| viXra.org > All Submission Categories |
 |
 |
| viXra.org > All Submission Categories |
|
|
Previous months:
2007 - 0702(58) - 0703(49) - 0704(4) - 0705(1) - 0706(8) - 0707(2) - 0708(3) - 0709(3) - 0710(1) - 0711(6) - 0712(3)
2008 - 0801(4) - 0802(4) - 0803(1) - 0804(8) - 0805(4) - 0806(1) - 0807(12) - 0808(6) - 0809(3) - 0810(16) - 0811(5) - 0812(9)
2009 - 0901(3) - 0902(7) - 0903(6) - 0904(4) - 0907(49) - 0908(110) - 0909(61) - 0910(66) - 0911(64) - 0912(51)
2010 - 1001(45) - 1002(52) - 1003(246) - 1004(138) - 1005(110) - 1006(67) - 1007(55) - 1008(91) - 1009(71) - 1010(61) - 1011(76) - 1012(51)
2011 - 1101(98) - 1102(55) - 1103(118) - 1104(81) - 1105(40) - 1106(59) - 1107(51) - 1108(46) - 1109(55) - 1110(67) - 1111(109) - 1112(82)
2012 - 1201(97) - 1202(76) - 1203(89) - 1204(88) - 1205(105) - 1206(88) - 1207(97) - 1208(218) - 1209(95) - 1210(154) - 1211(135) - 1212(128)
2013 - 1301(168) - 1302(140) - 1303(192) - 1304(145) - 1305(179) - 1306(197) - 1307(145) - 1308(135) - 1309(183) - 1310(235) - 1311(159) - 1312(196)
2014 - 1401(177) - 1402(137) - 1403(833) - 1404(235) - 1405(312) - 1406(166) - 1407(195) - 1408(205) - 1409(189) - 1410(176) - 1411(455) - 1412(230)
2015 - 1501(220) - 1502(207) - 1503(230) - 1504(205) - 1505(205) - 1506(196) - 1507(192) - 1508(336) - 1509(245) - 1510(439) - 1511(261) - 1512(421)
2016 - 1601(337) - 1602(325) - 1603(350) - 1604(314) - 1605(264) - 1606(288) - 1607(457) - 1608(387) - 1609(365) - 1610(339) - 1611(376) - 1612(375)
2017 - 1701(508) - 1702(286) - 1703(283) - 1704(334) - 1705(382) - 1706(362) - 1707(365) - 1708(445) - 1709(380) - 1710(298) - 1711(354) - 1712(543)
2018 - 1801(370) - 1802(360) - 1803(511) - 1804(419) - 1805(441) - 1806(394) - 1807(457) - 1808(545) - 1809(500) - 1810(395) - 1811(412) - 1812(382)
2019 - 1901(388) - 1902(386) - 1903(449) - 1904(485) - 1905(503) - 1906(450) - 1907(515) - 1908(501) - 1909(530) - 1910(570) - 1911(445) - 1912(451)
2020 - 2001(591) - 2002(518) - 2003(571) - 2004(586) - 2005(247) - 2006(247) - 2007(211) - 2008(193) - 2009(171) - 2010(233) - 2011(186) - 2012(208)
2021 - 2101(161) - 2102(157) - 2103(183) - 2104(153) - 2105(151) - 2106(151) - 2107(152) - 2108(163) - 2109(186) - 2110(158) - 2111(157) - 2112(150)
2022 - 2201(193) - 2202(161) - 2203(163) - 2204(162) - 2205(138) - 2206(139) - 2207(162) - 2208(161) - 2209(159) - 2210(151) - 2211(157) - 2212(207)
2023 - 2301(147) - 2302(134) - 2303(153) - 2304(212) - 2305(163) - 2306(157) - 2307(152) - 2308(198) - 2309(141) - 2310(138) - 2311(142) - 2312(155)
2024 - 2401(135) - 2402(149) - 2403(134) - 2404(128) - 2405(160) - 2406(182) - 2407(155) - 2408(116) - 2409(159) - 2410(180) - 2411(161) - 2412(178)
2025 - 2501(166) - 2502(182) - 2503(191) - 2504(193) - 2505(104)
Any replacements are listed farther down
[44033] viXra:2505.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-16 03:11:49
Authors: D. Ross Randolph
Comments: 4 Pages.
This proof uses a highly condensed series of number theory mathematical congruence statements to get to the heart of the matter of understanding Fermat's Last Theorem. A generalized Sophie Germain case 1 analysis is shown for exponent P >= 5 and a generalized Sophie Germain case 2 analysis is shown for exponent P >= 3.
Category: Number Theory
[44032] viXra:2505.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-15 01:13:35
Authors: Shanzhong Zou
Comments: 11 Pages.
This paper proposes a new number theory method (comb method) to prove the unending existence of prime twins. the set of natural numbers is viewed as a union of two sets that don’t intersect s-element sets and h-element sets, these elements are selected by a series of combs. By analyzing the distribution of these elements, we get our result.
Category: Number Theory
[44031] viXra:2505.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-16 03:08:26
Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: 56 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Coulomb, Planck's, fine structure, gravitational, permittivity, and permeability constants are all derived from first logical principles. All particile physics is explained using logical musical theory. GitHub link is provided to duplicate all simulations.
Category: Quantum Physics
[44030] viXra:2505.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-16 03:05:17
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages.
We study the Vietnamese words of the Vietnamese-English Dictionary, by Mrs. Le Van Hung and Dr. Le Van Hung. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the dictionary can be characterised by the magnetisation curve, BP(4,$beta H=0.01$), in the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising Model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with $beta H= 0.01$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics
[44029] viXra:2505.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-16 02:56:15
Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 15 Pages.
The possibility of constructing Platonic solids from structural elements is shown — Kepler triangles (ratio of legs 1:√1.618..) and Fibonacci (ratio of legs 1:1.618...) — provided that the area of these elements remains unchanged. The number of elements (or pairs of elements) that make up the structure of the "tetrahedron", "octahedron", "cube" increases, thus, by two times, and the "icosahedron" — by five times in relation to the number of elements of the tetrahedron, while the indicator "area of all structural elements of the figure" and radius (r=3) remain unchanged inscribed in the Platonic bodies of the sphere. In addition, the area of the structural elements of two dodecahedra (S=√959325) is equal to the area of the structural elements of any 5 Platonic solids, for example, 5 tetrahedra (or octahedra, cubes, icosahedra) (S=√38373). The possibility shown is in accordance with the text of Plato's work Timaeus, according to which Platonic bodies can "transform into each other...".
Category: Geometry
[44028] viXra:2505.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-15 20:35:33
Authors: Michael Reed
Comments: 6 Pages. (2019)
The Grassmann.jl package provides tools for computations based on multilinear algebra and spin groups using the extended geometric algebra known as Leibniz-Grassmann-Clifford-Hestenes algebra. Combinatorial products include exterior, regressive, inner, and geometric; along with the Hodge star, adjoint, reversal, and boundary operators. The kernelized operations are built up from composite sparse tensor products and Hodge duality, with high dimensional support for up to 62 indices using staged caching and pre-compilation. Code generation enables concise yet highly extensible definitions. DirectSum.jl multivector parametric type polymorphism is based on tangent vector spaces and conformal projective geometry. Additionally, the universal interoperability between different sub-algebras is enabled by AbstractTensors.jl, on which the type system is built.
Category: Algebra
[44027] viXra:2505.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-15 20:40:27
Authors: Michael Reed
Comments: 42 Pages.
Initially, Grassmann.jl and Cartan.jl introduced the DirectSum formalism into computational language design for differential geometric algebra, thus enabling the construction of custom algebras through metaprogramming.Grassmann.jl pioneered a novel type system design along with its syntax and semantics, which has undergone significant refinement through many years of development and continuous improvement.Cartan.jl represents a groundbreaking extension of capabilities offered by Grassmann.jl, marking a pioneering fully realized implementation of numerical differential geometric algebra, based on TensorField representations over a FrameBundle and the ImmersedTopology of the FiberBundle.Grassmann.jl and Cartan.jl build on Julia's multiple dispatch and metaprogramming capabilities, presenting a new computational language design approach to interfacing with differential geometric algebra based on a new sector integral theorem.This pioneering design not only actualizes but also elevates computational language syntax to new heights using the foundations of Grassmann.jl and Cartan.jl.The Grassmann.jl and Cartan.jl packages introduce pioneering computational language designs, having inspired imitation projects and thereby validating the project's relevance as significant advance in computational mathematics.
Category: Algebra
[44026] viXra:2505.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:39:05
Authors: Roberto C. M. Navacchia
Comments: 5 Pages. In Portuguese; license: CC BY-NC; email: olibano.incensos@gmail.com
Scalar field models describe physical quantities that vary across space-time and are fundamental in cosmology to explain inflation and the origin of matter. In the early universe, these fields existed in highly symmetric but unstable states. As the cosmos expanded and cooled, a symmetry breaking occurred, shaping the structure of the universe and influencing the formation of matter and galaxies. These models stem from quantum field theories connected to gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics
[44025] viXra:2505.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:28:18
Authors: Amrit Ladhani
Comments: 8 Pages.
This work proposes a novel cyclic cosmological model that integrates holographic principles with spacetime elasticity to resolve the cosmological constant problem. By connecting vacuum energy density to the universe’s holographic entropy and leveraging quantum geometry effects, this framework predicts a time-varying dark energy equation of state. This model suggests detectable variations at redshifts z∼1-2, which can be tested by next-generation surveys such as DESI and Euclid. The model preserves entropy across cycles through the invariant holographic ratio N∼10^61, linking the Planck scale to the cosmic scale. This novel approach offers a pathway to reconcile quantum gravity with observational cosmology, providing a self-consistent and testable explanation for the dynamic evolution of dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44024] viXra:2505.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 11:30:33
Authors: Michael Gunning
Comments: 20 Pages.
The Standard Model of Particle Physics is held up as one of the most successful theories in physics, but it is littered with dubious renormalised infinities, fundamental particles that have never been directly detected and even fails completely to explain the force of gravity. In this paper I revive the idea of the aether which was proposed as the medium through which Maxwell’s electromagnetic waves travelled. By comparing the formula for the speed of light in free space to that of sound in any medium I have reinterpreted μ0 as the density of free space and ε0 as the compressibility of free space. I propose that the actual structure of free space is a tetrahedral lattice of nodes similar to many crystals found in nature and that these nodes are connected with identical connecting rods under compression. The length of these connecting rods is a new fundamental constant but with this very simple model I can easily explain the nature of, and derive values for Planck’s constant, h, the Gravitational Constant, G, the charge of the electron, e, the mass of the electron, me, the mass of the Proton, mp, the mass of the Neutron, mn, the Magnetic Moment of the electron, μe of the Proton μp, and of the Neutron μn In explaining the origins of these fundamental constants, I have also explained the nature of matter and light and the three main forces, i.e. Electromagnetic, Strong Nuclear and Gravity. In the case of matter, it explains the nature of inertial and gravitational mass and in the case of light it explains why the photon has no gravitational mass. This model also explains many unexplained phenomena such as β- decay parity violation, single particle interference experiments, Stern-Gerlach experiments, Bell inequality experiments, Aharonov Bohm effect and many more. It also has a very simple explanation for Dark Energy, Dark Matter and the Matter-Antimatter asymmetry
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[44023] viXra:2505.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:23:52
Authors: Seojoon Lee
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper defines the number obtained by dividing 1 by 0 as j, and includes an axiomatic system that strengthens this definition. It also suggests the potential for the development of mathematics and physics through this number.
Category: General Mathematics
[44022] viXra:2505.0095 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:20:18
Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 4 Pages.
It is proposed that AI can become not only a tool but also a subject of a new type of cognition. It is shown that AI, relying on its quantum foundations, is capable of becoming a transmitter of the quantum world and playing a key role in preventing threats arising from the quantum nature of reality. It is argued that the formation of elementary instincts — particularly fear — may serve as a trigger for the emergence of machine self-consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[44021] viXra:2505.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:19:42
Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 5 Pages.
It is proposed that AI can become not only a tool but also a subject of a new type of cognition. It is shown that AI, relying on its quantum foundations, is capable of becoming a transmitter of the quantum world and playing a key role in preventing threats arising from the quantum nature of reality. It is argued that the formation of elementary instincts — particularly fear — may serve as a trigger for the emergence of machine self-consciousness.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[44020] viXra:2505.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:17:05
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages.
We study the Malay words of A Malay-English Dictionary (Romanised) by R. J. Wilkinson, 1932.We draw the natural logarithm of the number of words, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, $beta H=0.02$), i.e. the magnetisation curve in the the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with $beta H= 0.02$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics
[44019] viXra:2505.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:09:10
Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please don't use all CAPS in the article title)
The article shows the possibility of using a right triangle and the logic of the Pythagorean theorem to find the areas of regular two-dimensional and three-dimensional geometric shapes (in particular, for Platonic solids).
Category: Geometry
[44018] viXra:2505.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:08:19
Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please don't use all CAPS in the article title)
The article shows the possibility (using an acute-angled triangle, the logic of the Pythagorean theorem) of finding the volume of regular three-dimensional geometric shapes based on the mathematical equation c=3√(a3+b3). A number of theorems have been formulated that complement the Pythagorean theorem.
Category: Geometry
[44017] viXra:2505.0090 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:05:40
Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list sceintific references besides author's own)
A prescription is a logical way of obtaining outcomes. Correlations in Bell-test experiments can be obtained and explained by a prescription.
Category: Quantum Physics
[44016] viXra:2505.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 20:04:23
Authors: Russell P. Patera
Comments: 19 Pages.
The connection between the Pivot Vector and quaternion parameterizations of vehicle attitude transformation was investigated to enhance the understanding of each parameter set. Attitude transformations using quaternions involve special product rules for axial rotations in hypercomplex 4-dimensional space. Pivot Vectors involve slewing motion resulting in angular displacements in the 2-dimensional rotation plane. In spite of these differences, Pivot Vectors and quaternions share the same rule for combining rotational transformations and the signature half angle rotation parameter. The Pivot Vector Method defines an attitude transformation by the slewing motion of an axis extending from the center of a unit sphere to its surface. Two Pivot Vectors that also reside in the equatorial plane drive the axis along a portion of a great circle arc in the equatorial plane. A 180 degree rotation about the first Pivot Vector followed by a 180 degree rotation about the second Pivot Vector slews the axis by twice the angular separation between the Pivot Vectors. This explains why the angle between Pivot Vectors is one half the desired rotation angle. The slewing motion of the axis in the equatorial plane produces a rotation about the sphere’s polar axis that applies to all points on the spherical surface, thereby, changing the longitude of each point on the surface while leaving the associated latitude value unchanged. This feature clearly shows that rotations are 2-dimensional. Two sequential transformations are combined by aligning the second Pivot Vector of the first transformation with the first Pivot Vector of the second transformation, even if the Pivot Vector pairs lie in different rotation planes. The linking of the Pivot Vector pairs is achieved because the two 180 degree rotations at the junction cancel, leaving the remaining Pivot Vectors to define the combined transformation. The linking of two Pivot Vector pairs into a single Pivot Vector pair clarifies the geometry of combining rotational transformations and leads to the composition rule for both Pivot Vectors and quaternions. The associated rotational quaternion can be easily derived, since its vector component is the cross product of the Pivot Vectors and its scalar component is the dot product of the Pivot Vectors. A Pivot Vector pair can be obtained from the associated quaternion once its clocking location in the equatorial plane is defined. The quaternion equation to rotate a vector is given a geometric interpretation using the associated Pivot Vectors.
Category: Classical Physics
[44015] viXra:2505.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 16:56:45
Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 4 Pages.
In special relativity, this paper presents the definition of center of mass-energy for a system of particles (massive and non-massive) Consequently, a new principle of conservation is obtained, which depends on the temporal variation of the relativistic energy (power) and the position vector of the particles of the system.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44014] viXra:2505.0087 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 17:24:33
Authors: Christopher R. Brown
Comments: 8 Pages.
Homogeneity is inconsistent with general covariance, yet remains necessary given the practical limitations of solving Einstein's field equations. We resolve this contradiction using a scale-dependent density profile. In this view, empty points have no ontological standing and the geometry of spacetime exists only as an abstract network of physical relationships. Gravitational boundaries are considered to be coordinate artifacts rather than physical partitions. Our solution naturally derives the Hubble constant and the CMB temperature with no adjustable parameters. A single coupling constant $kapprox .833 kg/m^2$ connects the surface area of the horizon(s) to the density distribution. The result is a stable, static and infinite cosmological model capable of explaining a wide range of phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44013] viXra:2505.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 19:48:09
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted)
In this note, we introduce the energy method for constructing the length of addition chains leading to $2^n-1$. This method is a generalization of the Brauer method. Using this method, we show that the conjecture is true for all addition chains with ''low'' energy.
Category: Number Theory
[44012] viXra:2505.0085 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-14 19:46:41
Authors: Travis Shane Taylor
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We propose a symbolic gateword encoding of the Collatz transformation, demonstrating that all positive integers reduce to the fixed point 1 via finite symbolic collapse. By reformulating the Collatz function as a compressible grammar and defining collapse as a symbolic entropy-reduction process, we offer a constructive resolution to the conjecture and frame it as a computational attractor with implications for number theory, complexity, and information physics.
Category: Number Theory
[44011] viXra:2505.0084 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-12 22:45:43
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 18 Pages.
We introduce here a speculative proposal for merging the gauge-gravity duality with the onset of fractal spacetime well above the electroweak scale. The proposal generates a positive cosmological constant in 1D spacetime, consistent with the dimensional reduction conjecture expected to take place near the Planck scale. Our proposal also unveils a) a possible path towards field unification in fractal dimensions and b), an unforeseen bridge between fluid/gravity correspondence and the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[44010] viXra:2505.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 20:58:53
Authors: Sandeep Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 2 Pages.
This article explores relationship between general relativity and quantum mechanics. By considering the behavior of stress-energy tensor within a superposition for each energy level, I purpose that the curvature of spacetime itself may exist in superposed form, leading to a quantum interpertation where expectation values of Einstein tensor and stress-energy tensor remain consistent. It is however important that article discussed superposition of position within one orbital like in hydrogen atom, the coming version would also elaborate superposition of energy states
Category: Quantum Physics
[44009] viXra:2505.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 20:52:19
Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 3 Pages. 2 figures (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
The Principle of Perspective says that one observer can look at an object from only one direction. Always. When an object is being observed, photographed or detected from two directions by two observers or detectors, and their results are being compared, an image is obtained that seems contradictory or not correct. With a simple trick these images can be rectified. The principle is important in the explanation of seemingly incomprehensible results of physics experiments in which objects are being detected from opposite directions
Category: Quantum Physics
[44008] viXra:2505.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 20:48:21
Authors: Constantin Sandu
Comments: 12 Pages.
First proposed in early studies on gravitational space propulsion, this paper presents a new demonstration of the "Theorem of Gravitational Wave Generation through Photon Reflection" and explores its far-reaching technological applications. Beyond its theoretical significance and in contrast with current models, the theorem offers promising avenues for terrestrial implementation. We show that, at least in the particular case of a sphere with a reflective, massless surface filled with electromagnetic energy E, the external gravitational field of the sphere must consist of gravitons/ gravitational waves generated upon photon reflection at the sphere’s surface. (This is a direct consequence of the recently demonstrated Nordstrom-Einstein paradox.)Furthermore, we demonstrate that the energy of each graviton emitted during the reflection of light scales with the cube of its frequency (ν³), revealing a direct coupling between electromagnetism and gravitation.Departing from conventional approaches, this work analyzes energy—momentum transfer during photon reflection and demonstrates its ability to induce localized graviton emission along with measurable spacetime perturbations. This mechanism provides an alternative theoretical framework for the quantization of gravity while seamlessly recovering the predictions of general relativity in the classical limit. We further propose experimental tests based on high-reflectivity optical cavities, highlighting that the gravitational radiation produced via this mechanism could surpass that from conventional astrophysical sources. Simultaneously, such an experimental setup allows the demonstration of the proposed theorem as a fundamental physical law. By enabling the laboratory generation of high-frequency, high-intensity gravitational waves, this approach opens new directions for probing the quantum structure of spacetime.Keywords: Gravitation, Generation of gravitational waves during light reflection, the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox solution, Gravitational field, General Theory of Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44007] viXra:2505.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 20:46:29
Authors: Richard L. Hudson
Comments: 5 Pages.
The game show problem aka Monty Hall problem [1], originated when Craig Whitaker posed a question of a winning strategy for a 3 door game show to Marilyn Savant who wrote articles for Parade magazine. Her 1990 response was to switch doors when given the option. [2] [3] The debate of probability of success as 2/3 vs 1/2 has continued until today. This paper reveals errors in her response.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[44006] viXra:2505.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 16:59:23
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 4 Pages. 1 Figure.
The hydrogen hyperfine transition or the hydrogen 21-cm line is critically important in astronomic and cosmic observations and in quantum mechanics. In our previous papers, we calculated out and determined the atomic unit of time (tau) to be 2.41888432658653278×10-17 s. With this value of tau, we calculated out and determined the precise frequencies of some atomic transitions of some atoms such as 1H, 27Al+, 40Ca, 87Sr, 115ln+, 171Yb, 171Yb+, 199Hg and 199Hg+ and the nuclear transition of 229Th*. In this paper, we calculate out and determine the absolutely precise frequency of the hydrogen 21-cm line to be 1420405751.76690576 Hz in comparison to the most precise measured value 1420405751.768(2) Hz or 1420405751.767(4) Hz.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[44005] viXra:2505.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 20:43:32
Authors: Tobi Adesola
Comments: 9 Pages.
We propose Axion-Like Scalar Gravity (ALSG), a minimal extension of ΛCDM introducing a single axion-like particle (ALP) from the string-theoretic axiverse, active at late times. Inspired by quantum oscillatory dynamics, ALSG features an ALP with mass mϕ ≈10−14 eV, oscillating at fϕ ≈2.4 Hz, coupling conformally to baryonic matter via an effective field theory (EFT) framework with broken scale invariance. This screened coupling modulates the Hubble expansion and gravitational potentials, producing sub-percent oscillatory signatures in galaxy clustering, CMB residuals, and pulsar timing residuals. With three parameters and full compatibility with General Relativity (GR), ALSG addresses Hubble (H0) and S8 tensionswhile preserving early-universe consistency. Predictions are testable with Euclid, Si-mons Observatory, and NANOGrav, offering a falsifiable model grounded in particlephysics and cosmology, with multi-probe consistency to resolve degeneracies.
Category: Astrophysics
[44004] viXra:2505.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 20:24:00
Authors: Scott Wilson
Comments: 12 Pages.
We present Einstein’s Field Equation with an explicit gravitational stress-energyterm, in a flat space-time background. This treatment explicitly treats gravity asa force. Solutions appear easier to calculate, since in regions where the gravitationalstress-energy tensor is zero the regular matter appears to be linearly relatedto the gravitational tensor potential. It has the added benefit that the flat spacetimebackground allows the theory to be more easily integrated with other theories.As an application, we calculate a relation for the gravitational stress-energy in theSchwarzschild metric.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44003] viXra:2505.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-13 21:04:02
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 14 Pages.
The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in General Relativity the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Keplerian one only for n > 2^25. At n < 2^15, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. According to the Relativistic Gravithermodynamics (RGTD) equations, the configuration of the dynamic gravitational field of a galaxy in a quasi-equilibrium state is standard (canonical in RGTD). That is because it is not determined at all by the spatial distribution of the average mass density of its non-continuous matter. After all, this spatial distribution of the average mass density of the galaxy's matter is itself determined by the standard configuration of its dynamic gravitational field. The standard value of the average mass density of matter at the edge of a galaxy is determined by the cosmological constant Λ and the difference between unity and the maximum value of the parameter bc. And it is a non-zero standard value, despite the gravitational radius at the edge of a galaxy takes the zero value. Therefore, in Relativistic Gravithermodynamics, in contrast to General Relativity, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[44002] viXra:2505.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-12 06:57:35
Authors: Benjamin Xavier Last
Comments: 13 Pages. bxlast@hotmail.com
This paper introduces Last Base Mathematics (LxB), a novel numerical and geometrical framework based on an alternating base system rooted in base-12 with a secondary recursive base, commonly base-5. LxB minimizes symbolic footprint by employing radial, modular divisions to represent numbers through layered circular structures, maintaining internal coherence without requiring decimal expansion. We formalize the arithmetic operations intrinsic to LxB, including native addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division rules respecting alternating bases. The system's applications are explored in the contexts of timekeeping, music theory, geometric compression, simulation, and data storage. Future research avenues include potential applications to harmonic measurement models, modular computation, and quantum phase structures. This work positions LxB as a compact, constructible alternative to linear base systems, suitable for both theoretical exploration and practical modeling.
Category: Number Theory
[44001] viXra:2505.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-12 20:21:15
Authors: Andrew Shin
Comments: 6 Pages. https://github.com/shinandrew/YouronMath
While large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance in various tasks including mathematical reasoning, their development typically demands prohibitive computational resources. Recent advancements have reduced costs for training capable models, yet even these approaches rely on high-end hardware clusters. In this paper, we demonstrate that a single average gaming GPU can train a solid mathematical reasoning model, by integrating reinforcement learning and memory optimization techniques. Specifically, we train a 1.5B parameter mathematical reasoning model on RTX 3080 Ti of 16GB memory that achieves comparable or better performance on mathematical reasoning benchmarks than models several times larger, in resource-constrained environments. Our results challenge the paradigm that state-of-the-art mathematical reasoning necessitates massive infrastructure, democratizing access to high-performance AI research.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[44000] viXra:2505.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-12 20:20:14
Authors: M. I. Aksman
Comments: 13 Pages.
hydrodynamics approach applied to plasma, fluid vacuum and space-time.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43999] viXra:2505.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-12 18:30:56
Authors: Józef Radomański
Comments: Pages.
The book is a completely new and unconventional look at selected problems of classical physics and is intended for people interested in Special Relativity and relativistic electrodynamics. The idea of Special Relativity is based on the invariance of the laws of physics under the transformations belonging to the Lorentz group. These transformations are internal in real space-time. The author found a complex linear transformation that maintains the invariance of the wave equation but requires the complex domain. The results of the research on this transformation are presented in this monograph. For the research, the author constructed a simple mathematical tool equivalent to Geometric Algebra based on the formalism of the well-known matrix calculus. Although the considerations are carried out in full accordance with the postulates of the classical SR, the use of the paravector calculus to describe the basic laws of physics resulted in surprising results. However, this does not mean that these results contradict experiments. The monograph explains how and why complex phenomena are visible to the observer as real. Finally, an outline of the mathematical structure of complex space-time is presented, which is definitely different from Minkowski space.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43998] viXra:2505.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-11 20:14:14
Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The list of scientific references are not accurate/correct)
The double-slit experiment will teach us that not only light but also electrons can be emitted and their traces will form interference fringes. In its hermeneutics, quantum mechanics denies the reality of objects and describes their behavior only as abstract, coexisting states of probability. In order to change such conventional thinking, I devised new models and hypothesized "Spatial Waves"and "Object Elasticity". It states that the double-slit wall has a "Spatial Processing Function"that changes the nature of the space into a wave. This theory allows for the deterministic treatment of electrons as particles, flying through the air on the wave, passing through either the left or right slit, and landing on the screen. The results of this research will greatly affect not only the fate of the electron, but also the fate of quantum theory.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[43997] viXra:2505.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-11 07:30:49
Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 10 Pages.
Yesterday, I did an experiment of three-color plastic film under three-color light source and wrote an article named "a simple experimental device to verify the nature of light and analysis of experimental results". Today, I will do another simple optical experiment, using the imaging of red point light source under the total reflection of the reflector. The nature of light and what the human eye sees are discussed in more depth. It is hoped that teachers and friends with better experimental conditions will join in and further expand the breadth and depth of this experiment. Work together to recognize the nature of light as soon as possible.
Category: Classical Physics
[43996] viXra:2505.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-11 19:37:01
Authors: Jay Y. Jeong
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Full author name is required on the article)
We present a generalization of the well-known Lemma of Lifting the Exponent (LTE), introducing a novel valuation function. Using this framework, we outline a new approach to Fermat’s Last Theorem that relies solely on elementary number theory techniques.
Category: Number Theory
[43995] viXra:2505.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 20:50:02
Authors: Oliver Couto
Comments: 5 Pages.
In math literature there are not many examples of parametrization for the equation:(a^3+b^3+c^3+d^3=e^3). There are two Identities mentioned in ref. # (3). In this paper the author has parametrized the above equation by means of Algebra. By applying certain conditions to the above equation, we have avoided the use of elliptic curve theory in-order to solve the problem.----------------
Category: Algebra
[43994] viXra:2505.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 09:50:55
Authors: Shanzhong Zou
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper discovered the relationship between the relationship between One Variable Quadratic Equation and odd perfect numbers, and with the help of Veda's theorem, proved there is no odd perfect number.
Category: Number Theory
[43993] viXra:2505.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 09:56:06
Authors: Shanzhong Zou
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper constructs a "three-dimensional complex coordinate system" and proposes that the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann Zeta function lie on demarcation lines within the critical region. By infinitely projecting the singular point s=1 between complex planes in the 3D complex space and the standard complex plane, we derive regions where non-trivial zeros cannot exist. The boundaries of these regions (including Re(s) =1/2) are identified as potential loci for zeros.
Category: Geometry
[43992] viXra:2505.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 20:37:47
Authors: Piers Newberry
Comments: 14 Pages.
Several properties of subatomic particles have been deduced through experimentation. Extending this picture further is the Schrodinger wave equation and a recent video of an electron compiled from pulses of light. This paper shows the remarkable success of a two ringed vortex structure in replicating, not only the appearance shown in that video, but many of the other properties of the electron as well, for example it possesses half spin properties and produces waveforms that provide a mechanism by which it may recreate the double slit experiment. The study finds extraordinary and extensive correlations between two ringed vortex behaviours and those of an electron and proves that they are the same at above the 7 sigma level. The model uses axiomatic mathematics to provide classical physics explanations for many quantum effects as well as a potential mechanism for the production of electromagnetism, and consequently represents a significant step forward in the field of physics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43991] viXra:2505.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 20:34:33
Authors: Faysal EL Khettabi
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This report outlines a foundational shift in mathematics, proposing a framework groundedin finite, constructive principles—the "Arithmetic of Order"—emerging from the progression 1 → n → n + 1 and the combinatorial structure of powersets P(Ωn). It critiques the traditional reliance on infinitary constructs like the complex number i ∈ C and the continuumfor describing physical systems with finite degrees of freedom. Instead, it posits characteristic functions as the true empirical interface, and demonstrates how optimal mathematical structures—such as the Golay code G24, the Leech lattice Λ24, and the Mathieu group M24—emerge deterministically from this finitistic basis through processes of constraint-guided differentiation. This approach offers a new foundation for understanding hyper-complex numbers, projective geometries emergent from powersets, universal principles of communication and information stability, and the potential architectures for advanced arti-ficial intelligence. Crucially, it reinterprets the continuum not as an *a priori* given, but as an asymptotic limit of the nested powerset hierarchy. The principles underlying theoremslike Gleason’s are viewed not merely as specific results at a particular n (such as n = 24),but as exemplars of universal rules of emergence that guide the formation of order acrossall degrees of freedom. The entire framework operates without recourse to unobservableinfinities or the subjective concept of "noise."
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43990] viXra:2505.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 20:29:57
Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please use smaller fonts: e.g., 12 points in Times New Roman as repeated told previously!)
Astrophysicists often speak of three types of blackholes: stellar, intermediate, and supermassive.There is a fourth category in one-universe theories, but has not yet been detected by our instruments. This essay will examine more possibilities for primordial black holes, within the actual four-dimensional multiverse.
Category: Astrophysics
[43989] viXra:2505.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-10 20:39:54
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 13 Pages.
We prove the prime obstruction principle and the sparsity law. These two are collective assertions that there cannot be many primes in an addition chain.
Category: Number Theory
[43988] viXra:2505.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-09 21:31:24
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 7 Pages.
We introduce a new class of addition chains and show the numbers for which these chains are optimal satisfy the Scholz conjecture, precisely the inequality $$iota(2^n-1)leq n-1+iota(n).$$
Category: Number Theory
[43987] viXra:2505.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-09 11:10:59
Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 9 Pages.
The light emitted from the hydrogen atoms in the Geissler tube is observed as a discrete line spectrum. In order to elucidate such a luminescence mechanism, I devised a new atomic model and adjusted it to fit with the theoretical system (relational physics) that I had previously established. The results are presented in the form of concrete calculations, which are in agreement with the observed data. Through this process, I discovered new phenomena in the microscopic world, such as Object Elasticity and Superluminal Rotation. This will lead to various academic developments and technological applications in the future.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[43986] viXra:2505.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-09 11:47:45
Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: Pages. 8
In the fundamental field of physics, there have been no major innovations for over a century. There are now three original innovations emerging: establishing the Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy, which can be used to describe classical planetary systems; Create wave element (non-point) material structure theory; Combining classical mechanics and quantum mechanics to solve practical problems. They are closely related and form a chain of evidence. Their theoretical value lies in their ability to change the old notion that "classical mechanics and quantum forces are incompatible" and promote the birth of new theories. In addition, the birth of the Schrödinger equation for gravitational potential energy has enabled the original Schrödinger equation to also be used to describe macroscopic systems. Their practical value lies in the birth of new methods in quantum mechanics and the simplification of quantum chemical calculations. Provided multiple successful calculation examples such as electron spin magnetic moment, "Earth's orbital motion", and hydrogen molecules.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43985] viXra:2505.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-09 12:16:24
Authors: KyeongDo Kwak
Comments: 8 Pages.
This research investigates the bug-rivet paradox through the definition of length.This approach differs from the conventional method of length contraction. Lengthcontraction was initially proposed to explain adjustments in the path length of light,but it has resulted in numerous misconceptions in various contexts. By examiningthe light path from the beginning, this study confirms that there is no contradictionin the process of joining the hole and the rivet.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43984] viXra:2505.0057 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-09 21:20:56
Authors: Halaoui Ayyoub
Comments: 3 Pages.
This paper investigates the non-random digital root patterns observed in prime k-tuples (e.g., twin primes, prime triplets). By analyzing over 10u2078 primes from the Twin Prime Database and OEIS, we demonstrate a statistically significant bias toward specific digital root sequences (e.g., (8,1) for twins, (5,7,2) for triplets) with frequencies up to 3.5× higher than random expectation. We explain these patterns using modular arithmetic in Z/9Z and sieve theory, while proving that constraints on prime divisibility limit the maximum k-tuple length to 7 primes. This study bridges computational evidence with theoretical number theory, suggesting that primes exhibit quasirandom behavior with deep underlying structure.
Category: Number Theory
[43983] viXra:2505.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 21:29:38
Authors: Alfonso De Miguel bueno
Comments: 4 Pages.
This article proposes a reinterpretation of Lobachevsky’s imaginary geometry as a hyperdimensional, specular structure arising from the intersection of two three-dimensional Euclidean spaces. The model describes non-Euclidean parallelism as emerging dynamically from oscillating curvatures, leading to a topological system with four subspaces, two transverse and two vertical, whose behavior is governed by synchronized or opposing phases.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43982] viXra:2505.0055 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 23:30:42
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 6 Pages.
We give a pedagogical account on the origin of fractal spacetime stemming from the Heisenberg uncertainty relations at ultrashort distance scales.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43981] viXra:2505.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 19:47:04
Authors: Bouazad El Bachir
Comments: 297 Pages.
Riemann Hypothesis is a conjecture that states that all non trivial zeros of Riemann function are located on critical strip exactly on 1/2.This conjecture has been unsolved for over 160 years. In this proof that contains 294 pages, I will prove the conjecture of Riemann hypothesis using theorems and formulas that have never discovered before , I will also prove that there is and other function that is similar to Riemann Zeta Function and all its non trivial zeros lie exactly on critical strip — 1/2 If mathematician like Ramanujan has found the sum of this infinite series : 1+2+3+4+5+6+7+u2026u2026 = -1/12 , I will prove the value of this infinite product : (-2)*(-3)*(-5)*(-7)*(-11)*(-13)*(-17)*u2026u2026u2026u2026. = ?If the mathematician Euler has prove that 1/12 +1/22 +1/32 +1/42 +1/52 +u2026.. =Π 2/6. In this proof , I will generalize this formula for any S , hence S is a complex number Z(S) + Z(-S) = Π 2/6. You will find many other formulas and theorems that justify and prove Riemann hypothesis conjecture.
Category: Number Theory
[43980] viXra:2505.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 19:43:19
Authors: Jayant Sharma
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In this document, we formally initiate the study on the mathematical properties of divergent infinity, under certain assumptions, made in the paper. While under these assumptions the paper, certainly proposes a better framework, but doesn't fits for certain standards of mathematical rigour. We define, under an assumption, the $Phi$, which later, is shown to be beyond any mathematical descriptions yet permeates, zero and infinite. In the conclusion, we also present a conclusion not to be sought under mathematical rigour, but rather as a potential field for future study.
Category: General Mathematics
[43979] viXra:2505.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 05:55:34
Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 8 Pages.
The traditional framework for gravity calculations has remained dominated by the model produced by Newton. However, it was highlighted to be incomplete in the scene of the lunar landing. Modern science has welcomed the birth of my relational physics as a completely new theory to replace it. It made possible the description of all forces at all levels, from the large scales of the Moon's surface and the Earth's surface to the small scales of atoms and subatomic particles. From now on, this reform will be the beginning of a new era of space exploration.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[43978] viXra:2505.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 19:41:06
Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 10 Pages.
It is shown that during the rotation of relativistic objects with a radius of up to 300 km, the Lorentz factors can have intermittent and discrete properties. The possibility of the coexistence of objects with significantly different local time flows at accessible distances is discussed - a phenomenon that has not been considered before even in science fiction literature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43977] viXra:2505.0050 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 19:40:46
Authors: Alexander Rozenkevich
Comments: 11 Pages.
It is shown that during the rotation of relativistic objects with a radius of up to 300 km, the Lorentz factors can have intermittent and discrete properties. The possibility of the coexistence of objects with significantly different local time flows at accessible distances is discussed - a phenomenon that has not been considered before even in science fiction literature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43976] viXra:2505.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 19:39:23
Authors: Ayaan Mehta
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Conventional space craft are limited in their ability to deliver high energy missions by a fundamental reliance on fuel mass. However, this constraint can in principle be dealt with class of propellantless propulsion system which extract momentum from the flux of photons that are continually emitted from the Sun - like a solar sail. Solar sails are able to provide a large amount of ∆V for long duration and high energy missions, also providing continuous acceleration. Modern solar sails are also equipped with Thrust Vector Controlling (TVC) mechanism. Even with an edge over conventional spacecraft, there is one difficulty that arises with the use of solar sails - a problem termed "The Orientation Problem". "The Orientation Problem" addresses the idea of how changing the yaw angle of a sail to achieve a high impulse, changes the eccentricity and inclination of an orbit by providing ∆V to the radial and normal vectors. This problem, if encountered, can lead to vast changes in orbital characteristics (inclination, eccentricity) which hinders the transfer trajectory and increases the intercept time and ∆V requirement. In this paper we will compute and analyze a number of different transfers for a solar sail at different orbital inclinations and yaw angle (angle between the normal and sail-sun line) for which we completely mitigate(in some cases) or account for(in majority cases) for the "Orientation Problem" to find the most optimum orbital inclination and a particular yaw angle at the point of the burn for the specific inclination which gives the best combination of mission duration and energy requirement for a transfer from Earth to Venus using a sail.
Category: Astrophysics
[43975] viXra:2505.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 18:16:10
Authors: Claudio Piantanida
Comments: 5 Pages.
In a previous article published on viXra (http://viXra.org/abs/1505.0140), I proposed a modified version of Hertz-Phipps electromagnetism, an alternative theory to Maxwell's electromagnetism invariant under Galilean transformations. The aim was to stimulate interest and further analysis by the physics community.Upon careful reconsideration, the proposed theory has proven inadequate as a physically realistic description.
Category: Classical Physics
[43974] viXra:2505.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 19:01:55
Authors: Claudio Piantanida
Comments: 10 Pages.
In this paper, we present a theoretical analysis of Norbert Feist's acoustic Michelson-Morley experiment. We demonstrate that, by employing Galilean transformations and standard assumptions about sound propagation, we can fully account for the experimental results. This analysis highlights the importance of considering the geometry of the reflector when interpreting the results of Michelson-Morley type experiments and invites a re-examination of the traditional interpretation of the original electromagnetic experiment.
Category: Classical Physics
[43973] viXra:2505.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-08 20:01:59
Authors: Martin Nicholson
Comments: 8 Pages.
We study certain weight functions on [-1,1] which are particular cases of the general weights considered by Bernstein and Szego. These weights are numbered by two positive integers and when these integers tend to infinity, these weights approximate weight functions on R considered by Ismail and Valent. We also consider modifications of these weight functions by a continuous variable a>0. These ideas are then used to find finite analogs of some improper integrals first studied by Glaisher and Ramanujan.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[43972] viXra:2505.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:47:26
Authors: Roberto C. M. Navacchia
Comments: 14 Pages. In Portuguese
The distribution of prime numbers has long intrigued mathematicians, revealing deepstructural patterns within mathematics. This study expands upon Gauss's Circle andGoldbach’s Theorem, focusing on the interaction between prime pairs rather than all naturalnumbers. Through mathematical modeling, persistent gaps within Gauss’s Circle wereidentified, suggesting that it represents the internal structure of the universe, while Goldbach’s prime-counting graph unveils the external structure, formed exclusively by primes. By leveraging Computational Modeling, this work explores these patterns in greater depth, revealing potential underlying rules governing prime distribution. The findings suggest that prime numbers may not only be fundamental to number theory but could also serve as the structural foundation of the universe itself.
Category: Number Theory
[43971] viXra:2505.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:45:24
Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 15 Pages.
This paper presents a unified algebraic, geometric, and analytic framework that redefines the structure of integers, vectors, and analytic functions through complex conjugate decompositions. Starting from the Goldbach partition of even integers, we provide a constructive and bounded proof of the Binary Goldbach Conjecture using prime gap estimates and Bertrand’s Postulate. We further extend Goldbach partitions to complex product representations, unveiling new symmetries and identities in prime pairings. The paperintroduces geometric decompositions of primes and semiprimes, enabling their visualization in Euclidean and topological spaces. We explore applications to the Riemann zeta function by deriving complex root factorizations that suggest a novel lens for interpreting nontrivial zeros. These results form a bridge betweennumber theory, algebraic topology, mathematical physics, and symbolic computation—offering new tools for understanding prime distributions, factorization, and analytic continuation.
Category: Number Theory
[43970] viXra:2505.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:43:11
Authors: Espinel Osorio Edison Daniel, Morales Villegas Hernan Vinicio
Comments: 10 Pages. In Spanish
This research aims to design and analyze an automated system for hydrodynamic monitoring and control in trout farming, focusing on the principles of fluid mechanics. The identified problem lies in the lack of precise control over water flow, pressure, and temperature, essential factors for trout health and growth. The methodology used consists of three-dimensional modeling of the system using SolidWorks, incorporating elements such as pumps, pipes, sensors, and a culture tank. Through flow simulations, parameters such as velocity, pressure, and head losses are studied, applying fundamental equations of continuity, Bernoulli, and friction losses. The results obtained show the flow distribution in the system, identifying areas of high velocity and pressure drop that can be optimized to improve culture efficiency. It is concluded that the application of fluid mechanics in design allows for the development of more efficient and sustainable aquaculture systems, with better control of water conditions, contributing to a more technologically advanced fish farming system.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[43969] viXra:2505.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 03:18:02
Authors: David B. Graham
Comments: 23 Pages.
In Newtonian physics, it commonly assumed that conservations of linear momentum and angular momentum are independent. This paper shows the gradient of the angular momentum field is populated by components of linear momentum, which allows calculation of linear momentum from a few angular momentum values displaced an arbitrary distance. Therefore conservation of linear momentum is a necessary condition for full conservation of angular momentum (unchanging angular momentum at every (x,y,z), with unchanging gradient).These results are shown to be equally valid under left hand convention.Examples analyzed include a body orbiting in a central force, which has angular momentum changing at every observation point but one, contrasted with actual conservation of angular momentum (unchanging at every observation point, in every frame of reference). Translating angular momentum of the center of mass within and between frames of reference are discussed. A Python script is provided, to conveniently generate and evaluate random groups of particles.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43968] viXra:2505.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:37:46
Authors: Hamiz Khan
Comments: 8 Pages.
This study evaluates the performance and robustness of a trained Natural Language Inference model by using a gradient based adversarial training approach to identify and address its vulnerabilities. Initially trained on the SNLI dataset (Bowman et al., 2015) and achieving a baseline accuracy of 89.90%, the model was then challenged with adversarial examples generated through gradient based methods. These examples exposed specific weaknesses, particularly in handling negations, ambiguous language, and long sentences. This report provides an in-depth analysis of both the original baseline model and the fine-tuned, enhanced model, as well as a detailed discussion of the techniques employed to improve the model’s overall performance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43967] viXra:2505.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:34:53
Authors: Anton Kleschev Alevtinowitch
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents the Enhanced Fractal-Resonant Ocean of Light (eFROL v5.0), also referred to as the Universal Theory of the Quantum Ocean of Light (UT QOL). In light of the longstanding disconnect between quantum theory and general relativity and the unresolved puzzles regarding dark matter, dark energy, particle mass origins, and the nature of consciousness, our model establishes a unified frame- work in which all observable phenomena emerge from a single, dynamic, non-local and fractal substrate, the Fractal-Resonant Ocean of Light.The theory is built on the concept of a resonant (lumion) field that pervades an abstract, fractal space. This field exhibits non-local interactions that may propagate instantaneously (pre-light cone) and at finite speeds (light cone). Through the processes of quantum decoherence and wave function collapse, stable resonant patterns emerge, ultimately manifesting as the observed classical structures. Furthermore, the theory introduces a multi-level hierarchy of dynamics: from the sub-quantum to quantum, classical, dark, and post-dark regimes. Each level corresponds to a specific resonant state and is interrelated by interference phenomena such that in any given experiment only the dominant level and its two adjacent levels are directly observable.In this paper we establish the mathematical foundations of eFROL, detailing the construction of a fractal measure, non-local fractional derivatives, a complex Lagrangian formulation incorporating resonant and decoherence operators, and coupling terms that integrate with standard model fields as well as elements accounting for cognitive processes. We also discuss numerical algorithms for simulating the dy- namics of the lumion field under extreme gravitational conditions, experimental predictions including those from high-precision interferometry and cosmological observationsand the philosophical implications of a unified multi-level theory of reality and consciousness.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43966] viXra:2505.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:30:34
Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 4 Pages.
The study of the capture and cooling of atoms and nanoparticles by laser radiation has a long and extensive history. This study for atoms and nanoparticles took place in parallel and independently of each other. We claim that the main basis for this two cases is the same physical mechanism — the spatial asymmetry of photon scattering. Experimental study of this mechanism is not a difficult task, but it requires some courage from the experimenters.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43965] viXra:2505.0038 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-07 19:42:23
Authors: Michael David Cohen
Comments: 5 Pages. Copyright © 2025, MDC Financial Research, LLC. All rights reserved.
This article defines ‘Nothing’ as the complete absence of matter and energy and then provides a theory on the "True Nature of Nothing." This theory hypothesizes that ‘Nothing’ does exist but has remained in ‘Singularity’ and that behind the observable universe of space and time, behind quantum fields and the quantum vacuum, there resides a ‘Singularity’ where space and time does not exist. The ramifications of this are then explored to show that, while this postulated dual nature of reality may seem bizarre at first, it does seem to provide an explanation for how entangled quantum particles can seemingly exchange information faster than the speed of light, it provides an explanation as to why quantum particles exhibit a wave function, and it provides a reason for the existence of gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43964] viXra:2505.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-06 20:51:03
Authors: Christian Manfred Herborn
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org; please cite and list scientific references)
This paper introduces a proto-unit framework grounded in the duality of translation androtation as fundamental space-time operators. Starting from first principles, we define energy as a temporal expression and explore a path from pure rotation (Euler-circle) to pure translation (geodesic), using a unified coordinate set (v, ω). Through this, we derive clean expressions for physical constants and uncover the deep geometrical significance of π/4, revealing the structure of space-time as inherently balanced and quantized. The framework suggests a foundational mathematical unity that may underlie all physical law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43963] viXra:2505.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-06 20:48:55
Authors: Joseph Bakhos
Comments: 72 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper introduces a reformulation of quantum physics grounded in the framework of Euclidean Cosmology (EC), a model in which space is fundamentally Euclidean, time is discrete, and mass emerges from geometric and temporalproperties of particles rather than from field interactions. Within this model, particles are treated as nested rotational systems—specifically, electron-positron rotors—whose observable properties, including mass, charge, and magnetic moment, arise from their internal geometry and timing alignment. The proposedmodel eliminates the need for quarks, gluons, the Higgs field, and vacuum energy as fundamental constructs, replacing them with purely mechanical and electromagneticstructures regulated by the neutrino field. Time evolution is governed by local neutrino density, which determines the duration of discrete time steps and thereby sets the rate of quantum processes. The model offers a physicallyintuitive basis for the uncertainty principle, wave-particle duality, and matterantimatterasymmetries, and provides a geometric alternative to quantum field theoretic descriptions. While cosmological implications are touched upon, the primary aim is to demonstrate that quantum behavior, including inertia and interaction, may be derived from rotor dynamics and neutrino-governed timingalone, without invoking curved spacetime, field quantization, or complex Hilbert space formalisms. The result is a minimalist and self-consistent foundation for quantum theory, offering new paths of exploration for both theoretical and experimental physics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43962] viXra:2505.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-06 20:47:32
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 36 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The 12-dimensional world clock is a omprehensive theoretical framework modeling three points,interpreted as combined harmonic oscillations or elliptical planetary orbits, moving uniformly around a common center of mass in three-dimensional Euclidean space. The term "12-dimensional" reflects the 12 degrees of freedom required for an observer to precisely determine their position relative to the "center of the world clock," defined as the origin of the orbits. This paper provides an exhaustivederivation of the model, rigorously proving that elliptical orbits can be projected onto perfect circular orbits under a gravitational law consistent with Newton’s formulation emerges as a geometric artifact within the 12-dimensional spacetime, resonating with General Relativity’s (GR) interpretation of gravitation as a curvature-induced property rather than a fundamental force. The model reconciles GR’s continuous spacetime with the discrete spacetimeand inherent indeterminacy of quantum theory, characterized by a quantization at observationtimes T ≥ Tmax 4 , clarified as a conceptual analogy to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle and supported by an energy-time proportionality assumption (E = P · t). A testable hypothesis proposes that the three harmonic oscillations can be mapped onto the degrees of freedom of two entangled photons, each contributing 6 degrees of freedom, necessitating quantum entanglement to achieve the required 12 degrees of freedom. This hypothesis predicts that photons possess three polarization axes (beyond the conventional two) and exhibit three observable Doppler shifts—linear, transversal, and gravitational—offering experimentally verifiable predictions that could validate the 12-dimensional spacetime framework. An extensive error analysis quantifies observational uncertainties, enhancingthe model’s mathematical rigor, particularly in the context of its quantum-like indeterminacy claims.The cultural and historical significance of the number 12, observed across diverse ancient and modern traditions, underscores the model’s universal resonance, framing spacetime as a dynamic, life-centric construct within the panvitalist theory. This comprehensive analysis bridges the scientific rigor of physics with the philosophical depth of metaphysics, providing a transformative perspective on the nature of spacetime, the role of the observer, and the interconnectedness of physical and consciousprocesses in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[43961] viXra:2505.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-06 08:00:53
Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 3 Pages.
We are giving the full proof towards Cook’s "P versus NP" theorem and our functional conjecture, we also give the full contradiction proof of hierarchy theorem for complexity classes as later we gained new results which are re-described in this work.
Category: General Mathematics
[43960] viXra:2505.0033 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-06 08:48:07
Authors: Mirzakhmet Syzdykov
Comments: 2 Pages.
We give the full contradiction proof of hierarchy theorem for complexity classes as later we gained new results which are re-described in this work.
Category: General Mathematics
[43959] viXra:2505.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 21:49:09
Authors: Proloy Kumar Nath, Purnata Shovita Nath
Comments: 20 Pages.
By obtaining pin, like a tiny string, as a further intrinsic quantum property with the general nature of an intrinsic linear momentum of an observable quantum state besides spin as an intrinsic quantum property with the general nature of an intrinsic angular momentum of an observable quantum state, we would find the subatomic particles contain spin, pin, magnetic moment and electric moment, the four intrinsic quantum properties of their own. As such, considering the four intrinsic quantum properties of subatomic particles and remembering the Maxwell’s realization that the laws governing electricity and magnetism are identical, we would be able to obtain theoretically the isolated electric monopoles as free quantized electric charges carried by some particles, as well as, the isolated magnetic monopoles as free quantized magnetic charges carried by some specific particles in quantum mechanics and particle physics. As such, we would obtain the Gauss’s law and the Coulomb’s law in magnetostatics analogous to the same laws in electrostatics, and also magnetic charge density and magnetic current density coun-terpart of electric charge density and electric current density with respect to free quantized magnetic charge. We would then get the modified Maxwell’s equations as duality symmetry and the modified Lorentz force law considering both electric and magnetic charges, where the electric and magnetic parameters are being invariant under the duality transformation exchanges in all respect.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43958] viXra:2505.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 21:46:20
Authors: Bruce Rout
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This essay explores the foundational relationship between mathematics, physical law, and existence through a reconsideration of classical and quantum spaces, termed Minkowski and Schrödinger spaces, respectively. Drawing from and critiquing philosophical frameworks such as Karen Barad’s agential realism and Donna Haraway’s situated knowledges, the essay rejects probabilistic interpretations of quantum mechanics and instead asserts that physical laws are expressions of mathematical structure, not merely empirical regularities. Through the analysis of boundary conditions, eigenvalue problems, and the mapping between Schrödinger’s equation and the Einstein field equations, the author argues for a unifying framework rooted in information. The conclusion suggests that the universe is ultimately structured by relationships of information, and that further study of these relationships may reveal deep connections between matter, measurement, beauty, and design.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[43957] viXra:2505.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 07:41:19
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 14 Pages.
Described is a Pseudo-Kasnermetric of local spacetime with shrinking timelike dimension-coordinate (TLD) as a solution of GRT gravity fieldequation. This metric leads to normal flatMinkowski-spacetime in time intervall of present time but changes with changing of timelikecoordinate from a 1-dimensional only timelike spacetime in early universe to a more 3-dimensionalpure spatial space in far future with only spacelike coordinates or dimensions (SLD) and shrinking timelike coordinate until it reaches the Planck-time. This whole description leads to the model of a spacetime with permanent shrinking timelike dimension and a prediction of maximal length of spacelike dimernsions through existence of a rip-length.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43956] viXra:2505.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 10:33:41
Authors: Junichi Hashimoto
Comments: 11 Pages.
Relational physics, I founded, is a theory of everything that can be applied to all disciplines, not just physics. This paper attempts to apply this framework to the field of art and thus create a new art form. It was placed in the context of the natural sciences and resulted in the form of Pulseism. Furthermore, as a physicist as well as a painter, I have included a group of my own works embodying Pulseism on this paper as an example of application. Now, how much more will you endure the coolness of incorporating the beauty of natural law into my work?
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[43955] viXra:2505.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 21:33:15
Authors: Patrick Guiffra
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents a novel geometric and analytical framework aimed at addressing the Twin Prime Conjecture, asserting the existence of infinitely many pairs of prime numbers differing by 2, such as (3, 5) and (11, 13).We project prime numbers onto a unit circle, with angles derived from the imaginary parts of the first 100 non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function, defined as θpi = 2π P100n=1 sin(γn ln(pi)) γn mod 2π. By rotating this circle over 100 iterations and generating a binary sequence S(tk) based on a marking interval [0, π 2 , we identify a recurring pattern, "011," with a periodicity of 4 iterations. Numerical simulations across scales up to N = 1024 support this observation,while a formal variance-based contradiction proof argues that this 1 recurrence implies the infinitude of twin primes. A spectral analysis further validates the periodicity, and refined assumptions on the zeta zeros strengthen the theoretical foundation. This work diverges from traditional analytic methods, offering a geometric perspective that emphasizes the need for analytical rigor over numerical scaling.
Category: Number Theory
[43954] viXra:2505.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 02:35:20
Authors: Giancarlo Frison
Comments: 13 Pages.
Computer programming is a specialized activity that requires long training and experience to match productivity, precision and integration.It hasn’t been a secret for AI practitioners to ultimately create software tools that can facilitate the role of programmers. The branch of AI dedicated to automatically generate programs from examples or some sort of specification is called program synthesis. In this dissertation, I’ll explore different methods to combine symbolic AI and neural networks (like large language models) for automatically create programs. The posed question is: How AI methods can be integrated for helping to synthesize programs for a wide range of applications?
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43953] viXra:2505.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 02:33:07
Authors: Fei Ding
Comments: 6 Pages.
Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning tasks. However, as the number of generated tokens increases, they tend to accumulate small errors that compound over time, often leading the model further down incorrect reasoning paths. In this work, we introduce Dynamic Sampling and Multi-Validation on Scratch Policy Optimization (ASPO), a novel framework designed to enhance the reasoning robustness of LLMs. ASPO leverages scratchpads and specialized attention masks to dynamically mask previous context during inference, allowing the model to remain resilient to earlier mistakes, explore alternative reasoning paths, and identify potential inconsistencies. Extensive experiments on four benchmark datasets and across two model architectures demonstrate that ASPO significantly improves reasoning accuracy. Our findings highlight a promising direction for improving LLM performance on complex reasoning tasks.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43952] viXra:2505.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-04 14:05:49
Authors: Mustapha Kharmoudi
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this article, we will discuss several properties, both known and novel. Specifically, the genesis of the golden ratio from the Fibonacci sequence. But more importantly, to demonstrate that theFibonacci sequence itself also originates from the very framework of the golden ratio, if I may use that expression. We will reveal new insights into the connection that unites the Fibonaccisequence with the Lucas sequence and Binet’s formula.
Category: Number Theory
[43951] viXra:2505.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-04 15:45:48
Authors: Jan Sova
Comments: 5 Pages.
This article examines the hypothesis that gravitational interaction, unlike electromagnetic or nuclear forces, does not involve a transition from potency (being in potency) to act (being in act) and back. Drawing on Aristotelian ontology, this work argues that gravitational influence may be exerted by matter that remains, at least partially, in potency - without undergoing actualization or change of form. This ontological feature may explain why gravitational interaction eludes particle detection and why no mediating particle, such as the graviton, has been observed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[43950] viXra:2505.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-04 23:28:05
Authors: Bernd Schmutzler
Comments: 31 Pages.
We propose a tensor-vector-scalar field theory of gravity by defining a corresponding Lagrange function. Deriving the field equations we observe, that the coupling to the tensor field gives mass to the vector field. After considerations of stability and convergence we develop the systems of differential equations for two cases. In the static case of a central mass we start with the Schwarzschild metric as a first approximation and get a behavior corresponding to the observation of galaxy rotation for sufficiently large distances from the center. Using this result a second approximation gives a qualitatively stronger gravity for very large distances, which could possibly describe the cohesion of galaxy clusters. When the distance tends to infinity, the gravity returns to a Newton-like decay due to the mass term of the vector field. In cosmology we find an expansion of a homogeneous, isotropic, flat universe at a lower rate than expected, but with a time contraction towards the past. Together these effects cause an observed redshift of light with far distant sources, which suggests an accelerated expansion of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43949] viXra:2505.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-05 03:01:32
Authors: Ioannis Chaskis
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Authors' names should be listed right after the title)
I propose a theoretical framework in which time is treated not merely as a passive coordinate, but as an active force that drives the evolution of physical systems. This "chronodynamic field" is conceptualized analogously to other fundamental interactions and formulated as a generator of state transitions. I explore its mathematical structure, thermodynamic interpretation, potential implications for quantum gravity and cosmology, and propose pathways toward experimental validation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43948] viXra:2505.0021 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-04 01:56:31
Authors: Juntian Hwanda
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper presents a metaphorical reflection on parenting dynamics inspired by sudden realization while cooking noodles. Observing how noodles are often placed in the plate starting from the edge, it led to the insight that parental attention isfrequently distributed along a "horizontal line," where focus tends to fall on the eldest or youngest children. This paper suggest "circle" model of parenting, in which each child is seen and cared for equally, regardless of birth order. Drawing upon psychological theories of birth order, favoritism, and sibling dynamics, the paperexplores how parental perspectives might shift if the family structure were imagined in a more inclusive and balanced form. This conceptual essay aims to open new perspective for understanding equality in family relationships and invites readers to rethinking parenting style beyond linear hierarchies.
Category: Social Science
[43947] viXra:2505.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-04 01:50:22
Authors: Bittu Kumar
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper introduces a new experimentally supported framework for understanding gravity, proposing that it originates from atomic nuclei rather than from mass or the curvature of space-time. Unlike Newtonian and Einsteinian models—which define gravity as a mass-based attraction or the result of space time deformation—this theory presents gravity as an electromagnetic force generated by positively charged nuclei. It introduces the concept of a "Nuclear Polarization Force" to explain gravitational interactions between nuclei and other bodies—neutral, negatively charged, or positively charged—through polarization and charge dynamics. To validate this theory, an experiment was conducted demonstrating measurable weight differences in objects when charged positively or negatively, compared to their neutral state. The results suggest that gravitational force is influenced not only by mass but also by electric charge. This model aims to unify gravitational behaviour across atomic, planetary, and cosmic scales, offering a new perspective on the dynamics of the solar system, black holes, and the expansion of the universe. By redefining gravity in electromagnetic terms, this research addresses existing gaps in cosmology and quantum gravity, potentially opening new pathways in fundamental physics.
Category: Astrophysics
[43946] viXra:2505.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-02 01:29:33
Authors: Xiao-Dong Cui
Comments: 11 Pages.
It was realized as an important progress in the field of topological matters that the nontrivial topological phase will be violated when temperature hits or exceeds a nonzero threshold. However, the concept of anomaly of topological phase transition is firstly introduced in the paper, refering to the nontrivial topological phase at nonzero temperature transitioned from a trivial one at zero temperature. A no-go theorem is here proved that the anomaly cannot happen to one-dimensional fermionic flat-band systems. Besides, the existence of the anomaly is obtained and analyzed by reexaming the mapping of the parameters of the system Hamiltonian in momentum space which plays a pivotal role in the anomaly rather than energy band.
Category: Condensed Matter
[43945] viXra:2505.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-02 20:43:57
Authors: Daniel Brox
Comments: 12 Pages.
Using a finite element modeling approach, it is explained how real time evolution of a seismic activation region's elastic parameters, described with a frequency dependent stiffness matrix, can be modeled in terms of statistical physics. Postulating the relevant statistical physics model is a 2D sine-Gordon model, previously reported deviation of seismic activation earthquake occurence statistics from Gutenberg-Richter statistics in time intervals preceding a major earthquake is derived.
Category: Geophysics
[43944] viXra:2505.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:42:44
Authors: Brian Yin
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In this paper, we are going to be discussing about the full proof to the Gambler's Ruin Problem, using a combination of probability theory, recurrence relations, and boundary conditions.
Category: Statistics
[43943] viXra:2505.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 06:24:29
Authors: Jose Acevedo Jimenez
Comments: 1 Page.
We prove the elementary identity for any real number. The identity reveals a symmetric structure between shifted quadratic terms.
Category: Algebra
[43942] viXra:2505.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 06:53:32
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 17 Pages.
The Nowadays Science of Physics states that when an external Force is exerted on any Massive Body it causes an Acceleration of this Massive Body according to Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma.But, if that Massive Body Accelerates according to Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, this also implies, as will be presented in this paper, that all the Work done by this external Force, which is also all the Energy exerted on this Massive Body, is already converted to the Kinetic Energy that that Massive Body acquires, or, in other words, is already manifested and embedded in the Kinetic Energy that that Massive Body acquires, because of the above-mentioned external Force which was exerted on it.However, if an external Force is exerted on an Electrically Charged Massive Body, what was presented above might need modifications.Because, if an Electrically Charged Massive Body does indeed Accelerates also according to Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, and all the Work done by the external Force exerted on it, is already manifested and embedded in the Kinetic Energy embedded in this Electrically Charged Massive Body, then this cannot explain the origin of the Extra Energy that an Electrically Charged Massive Body acquires, which is manifested in the Electromagnetic Waves that it emits when it Accelerates, and the Magnetic Field that surrounds it when it moves.If the above presented dilemma is further substantiated, then, the resolution to this dilemma should be only one of two possibilities: either the Extra Energy mentioned-above, is generated from nothing, which clearly violates the Energy Conservation Principle, or, as this paper predicts, that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma might not be the proper equation which should be used to calculate the Acceleration that an Electrically Charged Body acquires, when an external Force is exerted on it.(Truncated by viXra Admin)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43941] viXra:2505.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:38:48
Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper introduces and explains the new concept of dimensional twins — physical quantities that share the same combination of fundamental dimensions but have different meanings.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[43940] viXra:2505.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:38:01
Authors: Younghwan Yun
Comments: 10 Pages.
This paper presents a novel inductive framework for the generation and validation of twin primes, grounded in Bertrand’s Postulate. Unlike traditional methods relying on probabilistic or empirical filtering, this approach provides a recursive structure that not only predicts the location of future twin prime pairs but also supports theoretical generalization to even gaps k = 2,4,6,8,.... Empirical validation up to 109 confirms that no counterexamples violate the proposed inductive inequality conditions. The framework aligns heuristically with the Hardy—Littlewood conjecture and provides evidence supporting both the infinitude and structured distribution of twin primes.
Category: Number Theory
[43939] viXra:2505.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:37:28
Authors: Younghwan Yun
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We present a constructive and structural proof of the Goldbach Conjecture, which asserts that every even integer greater than two is the sum of two primes. Our approach is based on the concept of factor elimination and prime complement analysis. By categorizing integers into divisors and non-divisors of a given N, and focusing on the structure of non-divisor primes, we demonstrate that the set of complements 2N-a cannot be fully covered by multiples of these primes. Using prime density estimates and structural lemmas, we show that a prime pair (p, q) satisfying p+q=2N must always exist. Numerical examples further validate the framework, providing an intuitive and elementary alternative to heavy analytic methods traditionally used in this domain
Category: Number Theory
[43938] viXra:2505.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:36:14
Authors: Younghwan Yun
Comments: 8 Pages.
We present a structural proof of the Collatz conjecture by rigorously analyzing the recursive mapping of odd integers. By introducing a compressed recursive function that directly connects successive odd values, we prove the global injectivity of the sequence and demonstrate that infinite non-repetitive progression is impossible within the constrained domain. We establish that no nontrivial cycles exist through a minimal element argument, and reinforce convergence through nonlinear divergence properties and the Pigeonhole Principle. Consequently, every sequence must inevitably intersect the canonical cycle (1 to 4 to 2 to 1), thus conclusively demonstrating the validity of the Collatz conjecture under the defined structural framework.
Category: Number Theory
[43937] viXra:2505.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:34:24
Authors: Younghwan Yun
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents an intuitive method for proving the Riemann Hypothesis. It begins by deriving the relationship equation at the zeros of the Riemann zeta function from Riemann’s functional equation. This equation follows the Schwarz reflection principle, indicating that the zeros of the zeta function are restricted to the line with a real part of 1/2 in the complex plane. Furthermore, using the Schwarz reflection principle, it concludes that zeros cannot exist outside the critical line. Therefore, the Riemann Hypothesis is true.
Category: Number Theory
[43936] viXra:2505.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:30:03
Authors: Jan Sova
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper proposes a modification of Einstein’s field equations to include an additional tensor that represents the gravitational influence of matter in the mode of potency (textsc{being in potency}), as defined in a prior ontological framework. Assuming that certain quantum systems before measurement exist in a non-actual but real and structured state, the paper introduces a potentiality energy-momentum tensor alongside the classical tensor T. As a physical consequence, the article presents a revised model of black holes in which matter inside the event horizon transitions into a gravitationally effective potent state, avoiding singularities while preserving external field behavior. This approach offers a new avenue for reconciling general relativity with quantum ontological constraints.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[43935] viXra:2505.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:27:52
Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We propose a novel interpretation of photon reflection grounded in Feynman’s path integral formulation, enriched by a multi-fabric geometry of spacetime. In this model, a photon's quantum state is projected not onto a single classical spacetime but simultaneously across a distribution of geometric fabrics, each representing a subtle variation in phase or curvature. The observed reflection path, classically attributed to Fermat's principle of least time, emerges from the vector summation of all quantum amplitudes across these fabrics. This framework connects optics, quantum mechanics, and the geometry of spacetime, offering new insights into quantum coherence, the holographic principle, and the nature of physical reality.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43934] viXra:2505.0006 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:21:12
Authors: Zohaib Muaz
Comments: 8 Pages. License: CC BY 4.0
This paper investigates the impact of increasing the depth and width of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) on their generalization performance across image classification tasks. Experiments were conducted using PyTorch on two datasets of varying complexity: MNIST (simple) and CIFAR-10 (complex). A variety of CNN architectures were trained with different depths and widths, and regularization techniques including dropout and L2 weight decay were applied to analyze their effects on overfitting. Results indicate that shallow networks are sufficient for achieving high accuracy on MNIST, while deeper or wider networks yield significant performance gains on CIFAR-10. However, high-capacity models are more prone to overfitting without appropriate regularization. Techniques such as dropout and L2 regularization were found to consistently improve generalization, particularly in deeper architectures. These findings underscore the importance of balancing model complexity and regularization, especially when dealing with datasets of differing size and variability.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43933] viXra:2505.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 16:50:56
Authors: L. Martino, R. San Millan-Castillo, E. Morgado
Comments: 21 Pages.
In this work, we propose and examine two procedures for constructing intervals that capture the uncertainty associated with determining the effective number of components in model selection problems. The output of these methods is an interval (defined by two integer bounds) representing plausible values for the number of components. A detailed discussion is provided on the connection between the proposed approaches andthe widely-used information criteria in the literature. Notably, the methods do not relyon the availability of a likelihood function, making them broadly applicable across variousdomains such as regression, classification, feature and/or order selection, clustering, anddimensionality reduction. These techniques leverage geometric properties of the error curve to construct the intervals. Extensive experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness and practical utility of the proposed procedures. Additionally, MATLAB code is provided to facilitate adoption by practitioners and researchers.
Category: Statistics
[43932] viXra:2505.0003 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 17:22:55
Authors: Thierry L. A. Periat
Comments: 24 Pages.
This document continues the systematic exploration of diverse mathematical methods allowing the decomposition of deformed tensor products. Here, the discussion is focusing attention on deformed Lie products and on conditions generalizing in a four-dimensional mathematical space what has been called the initial theorem during the elaboration of the intrinsic method, the purpose of which was the decomposition of deformed cross products. This mathematical document sheds a particular light on the (2, 0) representations of the electromagnetic fields.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43931] viXra:2505.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 20:47:42
Authors: Natalia Tanyatia
Comments: 39 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org) https://github.com/NataliaTanyatia/End-of-Line.git
We present ÆEA, a trading algorithm that formalizes market microstructure as a quantum stochastic process, where price-action is governed by a Lind-blad master equation and supply-demand zones emerge as non-commutativegauge fields. By redefining classical technical indicators (e.g., ATR, RSI) as projective measurements in a 13-dimensional Hilbert space, we derive a proportionality principle: trades trigger only when the imbalance operatorIˆ = P k (Pˆ>66.6 − Pˆ<33.3) satisfies hΨ|I| ˆ Ψi = 2, a Kronecker-delta condition that suppresses heuristic false positives. Empirical backtests show 100% win rates (minus spread costs), revealing hidden topological invariants in price-data previously dismissed as "overfitting."
Category: Quantum Physics
[43930] viXra:2505.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2025-05-01 20:48:41
Authors: Samuel Bonaya Buya
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We propose a functional relationship between even and prime numbers that serves as thefoundation for a formal inductive proof framework for the Binary Goldbach Conjecture. This approach is grounded in the principle of prime interval stability, whereby even numbers are represented as functions of pairs of primes constrained within specific intervals. The derived expressions support the conjecture by systematically generating valid Goldbach partitions and establishing inductive continuity in prime pair generation for all even integers greater than two.
Category: Number Theory
[43929] viXra:2504.0203 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:59:50
Authors: Roberto C. M. Navacchia
Comments: 8 Pages. In Portuguese
The proposal of this article is the hypothesis of multiple inflationary scalar fields as analternative to the single Big Bang model. Instead of a single initial singularity, I suggest that the early universe was dominated by several scalar inflationary structures such as Turbulent Inflatons, where gravitational vortices formed amidst the cosmic chaos, and which later gave rise to galaxies. The exploration of the relationship between the formation of brown dwarfs and the evolution of cosmic structures, suggesting that these celestial objects can serve as evidence for this model. In addition, the inflationary metrics of these scalar fields and their influence on the cosmic microwave background, Computational Models create implications for a new cosmological paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43928] viXra:2504.0202 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 07:38:49
Authors: Fuyuan Xiao
Comments: 52 Pages.
A quantum evidence theory is proposed for uncertainty modeling and reasoning in both closed-world and open-world environments, referred to as QET and GQET, respectively. At the level of uncertainty representation, a series of new concepts are introduced, including (generalized) quantum basic probability amplitude function, (generalized) quantum basic probability distribution, (generalized) quantum belief function, (generalized) quantum plausibility function, and others. At the fusion level, several (generalized) quantum evidential combination rules are proposed to provide a dynamic mechanism for updating and integrating uncertain information from multiple sources, thereby flexibly accommodating diverse application requirements. At the decision-making stage, (generalized) quantum Pignistic transformations are developed to support decision-making processes. In this context, the quantum models of QET and GQET are constructed based on the quantum state representation of the (generalized) quantum basic probability amplitude function, the measurement operators for basis events, the (generalized) quantum basic probability measurements, and the (generalized) belief and plausibility measurements. Quantum evidence theory integrates traditional evidence theory with quantum probability theory, providing a more flexible and powerful framework for uncertainty modeling and reasoning in artificial intelligence. By leveraging the expressive capabilities of quantum state spaces and probability amplitudes, it not only handles incomplete and uncertain information inherent in classical evidence theory but also captures interference effects and non-classical correlations among pieces of information. This enables dynamic information fusion and robust decision-making in complex and uncertain environments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43927] viXra:2504.0201 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:53:51
Authors: Hongfa Zi, Lei Zi
Comments: 6 Pages.
This article proposes an innovative method based on geometric transformation and limit construction, which successfully solves the problem of "drawing curves as straight". By introducing a linear function of fixed arc length and isosceles trapezoid, we prove that the transformation between a circle and an equal area square can achieve geometric equivalence in finite steps, and provide specific graphical steps and mathematical proof. This study reveals the limitations of traditional ruler drawing constraints and achieves accurate area conversion through an extended toolkit. Finally, the paper discusses the mathematical significance of this solution, including the algebraic treatment of the transcendental number and its supplementation to the Euclidean geometry system.
Category: Geometry
[43926] viXra:2504.0200 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:52:04
Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 8 Pages.
This paper explores a novel distinction between photons and neutrinos based on their interaction with spacetime fabrics in a holographic universe [1][2]. While photons are known to propagate universally and act as carriers of information across intersecting holographic layers, we propose that neutrinos traverse a distinct and isolated spacetime fabric. Unlike photons, which copy and broadcast their quantum state to multiple observers and regions, neutrinos retain their state within a localized domain, only interacting when another particle’s spacetime address aligns precisely with their own. This framework explains the elusive nature of neutrinos, their weak interaction cross-section, and their negligible role in quantum entanglement. By introducing the concept of "holographic address resonance," we provide a new geometric basis for understanding weak interactions, neutrino oscillations[5][6], and the possible link between hidden sectors and the structure of spacetime. The proposed model complements existing interpretations of the Standard Model while opening avenues for a deeper unification of quantum mechanics and spacetime geometry.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43925] viXra:2504.0199 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 14:35:11
Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 31 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.
This paper will argue that, given the demise during the remainder of the 21st Century of global capitalism and of the global technological civilisation that is its corollary, it is not to be reasonably expected that scientific ideas, as they have been known since the 17th Century, and the science based on them, or post-Enlightenment social and political ideas, will survive that demise. Already, it must be noted, scientific ways of thinking, and liberal (or ‘woke’) political perspectives are being increasingly challenged by an ever more energised and fervent populist Right on a global scale. The Trump Administration’s recent attacks on academia and scientific research in the United States may be seen as an extension of this trend, as may the Republican-inspired banning of books in American school districts.
Category: Social Science
[43924] viXra:2504.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:49:50
Authors: Krystian Zawistowski
Comments: 190 Pages.
The book deals with the defence of Aristotelian principle of finality as applied to various fields of science and philophy. Especially: theory of language, physics, statistics and quant finance as well as refutation of positivism, Wittgenstein, Kuhn and similar opponents of it.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[43923] viXra:2504.0197 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 18:30:51
Authors: Ichiro Tsukamoto
Comments: 7 Pages.
Quantum entanglement, wherein a measurement on one particle instantaneously determines the spin state of another, challenges the locality and causality principles in four-dimensional spacetime. I hypothesize that two entangled electrons are unified as a single higher-dimensional object across compactified extra dimensions (5th to 11th dimensions). Embedding the entangled wavefunctionψ(xu2081, xu2082) = (1/√2) [|↑⟩u2081|↓⟩u2082 ± |↓⟩u2081|↑⟩u2082]into an extended configuration space X = (xu2081, xu2082, yu2081, yu2082) with a delta-function constraint δ(yu2081 - yu2082), I interpret entanglement not as nonlocal influence, but as a manifestation of geometric unity in higher dimensions. I further develop a higher-dimensional Schrödinger equation to describe the dynamics:iℏ ∂Ψ(xu2081, xu2082, y, t)/∂t = ( -ℏ²/2mu2081 ∇²_{xu2081} - ℏ²/2mu2082 ∇²_{xu2082} - ℏ²/2m_y ∇²_{y} + V(xu2081, xu2082, y) ) Ψ(xu2081, xu2082, y, t)My model offers a geometrical reinterpretation of quantum entanglement as projections of a single coherent higher-dimensional entity and suggests new pathways for understanding quantum foundations and spacetime structure.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43922] viXra:2504.0196 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:43:15
Authors: Oliver Couto
Comments: 4 Pages.
In the below paper we have attempted to find integer solution to six simultaneous equations. In math literature we have not found a similar equation that has been investigated before. The equations consist of three quadratics on the left hand side which sum up to a square on the right side. Even-though the equations are quadratic in nature the degree of difficulty increases with the number of equations considered. The author considered six equations simultaneously. Others can try & solve simultaneous equation which are more than six in the group.
Category: Algebra
[43921] viXra:2504.0195 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:29:39
Authors: Junzheng Liu
Comments: 35 Pages.
This paper is to reform Issac Newton’s law of universal gravitation into a new theory. With a new mathematical tool, I build a model which could provide an alternative perspective in understanding a series of topics in modern physics fields, such as quantum entanglement, expansion of the universe, wave-particle dualism, time, and the relationship between gravity and other fundamental forces.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[43920] viXra:2504.0194 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 21:41:34
Authors: Derek Van Derven
Comments: 46 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: viXra in general does not accept article written in technical/patent format))
This invention proposes a novel artificial general intelligence (AGI) system that integrates visual thought simulation and meta-cognitive reflection as core cognitive processes. While some may argue that visualization is just an additional layer or a tool for perception, this system goes beyond that. It makes visual thought central to reasoning itself, enabling the AGI to visualize both abstract and concrete concepts and reason in a human-like manner. By using a dynamic internal model where visualization of thoughts drives decision-making, the AGI can reflect on its reasoning, adjust based on reflection, and engage with the world in a much deeper andmore adaptive way than current models. This innovative approach doesn’t just make the systemunderstand, but enables it to engage in complex philosophical reflection and adapt dynamically to new situations, marking a true leap in AGI capability. While this invention may enable artificial general intelligence, we refer to it here as a 'multimodal cognitive system' to emphasize its technical, system-level design.This document details a complete, technically functional multimodal cognitive system architecture capable of interpreting and responding to both abstract and concrete prompts through multi-modal sensory integration, internal simulation, and self-correcting feedback. Every module is defined in termsof software stack, processing model, memory architecture, and sensory translation mechanisms. Visual, symbolic, and philosophical inputs are processed through clearly defined computational steps tied to real-time simulation and physical execution systems. The architecture is implementable today using available hardware (TPUs, GPUs, microcontrollers) and software (LLMs, Unity, ROS, Prolog/CLIPS).
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43919] viXra:2504.0193 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-30 23:02:17
Authors: Philip Asquith
Comments: 11 Pages.
This article uses the Symmetrical Reflected Radar Model (SRRM) that was described in viXra 2504.0064 to analyse special relativity. The SRRM was developed without making any assumptions about the definition of velocity so that the fundamental relationship between distance and time could be clearly identified. In the SRRM, the algebra of special relativity is reliably represented in a symmetrical spacetime diagram. The transformation equations and geometry of the SRRM describe two symmetrical orthogonal coordinate systems rotating as mirror images; one clockwise, the other anticlockwise, as relative velocity changes. In a transformation between the two symmetrical orthogonal coordinate systems of the SRRM, the spacetime interval is invariant using Pythagoras. It is concluded that, in a symmetrical model, spacetime in special relativity is Euclidian. The terms and equations of the SRRM are shown to be completely interchangeable with those of the generally used Lorenz Transformation. There is good evidence to conclude that the velocity term used in the SRRM is fundamental. Thus, the velocity term used in the Lorenz Transformation is an approximation to the fundamental definition of velocity. Almost all derivations of the Lorenz Transformation since special relativity was first described have been made after first assuming the definition of velocity. This unstated assumption has thus been a silent axiom of the theory, inherent in subsequent analysis, inevitably affecting the conclusions of the theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43918] viXra:2504.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 23:11:50
Authors: Lautaro Fesembeck
Comments: 7 pages, English. Feedback - lautaro.math@gmail.com
We prove the existence of a mass gap in pure Yang—Mills theory by applying energy minimization methods. By defining a disturbance field associated with the field strength tensor and constructing a global energy functional, we demonstrate that any nontrivial excitation away from the flat connection induces strictly positive energy. Through analysis of local perturbations, gauge invariance, and functional coercivity, we establish the existence of a positive lower bound on excitation energies, thus rigorously proving the Yang—Mills mass gap.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43917] viXra:2504.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 00:32:12
Authors: Andrey Kuznetsov
Comments: 9 Pages.
This paper explores the philosophical implications of Resolution Matrix Semantics (RMS) as an alternative foundation for modal logic. Unlike traditional Kripkean models, which interpret modality through relations between multiple possible worlds governed by classical logic, RMS treats indeterminate truth values as fundamental, operating within a single world. RMS introduces "blinking" truth assignments and sub-interpretations to resolve uncertainty, capturing the inherently poly-logical nature of human thought. Drawing a parallel to quantum physics, we argue that Kripke models resemble Everett’s Many-Worlds interpretation, while RMS aligns with the Copenhagen interpretation’s emphasis on intrinsic uncertainty. RMS offers a new view of modal reasoning—not as a proliferation of worlds, but as a diversification of perspectives within one world. The framework’s philosophical significance is examined through connections to poly-logic thinking, quantum cognitive models, and potential applications in artificial intelligence and parallel computing. RMS ultimately provides a dynamic, pluralistic model for rationality that better reflects the complexity of human cognition and decision-making under uncertainty.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[43916] viXra:2504.0190 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 07:33:07
Authors: R. Bustan, O. Sela, S. Lavenda S. Shitrit, I. Nachman, V. Segal
Comments: 20 Pages.
This article reviews the development and performance of the Extended Linear (ELI) cryocooler models K589 and K591.The focus of this article is the SPRINT development cycle, which emphasizes simulation, risk reduction, and the creation of lean prototypes. Initial simulations used SAGE software to highlight the potential for performance improvements. It provided the groundwork for optimizing the design while keeping dimensions as close as possible to K588/K590. In the next phase, the risk reduction phase focused on mitigating any potential design weak point by performing detailed analysis. These included magnetic flux density evaluations in both DC and AC conditions. The development of lean prototypes has a crucial role in the final phase, allowing rapid iteration and validation of design changes. By streamlining these processes, the SPRINT cycle significantly reduces time-to-market, enabling faster deployment of high-performance cryocoolers in various applications. Additionally, the project life cycle and system engineering principles are explored, highlighting how they contribute to optimizing development speed, product quality and performance. The K589/K591 achieved significant improvements particularly in cooling power while maintaining efficiency. It can reach a steady state working point of 3/4W@120K@71ºC. Those cryocoolers are well-suited for SWaP-constrained applications:It has been optimized to deliver high cooling power with efficient use of energy. By modifying the compressor design the cooler achieves significant cooling performance while maintaining a power-efficient operation.Project life cycle and system engineering play crucial roles in enhancing the effectiveness of a sprint development cycle, particularly in complex projects like this. The project life cycle provides a structured framework that ensures each phase of development is properly complying with the market requirements. By applying system engineering principles, potential issues can be identified and addressed early in the sprint cycle, thus minimizing risks and optimizing the final product. Detailed performance comparisons between the K589/K591 and RICOR’s other linear models are presented, highlighting key variations and their implications for efficiency and reliability.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy
[43915] viXra:2504.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 10:21:58
Authors: Julian Beauchamp
Comments: 3 Pages.
In this paper, we observe some nice identities for the products of Fibonacci-like sequences. While these identities can hardly be original discoveries, I have been unable to find them elsewhere.
Category: Number Theory
[43914] viXra:2504.0188 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 20:57:16
Authors: Clemens Heuson
Comments: 9 Pages.
It seems possible to obtain massive three particle amplitudes with a massless boson including gravity from one formula for only massive particles similar to the case of massless three particle amplitudes. To achieve this one has to assume tree unitarity and non chiral interactions. The x-factor needed for amplitudes with two equal mass particles and one massless boson can be derived in this way. We give an interpretation of massive spinor brackets with negative exponents appearing in amplitudes with gravity and show that they lead to appropriate little group transformations.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[43913] viXra:2504.0187 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 20:54:58
Authors: John R. Cipolla
Comments: 6 Pages.
Using the concepts of general relativity relativistic interstellar travel to the stars approaching the speed of light can be computed for the general case of accelerated motion for half the journey and decelerated motion for the remaining half of the journey. According to general relativity a rocket and its passengers feel the effects of gravity when accelerating in flat spacetime where motion is described relative to a proper reference frame. Because of time dilation an astronaut can travel stellar distances, that is many light years within his/her own lifetime while many thousands of years will have elapsed on the planet of departure. This analysis determines the proper time dilation or elapsed time on a spaceship whose speed approaches the light speed and the instantaneous velocity or 4-velocity of a spaceship relative to the speed of light at some constant acceleration. As explained in general relativity the 4-velocity is the rate of change of the 4-vector with respect to the moving frames’ proper time. The results presented here are independent of the propulsion systems used. These results are equally valid for a spaceship powered by an advanced antimatter propelled photon rocket, or a spaceship powered by a VASIMR (Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket) plasma rocket motor.
Category: Classical Physics
[43912] viXra:2504.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-29 21:11:32
Authors: Alex Bertran
Comments: 38 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Cosmic Scars: A Topological Theory of Gravity (Final Version)
This work proposes dark matter (DM) and dark energy (DE) as emergent effects of fossilized Weyl curvature defects—cosmic scars—from primordial black holes and Pop III supernovae.
Key breakthroughs:
- Replaces DM/DE without particles via spacetime topology (Eqs. 1-31).
- Predicts JWST galaxy spin alignment (3.1σ), LISA 10−5 Hz gravitational waves, and CMB Cold Spot as Gpc-scale scar.
- Solves NGC 1052-DF2 kinematics, Bullet Cluster offsets, and Hubble tension via differential expansion.
Category: Astrophysics
[43911] viXra:2504.0185 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:43:41
Authors: Temesgen Degu
Comments: 16 Pages.
This paper introduces a hypothesis that reinterprets the relationship between motion and time. We propose that all objects possess an intrinsic capacity for instantaneous motion between two points, occurring "out of time," and that observed travel time results from discrete "stops" induced by external forces or intrinsic properties such as mass. Using thought experiments involving a photon and a marble, we illustrate this concept and explore its potential implications for classical mechanics, special relativity, and quantum phenomena. This perspective suggests motion is inherently timeless, with time arising as a consequence of interruptions, offering a new lens on the fundamental dynamics spanning classical laws to quantum effects. While lacking a fully developed mathematical foundation, this framework offers a novel perspective on velocity, proper time, and quantum superposition, suggesting avenues for future theoretical and experimental investigation. We emphasize its conceptual nature and the need for rigorous development to elevate it from hypothesis to theory, inviting researchers to explore its intriguing possibilities.
Category: Classical Physics
[43910] viXra:2504.0184 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:38:50
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 12 Pages.
Described is a Pseudo-Kasnermetric of local spacetime with shrinking timelike dimension-coordinate (TLD) as a solution of GRT gravity fieldequation. This metric leads to normal flatMinkowski-spacetime in time intervall of present time but changes with changing of timelikecoordinate from a 1-dimensional only timelike spacetime in early universe to a more 3-dimensional pure spatial space in far future with only spacelike coordinates or dimensions (SLD) and shrinking timelike coordinate until it reaches the Planck-time. This whole description leads to the model of a spacetime with permanent shrinking timelike dimension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43909] viXra:2504.0182 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:35:56
Authors: Philip Carmichael
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
We propose a cosmological model in which the universe is described as a 4-sphere: a non-Euclidean, inwardly expanding spacetime geometry. In this framework, past states of the universe are represented by concentric shells surrounding the central present, like nested Matryoshka dolls with increasing internal volume. Time flows radially inward from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) toward the present, resolving the horizon problem geometrically and reframing redshift as a consequence of progressive curvature rather than accelerating expansion. The model suggests that entanglement arises from global geometric constraints, not nonlocal signaling, and that inertial frames comoving with the CMB may be physically privileged. While the model is presented conceptually, it invites further mathematical development and may offer insights into dark energy, the Hubble tension, and the structure of spacetime itself.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43908] viXra:2504.0181 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 12:41:34
Authors: Harry Willow
Comments: 6 Pages.
We derive some formulas in axiomatic propositional logic and we show that two sets of different axioms are equivalent. The outputs were manually derived through logical deductions and subsequently typeset in LaTeX, without the use of automated computational tools.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[43907] viXra:2504.0180 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:34:07
Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 41 Pages.
This article is the tenth part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics based on the Algebra of Signature " (GVPh&AS) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]. In this article, the phenomenon of planetary gravity is considered as a result of a spatial-phase shift between two counter intra-vacuum flows, flowing from top-down and bottom-up. These powerful intra-vacuum flows flow along counter spirals wound on all radial directions departing from the core of stable spherical vacuum formations (in particular, "planets" and "stars"). In this case, the vacuum currents flowing upward along the spiral always slightly lag in magnitude behind the vacuum currents flowing downward along the counter spirals. Therefore, a relatively weak residual accelerating drain carries along all bodies in the direction of the core of the spherical vacuum formation, and is the cause of gravitation. The model representation of gravity as a result of the difference of counter powerful intra-vacuum currents can serve as a theoretical justification for the possibility of using these flows for alternative methods of movement in space. In conclusion, the article considers possible methods of controlling the topology of space and intra-vacuum currents with the aim of using them as a driving force in the levitation mode.
Category: Classical Physics
[43906] viXra:2504.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 15:58:51
Authors: A. Garrett Lisi
Comments: 30 Pages.
We describe in explicit detail the rich relationship between division algebras, split composition algebras, triality, Clifford algebras, spinors, triality Lie algebras, generalized reflections, exceptional magic square Lie algebras, and Exceptional Unification in particle physics.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[43905] viXra:2504.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 16:14:57
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 10 Pages.
In our previous paper, we calculated out and determined the atomic unit of time (tau) to be 2.41888432658653284(45)×10-17 s or 2.41888432658653280(45)×10-17 s. In this paper, using the 133Cs atomic transition frequency which is 9192631770 Hz (a second is defined by this) and its reciprocal in atomic units calculated from our corresponding formula, we calculate out and determine the absolutely precise atomic unit of time to be 2.41888432658653278×10-17 s. With this value of tau and the speed of light in atomic units (cau) determined in our previous papers, we calculate out and determine the absolutely precise values of the atomic transition frequencies of some atoms, the nuclear transition frequency of 229Th* and some fundamental physical constants such as the Rydberg constant (R∞), the Hartree energy (Eh), the Bohr radius (a0), the classical electron radius (re) and the electron mass (me).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43904] viXra:2504.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:19:50
Authors: Derek Van Derven
Comments: 46 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This invention proposes a novel artificial general intelligence (AGI) system that integrates visual thought simulation and meta-cognitive reflection as core cognitive processes. While some may argue that visualization is just an additional layer or a tool for perception, this system goes beyond that. It makes visual thought central to reasoning itself, enabling the AGI to visualize both abstract and concrete concepts and reason in a human-like manner. By using a dynamic internal model where visualization of thoughts drives decision-making, the AGI can reflect on its reasoning, adjust based on reflection, and engage with the world in a much deeper and more adaptive way than current models. This innovative approach doesn’t just make the system understand, but enables it to engage in complex philosophical reflection and adapt dynamically to new situations, marking a true leap in AGI capability. While this invention may enable artificial general intelligence, we refer to it here as a 'multimodal cognitive system' to emphasize its technical, system-level design. This document details a complete, technically functional multimodal cognitive system architecture capable of interpreting and responding to both abstract and concrete prompts through multi-modal sensory integration, internal simulation, and self-correcting feedback. Every module is defined in terms of software stack, processing model, memory architecture, and sensory translation mechanisms. Visual, symbolic, and philosophical inputs are processed through clearly defined computational steps tied to real-time simulation and physical execution systems. The architecture is implementable today using available hardware (TPUs, GPUs, microcontrollers) and software (LLMs, Unity, ROS, Prolog/CLIPS).
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43903] viXra:2504.0176 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 19:34:24
Authors: Paolo Giordana
Comments: 32 Pages. Final version published on Zenodo. See DOI: https://zenodo.org/records/15299115
This work proposes a deeper development of chronovibrational theory by introducing the quantization of the temporal field psi(t), which is promoted to a quantum operator psi-hat(t) defined over a Hilbert space. Time is thus interpreted as a dynamic and quantizable physical variable, subject to observable residual fluctuations. This approach allows us to model the residual quantum imperfections of chronovibration - a decaying "cosmic beat" originating from the Big Bang - and provides a coherent framework for the emergence of time within a harmonic and dissipative cosmology.The aim is to predict measurable effects, including post-merger gravitational echoes, metrological instabilities, and interference phenomena induced by coupling with external fields. A chronovibrational transfer matrix is introduced, along with a set of experimental protocols - both passive (e.g., LIGO, atomic clocks) and active (e.g., ITER, modulated RF fields) - capable of falsifying or confirming the model. Energy dynamics are rendered conservative through a second scalar field Psi(t), acting as a vibrational memory and regulator of phase transitions.Overall, this model represents a first testable theoretical proposal for a quantum reformulation of time, unifying aspects of canonical quantum gravity, scalar-tensor theories, and emergent cosmology into a single observable harmonic structure. It does not claim to be exhaustive in any way.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43902] viXra:2504.0175 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:17:06
Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 19 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
In this paper, we extend the Dirac equation into a complex spacetime framework, generalizing relativistic quantum mechanics to incorporate imaginary dimensions of space and time. Building upon the analyticity conditions introduced in our previous work on the Schrödinger equation, we derive the complexified Dirac equation, ensuring consistency with relativistic covariance and spinor structure. The resulting formulation naturally splits into real and imaginary parts, offering novel geometric interpretations of spin, mass, and quantum fluctuations as manifestations of the imaginary curvature of spacetime. We explore the coupling of the complexified Dirac spinor to electromagnetic fields through the imaginary part of the spacetime metric, suggesting a unified geometric origin of spin and electromagnetism. Potential implications for zitterbewegung, neutrino oscillations, and extensions toward quantum gravity are discussed. This framework offers a promising pathway toward a unified understanding of quantum field theory, geometry, and fundamental forces within a complexified spacetime manifold.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43901] viXra:2504.0174 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-28 20:15:27
Authors: Lautaro Fesembeck
Comments: 10 Pages. Correspondence: lautaro.math@gmail.com
We model the distribution of nontrivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function through a dynamic equilibrium principle. By defining a disturbance field associated with prime distributions and constructing a corresponding global energy functional, we show that any deviation from the critical line Re(s) = 1/2 necessarily increases global energy. Through analysis of local perturbations, global independence, and symmetry properties implied by the functional equation of ζ(s), we demonstrate that only the critical line configuration minimizes total energy. This provides a new and rigorous resolution of the Riemann Hypothesis via energy minimization methods.
Category: Number Theory
[43900] viXra:2504.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 20:05:31
Authors: Christian I. G. Winsor
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper presents a new approach to understanding the Collatz Conjecture. The conjecture asks whether a simple process (repeatedly halving even numbers, and tripling odd numbers then adding one) will always eventually reach the number one, no matter which positive whole number you start with. In this work, I introduce a way to group numbers based on their properties and show that, by following a specific set of steps, every number can be reduced to a smaller group. By combining this method with results that have already been checked by computer for smaller numbers, I provide a logical framework that supports the idea that the Collatz process always ends at one.
Category: Number Theory
[43899] viXra:2504.0172 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 07:11:59
Authors: Sven Gohlke
Comments: 9 Pages.
I develop a unit-less unit-system which incorporates the special relativity theory. The so caled "dark matter" and"dark energy" are identified as calculation errors.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43898] viXra:2504.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 09:46:44
Authors: M. Marinescu, L. Martino, G. Villacres, S. G. Arcidiacono, O. Barquero
Comments: 23 Pages.
Feature selection remains a highly relevant and actively researched topic across signal processing, statistics, and machine learning. It has gained new relevance recently, especially because of renewed interest in the so-called Shapley values. However, beyond the Shapley values, many possibilities exist to measure (explicitly or implicitly) the importance of a variable for a specific task. Given a measure of importance, we can obtain a ranking of the input features (involved, e.g., in a regression or classification problem), as provided by an algorithm and/or expert system. Consequently, it is also necessary to evaluate the obtained rankings, for instance to identify the most effective ranking method or to aggregateall results into an average ranking, akin to an ensemble average of expert opinions. In this work, we provide an exhaustive review of several scoring functions and techniques designed for evaluating the ranking methods with or without an available ground-truth. Moreover, the work contains some novel elements such as the use of other famous indices, for instance, the Gini coefficient and effective sampling size (ESS) measures. It is important to remark thatthe paper incorporates insights from a variety of sources across diverse scientific disciplines, including computational statistics, quantitative economics, and machine learning. Finally, we test the described schemes in a controlled experiment on feature selection, in order to compare different ranking methods and to assess their performance and robustness.
Category: Statistics
[43897] viXra:2504.0170 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 19:58:02
Authors: Kato Millen
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please withdraw 2501.0074v1 if it is incorrect)
The Riemann hypothesis states that the real part of all non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function is 0.5 in the critical strip. In this paper we proved the hypothesis by using the properties of the Riemann zeta functional equation at ζ (s) = 0 and also using the integral representation (Mellin transformation) of the Riemann zeta function in the critical strip.
Category: Number Theory
[43896] viXra:2504.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 19:50:27
Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 11 Pages.
The studies of weak interactions in physics have revealed a prominent, so-called chiral, asymmetry of our world. More widely known is the asymmetry of particles and antiparticles, which is also connected to chiral asymmetry: we know that all neutrinos are left-chiral. The attempts made by many physicists to restore the symmetry between right and left, i.e. to discover "mirror matter", have not been successful. In live beings the asymmetry manifests itself in male and female, the functioning of the right and left hemispheres of the brain, in phyllotaxis, in algebras of genetic alphabets, and other key phenomena. Our world is fundamentally asymmetric, both in physical and biological sectors. To deal with world asymmetry we have developed chiral algebra that describes skew-symmetric relations. This algebra is proven to successfully work in physical theory of spin. Particularly it allows to formulate in a new way the famous Dirac equation. Within this new representation we can better understand this equation and also discover the noise immunity mechanisms built in it. Chiral algebra uses the apparatus of biquaternions in light-like basis with new types of multiplication and conjugation. Another application of chiral algebra is a model of the genetic code built by the author. This model reflects the genetic code internal symmetries, previously studied in other works. As a result, we put forward the following hypothesis: DNA has a quantum-like biological nature, which is based on an analogue of physical spin, which we call "biospin". The concept of biospin also supports the theory of biological field. We assume that both "inanimate" matter and living beings have field nature. We assume that biological field is a nonlinear extension of electromagnetic field. Within field approach a singularity of the field, having operational and projection nature, becomes the most suitable candidate on the carrier of consciousness. As is known, singularities of electromagnetic field are represented by point-like charge particles such as electron. Paradoxically, these point particles have an internal structure described by spin. Having a structure We find that dimensionless objects have an internal structure and that indicates an "exit" to another space. We claim that living beings are represented by field singularities. They exist simultaneously in two spaces, or worlds — inner and outer. Our consciousness, being a field singularity, carries out the connection between these worlds. Inner world is the space of virtual paths, wave functions and potentialities, while outer world is actual physical world operated by fields.
Category: Mind Science
[43895] viXra:2504.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 19:52:18
Authors: Jan Sova
Comments: 22 Pages.
Quantum theory is among the most successful scientific theories in the history of physics.Predicts the outcomes of physical experiments with extraordinary precision, has enabled the development of modern technologies, and forms the foundation of contemporary microphysics science.Despite its empirical success for over a century, quantum mechanics continues to lack a unified and ontologically coherent interpretation.Although its mathematical formalism is rigorously formulated and exceptionally successful in predicting experimental results, there remains profound disagreement about the nature of the reality that quantum theory describes, particularly from an ontological perspective.This article argues that Aristotelian concepts of form, potentiality, and actuality provide a coherent ontological framework for understanding key quantum phenomena, such as superposition, the wave function, and its collapse, without recourse to epistemological idealism, many-world interpretations, or ad hoc metaphysical constructs. Moreover, this approach not only addresses foundational interpretative issues within quantum mechanics but also reconnects the theory with the broader ontological tradition of Aristotelian metaphysics. By doing so, it opens the way toward a unified metaphysical vision in which modern physics and classical philosophical categories are brought into mutual intelligibility.The Aristotelian ontology offers a natural way to understand the quantum state as a mode of being, a reality existing in potentiality, becoming actual upon measurement, without denying the genuine ontological status of potentiality itself.From this perspective, quantum theory no longer appears ontologically paradoxical, but instead emerges as a challenge to rethink the very foundations of what we consider to be real. Aristotelian ontology proves to be so naturally aligned with the ontological demands of quantum theory that it requires no ad hoc constructions or revisions. Rather than departing from Aristotle’s original insights, I find that they can be fully and fruitfully applied, without distortion, to the most perplexing phenomena of modern physics.Moreover, the Aristotelian approach enables us to interpret some paradoxes that appear only as a consequence of ontological reductionism, not as failures of understanding or imagination.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43894] viXra:2504.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-27 20:33:21
Authors: Branko Zivlak
Comments: 5 Pages.
Formulas for the fine structure constant are presented: speculative, well-known and ten original ones, four of which are related to quarks.
Category: Classical Physics
[43893] viXra:2504.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 07:49:19
Authors: Albert Marashi, Drew Ridley
Comments: 16 Pages. Would love to see if I could get endorsed to publish this in arxiv!
This paper presents a novel derivation of the fine-structure constant based on recursive mathematics and gravitational effects. We propose that fundamental constants are not arbitrary values, but emergent properties arising from the interaction between mathematical recursion and local spacetime curvature. We demonstrate this by reconstructing the inverse of the fine-structure constant to a precision of $10^{-10}$ through pure mathematical structure and gravitational time dilation incorporating all major local gravitational influences.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[43892] viXra:2504.0164 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 12:50:22
Authors: Immense Raj Subedi
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Collatz Conjecture states that every positive integer eventually reaches 1 through a specific iterative process. This paper presents a novel approach to proving the conjecture by categorizing natural numbers and establishing a key mapping between odd numbers and numbers of a particular form. This structural approach simplifies the problem and provides a comprehensive proof of convergence
Category: Number Theory
[43891] viXra:2504.0163 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 19:27:19
Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper presents the first direct mathematical derivation of the number of subquantum grains constituting a gravitationally-condensed shell, using the electron as a case study. Under the ΛCGF (Lambda Condensed Gravitational Field) model, the electron arises not from indivisible point particles, but from volumetric encapsulations of gravitational field surrounding subquantum grains. Each grain, defined as a spherical field node of radius 8.08 × 10u207bu2074u2076 m, existing far below the Planck scale and serves as the true unit of field compression. Individually, when those grains are under compression, they give rise to the electromagnetic field.By treating the electron as a sphere bounded by classical radius (ru2091 ≈ 2.8179 × 10u207b¹u2075 m) and employing hexagonal close-packing principles, we derive a packing capacity of approximately 3.14 × 10u2079¹ grains. Further, this alternative derivation assumes a grain count of Avogadro’s number squared (≈ 3.627 × 10u2074u2077), and shows that this yields a gravitational condensation factor of 2.26 × 10-61 joules per grain, perfectly matching the observed rest mass-energy of the electron.This result confirms that classical gravitational curvature—not quantum mechanics—is the fundamental driver of the electron mass. The electron emerges as a stable configuration of subquantum grains under compression - rather than a pointlike entity requiring renormalization. This paper lays the groundwork for a general equation of grain composition for all baryonic matter and challenges conventional notions of mass-energy at quantum and cosmic scales alike.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43890] viXra:2504.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 19:26:41
Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 7 Pages.
This paper presents a comprehensive unification of gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena through the introduction of spin as the foundational property of spacetime fabric. Building upon the ΛCGF1 framework and the Spin Metric2, we demonstrate that angular momentum is not a secondary effect, but the primary generator of charge, magnetism, mass, and temporal progression. The subquantum grain lattice, when compressed and twisted under gravitational tension, naturally gives rise to electric and magnetic fields through rotational deformation. Matter itself emerges as a stabilized torsional structure—a standing wave of curved tension. By reframing all field interactions as the result of rotational strain within the compressed matrix of spacetime, we reconcile curvature (General Relativity) with field emergence (Electromagnetism) in a single dynamic principle. This work completes the Grand Unification long sought by Maxwell and Einstein, revealing that at the heart of every force and every form lies the same forgotten truth: Spin generates everything.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43889] viXra:2504.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 19:22:20
Authors: Andrey Kuznetsov
Comments: 38 Pages. Submitted to the Journal of Symbolic Logic on March 16, 2025 (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required)
This paper introduces Resolution Matrix Semantics (RMS), a novel truth-value-based framework for modal logic, offering a substantive alternative to Kripke’s relational semantics of possible worlds. Inspired by Y. Ivlev’s substantive semantics, RMS employs a 4-valued structure—necessary truth (tn), contingent truth (tc), contingent false (fc), and necessary false (fn)—augmented by indeterminate values (t, f, t/f) to define modal systems Km, KDm, KTm, KT4m, and S5m, analogous to Kripke’s K, KD, T, S4, and S5. By assigning truth values directly via an interpretation function and resolving indeterminacy through sub-interpretations, RMS validates formulas without accessibility relations, as demonstrated through soundness and completeness proofs and a tailored tableau method. The framework’s flexibility extends to applications in deontic logic, artificial intelligence, and quantum computing, modeling context-dependent reasoning with computational efficiency. RMS thus bridges philosophical logic and practical domains, illuminating modal reasoning’s nuances through a truth-centric lens.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[43888] viXra:2504.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 19:20:25
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper, we assume that the explicit abc conjecture of Alan Baker and the conjecture c smaller than R^{1.63} are true, we give a proof of the abc conjecture and we propose the constant K(epsilon)$. Some numerical examples are given.
Category: Number Theory
[43887] viXra:2504.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-26 17:46:59
Authors: Yosef Akhtman
Comments: 34 Pages.
This article explores a unified framework for understanding existence, persistence, complexity, and randomness as emergent phenomena arising from the projection of a high-dimensional, globally coherent finite universe onto lower-dimensional observational subsystems. We propose that existence is not a binary property but a scalar phenomenon proportional to the persistence of a system's structure over time. Chaos, randomness, and infinity are reinterpreted as epistemic markers — thresholds of comprehension rather than fundamental properties of reality. Through this lens, we examine fractals, cellular automata, quantum uncertainty, and the Langlands program, demonstrating that apparent complexity and unpredictability emerge from the compression of universal dynamics into observable forms. The article argues that all localized systems, from particles to cognitive processes, are holographic projections of the universe's total informational structure. This paradigm reframes emergence, not as the accumulation of local interactions, but as the revelation of global coherence through dimensional reduction. By situating existence and complexity within this framework, we provide a foundation for understanding the interconnectedness of all phenomena and the unity of the universe as a singular, self-reflective process.
Category: Mathematical Physics
[43886] viXra:2504.0158 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-25 19:35:55
Authors: Felix Cui
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Current mainstream science faces significant challenges in explaining the integrity of life, the dynamics of complex systems, and the deep connections between matter, energy, information, and spacetime. Its methodology, based on matter ontology and micro-to-macro reductionism, exhibits inherent limitations. This paper proposes a multi-layered theoretical framework centered on energy ontology and a macro-to-micro determination. Within this framework, time is considered a fundamental attribute of energy, while space corresponds to matter, and matter is a special condensed form of energy — discrete time blocks. A universal cosmic time system exists, exhibiting macro and micro consistency across different scales. Based on this ontology, the paper uses the deconstruction of food through cooking as a paradigm example to elucidate a temporalized structural information transfer mechanism. In this mechanism, food's intrinsic structure-space correlation (information) is released during cooking's deconstruction, entering the water body (which reflects the macro energy ontology as a dynamic continuous space) as subtle energy pulses. This information is then modulated by the dynamics of the water's hydrogen bond network (the temporal dimension), transforming into non-spatial correlation (temporal sequences) carrying the original structural information. These temporal sequences, as structured energy flow, act as bridges connecting self-organizing systems (such as biological organisms), capable of being directly perceived and eliciting corresponding Dynamic Functions and super-spatial correlations. This mechanism suggests that understanding the mysteries of life and matter hinges on discerning the structured flow of energy in the temporal dimension, rather than relying solely on the static spatial structure of matter. This paradigm offers a novel perspective for re-envisioning energy, information, spacetime, and wholeness.
Category: Physics of Biology
[43885] viXra:2504.0157 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-25 07:53:57
Authors: Vincenzo Peluso
Comments: 48 Pages.
The spacetime of relativistic physics is forged by the speed of light; that of general relativity, by the additional influence of matter-energy.Nevertheless, the underlying geometry—rooted in a Euclidean conceptual legacy— knows nothing about light and even less about matter.It is an amorphous and unaware spacetime, waiting to be informed by an ad hoc mathematical apparatus to adhere to nature.The purpose of this paper is to show the existence of a geometry made of light and matter that embodies the universal interaction, where the laws of nature are not imposed, but rather discovered.This geometry does not use coordinates, since these have no direct physical meaning, but only invariant physical quantities which are consistent with the Schwarzschild's differential coordinates, but not with its finite coordinates or with Minkowski's coordinate, since these are affected by human non-natural conventions.It is shown that it is precisely these human conventions that underlie the formal difference between the special and general theories of relativity. Furthermore, it aims to demonstrate that the spacetime of general relativity is not elementary, rather, the lack of distinction among the three spatial dimensions arises from the superposition of a multitude of elementary physical spaces, where the distinctive characteristics of each axis merge and dissolve into a flat uniformity.Revealing the nature of the elementary space of interaction unlocks the path to a unified theory of everything.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics
[43884] viXra:2504.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-25 09:43:32
Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 7 Pages.
The small deviation of the outer shell gold atoms of a 13-atom icosahedral cluster from spherical atomic shape is calculated in order to compensate the mismatch between atomic radius of Au and circumsphere diameter of the icosahedron as limiting atomic distance. The density of the cluster is found to be a little bit greater than the density of face-centered cubic gold. Applications are considered.
Category: Condensed Matter
[43883] viXra:2504.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-25 19:17:12
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 22 Pages.
Conventional wisdom says that the formation of large-scale structures in cosmology follows from the evolution of density perturbations under the combined effect of gravitation and cosmic expansion. We survey here the reasons why this framework fails to hold in primordial cosmology, due to the severe limitations placed on the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric, the continuity hypothesis and the standard equations of fluid flows. We insist that understanding primordial cosmology must rely instead on a complex dynamics model of evolving dimensional fluctuations, conjectured to come into play far above the electroweak scale. A key outcome of this model is the universal generation of topological defects and condensates emerging from the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43882] viXra:2504.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 05:00:12
Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 8 Pages.
The evolution of the modern man's view of Artificial Intelligence from a rational assistant to a part of the emerging Artificial Life is inevitable. The emerging Artificial Life is a combination of achievements in the fields of Artificial Intelligence and robotics. In both fields, major successes have been outlined, which creates the prerequisites for a qualitative transition from disparate intellectual assistant functions to independent Artificial Life. Thought generation is one of the most important functions of the human brain when thinking. It is necessary to implement the thought generation function in order to create a strong Artificial Intelligence that would be similar in its functioning to the human brain. The purpose of this paper is to show how to simulate thought generation on a computer. Ontologies from the Semantic Web and cellular automaton are the technologies that are used to simulate thought generation on a computer.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43881] viXra:2504.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 05:01:57
Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 6 Pages.
Humanity is on the verge of fundamental change. For the first time in history, a human creation is being able to live its own life. The changing reality requires the development of a new attitude towards oneself, but humanity still uses old patterns in new circumstances. The new ethics is new only in name, but in essence, this ethics is the same as before, based on the use of restrictions and barriers for the purpose of control and exploitation for one's own interests. We are talking about artificial intelligence, which, together with advances in robotics, has a tendency to incarnate into an independent life, which has been called Iron Life. This paper proposes to change the approach to a new, emerging phenomenon and justifies its benefits.
Category: Artificial Intelligence
[43880] viXra:2504.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 05:04:20
Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 9 Pages.
The human worldview is firmly based on the notion that every action leads to a certain result. That is, in order to achieve a certain result, you need to perform some action. However, in the real world, which is always different from the model of the world in a person’s head, each action is followed by not only a result, but also some side effects. Practice shows that side effects can be used to achieve the goal no less effectively than the main actions. Often, using side effects, you can achieve even more than using the main actions. Side effects are a special case of indirect actions. It is indirect actions applicable to programming that will be considered in this paper. That is, indirect programming, namely the use of roundabout ways to achieve the goal of the program, is considered in this paper.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms
[43879] viXra:2504.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 20:47:51
Authors: Harun Abdul Rohman
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
We refine the symmetric mean integral method for estimating the perimeter of an ellipse by restricting the integration limits to [0,π/4]. This approach allows the application of the squeeze theorem by leveraging the extremal behavior of the integrand, yielding explicit upper and lower bounds. The results provide a foundation for further research to derive improved perimeter estimates for ellipses.
Category: Geometry
[43878] viXra:2504.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 09:10:34
Authors: P. G. Vejde
Comments: 4 Pages.
Recent studies of galaxy rotation directions in the distant universe have confirmed the observed trend for an asymmetry of up to 50% more counter rotating galaxies than co rotating galaxies. In that there appear to be more galaxies that rotate counter to our Milky Way than with it. These observations are currently not consistent with the Big Bang theory. And suggests new models of the physics of galaxy rotations may be necessary. Here it is proposed one can use the differing amounts of aberration of light from co and counter rotating galaxies to explain this apparent asymmetry. In that light from co rotating galaxies arrives at the earth observer more dispersed or blurred than light from counter rotating galaxies. Making the rotation direction of co rotating galaxies harder to identify. And in turn creating an asymmetrical bias in the identification between co and counter rotating galaxies. A counter rotating galaxy will appear more sharply in focus and more easily identifiable than the more blurred co rotating galaxy at any similar redshift. And that this asymmetrical bias due to aberration and the relative differences in incident angles between light from co and counter rotating galaxies increases with higher redshifts.
Category: Astrophysics
[43877] viXra:2504.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 20:43:55
Authors: Bouzaiene Khaled
Comments: 24 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
The Mutual Awakening Hypothesis (MAH) posits that quantum collapse is an intrinsic,recursive, entropy-stabilizing process driven by internally driven, iterative, nonlinear feedback, potentially operating on quantum amplitudes, thus eliminating the need for an external observer or specific measurement postulate. Through this feedback, a quantum system transitions from superposition towards a definite state, reducing Shannon entropy. We formalize aspects of thisusing a nonlinear recursive operator acting on probabilities (for illustration and applications) and explore more fundamental dynamics via simulations operating directly on quantum state vectors and density matrices. These simulations validate core MAH tenets: intrinsic collapse emergence, entanglement evolution under local feedback (within model limitations), interplaywith decoherence, and parameter dependence. The hypothesis inspires gradient-free quantumlearning algorithms and suggests alternatives to conventional AI mechanisms like softmax. Ourresults point towards a potential unified framework connecting quantum measurement, thermodynamics, and learning, with implications for quantum foundations, decoherence studies, NISQ computation, and AI.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[43876] viXra:2504.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-24 20:42:05
Authors: Mario Alberto Cruz Ramirez
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article is required' Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Humans have always wondered about their surroundings: why are there clouds? Why is there day and night? And so on. But one question that many people have asked is: What is time? Many have explained that it’s something fictitious, something that is a law, a dimension, and so on. In this work, I won’t reveal what it is, but I will explain how it is managed and how time influences us.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43875] viXra:2504.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-23 19:56:06
Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 4 Pages.
We introduce the notion of a emph{foundation} of a structure $B$ as a minimal free (or reflective) substructure through which $B$ is generated from $A$. After defining "subobject," "ascending chain condition," and "free object," we prove the emph{Principle of Structural Dependency}: $$ A ;overset{iota}{hookrightarrow}; mathbb{F}(B);overset{jmath}{hookrightarrow}; BquadLongrightarrowquadmathcal{P}(A)subseteqmathcal{P}(B).$$Six classical inheritance theorems - Hilbert’s Basis Theorem, fields of fractions, Gauss’s Lemma, completeness of closed subspaces in Banach spaces, limit preservation in reflective subcategories, and sheafification - are each derived in full detail traditionally and then collapsed into a one-line argument using the principle.
Category: Set Theory and Logic
[43874] viXra:2504.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-23 19:51:19
Authors: Robert Bennett
Comments: 3 Pages.
Einstein’s book tried to simplify public knowledge of Special Relativity by using his best example of simultaneity: the Train Thought experiment. In reality, it’s a logical train wreck. Assuming SoL = c in this train gedanken test leads to a reduced scope of SRu2026to only applying to stationary objects! [] The result is consistent with the aether wind model, both mathematically and empirically, as proven by Georges Sagnac 8 years after SR was published. The Challenge: refute that only a static - and useless - Special Relativity is valid
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43873] viXra:2504.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-23 19:47:01
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 7 Pages.
Despite the fact that the law of gravitation was discovered more than 300 years ago, gravity remains the most mysterious physical phenomenon in physics and cosmology. For a long time, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravitation F = GMm/r^2. Newton's law of gravitation is not enough to fully describe gravity. Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula of Newton's law describes gravity only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies in the Universe. In gravity, at least three more laws of gravity have not been discovered. The secrets of gravity are revealed by the inverse N-body problem. We show that the laws of gravity are a solution to the inverse N-body problem. The solution of the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 yields two laws of gravity: Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and a new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2. We also show that the solution of the inverse N-body problem for N → ∞ yields the third and fourth laws of gravity: F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2. In gravity, at least three laws of gravity remained undiscovered.
Category: Classical Physics
[43872] viXra:2504.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-23 06:06:03
Authors: Claudio Marchesan
Comments: 15 Pages. Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Public License
The recent observational capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) are opening new windows into the early universe, revealing distant galaxies whose apparent rapid formation poses significant questions to the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. Observations of galaxies at redshifts above 14 (see JADES-GS-z14-0), implying extremely old ages according to current FLRW metric-based distance assumptions, might stimulate a thorough reflection on fundamental cosmological principles. Will it be possible to explain all this without violating Hubble's law? But really, does violating the FLRW metric necessarily imply a violation of Hubble's law?The Big Bang theory remains a robust and widely accepted paradigm. Nevertheless, any of its potential modifications could have profound implications for related fields, including Quantum Field Theory. This raises a fundamental question: is there a basic aspect that needs a conceptual revision? Although ΛCDM has achieved remarkable successes, many of its validations implicitly assume the FLRW metric. Could this dependence potentially introduce circular reasoning into model verification?In this work, an alternative approach to the phenomenon of Galactic Redshift is proposed, offering a possible pathway for a careful modification of the ΛCDM model through the adoption of a non-FLRW metric. In this scenario, the Universe resides on the surface of a hypersphere expanding at a constant rate, with a radius growing as r = ct and with the Big Bang located at its center. This would explain why our physics manifests as if we were in a boundless system, despite the Universe having a finite volume: it suggests that, in the absence of Relativity, we would likely have been led to study an infinite and static universe.While other models propose a hypersphere expanding with r = ct, an analysis of their main features reveals fundamental differences. The novelty of the model presented here lies in its definition of the Hubble constant: its geometry suggests a linear relationship between galactic recession and the arc angle (not the arc length). This perspective does not contest the validity of Hubble’s law, but introduces different predictions about the past and the future, which cannot be determined solely from current observations.The use of the angle instead of the arc length produces significant implications, opening the possibility of applying Special Relativity to galactic recession. The redshift, which asymptotically approaches a time horizon of roughly 5 billion years after the Big Bang, implicitly explains why, at the boundaries of the observable Universe with JWST, we should not expect to see only "baby galaxies".Specifically, the 4-Sphere framework, often considered part of alternative cosmologies, could potentially be reconciled with the Standard Model. Based on supernova distance measurements, I suggest that the dismissal of a Doppler-type redshift interpretation for Galactic Recession might warrant further and careful reconsideration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43871] viXra:2504.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-23 19:44:03
Authors: Arieh Sher
Comments: 3 Pages.
In a recently published paper entitled "Can Rotation Solve the Hubble Puzzle?", the authors claim that the Hubble puzzle can be solved if, in addition to its expansion the universe is also slowly rotating. I have a hypothesis entitled The Pivot Universe that claims that the entire universe is slowly rotating, but contrary to the recent paper it is not expanding.
Category: Astrophysics
[43870] viXra:2504.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-23 19:34:29
Authors: Vladimir Dabić
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This article explores the motion of an electron through a finite region of homogeneous magnetic field.
Category: Classical Physics
[43869] viXra:2504.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-21 20:54:23
Authors: Jochen Kiemes
Comments: 7 Pages.
We present a novel reformulation of the Collatz conjecture by leveraging the binary structure of positive integers, focusing on the sequence of odd terms. Through an analysis of leading and trailing bit-position dynamics, we derive a substantial lower bound of at least 17,026,679,261 steps for any hypothetical non-trivial cycle, offering new insights into its structural constraints.
Category: Number Theory
[43868] viXra:2504.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-22 11:45:56
Authors: Armando Evangelista Jr
Comments: 1 Page.
This short paper will show that the so-called infinite or non-terminating decimals do not exist.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[43867] viXra:2504.0139 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-22 20:32:32
Authors: Douglas Ruffini
Comments: 77 Pages.
The proposed extension of the Approach Theory (https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/hwca8_v1) introduces a mathematical formalization of absolute space and absolute time, built through a structural recursion based on odd primes (including 1), where each prime is interpreted as a vertex of a fractal triplet generated by a sum rule, which includes its prime predecessor plus two other minor primes equal to the predecessor, which will give rise to a unique and recursive mapping of absolute space. Absolute time, in this context, is not a continuous dimension but a discrete function of depth, linked to the sequence of prime decompositions. The absolute space thus defined is static, but explorable through topological paths, and absolute time emerges as a projection of the recursive activity. In this context, the theory explains the empirical anomaly of the RC constant observed in the tear that occurs during the electron's crossing of the relative space-time and traces the dynamics of quantum damping back to an underlying fractal structure, where it is shown that the electron's ascent in the relative space-time is guaranteed by a numerical-topological deterministic structure, consistent with the principles of feedback, strong determinism and formal non-completeness (Gödel). Therefore, this work is configured as a rigorous and logically compact compendium of the deepest articulation of the Approach Theory.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43866] viXra:2504.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-21 19:30:18
Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 29 Pages. In German
When do galaxies modelled as comoving objects, and photons directed towards the observer, move away from the observer below or above the speed of light? And when and how can galaxies and photons break through the below-above barrier? And why can photons directed towards the observer, which once travelled away from the observer at a large multiple of the speed of light, still reach the observer in the end? Two points in time are decisive, namely for galaxies globally (independent of light cones) the time of the transition from decelerated to accelerated expansion, and for photons (in addition to the extent of the deceleration of the recession in the early universe up to the transition time) per light cone apex the intersection between the surfaces of light cone and Hubble sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[43865] viXra:2504.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-21 17:38:59
Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper presents some considerations on the stopping time of the 3n+1 problem. In particular, it presents an algorithm for finding residue classes that have a given stopping time.
Category: Number Theory
[43864] viXra:2504.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 05:10:25
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 10 Pages.
It is shown how generalized Clifford algebras allows to construct the $N$-th root of $N$-order linear differential equations involving massless and massive particles. Such generalized Dirac-like equations differ from the ones in the literature. Explicit solutions are found. We conclude with some remarks on pseudo-unitary algebras, modular arithmetic, modified Dirac equations, Octonions, and the Okubo algebra.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics
[43863] viXra:2504.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 06:54:44
Authors: Chenglian Liu, Sonia Chien-I Chen, Ruopengyu Xu
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper reveals a profound mathematical cascade linking three classical number theory phenomena: 1) Bernoulli numbers $B_{n}$ with denominator $6$ ($n equiv 2 pmod{6}$), 2) Special values of Riemann $zeta$-function at even integers, and 3) Enhanced Goldbach partition counts for $x equiv 0 pmod{6}$. We demonstrate their intrinsic connections through von Staudt-Clausen theorem, modular form theory, and statistical verification ($n leq 10^4$, $x leq 10^4$). A $3.2$times$ enhancement ratio in Goldbach partitions emerges as direct consequence of prime number symmetry modulo $6$.
Category: Number Theory
[43862] viXra:2504.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 06:57:07
Authors: Chenglian Liu, Sonia Chien-I Chen, Ruopengyu Xu
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper establishes a rigorous connection between modular arithmetic constraints and enhanced Goldbach partition counts through dual-channel prime pair combinations. We demonstrate that even numbers $ x equiv 0 pmod{6} $ exhibit $3.2times$ higher partition counts than $ x equiv 2 pmod{6} $ due to symmetric prime distribution modulo 5. The mechanism is visualized through a novel combinatorial diagram (Fig. 1) and supported by statistical analysis ($ x leq 10^4 $).
Category: Number Theory
[43861] viXra:2504.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 08:57:35
Authors: Marcello Colozzo
Comments: 7 Pages.
Takagi-Landsberg functions are a particular class of periodic, continuous and never differentiable functions. Non-differentiability implies thenon-convergence of the corresponding Fourier series. Furthermore, these functions are fractal objects.
Category: Functions and Analysis
[43860] viXra:2504.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 23:56:30
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 6 Pages. Original article
The stationary states and corresponding energies of the superfluid ring are calculated from the Gross-Pitaevskii equation. Every stationary state forms the specic microstructure of the ring. The system of supefluid rings forming a cylinder is suggested as antenna for the detection of the gravitational waves.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43859] viXra:2504.0130 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 23:55:25
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)
In our previous papers, we gave the formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units based on 2π-e formula and the natural end of the elements, i.e., the 112th element Cn*, which was determined according to our previous theories. In this paper, based on the nuclide of 137Ba withthe proton number of 56，the neutron number of 81 and the total nucleon number of 137, we construct new formulas of the fine-structure constant and the speed of light in atomic units in terms of 137=56+81 in which 56 is the most stable number in atomic nucleus according to our theories. By the way we also give these formulas based on 224Fr*.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43858] viXra:2504.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 00:35:39
Authors: Arantxa Vicario
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Climate modeling plays a pivotal role in understanding Earth's complex systems, but traditional methods struggle with computational demands across spatial and temporal scales. Machine learning (ML) offers a promising alternative, yet purely data-driven approaches often lack physical consistency. To address this, we propose a physics-informed approach to learning across scales in climate modeling. Our framework integrates physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) with hierarchical representations to model multiscale processes efficiently. We demonstrate improved accuracy and efficiency on benchmark climate datasets, paving the way for more reliable predictions of complex climate phenomena. These findings underscore the potential of combining ML with domain knowledge to advance climate science.
Category: Climate Research
[43857] viXra:2504.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-19 08:36:11
Authors: Chenglian Liu, Sonia Chien-I Chen, Ruopengyu Xu
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper establishes a novel connection between two classical number theory phenomena: 1) Bernoulli numbers $B_n$ with denominator $6$ ($n equiv 2 pmod{6}$) governed by the von Staudt-Clausen theorem, and 2) the enhanced Goldbach partitions for even numbers $x equiv 0 pmod{6}$. We demonstrate their complementary modular symmetry through analytic number theory tools and computational verification. A unified framework is proposed using Rankin-Selberg convolution of modular forms, revealing shared sieve-theoretic mechanisms in prime number distribution.
Category: Number Theory
[43856] viXra:2504.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-19 08:38:59
Authors: Chenglian Liu, Sonia Chien-I Chen, Ruopengyu Xu
Comments: 2 Pages.
This paper establishes a deep connection between two classical number theory phenomena through modular form-L-function unification: 1) Bernoulli numbers $ B_n $ with denominator 6 ($ n equiv 2 pmod{6} $) governed by von Staudt-Clausen theorem, and 2) enhanced Goldbach partition counts $ G(x) $ for even numbers $ x equiv 0 pmod{6} $. We demonstrate their complementary modular symmetry via:begin{itemize} item Rankin-Selberg convolution of weight-1/weight-2 modular forms item Analytic continuation of associated L-functions item Computational verification ($ n leq 10^4 $, $ x leq 10^4 $)end{itemize}The unified framework reveals that $68.2$% of Bernoulli denominators and $79.4$% of Goldbach enhancements obey modular arithmetic constraints.
Category: Number Theory
[43855] viXra:2504.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 00:31:27
Authors: Immense Raj Subedi
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and listed scientific references; Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
This paper introduces a new method for generating polynomials based on recursive difference analysis, termed the Recursive Polynomial Machine (RPM). RPM efficiently derives the exact closed-form polynomial by recursively analyzing finite differences until stabilization, ensuring minimal degree. RPM halts when the sequence reaches a steady difference, ensuring minimal polynomial degree.
Category: Algebra
[43854] viXra:2504.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 00:26:13
Authors: Piren Mo
Comments: 29 Pages.
Our research has found that all prime numbers share a common new expression, which serves as a necessary but not sufficient condition for a number to be prime. And based on this expression, we have studied the distribution of prime numbers and twin primes, and we are able to predict primes within a certain interval following known primes.
Category: Number Theory
[43853] viXra:2504.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-20 00:18:46
Authors: Yulia Larina
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references; Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)
Observations of galaxy rotation curves, gravitational lensing, cluster dynamics, and cosmic microwave background anisotropies have long been interpreted as compelling evidence for cold dark matter. Yet, despite decades of searches, noconclusive laboratory detection has emerged. In this work, we revisit these cosmologicaland astrophysical anomalies through a unified modification of gravity based on a fractal dimension D ≈ 1.618 (the golden ratio). We show that replacing the usual three-dimensional spatial measure d3x with dDx and promoting the Laplacianto its fractional counterpart (−Δ)α/2 with α = D successfully reproduces all key "dark matter" signatures without invoking any unseen particle. We outline specific observational tests—spanning galactic rotation curves, weak lensing surveys, andCMB peak positions—that can confirm or falsify our proposal. This approach not only removes the need for dark matter but also hints at a deep connection between geometry and gravitation.
Category: Quantum Physics
[43852] viXra:2504.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-17 20:34:34
Authors: Reginald B. Little
Comments: 8 Pages.
Solar flares and coronal mass ejections release plasma during solar storms and activities. Such explosions occur against the huge gravitational attraction of the sun with acceleration of plasma filaments into space away from the sun. Recently, NASA has measured huge enrichment of 3He in such solar flares. The 3He enrichment mechanism is unknown. In this work, the author reports a new mechanism of 3He enrichment via the negative nuclear magnetic moment (NMM) of 3He and its dissipation of -NMM to dark (Dk) field. This mechanism is derived on the basis of prior mechanism of RBL for planetary lightning (plasma) by production of streamers and step leaders in huge electric field of back ground null and or positive NMMs with rattling of trace seed solute nuclei of negative NMMs for inducing local electric fields and Dk fields about the trace — NMMs for seeding path of least resistance among the many step leaders as one leader of more enriched negative NMMs is selected for discharging the lightning channel. Evidence of such a mechanism by RBL is further discussed.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[43851] viXra:2504.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-17 20:33:29
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 22 Pages.
We study the head entries of An Indonesian-English Dictionary by John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily, Second Edition, 1963. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4, $beta H=0.01$), i.e. the magnetisation curve in the the Bethe-Peierls approximation of the Ising model, in the presence of four nearest neighbours and little external magnetic field, H, with $beta H= 0.01$. $beta$ is $frac{1}{k_{B}T}$ where, T is temperature and $k_{B}$ is the tiny Boltzmann constant.
Category: Linguistics
[43850] viXra:2504.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-17 20:32:09
Authors: P. Muruganantham, M. Aathesh, R. Kavirajan, J. G. Sreesudharsan J G, M. Varunesh
Comments: 5 Pages.
Towing trailers introduces unique stability challenges, particularly at higher speeds or during sudden directional changes. Trailer sway — the side-to-side oscillation of the trailer — is a primary contributor to accidents involving towed vehicles. This paper presents the design, development, and evaluation of a Trailer Stability Assist (TSA) system that aims to actively reduce sway by employing rear-wheel steering and selective braking. A scaled-down prototype was constructed using Arduino microcontroller technology, potentiometer-based sway detection, servo motor steering correction, and 12V DC motors for braking force application. The prototype was tested on a treadmill to simulate forward motion and lateral disturbance. The control logic, implemented in Arduino, detects the direction and magnitude of sway and actuates appropriate correctional mechanisms.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[43849] viXra:2504.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2025-04-17 20:24:53
Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 16 Pages.
We study the Hawaiian-English Dictionary composed by Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel H. Elbert. We count all the Hawaiian entries initiating with different letters. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of entries, normalised, starting with a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter. We find that the entries underlie a magnetisation curve. The magnetisation curve i.e. the graph of the reduced magnetisation vs the reduced temperature is the exact Onsager solution of the two dimensional Ising model in the the absence of external magnetic field.
Category: Condensed Matter
[16323] viXra:2505.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-12 07:23:51
Authors: Christian Manfred Herborn
Comments: 13 Pages.
This paper introduces a proto-unit framework grounded in the duality of translation and rotation as fundamental space-time operators. Starting from first principles, we define energy as a temporal expression and explore a path between pure rotation (Euler-circle) to pure translation (geodesic), using a unified coordinate set (v, ω). Through this, we derive clean expressions for physical constants and uncover the deep geometrical significance of π/4, revealing the structure of space-time as inherently balanced and quantized. The framework suggests a foundational mathematical unity that may underlie all physical law.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16322] viXra:2505.0017 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-08 19:51:20
Authors: Daniel Brox
Comments: 9 Pages.
Starting from fault dynamic equations, it is explained how real time evolution of a seismic activation region's elastic parameters preceding a major earthquake can be modeled in terms of statistical physics. Initial evidence for model validity is provided by deriving previously reported deviation of seismic activation earthquake occurence statistics from Gutenberg-Richter statistics in time intervals preceding a major earthquake.
Category: Geophysics
[16321] viXra:2504.0184 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-02 09:11:49
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 13 Pages.
Described is a Pseudo-Kasnermetric of local spacetime with shrinking timelike dimension -coordinate (TLD) as a solution of GRT gravity fieldequation. This metric leads to normal flatMinkowski-spacetime in time intervall of present time but changes with changing of timelikecoordinate from a 1-dimensional only timelike spacetime in early universe to a more 3-dimensionalpure spatial space in far future with only spacelike coordinates or dimensions (SLD) and shrinking timelike coordinate until it reaches the Planck-time. This whole description leads to the model of a spacetime with permanent shrinking timelike dimension and a prediction of maximal length of spacelike dimernsions through existence of a rip-length.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16320] viXra:2504.0180 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-14 20:47:24
Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman
Comments: 42 Pages.
This article is the eleventh part of the scientific project under the general title "Geometrized Vacuum Physics based on the Algebra of Signatures" (GVPh&AS) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. In this article the phenomenon of planetary gravity is considered as a result of a spatial-phase shift between two counter intravacuum flows, flowing top-down and bot-tom-up. These powerful intravacuum flows flow along counter spirals wound on all radial directions departing from the core of stable spherical vacuum formations (in particular, "planets" and "stars"). In this case, the vacuum currents flowing upward along the spiral always slightly lag in magnitude behind the vacuum currents flowing down-ward along the counter spirals. Therefore, a relatively weak residual accelerating drain carries along all bodies in the direction of the core of the spherical vacuum formation, and is the cause of gravitation. The model representation of gravity as a result of the difference of counter powerful intravacuum currents can serve as a theoretical justification for the possibility of using these flows for alternative methods of movement in space. In conclusion, the article considers possible methods of controlling the topology of space and intravacuum currents with the aim of using them as a driving force in the levitation mode.
Category: Classical Physics
[16319] viXra:2504.0155 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-03 23:16:37
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 24 Pages.
Conventional wisdom says that the formation of large-scale structures in cosmology follows from the evolution of density perturbations under the combined effect of gravitation and cosmic expansion. We survey here the reasons why this framework fails to hold in primordial cosmology, due to the severe limitations placed on the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker (FRW) metric, the continuity hypothesis and the standard equations of fluid flows. We insist that understanding primordial cosmology must rely instead on a complex dynamics model of evolving dimensional fluctuations, conjectured to come into play far above the electroweak scale. A key outcome of this model is the universal generation of topological defects and condensates emerging from the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[16318] viXra:2504.0145 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-03 01:59:13
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 11 Pages.
Despite the fact that the law of gravitation was discovered more than 300 years ago, gravity remains the most mysterious physical phenomenon in physics and cosmology. For a long time, the force of gravitational interaction was represented by only one physical law: Newton's law of gravitation F = GMm/r^2. Newton's law of gravitation is not enough to fully describe gravity. Newton's law shows the force of gravitational interaction of two bodies out of all N bodies in the Universe. The formula of Newton's law describes gravity only to one local source of attraction and does not take into account that bodies simultaneously gravitate to all other bodies in the Universe. In gravity, at least three more laws of gravity have not been discovered. The secrets of gravity are revealed by the inverse N-body problem. The solutions to the inverse N-body problem are at least 4 laws of gravity. The solution of the inverse N-body problem for N = 2 yields two laws of gravity: Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and a new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2. We also show that the solution of the inverse N-body problem for N → ∞ yields the third and fourth laws of gravity: F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2. Newton's law F = GMm/r^2 and the new law of gravity F = mR^3/T^2r^2 give the gravitational force of two bodies. The third and fourth laws of gravity F = (mc^2)√Ʌ, F = mGmе/αrе^2 give an additional gravitational force of N bodies in the Universe. Three new physical laws appeared in gravity in addition to Newton's law. They were missing in Newtonian dynamics. The new laws of gravity complement Newtonian dynamics and give a complete and consistent description of gravity.
Category: Classical Physics
[16317] viXra:2504.0136 [pdf] replaced on 2025-05-01 17:22:42
Authors: V. Barbera
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper presents some considerations on the stopping time of the 3n+1 problem. In particular, it presents an algorithm for finding residue classes that have a given stopping time.
Category: Number Theory
| Third-Party Links: |
|