Astrophysics

Tides ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 24 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

Present explanations on mechanism of tides are based either on centrifugal action or on gravitational attraction. Centrifugal force (due to motion of a body in circular path), used in analytical solutions, is an imaginary effort. Explanations, based on actions by an imaginary effort, cannot be factually correct. One of the fundamental assumptions used to derive the equation for gravitational attraction is that whole matter content (mass) of each body is concentrated at its centre. This makes it illogical to assume that different parts of same body have different magnitudes of gravitational attraction towards another body. Therefore, explanations on tides, based on differences in gravitational attractions on different parts of bodies, are perversions of present theory on gravitational attraction. Apparent orbital motion of a body about epicentre of a system is also used in some explanations. In nature, no free body can orbit around another moving body [3] in geometrically closed path. Orbital path of earth about the sun (or that of moon about earth) is not circular or elliptical around a central body but it zigzags about sun's (earth's) median path in space. Hence, an explanation based on revolution of earth around an epicentre is pure imagination. According to current rules of dynamics, more than one external linear effort on a rigid body can produce only one resultant linear motion. Yet, earth experiences distinctly separate sets of tides from central forces towards moon and sun. Only logical reason for lunar tides to be greater than solar tides is that the central force between earth and moon is greater than that between earth and sun. This cannot be substantiated by current gravitational laws. This article attempts to give a simple and logical explanation to tidal mechanism, based on a radically different dynamics, put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER [1]. Tides are caused by (accelerating) actions of external efforts on a linearly moving spinning-body. Each external effort alters shape of the spinning body, separately, to produce its own set of tides. Change in the shape of a spinning body, rather than displacement of its parts, cause tides. Absolute linear motion of the spinning body shifts zenith points of tides from local meridians facing the sun (or moon) and on opposite side. Orbital motion of a spinning body enhances deflection of tides from local meridian. Displacement of ocean water in the direction of moving tide is superficial and it cannot produce tidal drag on earth's solid core body.

A Note on Astrometric Data and Time Varying Sun-Earth Distance in the Light of Carmeli Metric

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages

In this note, we describe shortly time varying Sun-Earth distance in the light of Carmeli metric and compare the result with recent astrometric data. The graphical plot suggests that there should be linear-linear correspondence between Sun-planets distances and their time variation.

An Explanation of Redshift in a Static Universe

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 7 Pages

A review of the literature on the Lyman alpha forest gives direct evidence on the dynamics of the universe. In an expanding universe one would expect the average temperature of the universe to fall as it expands - but a review of the Doppler parameters of the Hydrogen clouds in Quasar spectra shows that contrary to this, they are increasing in temperature (or at least, becoming increasingly disturbed) as the universe ages. Addition-ally, in an expanding universe, hydrogen clouds must become further apart with time, so, as redshift increases, the clouds would be closer together. Instead, the evidence is that, on average, they are evenly spaced up to a redshift of one - if not beyond. How can this be so if the universe is expanding? Especially since this range of redshifts includes the supernovae data used to show 'acceleration' and so called 'time dilation.' Taking these results in isolation implies that the universe has been static for at least the last billion years or so and therefore a new model of redshift is needed to explain redshifts in a static universe. The model proposed here is that in a static universe, photons of light from distant galaxies are absorbed and reemitted by electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space and on each interaction the electron recoils. Energy is lost to the recoiling electron (New Tired Light theory) and thus the reemitted photon has less energy, a reduced frequency and therefore an increased wavelength. It has been redshifted. The Hubble relationship be-comes 'photons of light from a galaxy twice as far away, make twice as many interactions with the electrons in the plasma of IG space, lose twice as much energy and undergo twice the redshift.' A relationship between redshift and distance is found and, using published values of collision cross-sections and number density of electrons in IG space, a value for the Hubble constant is derived which is in good agreement with measured values. Assuming that the energy transferred to the recoiling electron is emitted as secondary radiation; the wavelength is calculated and found to be consistent with the wavelengths of the CMB. On the basis that plasma clouds result in periodicity or 'quantised' galaxy redshifts it is shown that the average spacing between hydrogen clouds (z = 0.026) compares favourably with an average spacing between galaxy clusters (z = 0.023). A test of this theory in the laboratory is proposed whereby a high powered laser could be fired through sparse cold plasma and the theories predicted increase in emission of microwave radiation of a particular frequency determined.

A Proposed Recoil Interaction Between Photons and the Electrons in the Plasma of Intergalactic Space Leading to the Hubble Constant and CMB

Authors: Lyndon Ashmore
Comments: 8 Pages

The Hubble diagram for type Ia Supernovae gives the value of the Hubble constant, H as 64±3 km/s Mpc^-1 which, in SI units, is equal to 'hr_e/m_e per unit volume of space' (2.1x10^-18 s^-1). This coincidence could suggest a relationship between H and the electrons in the plasma of intergalactic space that act collectively and oscillate if displaced. The possibility that light from distant galaxies is absorbed and reemitted by the electrons is considered with the electron recoiling on both occasions. A double Mössbauer effect leads to a redshift in the transmitted light. Introduction of the photoabsorption cross section 2r_eλ leads to the relationship H = 2n_ehr_e/m_e giving H = 12 km/s Mpc^-1 when ne has the reported value of n_e ~ 10^-7cm^-3. The small amount of energy transferred to the electron by recoil is radiated as bremstrahlung with a wavelength in the microwave region.

Planetary Spin ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 17 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

A part of central force between planetary and central bodies cause their spin motions. All bodies in planetary systems develop mean accelerating spin motion. Depending on their orbital parameters, planets and central bodies may spin in forward direction, rearward direction or, in rare cases, may have no spin motion at all. All bodies in a planetary system tend to spin in their common orbital plane. Angular accelerations of orbiting bodies continue indefinitely until their high spin speeds cause disintegration of planets and planetary system. In a planetary system, consistency of body-matter and radial size of a body determine relative spin speeds at different parts of its body. Equatorial region of all very large bodies spin faster than their polar region or regions towards their spin-axes. Lengthening of (terrestrial) solar days, presently misinterpreted as slowing down of earth's spin motion, is the result of insufficient compensation to earth's apparent spin motion about the sun.

Planetary Orbits ( According to "Hypothesis on MATTER" )

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 28 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

In any system of bodies, relativistic considerations can provide only those parameters of the constituent bodies, which are related to their relative positions. Use of a reference frame, related to a static central body, causes a planetary orbit to appear as closed geometrical figure around the central body. As the central body, itself is a moving body, this does not reflect physical reality. Although they help to explain apparent phenomena, all properties attributed to elliptical/circular planetary orbital path are unreal. Real physical actions are restricted to real entities and they have to be understood with reference to an absolute reference. Since, elliptical shape of a planetary orbit is an imaginary aspect; it has its limitations to explain real actions in nature. Due to constant motions of free bodies in space, it is practically impossible for a free body to orbit around another. However, they may orbit about each other and follow a common median path in space. Mechanism of orbit-formation and the limitations of orbiting bodies, described in this article, are based on a radically different dynamics from an alternative concept put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER'. A planet's parameters, during initial entry into its datum orbit, determine size and eccentricity of its apparent orbit. Only those bodies, which approach the central body from the rear, on the outer side of its curved path, through a small window in space can form stable orbits. Hence, it is imperative that all bodies of a planetary system orbit in the same sense and are (almost) in the same plane. Perihelion/aphelion of an orbital path could be anywhere in the orbit, but the point at which the orbiting body has its highest/lowest linear speeds are fixed in relation to the central body's path. All natural planets, whose perihelion are in front of their point of entry; arrive from outside the planetary system.

A Note of Widening on the Redshift Mechanism

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 Pages.

A single tired light mechanism has been proposed for explaining the cosmological redshift without expansion of the universe and also the intrinsic redshift, that is, the excess of redshift of the radio sources. In this note of widening, we show that the mechanism would be similar to the discharge of an electric capacitor, to the radiation loss by fast electrons and to the radioactive nuclei decay.

Searching for Life on Habitable Planets and Moons

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 16 pages, 2 figures, published in 'Journal of Cosmology',2010, vol.5, pp.801-810 ; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv: 0912.1040

Earth is the only known inhabited planet in the universe to date. However, advancements in the fields of astrobiology and observational astronomy, as also discovery of large varieties of extremophiles with extraordinary capability to thrive in harshest environments on Earth, have led to speculation that life may possibly be thriving on many of the extraterrestrial bodies in the universe. Coupled with the growing number of exoplanets detected over the past decade, the search for the possibility of life on other planets and satellites within the solar system and beyond has become a passion as well as a challenge for scientists in a variety of fields. This paper examines such possibility in the light of findings of the numerous space probes and theoretical research undertaken in this field over the past few decades.

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 44 pages, 7 figures, invited review article, published in 'Astrophysics & Space Science' (2008), 317, 267-278; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv:0907.3552

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.

Planetary Orbits (According to "Hypothesis on MATTER")

Authors: Nainan K. Varghese
Comments: 28 pages, Originally published in General Science Journal

In any system of bodies, relativistic considerations can provide only those parameters of the constituent bodies, which are related to their relative positions. Use of a reference frame, related to a static central body, causes a planetary orbit to appear as closed geometrical figure around the central body. As the central body, itself is a moving body, this does not reflect physical reality. Although they help to explain apparent phenomena, all properties attributed to elliptical/circular planetary orbital path are unreal. Real physical actions are restricted to real entities and they have to be understood with reference to an absolute reference. Since, elliptical shape of a planetary orbit is an imaginary aspect; it has its limitations to explain real actions in nature. Due to constant motions of free bodies in space, it is practically impossible for a free body to orbit around another. However, they may orbit about each other and follow a common median path in space. Mechanism of orbit-formation and the limitations of orbiting bodies, described in this article, are based on a radically different dynamics from an alternative concept put forward in 'Hypothesis on MATTER'. A planet's parameters, during initial entry into its datum orbit, determine size and eccentricity of its apparent orbit. Only those bodies, which approach the central body from the rear, on the outer side of its curved path, through a small window in space can form stable orbits. Hence, it is imperative that all bodies of a planetary system orbit in the same sense and are (almost) in the same plane. Perihelion/aphelion of an orbital path could be anywhere in the orbit, but the point at which the orbiting body has its highest/lowest linear speeds are fixed in relation to the central body's path. All natural planets, whose perihelion are in front of their point of entry; arrive from outside the planetary system.

A Brief and Elementary Note on Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 Pages.

A reasonable explanation of both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic, is given using a single tired light mechanism. In the first case, the redshift is produced because the light interacts with microwaves. In the second, the interaction is with radio waves. And all this is compatible with a static universe with a space temperature of 2.7 ^oK.

A Theory of Unified Gravitation

Authors: Gil Raviv
Comments: 255 Pages.

The theory presented here, entitled the theory of unified gravitation, holds that the nuclear strong interaction and gravitation are one and the same force. Detailed and relatively simple mathematics are shown to lead to an explicit strong/gravitational force equation that relies on only three independent parameters, identical to the parameters used in Newton's gravitational theory. The theory is applied on various distance scales to explain a broad range of phenomena, and is shown to provide an unparalleled level of agreement with observations, without requiring an assumption of dark matter, dark energy or inflation. Most notable is its ability to reproduce the morphologies of various types of galaxies and nebulae, as well as the complex structure of Saturn's main body of rings. Additional large-scale phenomena explained by unified gravitation include

• The constant rotation curve observed in spiral galaxies
• The nature of density waves in spiral galaxies
• The mechanism underlying star formation and fragmentation
• The parameters that determine galactic (or nebular) morphology and classification
• The clustering of nearby galaxies, repulsion between distant galaxies, and the creation of galactic voids
• The accelerated expansion of the universe
• The cause of the observed redshift periodicity
• The mechanism responsible for the creation of galactic and stellar wind
• The sudden expansion of gas and matter observed in novae and supernovae
• The formation of planetary ring systems and the composition of planets
• The mechanism responsible for the creation of the planetary and galactic magnetic fields
• A possible mechanism for the creation of the solar corona
• The process of ionization that produces the vast amount of plasma in the universe.

Another Explanation of the Redshifts of the Pair Quasar-Galaxy NGC 7319

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 2 Pages.

The excess of redshift of the quasar might be produced in its interior by the transference of heat from the light waves to the radio waves.

The Meaning of the Singularity: 2. Astro-Sociology: Predicting the Presence of Twin Planets (Extended Version)

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 17 pages.

This paper presents a remarkable analogy between the human society and Astronomy. Please keep an open mind as the resemblance is not only qualitative but also quantitative. We point out many similarities between stars and people, such as properties of grouping - single stars vs. singles, binary stars vs. couples, cities vs. clusters, countries vs. galaxies, etc. Men and women are linked with cool and hot stars. We match planets with children and attribute the two genders to gas and solid planets. Moons are related with pets or grandchildren, asteroids with germs / viruses, accretion disks with bellies and jets with pukes. Suicide attempts in people are associated with supernovae in stars. Inflation is connected with the rapid growth of the embryo, and the time the universe became transparent to light is linked with the human birth. A simple analogue to the cosmic background radiation is the bellybutton, and the universe acceleration is coupled with the pace increase in modern life. The mean values of the distributions of star multiples and the number of US households are almost identical (2.04 and 2.03). Moreover, an amazing resemblance between the two curves is evident (Fig. 1). The distribution of gas (or solid) planets is similar to that of boys (or girls) as well, and the fit could improve once selection effects are considered. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our results are significant at a confidence level higher of ~99.9%! The surprising linkage between humanity and stars can lead to many predictions. It is proposed that about a third of stars harbor planets. We predict that stars are equally divided between hot and cool stars and planets between gas and solid planets. The presence of four gas and four solid planets in the solar system supports our prediction. We also forecast that the mean number of planets around host stars should be near two, larger around binaries than in single stars and higher in hot stars than in cool stars. We vision the presence of twin planets that share the same orbit. The wealth of known extra-solar planets should already contain a few such systems. We forecast the presence of a new astronomical phenomenon, which we alias 'planova' - an eruption in a planet that may destroy it, and speculate about the presence of planet jets. The ideas and results of this paper are clearly unusual and unbelievable. A brief explanation to our findings is presented in the discussion and further developed in forthcoming papers.

The Meaning of the Singularity: 2. Astro-Sociology: Predicting the Presence of Twin Planets (Short Version)

Authors: Alon Retter
Comments: 7 pages.

We present a remarkable analogy between the human society and Astronomy. Please keep an open mind as the resemblance is both qualitative and quantitative. We link stars and children with persons and planets. The two genders are matched with cool and hot stars and with gas and solid planets. The mean values of the distributions of star multiples and US households are almost identical. Moreover, an amazing resemblance between the two curves is evident. In addition, the distribution of gas / solid planets is similar to that of boys / girls as well, and the fit could improve once selection effects are considered. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that our results are significant at a confidence level of 99.9%! We thus predict that about a third of stars harbor planets and that stars are equally divided between hot and cool stars and planets between gas and solid planets. The presence of 4 gas and 4 solid planets in the solar system supports our prediction. We forecast that the mean number of planets around host stars should be near two, and vision the presence of twin planets that share the same orbit. The wealth of known extra-solar planets should already contain a few such systems.

On Recent Discovery of New Planetoids in the Solar System and Quantization of Celestial System

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 8 pages

The present note revised the preceding article discussing new discovery of a new planetoid in the solar system. Some recent discoveries have been included, and its implications in the context of quantization of celestial system are discussed, in particular from the viewpoint of superfluid dynamics. In effect, it seems that there are reasons to argue in favor of gravitation-related phenomena from boson condensation.

Some Results Due to a Possible Cosmic Quantum Mechanics in Astrophysics

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 6 pages, Publisher Journal of Theoretics, vol. 4, no. 1, 2001.

Recent observations confirm quantized galactic redshifts and hint a possible new form of quantum mechanics, which could probably explain these observed properties of the galaxies. This brief contribution investigates a possible relation between the new cosmic Planck constant h_g and other fundamental constants of physics.

A Different Derivation of the Calogero Conjecture

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 5 pages, Publisher Journal of Theoretics, vol. 4, no. 1, 2001.

In a study by F. Calogero [1] entitled "Cosmic origin of quantization" an expression was derived for the variability of h with time, and its consequences if any, of such an idea in cosmology were examined. In this paper we will offer a different derivation of the Calogero conjecture based on a postulate concerning a variable speed of light, [2] in conjuction with Weinberg's relationship for the mass of an elementary particle.

Reply to "Notes on Pioneer Anomaly Explanation by Satellite-Shift Formula of Quaternion Relativity"

Authors: V. Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 3 pages

In the present article we would like to make a few comments on a recent paper by A. Yefremov in this journal [1]. It is interesting to note here that he concludes his analysis by pointing out that using full machinery of Quaternion Relativity it is possible to explain Pioneer XI anomaly with excellent agreement compared with observed data, and explain around 45% of Pioneer X anomalous acceleration. We argue that perhaps it will be necessary to consider extension of Lorentz transformation to Finsler-Berwald metric, as discussed by a number of authors in the past few years. In this regard, it would be interesting to see if the use of extended Lorentz transformation could also elucidate the long-lasting problem known as Ehrenfest paradox. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Numerical Solution of Time-Dependent Gravitational Schrödinger Equation

Authors: V. Christianto, Diego L. Rapoport, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 5 pages

In recent years, there are attempts to describe quantization of planetary distance based on time-independent gravitational Schrödinger equation, including Rubcic & Rubcic's method and also Nottale's Scale Relativity method. Nonetheless, there is no solution yet for time-dependent gravitational Schrödinger equation (TDGSE). In the present paper, a numerical solution of time-dependent gravitational Schrödinger equation is presented, apparently for the first time. This numerical solution leads to gravitational Bohr-radius, as expected. In the subsequent section, we also discuss plausible extension of this gravitational Schrödinger equation to include the effect of phion condensate via Gross-Pitaevskii equation, as described recently by Moffat. Alternatively one can consider this condensate from the viewpoint of Bogoliubov-deGennes theory, which can be approximated with coupled time-independent gravitational Schrödinger equation. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Less Mundane Explanation of Pioneer Anomaly from Q-Relativity

Authors: Florentin Smarandache, V. Christianto
Comments: 4 pages

There have been various explanations of Pioneer blueshift anomaly in the past few years; nonetheless no explanation has been offered from the viewpoint of Q-relativity physics. In the present paper it is argued that Pioneer anomalous blueshift may be caused by Pioneer spacecraft experiencing angular shift induced by similar Qrelativity effect which may also affect Jupiter satellites. By taking into consideration "aether drift" effect, the proposed method as described herein could explain Pioneer blueshift anomaly within ~ 0.26% error range, which speaks for itself. Another new proposition of redshift quantization is also proposed from gravitational Bohr-radius which is consistent with Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization. Further observation is of course recommended in order to refute or verify this proposition.

Pressure Calculation of a Constant Density Star in the Dynamic Theory of Gravity

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 12 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 95-105, 2005

In a new theory called Dynamic Theory of Gravity, the gravitational potential is is derived from gauge relations and has a different form than the classical Newtonian potential. In the same theory an analytical expression for the pressure is derived from the equation of the hydronamic equilibrium which is solved for a star of constant density and the results are compared with those of Newtonian gravity. Changes then in the central pressure and radius are also calculated and finally a redshift calculation is performed so that the dynamic gravity effects if any might be shown to be of some detectabe magnitude.

Derivation of Weinberg's Relation in a Inflationary Universe

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 7 pages. Published Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vo. 13 No. 2, pp.111-117

We propose a derivation of the empirical Weinberg relation for the mass of an elementary particle and in an inflationary type of universe. Our derivation produces the standard well known Weinberg relation for the mass of an elementary particle, along with an extra term which depends on the inflationary potential, as well as Hubble's constant. The derivation is based on Zeldovich's result for the cosmological constant Λ, in the context of quantum field theory. The extra term can be understood as a small correction to the mass of the elementary particle due to inflation. This term also enables us to calculate, the initial value of the field φ_O for two kinds of potentials chosen, which makes Weinberg's relation possible. Closed and flat and open universes give the mass of the particles close to the mass of a pion, 140 MeV/c₂ or as the one also predicted by Weinberg's relation.

Variable Model of the Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas
Comments: 8 pages, Romanian Astronomical Journal, Vol. 13, No. 1 pp. 25-30, 2003

Recent evidence suggests that the fine-structure constant α=e²/h bar*c, a measure of the strength of the electromagnetic interaction between photons and electrons, is slowly increasing over cosmological timescales. High-resolution measurements of quasar spectra suggest that there has been a variation Δα/α =-0.72 ± 0.18x10^-5 over the past 6-10 Gyr.To model this, we propose variability in the speed of light that produces a cosmological time |αdot/α| = 10^-15 and 10^-16 yr^-1 at z = 3 which also agrees with the observational spectral data.

Are Flyby Anomalies and the Pioneer Effect an ASTG Phenomenon?

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 5 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables, Submitted as a letter to MNRAS (MN-10-0299-L.)

This reading expounds with expediency on the recently proposed Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG) set-up earlier. There-in, the ASTG was set up and it was demonstrated that it is capable (amongst others solar anomalies) of explaining the precession of the perihelion of solar planets. In the second reading, it was shown that this theory is capable - in principle; of explaining outflows as a repulsive gravitational phenomenon. In the present, we show that the ASTG is capable of explaining the puzzling observations of flyby anomalies vis, anomalous asymptotic speed increases at the perigee and the speed changes occurring to the osculating hyperbolic speed excess. It is shown that these flyby anomalies are a natural occurrence in the ASTG. We derive a modified formula of the empirical formula proposed by Anderson et al., which up to now has no foundational basis except that experience suggest it. It is seen that the ASTG can in principle explain the Pioneer Anomaly. To say for sure the ASTG is the reason for the Pioneer Anomaly, there is need to obtain the complete set of the Pioneer ephemerides.

The Mass of the Universe and Other Relations in the Idea of a Possible Cosmic Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ioannis Iraklis Haranas, Michael Harney
Comments: 2 pages, Published: Progress in Physics, vol. 3, pp. 3-8 , 2008.

General Relativity predicts the existence of relativistic corrections to the static Newtonian potential which can be calculated and verified experimentally. The idea leading to quantum corrections at large distances is that of the interactions of massless particles which only involve their coupling energies at low energies. In this short paper we attempt to propose the Sagnac intrerferometric technique as a way of detecting the relativistic correction suggested for the Newtonian potential, and thus obtaining an estimate for phase difference using a satellite orbiting at an altitude of 250 km above the surface.

An Auxiliary Gravitational Field Operating in Galaxies

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 22 pages, Submitted to PMC Physics A

A theory has been developed of an auxiliary relativistic gravitational field, which operates in conjunction with General Relativity gravity and accounts for the empirical success of Milgrom's modified Newtonian dynamics theory. Remarkable links between this astronomical theory and atomic physics have been discovered. Resonant, standing-wave properties of the field encourage the formation of flat rotation curves, bar or spiral structures and quantised galactic rings. Gravitational lensing due to this field is also significant. The angular momentum proportional to mass-squared relationship observed in galaxies is attributed to this field selecting a preferred galactic rotation velocity.

Evidence for Quantisation in Planetary Ring Systems

Authors: R. Wayte
Comments: 23 pages, Submitted to PMC Physics A

Absolute radial positions of the main features in Saturn's ring system have been calculated by adapting the quantum theory of atomic spectra. Fine rings superimposed upon broad rings are found to be covered by a harmonic series of the form N α A(r)1/2, where N and A are integers. Fourier analysis of the ring system shows that the spectral amplitude fits a response profile which is characteristic of a resonant system. Rings of Jupiter, Uranus and Neptune also obey the same rules. Involvement of the atomic fine structure constant throughout implies the existence of a real quantisation force linking gravitation and atomic theories.

Do Ultra High Energy Cosmic Rays Form a Part of Dark Matter?

Authors: S. Halayka
Comments: 2 Pages.

It is considered whether or not recent ultra high energy cosmic ray observations hint at the possibility that the unaccounted for higher energy rays have become dark matter.

Is Magnetic Moment Variant or Invariant in a Plasma?

Authors: Leonard Freeman
Comments: 7 pages

For many years one of the basic tenets of plasma physics has been the invariance, or constancy, of the magnetic moment of a charged particle in a magnetic field that varies slowly in time or space. However it is proposed here that this is invalid and that the magnetic moment is not constant: it is a function of the magnetic flux density. It is shown that there are contradictions within the conventional theory, and that this is due to a missing term in the derivation. A new equation for the variation of the magnetic moment in a collision free plasma is derived. The implication of this new equation for the loss cone in magnetic mirrors is considered.

Quasi-Periodic Oscillations, Mass and Jets of Black Holes: XTE J1550-564 and Sgr A*

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 32 pages, including 5 figures and 5 tables.

In this paper the recently proposed three tori model for the explanation of three high frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) has been applied to black holes. The circular tori are: an outer torus with charge Q_o, a torus with mass m_m in the middle and an inner torus with charge Q_i, whereas the star bears a charge Q_s. Especially, the gravitational interaction between the torus with mass m_m and the masses of the other two tori has been taken into account in this work. For the explanation of four low frequency QPOs a special interpretation of the gravitomagnetic theory has again been applied. Predictions of the new model are compatible with deduced high and low frequency QPOs of the stellar black hole XTE J1550-564 and the supermassive black hole Sgr A*. Moreover, the Lense-Thirring precession frequency for black holes is discussed. Furthermore, it is shown, that a massive torus around Sgr A* may lead to a higher and anisotropic observed mass for the black hole. Finally, the origin of jets is investigated by studying the radial motion of charge in the Kerr-Newman space-time. It is shown that charge may be bound on a shell slightly outside the ergosphere.

The Causes of Variations When Making Dowsable Measurements Part 3 Monthly and Annual Variations Caused by Gravity

Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 9 pages

Comprehension of the structure of the universe requires a theory of quantum gravity. Attempting to link quantum physics with general relativity is one current approach. Many researchers, including the author, believes that the solution lies not just in physics, but involves consciousness and cognitive neuroscience together with understanding the nature and perception of information. This paper combines these latter factors in a non-orthodox approach linked by geometry. This is the third of a 5 part complementary series of papers examining several local and non-local factors which affect dowsing measurements, (and hence perception and consciousness), on a daily, monthly, annual, or ad hoc basis. Part 2 of this series of papers identified gravity (via its influence on tides) to have a significant effect on dowsed measurements. This avenue of research into gravity is now further developed, by making a start in quantifying the involvement of gravity:- 1. on consciousness, 2. with information, 3. with subtle energies that may be the same as dark energy, 4. in the structure of the universe, and 5. in triggering well known biological events in animals and plants. Via the use of a standard yardstick, significant variations in length have been measured during the course of a 28-day lunar cycle (caused by the Moon orbiting the Earth), and a 365-day annual cycle (caused by the Earth's orbit around the Sun). Gravity is shown to be the main cause. Other perturbations may be present. But are these repeatable periodic patterns of changing length caused by gravity's biological effects on the dowser, or in the information obtained by the dowser? In other words, is gravity acting directly on the dowser's brain and body, or is gravity causing changes in consciousness via the Information Field? The latter is the "front runner" in the theory of dowsing.

Lensing and Galactic Mass Anomaly Solution from DFM Shock Model

Authors: Peter Jackson
Comments: 14 Pages.

Lensing of cluster MACSJ1149.5+2223 repeats anomalies found in other clusters. Extended Shapiro delays indicate central gravitational mass concentrations significantly higher than prediction. The continued problem lead Evalyn Gates to comment[1]; "This implies that we're either missing some physics in our simulations, or we may need to modify our cosmological model." A conceptual model of wave particle interaction at the Earth's bow shock and galactic halo's is tested using data from particle accelerators, and the Voyagers interactions with the heliopause termination shock. The potential, implications and possible quantum mechanical spin derived solution for Doppler shifting of EM waves by FM is explored, and identified as key to resolving the anomalies, also shedding new light on Dark Matter The model also derives an explanation of apparent superluminal motion within the postulates of STR. Historical background to the 'Discrete Field Model' (DFM) proposed here is identified, predictions are derived, and wider implications considered.

A New Quantum Gravity Framework Based on the Twintori Model of Cosmology. (Part 1)

Authors: Chris Forbes, Dan Visser
Comments: 18 pages

In this, the final paper in the recent series on the new twin-tori model of cosmology, the model is developed in a logical way. Its historical development is included, and what follows is a statement of the central axioms of the theory. The reasons for them are described and their use in the theory is shown. What then follows is a brief description of the cosmological side of the theory, and its application to large scale structures and astrophysics. The paper then begins to develop the opposite length scale of the model, that on the order of the nuclear scale and ranging down to planck scale physics and Quantum Gravity. The theory is developed by laying theoretical foundations and mathematical idea's and structures and building on these using phenomenology and statistical techniques to fit parameters for the theory, including the dark energy - dark matter coupling constants. Many basic simplified models are then set out in various dimensions and with varying degrees of physical relevance. The models are also tested against current theory using observations of various physical systems ranging from nuclear physics, both earth-bound and stellar, to galactic dynamics and rotations. Historical deatils are included to increase readability from a variety of backgrounds.

Massive Star Formation and the Radiation Problem

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 8 pages, 1 figure. Accepted to Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics

Central to the on-going debate on how massive stars come into being is the so-called Radiation Problem. It has been argued that for stars of mass greater than ~ 10M_☉, the radiation field emanating from these objects is high enough to cause a global reversal of direct radial in-fall of the material onto the nascent star. We argue here (1) that this accepted argument applies only to an isolated star, i.e., a star in a vacuum - a star without any circumstellar material around it (2) further that, this argument is applicable only for a spherically symmetric gravitation. Correcting the former, i.e., taking into consideration the circumstellar material, we find that at ~ 10M_☉, the radiation field will begin to create a cavity and, if and only if, the accretion disk is (1) not destroyed and (2) it acts up as the channel via which the star's mass grows; then, the circumstellar material is pushed away gradually until a point is reached when the cavity is the size of the core itself, at which point complete in-fall reversal is attained. If the star is forming inside a gravitationally bound core of mass Mcore, then according to our findings, complete global reversal of in-fall will occur when M_star = (M_core/10M_☉)^1/3. This picture is very different from the common picture that is accepted in the literature that at ~ 10M_☉, all the material - from the surface of the star right up to the edge of the core; is expected to be swept away by the radiation field.

Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation I

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 12 pages, 2 figures, 3 tables, Published: MNRAS, Vol. 403, Issue 3, pp.1381-1392 doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16196.x

From a purely none-general relativistic standpoint, we solve the empty space Poisson equation, i.e. ∇²Φ = 0, for an azimuthally symmetric setting, i.e., for a spinning gravitational system like the Sun. We seek the general solution of the form Φ = Φ(r, θ). This general solution is constrained such that in the zeroth order approximation it reduces to Newton's well known inverse square law of gravitation. For this general solution, it is seen that it has implications on the orbits of test bodies in the gravitational field of this spinning body.We show that to second order approximation, this azimuthally symmetric gravitational field is capable of explaining at least two things (1) the observed perihelion shift of solar planets (2) that the Astronomical Unit must be increasing - this resonates with the observations of two independent groups of astronomers (Krasinsky & Brumberg 2004; Standish 2005) who have measured that the Astronomical Unit must be increasing at a rate of about 7.0±0.2m/cy (Standish 2005) to 15.0±0.3m/cy (Krasinsky & Brumberg 2004). In-principle, we are able to explain this result as a consequence of loss of orbital angular momentum - this loss of orbital angular momentum is a direct prediction of the theory. Further, we show that the theory is able to explain at a satisfactory level the observed secular increase Earth Year (1.70±0.05ms/yr;Miura et al. 2009). Furthermore, we show that the theory makes a significant and testable prediction to the effect that the period of the solar spin must be decreasing at a rate of at least 8.00 ± 2.00 s/cy.

Pending Problems in Qsos

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 15 pages, Invited paper in the special issue on "Novel Ideas in Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics", Carlos Castro, Ed., to be published in the "Invertis Journal of Science and Technology".

Quasars (Quasi Stellar Objects, abbreviated as QSOs) are still nowadays, close to half a century after their discovery, objects which are not completely understood. In this brief review a description of the pending problems, inconsistencies and caveats in the QSO's research is presented. The standard paradigm model based on the existence of very massive black holes that are responsible for the QSO's huge luminosities, resulting from to their cosmological redshifts, leaves many facts without explanation. There are several observations which lack a clear explanation, for instance: the absence of bright QSOs at low redshifts, a mysterious evolution not properly understood; the inconsistencies of the absorption lines, such as the different structure of the clouds along the QSO's line of sight and their tangential directions; the correlation of redshifts between QSOs and galaxies; and many others.

Cosmological Redshift, Compton Effect and Age of the Stars

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 2 Pages.

The Compton effect, in conjunction with the age of the stars, might explain any case of light redshift.

Dark Matter Planets

Authors: Jack Sarfatti
Comments: 3 Pages.

The experimental scattering evidence is that electrons and quarks are truly point-like showing no extended spatial structure. A finite charge at a point has infinite energy and would create a black hole. If the charge is extended in, for example, a spherical shell, then what glues the charge together? Niels Bohr evaded this by renouncing the ontological space-time world lines that was so useful to Feynman in the creation of his diagrams. David Bohm's ontological interpretation shows that Bohr was wrong about not being able to have well defined particle trajectories and classical field configurations under the influence of nonlocal entangled quantum potentials that encode all of quantum weirdness including the double slit experiment that Feynman called the "central mystery" of the elusive quantum principle. I proposed back in 1974 that electrons and quarks are quasi-Kerr type black holes with "hair" (internal electroweak-strong charges) in which the space warp is so large that they appear as point particles to the outside observer whilst being large to the inside observer. Indeed, the virtual plasma of fermion-antifermion pairs is the strong shortrange attractive "glue" that holds the repulsive electric charge together. There appears to be a fractal scale invariance that shows a similar "geon" (J. A. Wheeler) effect at planetary and galactic scales. In this first part of a series, I only consider stable dark matter spheres of planetary size.

Nature of Planetary Matter and Magnetic Field Generation in the Solar System

Authors: J. Marvin Herndon
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in Current Science, Vol. 96, 25 April 2009

Understanding the nature of matter comprising the solar system is crucial for understanding the mechanism that generates the earth's geomagnetic field and magnetic fields of other planets and satellites. The commonality of matter in the solar system like that inside of earth, together with common nuclear reactor operating conditions, form the basis for generalizing the author's concept of nuclear georeactor geomagnetic field generation to planetary magnetic field generation by natural planetocentric nuclear fission reactors.

Internal Heat Production in Hot Jupiter Exo-Planets, Thermonuclear Ignition of Dark Galaxies, and the Basis for Galactic Luminous Star Distributions

Authors: J. Marvin Herndon
Comments: 4 Pages. Published in Current Science, Vol. 96, 10 June 2009

Geophysical and Astrophysical implications stemming from the discovery of nuclear fission just seventy years ago are only now becoming appreciated. The author's contributions are reviewed as background for his presentation here of fundamental, new concepts related to internal heat production in exo-planets, thermonuclear nuclear ignition of dark galaxies, and a basis for understanding the varied and heretofore inexplicable luminous star distributions observed in galaxies.

Observations of "Wisps" in Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of the Crab Nebula

Authors: N. F. Camus, S. S. Komissarov, N. Bucciantini, P. A. Hughes
Comments: 6 pages, Accepted as a paper in MNRAS

In this letter, we describe results of new high-resolution axisymmetric relativistic MHD simulations of Pulsar Wind Nebulae. The simulations reveal strong breakdown of the equatorial symmetry and highly variable structure of the pulsar wind termination shock. The synthetic synchrotron maps, constructed using a new more accurate approach, show striking similarity with the well known images of the Crab Nebula obtained by Chandra, and the Hubble Space Telescope. In addition to the jet-torus structure, these maps reproduce the Crab's famous moving wisps whose speed and rate of production agree with the observations. The variability is then analyzed using various statistical methods, including the method of structure function and wavelet transform. The results point towards the quasi-periodic behaviour with the periods of 1.5 - 3 yr and MHD turbulence on scales below 1 yr. The full account of this study will be presented in a follow up paper.

Quantum Signatures of Solar System Dynamics

Authors: Arkady L. Kholodenko
Comments: 61 pages.

Let ω(i) be period of rotation of the i-th planet around the Sun (or ω_j(i) be period of rotation of j-th satellite around the i-th planet). From empirical observations it is known that within margins of experimental errors Σ_i n_iω(i) = 0 (or Σ_j n_jω_j(i) = 0) for some integers n_i (or n_j ), different for different satellite systems. These conditions, known as resonance conditions, make uses of theories such as KAM difficult to implement. The resonances in Solar System are similar to those encountered in old quantum mechanics where applications of methods of celestial mechanics to atomic and molecular physics were highly successful. With such a successes, the birth of new quantum mechanics is difficult to understand. In short, the rationale for its birth lies in simplicity with which the same type of calculations can be done using methods of quantum mechanics capable of taking care of resonances. The solution of quantization puzzle was found by Heisenberg. In this paper new uses of Heisenberg?s ideas are found. When superimposed with the equivalence principle of general relativity, they lead to quantum mechanical treatment of observed resonances in the Solar System. To test correctness of theoretical predictions the number of allowed stable orbits for planets and for equatorial stable orbits of satellites of heavy planets is calculated resulting in good agreement with observational data. In addition, the paper briefl?y discusses quantum mechanical nature of rings of heavy planets and potential usefulness of the obtained results for cosmology.

Formation of Galaxies and Stars

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 9 pages

In the article some features of formation of galaxies and stars are considered

Optical Deviation of Stars Light by Sun

Authors: Hamid V. Ansari
Comments: 9 pages

We consider the sun and its atmosphere as a spherical lens causing deviation of stars light and also decrease of its speed in the lens. Such a lens can probably make a multiple image of a star. It is also shown that the sun, because of its atmosphere, is in fact smaller than what an observer measures. We show that the above-mentioned spherical lens is non-dispersive practically.

Multiple Stars and Problem of Jupiter

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 4 pages

In the article is shown, than the largest planet can threaten to mankind.

The Corona Effect

Authors: André Michaud
Comments: 17 pages

It can be shown that the extreme temperatures in the corona could be due to the genesis of nucleons within the corona and that all heavier elements present in the planetary system could be indigenous to our system and could have been produced in the corona by nucleosynthesis.

The Theory of Capture of Space Bodies

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 11 pages

In the article the theory of capture of space bodies is given, which one does not exist in a modern physics.

Planetary Systems

Authors: Vladislav Konovalov
Comments: 13 pages

The satellites of planets in the majority are grasped bodily and clear demonstrate the exited state caused by continuous growth at the expense of a space material.

The Pioneer Effect: a New Physics with a New Principle

Authors: Russell Bagdoo
Comments: recovered from sciprint.org

Radio metric data from the Pioneer 10/11, Galileo and Ulysses spacecraft indicated an anomalous, constant acceleration acting on them, directed toward the Sun, and a gradual growth of the radio signal frequency emitted by the receding transmitter. The reported odd acceleration of Pioneer 10 with a magnitude ~8.5 x 10^-10 m/s² can be explained by an induced gravitational interaction on the S-band signals traveling between the probe and the Earth, arising from the electromagnetic properties of the outer Solar System vacuum zero-point radiation interacting with matter. Their nature is of quantum vacuum origin, and these induced forces act in addition to ordinary gravitational forces, violating the principle of Equivalence. We suggest a new physical theory based on a new principle called Compensation as a thinkable explanation for the non-conventional Pioneer effect. The theory of Relation, which is an alternative to the inflationist model, postulates that our Universe is made of two antagonistic but complementary structures. The principle of Compensation contradicts Relativity theory, predicts such acceleration and is for the electromagnetic spacetime metric what the principle of Equivalence is for the gravific spacetime metric.

A Note on Astrometric Data and Time Varying Sun-Earth Distance in the Light of Carmeli Metric

Authors: V. Christianto
Comments: 7 Pages

In this note, we describe shortly time varying Sun-Earth distance in the light of Carmeli metric and compare the result with recent astrometric data. The graphical plot suggests that there should be linear-linear correspondence between Sun-planets distances and their time variation.

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 32 pages, 8 figures, invited review article (published in Astrophysics & Space Science, 2008, volume 317, issue 3-4, pp.267-278), minor addition with references

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.

Origin of Life

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: 32 pages, 7 figures, invited review article, published in 'Astrophysics & Space Science' (2008), 317, 267-278; also archived at ARXIV as arXiv:0907.3552

The evolution of life has been a big enigma despite rapid advancements in the fields of biochemistry, astrobiology, and astrophysics in recent years. The answer to this puzzle has been as mind-boggling as the riddle relating to evolution of Universe itself. Despite the fact that panspermia has gained considerable support as a viable explanation for origin of life on the Earth and elsewhere in the Universe, the issue remains far from a tangible solution. This paper examines the various prevailing hypotheses regarding origin of life like abiogenesis, RNA World, iron-sulphur world, and panspermia; and concludes that delivery of life-bearing organic molecules by the comets in the early epoch of the Earth alone possibly was not responsible for kick-starting the process of evolution of life on our planet.

A Brief and Elementary Note on Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 5 Pages.

A reasonable explanation of both redshifts: cosmological (without expansion of the universe) and intrinsic, is given using a single tired light mechanism. In the first case, the redshift is produced because the light interacts with microwaves. In the second, the interaction is with radio waves. And all this is compatible with a static universe with a space temperature of 2.7 ^oK.

A Pervasive Electric Field in the Heliosphere (Part II)

Authors: Henry D. May
Comments: 6 pages

Abstract - In Part I of this paper [1] it is proposed that a static electric potential of about +800 MV is present in the heliosphere, sustained by the continual inflow of galactic cosmic ray (GCR) protons. Charge neutralization cannot occur because the solar wind and electromagnetic fields allow more GCR protons than GCR electrons to pass through the termination shock (TS) into the heliosphere. The result is a quasi-static electric field, at dynamic equilibrium, inside the heliosphere. This paper adds some important details that were not included in Part 1, suggests a new explanation for the Pioneer Anomaly, and makes some clarifications.

On Planetary Electromagnetism and Gravity

Authors: Ashwini Kumar Lal
Comments: new hypothesis for gravitation, 10 pages, 2 figures

Study of the interiors of the various terrestrial planets, as presented in the paper, leads to the possibility of planetary gravity being linked to the electromagnetism generated in the planetary interiors. Findings of the study undertaken suggest that Earth's gravitational attraction may be attributed to magnetic coupling experienced between Earth's electromagnetism and all the earthly objects - electrically charged or uncharged. More precisely, terrestrial gravity is deemed to be outcome of the bound state of the planetary electromagnetism.

Antimatter in Voids Might Explain Dark Matter and Dark Energy

Authors: Scott S Neal
Comments: 6 pages, 3 figures

Traditional theories on cosmology require a sufficient amount of CP violation, undiscovered matter particles and missing energy to explain what is observed in our universe today. Traditional theories on antimatter assume that if antimatter atoms existed, they would distort space-time in the same way as normal matter. However, gravitational forces between antimatter atoms have not yet been experimentally measured. This paper speculates on what might happen if antimatter distorts space-time opposite to normal matter. The repulsive force of the anti-hydrogen atoms in the voids between galaxies would cause those voids to expand and would exert additional forces pressing inward on the galaxies. Simulations of this model produce galaxy rotation curves which match what is observed today without the need for any Dark Matter. An explanation of the MOND paradigm is also provided.

Bipolar Outflows as a Repulsive Gravitational Phenomenon Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (Ii)

Authors: Golden Gadzirayi Nyambuya
Comments: 14 pages, submitted to MNRAS

This reading is part in a series on the Azimuthally Symmetric Theory of Gravitation (ASTG) set-out in Nyambuya (2010a). This theory is built on Laplace-Poisson's well known equation and it has been shown therein (Nyambuya 2010a) that the ASTG is capable of explaining - from a purely classical physics standpoint; the precession of the perihelion of solar planets as being a consequence of the azimuthal symmetry emerging from the spin of the Sun. This symmetry has and must have an influence on the emergent gravitational field. We show herein that the emergent equations from the ASTG - under some critical conditions determined by the spin - do possess repulsive gravitational fields in the polar regions of the gravitating body in question. This places the ASTG on an interesting pedal to infer the origins of outflows as a repulsive gravitational phenomena. Outflows are an ubiquitous phenomena found in star forming systems and their true origins is a question yet to be settled. Given the current thinking on their origins, the direction that the present reading takes is nothing short of an asymptotic break from conventional wisdom; at the very least, it is a complete paradigm shift as gravitation is not at all associated; let alone considered to have anything to do with the out-pour of matter but is thought to be an all-attractive force that tries only to squash matter together into a single point. Additionally, we show that the emergent Azimuthally Symmetric Gravitational Field from the ASTG strongly suggests a solution to the supposed Radiation Problem that is thought to be faced by massive stars in their process of formation. That is, at ~ 8 - 10M_☉, radiation from the nascent star is expected to halt the accretion of matter onto the nascent star. We show that in-falling material will fall onto the equatorial disk and from there, this material will be channeled onto the forming star via the equatorial plane thus accretion of mass continues well past the curtain value of ~ 8-10M_☉ albeit via the disk. Along the equatorial plane, the net force (with the radiation force included) on any material there-on right up-till the surface of the star, is directed toward the forming star, hence accretion of mass by the nascent star is un-hampered.

Another Explanation of the Cosmological Redshift

Authors: José Francisco García Juliá
Comments: 6 Pages.

The loss of energy of the photon with the time by emission of heat to the intergalactic space might explain the cosmological redshift.

Pending Problems in Qsos

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 15 pages, Invited paper in the special issue on "Novel Ideas in Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics", Carlos Castro, Ed., to be published in the "Invertis Journal of Science and Technology".

Quasars (Quasi Stellar Objects, abbreviated as QSOs) are still nowadays, close to half a century after their discovery, objects which are not completely understood. In this brief review a description of the pending problems, inconsistencies and caveats in the QSO's research is presented. The standard paradigm model based on the existence of very massive black holes that are responsible for the QSO's huge luminosities, resulting from to their cosmological redshifts, leaves many facts without explanation. There are several observations which lack a clear explanation, for instance: the absence of bright QSOs at low redshifts, a mysterious evolution not properly understood; the inconsistencies of the absorption lines, such as the different structure of the clouds along the QSO's line of sight and their tangential directions; the correlation of redshifts between QSOs and galaxies; and many others.

The Corona Effect

Authors: André Michaud
Comments: 20 pages

It can be shown that positron production and nucleosynthesis in the corona could be much more extensive than assumed from current theories. It can be shown also that there is a possibility that the extreme temperatures observed in the corona may be due to nucleon genesis within the corona and that most heavy elements in the planetary system could be indigenous to our system and could have been produced in the corona by nucleosynthesis.