(t) for d-d distance. Gaussian wave functions for d-d pairs and
their ground state energies were first obtained by variational method, for D2 and EQPET molecules.
Then same sigma-value was used for time-dependent Gaussian wave functions of d-d pairs of TSC
system to calculate the ensemble-averaged <f(t)> for changes of Coulomb energy and force of
distorted TSC system deviated from the ideal double Platonic symmetry. Molecular dynamics
calculation with TSC Langevin equation by the Verlet time-step method was then done. We
obtained mean relative final-stage d-d kinetic energy 13.68 keV with -130.4 keV deep trapping
TSC potential at Rdd-minimum = 25 fm and time-to-TSC-minimum =1.4007 fs. Mean kinetic energy
of electron of a "d-e-d-e" EQPET molecule of TSC system was estimated as 57.6 keV at Rdd =25
fm. These time-dependent trapping potential for d-d pair of TSC can be approximated by HMEQPET
potentials with the empirical relation of m=4.36x104/Rdd, (Rdd in fm unit), continuously as a
change of condensation time or Rdd(t). Barrier factors for fusion reactions as a function of
Rdd(t) and 4D fusion rate per TSC generation were calculated using these HMEQPET potentials
and Fermi's golden rule. We found that 4D/TSC got to the TSC-minimum state with 10 fm-20 fm
radius in 1.4007 fs and 4D fusion rate was 100 % per 4D/TSC generation-condensation. Thus we
concluded that 4He production rate by 4D/TSC was equal to two times of 4D/TSC generation rate
in condensed matter (e.g., PdDx).
Category: Condensed Matter
[2] viXra:0902.0003 [pdf] submitted on 14 Feb 2009
Authors: Akito Takahashi
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org
This paper gives further discussions and explanations on the timedependent
quantum-mechanical behaviors of electron-clouds in 4D/TSC
condensation motion by Langevin equation, in comparison with steady
ground state electron orbits and their de Broglie wave lengths for D-atom
and D2 molecule.
Category: Condensed Matter
[1] viXra:0808.0006 [pdf] submitted on 18 Aug 2008
Authors: S. A. Al-Jabbar
Comments: 42 pages
The present work aims at the preparation of filaments of bismuth powder/ epoxy resin and examined
them to be high conductor with locally available material and tools following our technology
comparing with Bourgoin method.
Three sets of bismuth filaments were prepared at different conditions and the current - voltage
(I-V) characteristics measured by 2- probe system to examine the electrical resistance.
Category: Condensed Matter
[19] viXra:1209.0057 [pdf] replaced on 2012-09-19 22:40:06
Authors: Akito Takahashi, Daniel Rocha
Comments: 22 Pages.
A model of final state interaction for 8Be* of 4D/TSC fusion is proposed. The 8Be*(Ex=47.6MeV) may damp its excited energy by major BOLEP (burst of low energy photons) process from
Category: Condensed Matter
[18] viXra:1209.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2012-10-01 17:04:03
Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 18 Pages.
Clusters of Palladium atoms (also clusters of atoms of Nickel and similar elements) have two basic structures: Icosahedral and Cuboctahedral 1 - Icosahedon <-> Cuboctahedron Jitterbug Transformation. 2 - Palladium clusters with absorbed Deuterium (PdDx) have two states: Icosahedral with Tetrahedral absorption sites Cuboctahedral with Octahedral absorption sites. 3 - Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation (TSC) in PdDx produces Fusion. 4 - Icosahedra TSC Fusion Triggers Jitterbug to Cuboctahedra. 5 - Cuboctahedra Jitterbug back to Icosahedra and reload TSC sites. 6 - Repeat the Cycle. Version 2 adds a mechanical analogy with M1911 type semiauto Colt 10 mm Delta Elite. Version 3 adds Ni and H to the title and reorganizes to add details about cluster structure for TSC fusion. Version 4 adds a proposal for experimental test using 1.5 nm Pd clusters such as have been synthesized by Sandia/UNM. Version 5 revises (and hopefully clarifies) the graphic description of TSC Jitterbug fusion cyclic process.
Category: Condensed Matter
[17] viXra:1209.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2012-09-30 08:41:33
Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 16 Pages.
Clusters of Palladium atoms (also clusters of atoms of Nickel and similar elements) have two basic structures: Icosahedral and Cuboctahedral 1 - Icosahedon <-> Cuboctahedron Jitterbug Transformation. 2 - Palladium clusters with absorbed Deuterium (PdDx) have two states: Icosahedral with Tetrahedral absorption sites Cuboctahedral with Octahedral absorption sites. 3 - Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation (TSC) in PdDx produces Fusion. 4 - Icosahedra TSC Fusion Triggers Jitterbug to Cuboctahedra. 5 - Cuboctahedra Jitterbug back to Icosahedra and reload TSC sites. 6 - Repeat the Cycle. Version 2 adds a mechanical analogy with M1911 type semiauto Colt 10 mm Delta Elite. Version 3 adds Ni and H to the title and reorganizes to add details about cluster structure for TSC fusion. Version 4 adds a proposal for experimental test using 1.5 nm Pd clusters such as have been synthesized by Sandia/UNM.
Category: Condensed Matter
[16] viXra:1209.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2012-09-14 01:11:02
Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 13 Pages.
Clusters of Palladium atoms (also clusters of atoms of Nickel and similar elements) have two basic structures: Icosahedral and Cuboctahedral 1 - Icosahedon <-> Cuboctahedron Jitterbug Transformation. 2 - Palladium clusters with absorbed Deuterium (PdDx) have two states: Icosahedral with Tetrahedral absorption sites Cuboctahedral with Octahedral absorption sites. 3 - Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation (TSC) in PdDx produces Fusion. 4 - Icosahedra TSC Fusion Triggers Jitterbug to Cuboctahedra. 5 - Cuboctahedra Jitterbug back to Icosahedra and reload TSC sites. 6 - Repeat the Cycle. Version 2 adds a mechanical analogy with M1911 type semiauto Colt 10 mm Delta Elite. Version 3 adds Ni and H to the title and reorganizes to add details about cluster structure for TSC fusion.
Category: Condensed Matter
[15] viXra:1209.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2012-09-04 09:54:23
Authors: Frank Dodd (Tony) Smith Jr.
Comments: 12 Pages.
Clusters of Palladium atoms (also clusters of atoms of Nickel and similar elements) have two basic structures: Icosahedral and Cuboctahedral 1 - Icosahedon <-> Cuboctahedron Jitterbug Transformation. 2 - Palladium clusters with absorbed Deuterium (PdDx) have two states: Icosahedral with Tetrahedral absorption sites Cuboctahedral with Octahedral absorption sites. 3 - Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensation (TSC) in PdDx produces Fusion. 4 - Icosahedra TSC Fusion Triggers Jitterbug to Cuboctahedra. 5 - Cuboctahedra Jitterbug back to Icosahedra and reload TSC sites. 6 - Repeat the Cycle. Version 2 adds a mechanical analogy with M1911 type semiauto Colt 10 mm Delta Elite.
Category: Condensed Matter
[14] viXra:1207.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2012-07-19 11:40:40
Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 10 Pages.
We show that by intensifying the gravitational interaction between electron pairs it is possible to produce pair binding energies on the order of 10−1eV, enough to keep electron’s pairs (Cooper Pairs) at ambient temperatures. By means of this method, metals can be transformed into superconductors at ambient temperature.
Category: Condensed Matter
[13] viXra:1205.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2012-05-15 21:32:04
Authors: Blaise Mouttet
Comments: 5 Pages.
It has been claimed that pinched hysteresis curves are the fingerprint of memristors. This paper demonstrates that a linear resistor in parallel with a nonlinear, square law capacitor also produces pinched hysteresis curves. Spice simulations are performed examining the current vs. voltage behavior of this circuitry under different amplitudes and frequencies of an input signal. Based on this finding a more generalized dynamic systems model is suggested for ReRAM and neuromorphic modeling to cover a broader range of pinched hysteresis curves.
Category: Condensed Matter
[12] viXra:1112.0069 [pdf] replaced on 2012-01-29 15:09:21
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 13 pages. English.
This brief paper is part of my research on the origins of turbulence. Since the derivations of the Navier-Stokes equation are frequently cumbersome, I would like to provide this pedagogical derivation (I hope), discussing the properties of the continuum fluids under a heuristical approach, viz., we provide a heuristical derivation of the so-called Navier-Stokes equation. We turn out to be concerned with the physical insight regarding the system under consideration, a system of continuum. Derivations of the Navier-Stokes equation are, frequently, pedagogically cumbersome, loosing the main heuristics one should grasp under the transition to the continuum. This transition turns out to naturally encapsulate neglected degrees of freedom due to the intrinsically thermodynamic domain. This pedagogical derivation discusses the properties of the continuum fluids and the relation to the taken limit encapsulating the continuum hypothesis, which turns out to raise the question of lack of validity over extremely distorted subdomains, once a grown rarefied subdomain may not provide sufficient large statistics to a smooth description via its center of mass, which is the main hypothesis of the infinitesimal limit process for the local description under the continuum hypothesis. Such transient, albeit not presented here, once it would change the characteristic of this paper to the research one connected to the important question of unicity of the (3+1)-dimensional Navier-Stokes differential equation, is to be pointed out, once it provides ansatz for research on the unicity of description of fluids by the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Condensed Matter
[11] viXra:1112.0069 [pdf] replaced on 2012-01-23 22:23:59
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 13 pages. English.
This brief paper is part of my research on the origins of turbulence. Since the derivations of the Navier-Stokes equation are frequently cumbersome, I would like to provide this pedagogical derivation (I hope), discussing the properties of the continuum fluids under a heuristical approach, viz., we provide a heuristical derivation of the so-called Navier-Stokes equation. We turn out to be concerned with the physical insight regarding the system under consideration, a system of continuum. Derivations of the Navier-Stokes equation are, frequently, pedagogically cumbersome, loosing the main heuristics one should grasp under the transition to the continuum. This transition turns out to naturally encapsulate neglected degrees of freedom due to the intrinsically thermodynamic domain. This pedagogical derivation discusses the properties of the continuum fluids and the relation to the taken limit encapsulating the continuum hypothesis, which turns out to raise the question of lack of validity over extremely distorted subdomains, once a grown rarefied subdomain may not provide sufficient large statistics to a smooth description via its center of mass, which is the main hypothesis of the infinitesimal limit process for the local description under the continuum hypothesis. Such transient, albeit not presented here, once it would change the characteristic of this paper to the research one connected to the important question of unicity of the (3+1)-dimensional Navier-Stokes differential equation, is to be pointed out, once it provides ansatz for research on the unicity of description of fluids by the Navier-Stokes equation.
Category: Condensed Matter
[10] viXra:1112.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2012-01-30 11:37:16
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 5 pages. English.
Through a convenient mathematical approach for the Navier-Stokes equation, we obtain the quadratic dependence $v^{2}$ of the drag force $F_{D}$ on a falling sphere, and the drag coefficient, $C_{D}$, as a function of the Reynolds number. Viscosity effects related to the turbulent boundary layer under transition, from laminar to turbulent, lead to the tensorial integration related to the flux of linear momentum through a conveniently choosen control surface in the falling reference frame. This approach turns out to provide an efficient route for the drag force calculation, since the drag force turns out to be a field of a non-inertial reference frame, allowing an arbitrary and convenient control surface, finally leading to the quadratic term for the drag force.
Category: Condensed Matter
[9] viXra:1112.0066 [pdf] replaced on 2012-01-29 22:54:30
Authors: Armando V.D.B. Assis
Comments: 5 pages. English.
Through a convenient mathematical approach for the Navier-Stokes equation, we obtain the quadratic dependence $v^{2}$ of the drag force $F_{D}$ on a falling sphere, and the drag coefficient, $C_{D}$, as a function of the Reynolds number. Viscosity effects related to the turbulent boundary layer under transition, from laminar to turbulent, lead to the tensorial integration related to the flux of linear momentum through a conveniently choosen control surface in the falling reference frame. This approach turns out to provide an efficient route for the drag force calculation, since the drag force turns out to be a field of a non-inertial reference frame, allowing an arbitrary and convenient control surface, finally leading to the quadratic term for the drag force.
Category: Condensed Matter
[8] viXra:1111.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2012-07-30 09:25:54
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 43 Pages. 5 Figures
Presently, determining the true cause (because it cannot be contradicted or overruled) as to why superconductivity is generated, a new theory has been propounded. In order to confirm the truth of the presently determined cause, plausible arguments and evidences from the well established existing knowledge too have been given. Currently, according to BCS theory, it is assumed that at transition temperature (Tc), due to flow of Cooper pairs, the persistent current flows and hence superconductivity is generated. But the BCS theory and the concept of formation of Cooper pairs give rise to numerous such questions of which no explanation can be given. The present theory gives very clear and complete, i.e., true understanding of as to how superconductivity is generated and related phenomena/events, properties and effects etc. take place. Presently, it has also been tried to explain how currently known some non-superconducting (e.g. ferromagnetic) substances can be made superconducting. Finally, some possible new effects have been predicted and it has been tried to explain why and how they shall take place.
Category: Condensed Matter
[7] viXra:1111.0072 [pdf] replaced on 2012-07-30 09:11:03
Authors: Kunwar Jagdish Narain
Comments: 39 Pages. 8 Figures
Presently, determining the true cause, i.e. magnetism of electrons, and taking its account, a new theory has been propounded to explain electromagnetism. The current cause that electromagnetism is generated due to charge of the electrons, is not true. Consequently, electromagnetic theory and all the existing theories fail to explain as to how (i.e. procedure) electromagnetism is generated, which type of magnetism is generated, how a magnetic field is generated around the current carrying rod, how that field occurs in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow of current through the rod, and how that field possesses direction. The present theory gives very clear and complete understanding of as to how electromagnetism is generated, which type of magnetism is generated, and all the phenomena/events mentioned above. Applying the present theory, some other important phenomena too have been tried to explain, which currently though have been explained but they are not clear and complete and give rise to several questions. Finally, some possible new effects have been predicted and it has been tried to explain why and how they shall take place.
Category: Condensed Matter
[6] viXra:1004.0080 [pdf] replaced on 21 Apr 2010
Authors: Xiangjun Feng
Comments:
3 pages and 3 figures. This paper has been published in the on-line journal of World Chinese Forum On Science of General Systems (WCFSGS), ISSN 1936-7260.
The paper has also been included in the NONEXTENSIVE STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS: BIBLIOGRAPHY edited by Prof. Constantino Tsallis . Â
Report Number: 300-P-10-04-01
Journal Reference: WCFSGS VOL 6, NO. S1 ( A SPECIAL EDITION ON NONEXTENSIVE MECHANICS ), APRIL 2010, ISSN 1936 - 7260.
It is demonstrated clearly that for the same
classical generalized system the Tsallis power-laws with
both the q > 1 and the q < 1 can be induced by the
constraint of the constant harmonic mean for the so-called
reciprocal energies Er and at the same time the
Boltzmann distribution or the negative exponential
probability distribution can be generated with the
constraint of the constant arithmetic mean for the
generalized energies E . The author thus argues that there
might be no definite "extensive system" or "classical
system" and there are only "classical physical parameters"
and "classical constraints". For any physical system or
generalized system, it is the non-natural constraints which
determine both the forms of the entropies and the nonuniform
equilibrium distributions.
Category: Condensed Matter
[5] viXra:1004.0080 [pdf] replaced on 15 Apr 2010
Authors: Xiangjun Feng
Comments:
3 pages and 3 figures. This paper has been published in the on-line journal of World Chinese Forum On
Science of General Systems (WCFSGS), ISSN 1936-7260. Report Number: 300-P-10-04-01.
Journal Reference: WCFSGS VOL 6, NO. S1 ( A SPECIAL EDITION ON NONEXTENSIVE MECHANICS ), APRIL 2010, ISSN 1936 - 7260.
It is demonstrated clearly that for the same
classic generalized system the Tsallis power-laws with both
the q > 1 and the q < 1 can be induced by the constraint
of the constant harmonic mean for the so-called reciprocal
energies r E and at the same time the Boltzmann
distribution or the negative exponential probability
distribution can be generated with the constraint of the
constant arithmetic mean for the generalized energies E .
The author thus argues that there might be no definite
"extensive system" or "classic system" and there are only
"classic physical parameters" and "classic constraints".
For any physical system or generalized system, it is the
non-natural constraints which determine both the forms of
the entropies and the non-uniform equilibrium
distributions.
Category: Condensed Matter
[4] viXra:1001.0014 [pdf] replaced on 11 Sep 2011
Authors: Frank Lichtenberg
Comments: 22 pages
Brief presentation about fundamentally new developments
in physics and technology, entirely novel energy
technologies, the potential of non-mainstream science and
its present achievements, and a positive evolution of
mankind - for laymen, experts, the general public,
decison makers, VIPs, and wealthy personalities
Category: Condensed Matter
[3] viXra:1001.0013 [pdf] replaced on 11 Sep 2011
Authors: Frank Lichtenberg
Comments: 66 pages
The interesting and fascinating physical phenomenon of
superconductivity appears, until now, only at very low temperatures
and therefore its technical application is limited to relatively few
areas. If it is possible to create materials which are superconducting
at room temperature, then this could initiate a revolution in
technology. More than 10 years fundamental research, experience,
knowledge and ideas in the field of special materials (oxides) lead to
the conviction that superconductivity at room temperature is possible,
and together with Global Scaling - a new knowledge and holistic
approach in science - to an extended approach on the search for
room temperature superconductors.
This presentation is divided into a main part (28 pages) and an
appendix (38 pages). A content overview of this presentation is
shown on the following pages 3 and 4.
Category: Condensed Matter
[2] viXra:0912.0038 [pdf] replaced on 23 Jun 2011
Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 10 Pages.
The author shows that the Maxwell's equations in vacuum have solutions
which have helical structure in space while being circularly polarized at the
same time. This goes against the universally accepted solutions which treat the
electromagnetic wave as sinusoidal wave propagating along a linear path. He
shows that the helical wave structure assumes that the fundamental state of the
electromagnetic wave is the circularly polarized state and not the linearly
polarized state. Since the photon is theorized to exist in a circularly polarized
state, the proposed new solution is consistent with that picture. The author
proposes a simple experiment using a maser to confirm the veracity of the
proposed helical structure.
Category: Condensed Matter
[1] viXra:0912.0038 [pdf] replaced on 30 Dec 2009
Authors: V.A.Induchoodan Menon
Comments: 13 Pages.
The author shows that the Maxwell's equations in vacuum have solutions
which have helical structure in space while being circularly polarized at the
same time. This goes against the universally accepted solutions which treat the
electromagnetic wave as sinusoidal wave propagating along a linear path. He
shows that the helical wave structure assumes that the fundamental state of the
electromagnetic wave is the circularly polarized state and not the linearly
polarized state. Since the photon is theorized to exist in a circularly polarized
state, the proposed new solution is consistent with that picture. The author
proposes a simple experiment using a maser to confirm the veracity of the
proposed helical structure.
Category: Condensed Matter