All Submission Categories

Judging the Values of Paired Physical Quantities

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 10 pages, 6 figures

The values of pairs of related physical quantities are shown to arise in the judgement of one person, the first cogniser, in the union of observation and concept. An expression of each value is observed and, using an original method, its numerical value is mapped, by a mathematical function deemed appropriate, to an explanatory rational number that both indicates the significance of the physical quantity and establishes its value. If the physical quantity is considered to be significant the explanatory number will take a rational value of low denomination. If the quantity is considered to be of great significance the explanatory number will take a special integer or half-integer value. Having been explained with sound judgement, the value of the physical quantity is what anyone will experience on observation. By the use of two mapping functions, the numerical values of significant quantities deemed to be paired are mapped to closely coincident special integers or half-integers. Mathematical relationships established between the values of quantities reflect the thinking of the observer. Fundamental particle and atomic quantities are judged in Planck units. Astronomical and cosmological quantities are judged in SI units.
Category: Classical Physics

Hardware Integration of Nfns and SBNS Numeral Systems in a Fault-Tolerant Neuromorphic Processor Architecture

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetition will not be accepted!)

This paper investigates the microarchitectural principles and technological prospects of designing a fundamentally new class of computing devices — a hybrid fault-tolerant neuromorphic processor. The feasibility of deep hardware integration of the New Fibonacci Numeral System (NFNS) and the Scaled Bergman Numeral System (SBNS) on a single semiconductor die is substantiated. It is demonstrated that due to the identical nature of their underlying mathematical principles (representation of weights via fractions, Fibonacci confluent/convoluted rules), both systems can share up to 85—90% of the physical area of the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and utilize a unified hardware parity filter. A mechanism for dynamic on-the-fly switching of the computational basis within a single clock cycle via a configuration register depending on the specific application task is described. A technological forecast is formulated, according to which the integer NFNS mode ensures noise immunity and error control (bit-flips) in critical discrete environments (aerospace, cryptography), while the SBNS mode, leveraging the Truncation Symmetry Theorem, eliminates the accumulation of rounding errors and optimizes the bit-width of the significant register mantissa, serving as an ideal foundation for neuromorphic AI accelerators.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Regarding "Optogenetics" (The 2026 Nobel Medicine Prize), it is not Known Why This Surprising Technology is Possible. the Explanation Lies in a Detailed Explanation of Other Closely Related Phenomena, that Are Far More Fundamental ... (English/spanish)

Authors: Carles UDINA i COBO
Comments: 12 Pages.

Science stems from human curiosity. ‘Why and how do objects (such as an apple) fall?’ is a question that has been answered for three and a half centuries, yet it continues to be quoted and repeated everywhere. In contrast, however, we shall look at other important questions that modern science does not know the answer to. Or worse still, that it ignores.The Nobel Prize in Medicine (2026) has just been awarded to three researchers who have developed a technique known as ‘optogenetics’. Yet nobody seems to care to find out why synapses, which have existed in chordates for hundreds of millions of years, also respond to external signals received via a modern LASER. Surprising, isn't it? Furthermore, when it comes to synapses, discovered over 100 years ago, neurologists are still unable to determine exactly how and why they function of their own. What is more, the responses lies in the common solution to two other questions of the utmost importance.0) The aforementioned functioning of synapses, I emphasise, a mechanism that has been sought but remained a mystery for more than 100 years, which is resolved in [1].1) The process of consciousness-raising, one of the 25 major questions science has yet to resolve, and more specifically its delay and the difficulty in its emergence, which is resolved in [2].2) To something even more profound and equally unknown: the ‘miraculous’ hatching of language in children, language being the indispensable foundation of human socialisation and culture, which is addressed in [1].Three phenomena that share an unexpected common explanation: associated virtual information. And which, also explains why optogenetics can exist. An explanation which, if known, would in turn facilitate the improvement of this technology, which currently advances through trial and error, precisely because the reason for its feasibility remains unknown.A fourfold explanation (3 +1 =4) that will require the reader to read only the four pages that follow. But, this is based on two articles [1] and [2], which provide a detailed explanation of three significant issues: synapses, the development of consciousness-raising, and the miraculous emergence of language in children. Furthermore, the fact that all of this can be addressed in just around 150 pages is as striking as the unexpected discovery of a single, unifying solution, for all these questions ("Ockham’s Razor" principle).All of this is possible if the importance and power of the underlying information are recognized and accepted, rather than continuing to be ignored. It requires looking beyond merely the material aspects or the perceptible effects governed by this information. In these four cases, what lies beneath are the symbolic systems of symbolic support, characteristic of psychic information.Today, the importance of information is beyond question; it already enables us to simulate absolutely anything. Yet science still overlooks it as an ultimate and omnipresent cause. There is no trick to it: information and its virtual nature are the ‘wild card’ for all sciences. Without it, nothing would be possible. Nor nothing would it be comprehensible to humankind. We must not delude ourselves into thinking that information is a human discovery; we have merely incorporated it, recycling, what has always existed.
Category: Mind Science

The Zeptometer Linear Dimension

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 5 Pages.

The zeptometer linear dimension is between our arbitrary zeropoint position on the linear metric size scale, and the Planck dimensions starting below negative 35 meters. At the negative 21 linear dimension the zeptometer region appears to be "halfway" to the quantum world entry level, only if you discountexponentiality. The zeptometer dimension at one sextillionth of one meter has just been reached with the Large Hadron Collider. Scientists hope this recent progress will help them understand elusive dark energy, dark matter, and black holes.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Tumour-Purity Adjustment of Published Prognostic Transcriptomic Signatures: A Pan-Cancer Audit in 12 TCGA Cohorts

Authors: Tianjiao Wang
Comments: 12 Pages.

Prognostic transcriptomic signatures are commonly evaluated in bulk tumour tissue, where measured expression reflects malignant cells together with stromal and immune compartments. Tumour purity may therefore be associated with both a signature score and survival, complicating the interpretation of an unadjusted prognostic coefficient. We conducted a pan-cancer audit of published prognostic transcriptomic signatures across 12 The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohorts, examining how purity adjustment changes their associations with overall survival. The inventory comprised54 eligible published signatures, six reference gene sets, and two additional published signatures excluded for insufficient gene coverage. One included ovarian lncRNA signature could not be scored in its intended cohort because a component gene had zero variance,yielding 53 published signatures and six reference sets (59 distinct scored sets) across 129 signature—cohort pairs. The primary analysisincluded 5,417 patients and 1,939 deaths. After false-discovery-rate correction, 97 of 129 pairs showed an association between signature score and ABSOLUTE purity. The median absolute coefficient change after purity adjustment was 0.022; four pairs were classified as attenuated, 13 as amplified, and 112 as not distinguishablefrom zero. All four attenuated pairs were reference sets rather than published prognostic signatures. The magnitude and classificationof coefficient changes varied across purity estimators, highlighting the importance of estimator choice when evaluating prognostictranscriptomic signatures. These findings describe conditional associations and do not imply a causal effect of tumour purity.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Mathematical Justification of the Mach Principle

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 7 Pages.

As a mathematical justification of Mach's principle, we present a system of cosmological equations that combines the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants. The equations included in the system of cosmological equations were derived independently and at different times by famous scientists: Schrödinger, Blackley, Milne, Hoyle and existed in a scattered form. The system of cosmological equations, formed on the basis of Mach's principle, allows us to derive mathematically the parameters of the observable Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the gravitational constant G. This translates Mach's philosophical principle about the connection between the Universe and the microworld onto a rigorous mathematical basis. The system of cosmological equations gives the following roots (parameters of the observable Universe): mass: Mu = 1.15348u2026 u202210^53 kg; radius: Ru = 0.856594u2026u202210^26 m; time: Tu = 2.85729u2026 u202210^17 s; acceleration: Ao = 10.4922u202210^-10 m/s^2, Hubble parameter H0 = 1.74991х 10^-18 s-1 (53.9967 km/s/Mpc). The derived values of the parameters of the observable Universe confirm with high accuracy the connection between the Universe and the microworld formulated by Mach. The mathematical substantiation of Mach's principle showed that the parameters of the Universe are directly related to the parameters of the fundamental object of the microworld - the ELECTRON. Mach's principle turned out to be much deeper: not only are the inertial properties of any body determined by its interaction with the entire Universe, but the parameters of the Universe themselves are directly related to the fundamental constants of the microworld.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Lorentz Transformation with Geometry Satisfying the Principle of Relativity and Evaluating the Application of Field Theory to Special Relativity

Authors: Quang Ha Ngo
Comments: 35 Pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.24056349

The classical Lorentz transformation provides the mathematical framework for Minkowski spacetime symmetries; however, its operational derivation implicitly assumes that space and time exhibit identical symmetric projections. This paper proposes a comprehensive, dual-pathway formulation to address the structural paradoxes within special relativity. First, by analyzing the impact of signal propagation latency on measurements across distinct inertial frames, time is decomposed into four separate operational parameters. Based on this temporal distinction, we reconstruct a new Lorentz transformation characterized by a spatial scaling factor of k=1, thereby fully preserving the principle of relativity and the invariant constancy of the speed of light c. This formulation is geometrized through a novel, localized time cone architecture that moves alongside the observers, demonstrating how equiangular coordinate axis rotation structurally ensures exact reciprocity. Second, to address the principle of relativity within a broader context, this framework is extended by relaxing its absolute validity at extreme scales. This alternative pathway introduces a static four-dimensional spacetime background field to account for the physical origins of length contraction and time dilation. Within this field-theoretic approach, the traditional Lorentz transformation is recovered not as an invariant kinematic symmetry, but as a dynamical consequence of vacuum field resistance acting upon moving excitations. Ultimately, evaluating the application of field theory to explain the operational principles of special relativity requires a rigorous, case-by-case analysis to achieve an objective theoretical conclusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Pakistan Is Not Poor, It Is Poorly Managed: An Empirical Investigation of Energy, Water, and Demographics in Pakistan

Authors: Anam Sajjad, M. Yousaf
Comments: 13 Pages. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.24054373; CC-BY 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Developing economies frequently attribute macroeconomic instability and infrastructure deficits to natural resource scarcity. This study evaluates that claim in Pakistan by comparing physical resource endowments with actual developmental outcomes across three core sectors: energy, water, and human capital. We combine political economy frameworks—specifically institutional quality, contractual lock-in, and common-pool resources—with practical software and data engineering perspectives, including automated metering, telemetry, and open digital infrastructure. In the energy sector, although the Thar coalfield holds 175.5 billion tonnes of in-situ lignite, commercially proven measured deposits stand at only 2.70 billion tonnes. Meanwhile, rigid take-or-pay sovereign contracts have pushed annual capacity payments past Rs 2.18 trillion, driving total energy circular debt to Rs 5.286 trillion. In the water sector, the 16.2 million hectare Indus Basin Irrigation System delivers over 90% of national food production but maintains live reservoir storage of merely 13.168 million acre-feet (MAF)—a 30-day carryover buffer compared to 120—220 days in India and 1,000 days in Egypt—worsened by 64% canal conveyance losses. Demographically, 67% of Pakistan's 241.49 million citizens are under age 30, but sovereign debt servicing absorbs 81% of net federal tax revenues, crowding out human capital investments. We formulate a practical, quad-pillar governance model: centralized public execution dashboards, independent forensic audits of sovereign power contracts, real-time smart-meter telemetry for feeders and canal headworks, and regulatory facilitation for digital service exporters. Institutional transparency and verifiable data accountability are the essential preconditions for sustainable economic stability.
Category: Economics and Finance

An Alternative Inequality To J. S. Bell’s 1964 Inequality

Authors: Roger L. Mc Murtrie
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article derives an expression for an inequality relating the expectation values of the products of expectation values for pairs of three expectation values that gives theoretically correct results.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Photo-Inertial Coupling Effect Resonant Gauge-Phase Coupling and Dynamic Mass Suppression in Extended Quantum Clock Fields

Authors: Osama Haggag
Comments: 6 Pages. 10.5281/zenodo.24022407 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present a field-theoretic framework establishing the Photo-Inertial Effect (PIE), wherein the effective inertial mass of a localized matter wave is dynamically tuned via resonant electromagnetic gauge-phase coupling. Building upon the self-contained framework of covariant quantum clock fields, we model massive particles as extended quantum clocks cycling at their characteristic Compton frequency. We provide physical justification for transforming the canonical Hamiltonian energy partition into an active conservation law. Crucially, we resolve the central theoretical question of why resonant matter waves preferentially undergo coherent mass translation over standard quantum electrodynamic (QED) scattering. We prove that local gauge invariance renders linear phase-gradient coupling mathematically mandatory. While standard quantum electrodynamics erases this interaction under point-particle scattering approximations, Compton resonance converts it into a global parametric drive. Because phase gradients and spatial position are canonically dual, preserving fiber bundle integrability compels the wavepacket core to translate coherently rather than undergo decohering scattering. This suppresses effective inertial resistance toward zero and establishes a testable, parameter-free framework.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Periodic Variation of Baryon Masses as a Function of Their Magnetic Moments, and the Stability of the Proton

Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 16 Pages.

The analysis of tabulated data for all baryons of the octet and decuplet reveals that, due to quantum interference of closed current paths in the femtometer scale: The masses of spin ½ baryons, in proton mass-units, are simple periodic functions of their magnetic moments, in nuclear magneton-units. The analysis shows that currents have either a simple ring form ( the neutron case) or a closed winding shape( the proton case), depending on the amount of magnetic flux enclosed/linked by the current. We argue that the stability of the proton is promoted by this particle winding currents ability to enclose/link a total integer (three) number of magnetic flux quanta, something not achieved by the neutron in a planar ring current path, which only links but does not enclose enough flux.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Algebraic Constants from a Discrete Mapping :connections to Geometry, Physics, and Crystallography

Authors: Fishel Bloom
Comments: 5 Pages.

For integers n = 0 through 9, the mapping f(n) = √n/2 − n/2 + 2 yields algebraic values that invite comparisons across geometry, numerical analysis, quantum physics, structural mechanics, and crystallography, including quasi-crystalline tilings. Examples include the inverse golden ratio, the ideal tetrahedral interstitial radius ratio, and a coefficient in Gill’s fourth-order Runge—Kutta method. The proposed cantilever-deflection interpretation is a speculative physical hypothesis; throughout, exact identities are distinguished from geometric comparisons and physical hypotheses.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Biological Limits of Human Intelligence and the Future of the Mind

Authors: Igor Avrutskiy
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This essay explores the fundamental contradiction between the biological evolutionary mechanisms that forged human intelligence and the ethical foundations of modern civilization. The author posits that human intellect has exceeded the immediate demands of biological survival, creating a rift between biological modification and civilizational progress. Under current Holocene conditions, natural selection no longer rewards high cognitive traits, threatening a gradual, unnoticed cognitive decline—a trajectory historically illustrated by Homo floresiensis. Furthermore, the engineering limitations of the biological body, particularly its vulnerability to cosmic radiation, impose a definitive ceiling on space expansion, offering a novel resolution to the Fermi Paradox. The essay argues that the long-term preservation of intelligence requires a deliberate transition to non-biological substrates capable of serving as carriers of the mind—substrates for which artificial intelligence and neural interfaces can be seen as the first precursors. This shift represents a new stage of existential responsibility and the sole pathway to liberate intellect from biological constraints, allowing the future evolution of the mind to transcend current human comprehension.
Category: Mind Science

A Geometric Characterization of the Non-Trivial Zeros of the Dirichlet Eta Function: Trigonometric Annihilation and the Static Baseline Disparity Barrier

Authors: Ali Rıza Şahin
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper establishes a rigorous real-analytic and geometric framework governing the distribution of the non-trivial zeros of the Dirichlet eta function $eta(s)$ across the critical strip $mathcal{S} = {s in mathbb{C} : 0 < Re(s) < 1}$. Diverging from traditional statistical and global zero-density bounds, we introduce a localized, deterministic algebraic mechanism defined as textit{Trigonometric Annihilation}. By decomposing $eta(s)$ into its strictly positive, monotonic real-axis baseline profile $eta(sigma)$ and two conditionally convergent, alternating quadratic half-angle residual series, we demonstrate that the vanishing of the real part at any exact root mathematically forces the underlying sine and cosine summation values into absolute scalar parity. This dual equilibrium inherently triggers the universal Pythagorean identity ($sin^2 theta + cos^2 theta = 1$) across the conditionally convergent series, entirely neutralizing the highly oscillatory complex frequency variable $t_0$. The most profound consequence of this annihilation is the textit{monotonic transformation} of the dynamic differences. Deprived of all dynamic oscillatory elasticity, the residual series irreversibly freeze onto the static real baseline. Consequently, the highly malleable dynamic differences $Delta S_{mathrm{Re}}$ and $Delta S_{mathrm{Im}}$ are structurally forced to inherit the strict monotonicity of the static disparity function $A(sigma) = eta(sigma) - eta(1-sigma)$. Under functional reflection symmetry, any hypothetical off-line zero must simultaneously satisfy $A(sigma_0) = Delta S_{mathrm{Re}} = Delta S_{mathrm{Im}}$. However, because Trigonometric Annihilation forces the $Delta S$ parameters to become strictly monotonic, they absolutely lose the geometric elasticity required to bridge the expanding static gap $A(sigma) eq 0$. Furthermore, to definitively resolve the Davenport-Heilbronn obstruction, we directly link this geometric rigidity to the arithmetic distribution of primes via the Euler product and the von Mangoldt function. This absolute monotonic constraint dictates that the dynamically frozen series can only satisfy the functional reflection condition if they simultaneously vanish at the unique geometric origin ($A=0$). Thus, the existence of non-trivial zeros off the critical line is reduced from a probabilistic density inquiry to a deterministic structural contradiction, unconditionally confining all non-trivial zeros to the critical line $Re(s) = 1/2$.
Category: Number Theory

First-Order Confinement Phase Transition in a Non-Abelian Dark Sector

Authors: Ahmed Ali
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider an SU(3)dark gauge theory with three flavours of heavy dark quarks of mass M_Q ∼ 10^13—10^15 GeV, neutral under all Standard Model gauge groups. The theory is assumed to undergo a first-order confinement transition at T_c^dark ≈ 10^15 GeV—a phenomenological input, not a first-principles result, carrying a ±50% theoretical uncertainty from the bag-model approximation in analogy with the Columbia-plot first-order region of QCD at heavy quark masses. We compute the resulting stochastic gravitational-wave (GW) background, finding that acoustic sound waves dominate by two orders of magnitude over bubble collisions and magnetohydrodynamic turbulence after the finite sound-wave lifetime suppression Υ ≈ 0.05 is applied. At the benchmark parameters—latent heat fraction α_PT = 0.1, dimensionless inverse transition duration β/H* = 100, and bubble wall velocity v_w = 0.8—the composite peak falls at f_* ≈ 1.65 mHz with Ω_GW^peak h^2 ≈ 10^(-8), and the sub-peak slope Ω_GW ∝ f^3 follows from causality independently of the phase-transition parameters. Under the assumption that the signal is present and that LISA achieves its projected sensitivity, four years of observation would yield a signal-to-noise ratio SNR ≈ 8.5, with a ±18% systematic uncertainty from the sound-wave lifetime calibration already absorbed into the quoted value. A Fisher analysis suggests that the peak frequency and amplitude could be recovered to approximately 15% and 25% respectively, which would constrain the dark confinement scale Λ_dark to within a factor of two—assuming the one-loop dimensional-transmutation relation holds. We note that pulsar-timing arrays, CMB spectral distortions, and direct-detection searches test the same parameter space from different directions; whether they can be combined into a joint exclusion is a question we leave to future work.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Implementation of Basic Arithmetic Operations in the Scaled Bergman Number System (SBNS)

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 5 Pages.

The paper examines the algorithmic specifics of performing basic arithmetic operations in the Scaled Bergman Number System (SBNS) with a fixed weight scale factor of k = 0.2. The mechanisms for implementing linear operations (addition and subtraction) are analyzed, and the specific hardware phases for executing non-linear operations — multiplication and division under conditions of a scaled basis shift — are decomposed and described in detail. Using a concrete example of bitwise numerical multiplication, the operation of a two-phase arithmetic logic unit (ALU) utilizing a cyclic multiplier by a constant of 5 for scale code correction is demonstrated. A three-stage division cycle is described that employs a hardware parity filter to eliminate redundancy and ensure a fast, unambiguous bitwise comparison operation.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Origin-Centered Mobius Circles, Bernoulli Lemniscates, and Beta—Gamma Dyadic Pairings of the Riemann Zeta Function on the Critical Line

Authors: Ryan Hackbarth
Comments: 16 Pages.

We investigate the complex geometry and Eulerian Beta--Gamma arc-length parameterization of the normalized Dirichlet eta terms. Whereas individual terms on the critical line undergo a nearly sixfold modulus oscillation driven by the Euler prefactor, the two-term partial sum $S_2(s) = t_1(s) + t_2(s)$ traces an exact M"obius circle for every fixed $sigma = operatorname{Re}(s) eq 1$; this circle is centered at the origin if and only if $operatorname{Re}(s) = 1/2$, where it reduces to a scaled Blaschke factor of constant radius. Factoring across odd--even dyadic pairs $P_m(s) = t_m(s) + t_{2m}(s)$ eliminates prefactor amplitude oscillations entirely, collapsing precessing annular rosettes into concentric origin-centered circles on the critical line with strictly decreasing radii. Removing all odd--even pairs leaves the complementary multiples-of-$4$ terms. We prove that on the critical line, the anchor term $t_4(s)$ traces an exact Lemniscate of Bernoulli with foci at $0$ and $1$ (uniquely for $operatorname{Re}(s) = 1/2$), pure powers of $2$ trace closed periodic multi-loop rational curves, and non-powers of $2$ trace precessing lemniscate rosettes. Meanwhile, the dyadic differences $D_{4m}(s) = t_{4m}(s) - t_{8m}(s)$ collapse both families into exact origin-centered circles, partitioning the series termwise and decomposing $zeta(s)$ via analytic continuation. Finally, we establish a pointwise velocity--modulus duality linking the central polar angle $alpha(b)$ of $t_4(1/2 + ib)$ to its fundamental perimeter $L(t_4)$, thereby parameterizing every individual term $t_n(s)$ and every concentric dyadic circle on the critical line in terms of the regularized inverse incomplete Beta function. As a geometric consequence, critical-line zeros are reframed as ordinates $b$ where the resultant of the inner concentric circles lands on the antipode of the initial circle of constant radius.
Category: Number Theory

About the Riemann Hypotesis

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 21 Pages. In Spanish

Riemann hypotesis test via z transform.
Category: Functions and Analysis

Fundamentals Regarding the Passing and Direction of Time, the Evolution of the Block Universe, and the Capture of the ‘now’

Authors: Ulrich Brosinsky
Comments: 18 Pages. In English & German (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In Newton’s world view, the passage of time is an unquestionable fact. Einstein abandoned Newton’s concept of absolute time in his Special Theory of Relativity, which requires a shift in perspective regarding the passage of time. A model is presented here that provides a complete description within the framework of the Special Theory of Relativity. A contribution to this is a mathematical justification of why time can only progress in one direction. It is based on a comparison of trigonometric functions with their hyperbolic counterparts. The assumption that the possibility of representing time in the form of a block universe proves a predetermined future is refuted, and the evolution of the block universe is described. With this description, the problem of the physical indescribability of the ‘now’ no longer arises.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Shared Scalar Modulation of the Standard Model Gauge Sectors: Toward Dynamical Gauge-Field Screening — a Fundamental Way for Camouflage Against Standard-Matter Yang-Mills Interactions Preliminary Theoretical Framework

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Investigated is a classical field-theoretic framework in which a real gauge-singlet scalar field modulates the kinetic terms of the three gauge sectors of the Standard Model. The proposed interaction is described by field-dependent functions multiplying the kinetic invariants of U(1)_gamma,SU(2)_L and SU(3)_C. Derived are the coupled scalar and gauge-field equations and identified are basic consistency requirements, including positive kinetic coefficients, a bounded scalar potential, gauge invariance, and a well- defined effective-field-theory regime.A double-well scalar potential provides a simple setting in which domain-wall configurations can arise. However, a closed spherical wall is not automatically stable. Therefore is distinguished the existence of domain-wall solutions from the more demanding requirements of finite-energy spherical configurations, energetic stability, and suppression of gauge-field penetration. The framework establishes a starting point for investigating whether a shared scalar configuration can dynamically modify gauge-field propagation across several interaction sectors. The existence and stability of such configurations, as well as their phenomenological viability, remain open questions.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Booze to Beechnuts

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 9 Pages.

The foundation of this paper is the generation of all life by evolution. Based on this assumption, everything has to be compatible with Darwin's theory. I discuss some issues that concern living beings and ask some rhetorical questions.The answers are provided through speculations. I present arguments for evolution and some general thoughts. I show that certain properties of living beings are ompatible with evolution. Except for those in the chapter `Homosexuality' all arguments are my own ideas. All points are only personal views.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

A First-Principles Derivation of Higgs Boson Mass, Electroweak Coupling Constants, Strong Coupling Constant, and Newtonian Gravitational Constant

Authors: Xincai Luo
Comments: 14 Pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.23898588

We present a first-principles derivation of the Higgs boson mass, electroweak coupling constants, strong coupling constant, and Newtonian gravitational constant, based on our fundamental particle spin model. We demonstrate that the spin angular momenta of fundamental particles arise from the circular motion of their fundamental charges (FCs). The reduced energy generated by the interactions of the FCs in a fundamental particle spread out as wave with wavelength equivalent to the speed of light divided by the frequency of the circular motion. While the motion of the FCs in a fundamental particle that generates the spin angular momentum is circular, the corresponding wave propagation is linear. For the linear distance of this wave to equal the diameter of the interaction sphere, the system's energy must be multiplied by π. In the case of the weak interaction, this energy corresponds to the sum of the rest energies of the W+, W-, and Z0 bosons that mediate the interaction, the vacuum expectation value, or twice the rest energy of a Higgs boson. This provides a theoretical foundation for the non-zero vacuum expectation value of the Higgs field and yields equations for the electroweak coupling constants and the Higgs boson mass, allowing their derivation without relying on experimental data. For the strong interaction, the system's energy is π times the energy of a quark within a charged pion. Based on this energy, we determine the strong coupling constant at zero momentum transfer, quantitatively explaining the large difference in strength between the electromagnetic and strong interactions. For gravity, we derive the gravitational constant from the relative magnitudes of fundamental particle masses. The resulting theoretical coupling constants exhibit strong agreement with experimental values, and our accurate prediction of a Higgs boson mass of 125.5 GeV/c² further validates the model.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Proof of Firoozbakht's Conjecture

Authors: Kouji Takaki
Comments: 4 Pages.

We derived an inequality based on the properties of the function log(x), and from that, we obtained a further inequality that serves as a sufficient condition for the conjecture to hold. By evaluating the function involved in this inequality, we demonstrated that it holds for n≧5. Consequently, we have proven that the conjecture is true.
Category: Number Theory

The Proposed Conservation Law of Combined Energy-Momentum in Gravitational Field: A Response to an Objection

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.

A proposal has been put forward to define energy and momentum in such a way that their total is conserved in a gravitational field. This conservation can be verified directly in Schwarzschild spacetime. In Kerr spacetime, however, the proposed conservation law appears to fail. Yet, once the transfer of energy—momentum from the source of the gravitational field to the test body is taken into account, it becomes clear that the proposed conservation law remains valid in this case as well
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Is High Energy Theory on a Dead-End Road?

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 25 Pages.

High energy theory has not produced a single experimentally confirmed prediction beyond the Standard Model in roughly fifty years. This essayargues that this stagnation is no longer only a scientific problem but an institutional one.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Homogeneous Mixture Flow Field and Separated Flow Fields Dynamic Equations

Authors: Shisheng Wang
Comments: 18 Pages.

A multicomponent, multiphase fluid can be modelled as either a homogeneous mixture flow field or separated flow fields. The key concept is that fluid flows will be considered as continuum fields through suitable volumetric "average" procedures, so that the differential calculus tools can be used. For a homogeneous mixture flow field, the mixture is treated as a single system (single-phase flow). Starting from the mixture momentum density 1-form per unit volume, taking the exterior derivative of this 1-form yields a field strength tensor in a differential 2-form. The interior product (contraction) of this 2-form with the tangent velocity yields the dynamic equation of the homogeneous mixture flow, E u20d7+Ω u20d7×V u20d7=0 (or expressed as a differential 1-form of eq. (20)). It is equivalent to the Euler-Lagrange equation, but the gradient of kinetic energy doesn’t equal zero for continuum fields, in contrast to the classical Euler-Lagrange equation for a discrete isolated particle. For separated flow fields, different components travel at their own velocities; there exists a velocity difference between components, and each component is treated as an individual system to consider the interactions between different components. The homogeneous mixture dynamic equation turns into two equations for separated flow fields. The two equations become tightly entangled. This shows there are very complicated interaction forces between the two flows.
Category: Classical Physics

Why Are All Existing and Future Proofs of Fermat's Great Theorem Wrong?

Authors: Andrey Belov
Comments: 9 Pages.

The article deals with the question of the permissibility of using infinite numbers in the formation of counterexamples for Fermat's Great Theorem. Counter examples are given for Fermat's Great Theorem using infinite numbers obtained without performing arithmetic operations on these numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Better, Worse, Same

Authors: Mikel Aickin
Comments: 11 Pages.

A success probability provides a very simple summary of how well some group is doing, and so it is natural to use comparisons of success probabilities across groups as an attempt to quantify which groups are doing better. But all such conventional comparisons are made from the viewpoint of the observer, not from the outlook of someone trying to choose which group to join. Choice of a particular group typically imposes a cost of some kind, and so the decision must be based on the trade-off between the cost and the probabilistic benefit. The purpose here is to define the probability of benefit and to provide a method to analyze it, with particular attention to choosing medical treatments.
Category: Statistics

Altermagnetic Spectral Splitting Without Net Magnetization: Exact Symmetry and Interaction Effects in a Two-Sublattice Hubbard Model

Authors: Agum Abdillah
Comments: 6 Pages.

We formulate an exact constraint on the interacting one-particle Green function of a compensated two-sublatticemodel whose symmetry combines a quarter-turn in momentum space with a spin and sublattice transformation. For anequilibrium density matrix invariant under this operation, the full Green matrix obeys a covariance relation that exchanges thespin-resolved sublattice blocks at rotated momenta. The traced spectral functions consequently satisfy ��↑ (k, ��) = ��↓ (��k, ��),while the Brillouin-zone-integrated uniform spin polarization vanishes. The identity is independent of perturbative order anddoes not assume quasiparticles; it constrains, but does not by itself require, a nonzero momentum-resolved splitting. We realizethe symmetry in a two-sublattice Hubbard model with a compensated staggered source, derive its analytic noninteractingspectrum and first-order Hartree renormalization, and test the interacting spectral structure by Lanczos exact diagonalizationon an eight-site cluster. We further calculate the full nonlocal second-order Hubbard self-energy in real space, express itsretarded continuation as a three-spectral-function convolution, and verify its symmetry covariance and causal sign numerically.The results establish a symmetry-controlled route to interaction-renormalized altermagnetic spectral splitting in a compensated,source-pinned state.
Category: Condensed Matter

A Quantitative Detectability Bound for Positive-Energy Soliton Metrics in Laboratory-Scale RF Cavities

Authors: Omar Perez
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We extend the Lentz positive-energy soliton metric to a laboratory-realistic configuration: a cylindrical RF cavity in the TM010 mode with a cryogenic rutile dielectric core. We compute the electromagnetic stress-energy tensor, insert it into the weak-field Lentz relation, and derive the fractional optical path difference along the cavity axis. At 1 kW input power, the predicted signal is dL/L ~ 10^-42 (moving soliton) to 10^-84 (static soliton), approximately 19 to 61 orders of magnitude below achievable interferometric sensitivity. We conclude that the positive-energy soliton branch is empirically closed at laboratory energy scales on Earth. This is a quantitative boundary result, not an experimental failure.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Tully-Fisher Relation: an Explanation Based on General Relativity

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 7 Pages.

The empirical Tully-Fisher relationship for spiral galaxies has been the subject of study for many years. The flat character of the rotation speed curves of galaxies and the need for the existence of dark matter to explain them made it even more difficult to find a theoretical foundation between the fourth power of the rotation speed of stars and their luminous mass or baryonic mass, that is, without dark mass, which would serve to demonstrate the relationship that R. Brent Tully and J. Richard Fisher found in 1977 for spiral galaxies and which is very useful for calculating various astronomical calculations. was until now physically unprovable.In this report we have demonstrated the Tolly-Fisher relationship using generalized relativity and applying it to a new energetic model of a galaxy. To achieve this, we use the Sérsic luminosity profiles as an estimate of baryonic mass and our new galaxy model to calculate the curvature of space-time within the galactic volume, subsequently deriving the acceleration experienced by the stars. The results show that this acceleration gives rise to a uniform velocity for each star, regardless of its position. as long as these are at a distance less than the effective radius. Furthermore, we have obtained a proportionality relationship between the luminosity of the galaxy and the fourth power of the rotation speed of the stars - the Tully-Fisher relationship - for spiral galaxies, which until now had been purely empirical.
Category: Astrophysics

Three Interpretations of the Dirac Spinor

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 5 Pages.

Three apparently independent lines of investigation suggest that the four-component Dirac spinor contains a deeper two-state structure than is usually recognised. Peter Woit [1] observed that a Standard Model lepton generation can be identified with components of the spinor representation associated with a natural U(2) structure. Robert A. Wilson has argued [2] that the Dirac algebra possesses an intrinsic doubled geometry associated with so(4,2). Independently, a vacuum-polarisation model of particle structure suggests that the primitive physical states are not the conventional electron chiralities but instead the pair (ν_L, e_R) [3]. We compare these three approaches and show that, although they arise from very different motivations, they all focus attention on a common two-state structure underlying the Dirac equation. This suggests that the familiar decomposition of the Dirac spinor into left- and right-handed components may not be the unique physical interpretation of the underlying mathematics.
Category: Quantum Physics

What’s the Area of the 4th Triangle? A Geometric Algebra Approach

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Introductory-level Geometric Algebra provides a simple, structured solution to an intriguing problem that has become popular online: A rectangle of unknown dimensions and area is divided into four triangles. Given the areas of three of the triangles, find the area of the fourth.
Category: Geometry

Quasiperiodic Enumeration from Primitively Equidistant Square Triplet

Authors: Fian Qnoz
Comments: 13 Pages. 6 Figures.

Any prime number congruent to 1 (mod 4) can be factored into Gaussian integers. Such Gaussian factor—when raised to even powers—could be treated as a seed for enumerating further equidistant square triplets, while simultaneously being the mean of such triplet. Such array could be reshaped into 2D array of pixels with arbitrary ratio, exhibiting quasiperiodicity as they encode the Abs—Arg relation of their Binomial Expansion from its seed rational prime raised to n-th power. Two methods of enumeration are defined based on the permutation criterion of such triplet, i.e. unordered vs ordered.
Category: Combinatorics and Graph Theory

Smart EV Motor Predictive Maintenance System Using IoT

Authors: Tanjim Pirjade, Kishor Edage, Shivraj Yewale, Shreyansh Chougule
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Electric motors sit at the heart of an electric vehicle (EV); in fact, what's more, breakdowns, safety risks and costly repairs are being caused by a sudden motor failure, on the whole. Well the same, after a fault has already start; motor condition is still mostly verified at fixed service intervals. Low-cost sensors,microcontrollers with built-in Wi-Fi and cloud dashboards now make continuous condition monitoring practical; this review is evaluating motor fault mechanisms, condition-monitoring methods, sensorbased measurement of temperature, vibration, current and speed, Internet of Things (IoT) architectures, predictive maintenance and health-index methods, and examines recurring obstacles, like noisy signals, false alarms, scarce fault data, changing load conditions and the restricted computing power of embedded nodes, broadly speaking. The survey is, for all practical purposes, suggesting that mostpublished work tackles one fault indicator at a time or rests on costly instrumentation. When you want to finish this gap, a Smart EV Motor Predictive Maintenance System is put forward that combines temperature, vibration, current and speed sensing on an ESP32 microcontroller, finds a motor health score, raises early maintenance warnings and offers all data on a real-time IoT dashboard; this model is at the design stage, such as no measured results are reported. Try this instead, we state the targets, the planned methodology, an evaluation protocol and the outcomes we expect, clearly marked as predictions to be tested, and argue that such a low-cost platform can shift motor maintenance from reactive repair to proactive, transparent and doable decisions.
Category: Digital Signal Processing

A Simple, Geometric Way to Find the Area of a Circle and the Value of π

Authors: Ramesh Vardhan
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper outlines a straightforward, step-by-step geometric method to find the area of a circle. Instead of relying on traditional, complex trigonometry, we initiate the framework using a simple right-angled triangle inscribed within one quarter of a circle. By recursively infilling the remaining curved gaps with smaller tiers of triangles, we completely fill the shape. Tracking the mathematical lengths of these expanding bases reveals a pattern of square roots inside square roots (nested radicals) that leads directly to the value of π.
Category: General Mathematics

Will Artificial Intelligence Destroy Itself?

Authors: Dainis Zeps
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We shall examine the question posed: will artificial intelligence destroy itself? Yet we will not seek to answer it directly, for, in truth, we do not even grasp the meaning of the question itself. Instead, we shall attempt to pose as many other questions as possible, in order to clarify, characterize, direct, and delimit our initial inquiry. We might ask, for instance: did artificial intelligence exist before artificial intelligence?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Electric Field of Rotating Uniformly Charged Ball

Authors: Sergey G. Fedosin
Comments: 17 Pages. Published in Journal of Electrostatics, Vol.144, Article 104397 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2026.104397.

The scalar potential and electric field strength of uniformly charged ball rotating at constant angular velocity are calculated. The achieved calculation accuracy is determined by small terms containing the fourth power of the speed of light in denominator and can be further improved. The calculation method is based on use of spherical harmonics, which ensures rapid convergence of results. The rotation of the ball causes the electric field strength vector to deflect from the radial directions toward the poles of the ball's axis of rotation.
Category: Classical Physics

A First-Principles Derivation of the QCD Lagrangian and of Color Confinement from the Microscopic Model

Authors: Bodo Lampe
Comments: 54 Pages.

We present a derivation of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) and color confinement emerging from a 7+1-dimensional microscopic theory. In this theory quarks are excitations of fundamental 7+1D fermions (the Tetrons) which are condensed into a 3+1D monolayer vacuum structure, and gluons arise as collective topological link excitations. The $SU(3)_C$ gauge symmetry is not postulated ad hoc, but emerges dynamically as an effective macroscopic description of the topological transport on a discrete 3-dimensional `monolayer'(=the 3D physical universe). Furthermore, we show that color confinement arises naturally via a modified dual Meissner effect. Unlike standard phenomenological models that rely on the explicit condensation of magnetic monopoles, the confining medium in this framework is dynamically generated by the geometric frustration of the background Tetron lattice. The discrete isomagnetic nature of the vacuum forces emergent color-electric flux lines into one-dimensional tubes, yielding a rigorous microscopic origin for the linear confining potential. Also included: (i) the emergence of 3+1D Lorentz invariance from the discrete structures, (ii) a comparison between the geometric nature of gluons and of the electroweak gauge bosons and (iii) an analysis of the CP invariance of the vacuum.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Gravitational Superposition Theorem and the Equivalent Celestial Body Framework: A General Analytic Method for Gravitational Systems From Three-Body to N-Body

Authors: Jinyong Liu
Comments: 67 Pages.

In this paper, the three-body problem, the long-standing unsolved core puzzle in classical celestial mechanics, is taken as the targeted research object. Rooted strictly in the basic axiom system of Newtonian mechanics, it conducts rigorous mathematical derivation and systematic proof to formally propose a universally applicable gravitational superposition theorem. The theorem explicitly states that the total gravitational field generated at any arbitrary external spatial point by a gravitational system composed of finite mass points is completely equivalent to the gravitational field produced by a single mass point located exactly at the system’ centroid, with its total mass equal to the sum of all individual mass points in the system.Taking this newly proven theorem as the solid theoretical cornerstone, this research successfully achieves the dimensionality reduction mapping of the classical three-body problem into three mutually interrelated two-body motion frameworks at the level of dynamical equations. This breakthrough builds a self-consistent theoretical path with strict mathematical logic for the global analytical solution of the three-body system, fundamentally breaking through the long-term traditional academic view that "the general three-body system has no global analytical general solution". Furthermore, this theoretical framework can be extended to arbitrary N-body gravitational systems through strictly rigorous recursive derivation, laying a foundational theoretical support for reconstructing a complete and closed analytical system of classical many-body gravitational dynamics, covering both dynamical laws and gravitational potential energy structures.
Category: Mathematical Physics

Neural Networks with {-1,1} or {-1,0,1} Weights Playing Atari Galaxian (1) Trained by Evolution Strategy

Authors: Hidehiko Okada
Comments: 14 Pages.

This study investigates the evolutionary training of neural networks (NNs) with binary, ternary, and real-valued connection weights using Evolution Strategy (ES). The NNs are trained to control the Atari Galaxian game, with the objective of maximizing the game score. A three-layer feedforward neural network is employed, in which both connection weights and unit biases are represented using one of three parameter domains: {-1, 1}, {-1, 0, 1}, or the continuous interval [-1.0, 1.0]. The experiments examine the effects of ES hyperparameter configurations, connection-weight representations, and the number of hidden units on game-playing performance. Two ES configurations with the same total number of fitness evaluations are compared. The results show that the configuration using a larger offspring population and fewer generations significantly outperforms the configuration using a smaller offspring population and more generations for all three weight representations. Under the better-performing configuration, NNs with binary and ternary weights generally achieve higher game scores than those with real-valued weights, although the differences are not statistically significant. Furthermore, for ternary-weight NNs, a network with four hidden units significantly outperforms one with a single hidden unit and achieves performance comparable to networks with 8, 16, and 32 hidden units, providing a favorable trade-off between model size and game-playing performance.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Opposing Effects of Decentration and Jingoism on Understanding How Nuclear Properties Are Linked to Periodic Properties of All Atoms

Authors: Ikechukwu Udema
Comments: 20 Pages. License: CC BY-NC-ND (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Atomic physics and nuclear matter physics were often studied separately until recently, when researchers linked hydrogenic properties to nuclear properties. What seemed a general presentation, such as Eini^2/Zeff^2 (where Ei, ni, and Zeff are the average ionization energy (IE) of any atom, hydrogenic and nonhydrogenic alike, and the principal quantum number, which is either equal to or greater than one, and effective nuclear charge, respectively), in the relational equation still pertains to the average ionization energy (EH) of hydrogen. No equation relates nuclear properties to the IE of nonhydrogenic atoms. The barrier to the furtherance of Bohr’s principle is due to mathematical jingoism, which nullifies the need for decentration. The goal of this study was to emphasize the need to be broad-minded in the search for knowledge by discovery coupled with an aura of intellectual decentration. The objectives included deriving an all-inclusive equation with a role for the mass radius of the proton to compute Bohr’s radius of any atom and the effective nuclear charge (ENC for short) and conducting a reproducibility test; elucidating the importance of IE (or ENC) in medicine. The methods were theoretical and computational. The new equation generated atomic radii for all 30 elements of the periodic table. The percentage of the calculated ionization energy (IE) compared to the literature values ranged from 99.999957% to 100.003%. Since the computed values of ENC, IE, and radii were very similar to literature values despite the presence of the mass radius of the proton (rP), it stands to reason, in conclusion, that the rP explored in this study was consistently valid. IE (or ENC) has scientific and medical applications. Indeed, there must not be any room for intellectual jingoism and disregard for intellectual decentration at a higher level. A future study should involve thirty other elements or fewer.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

The Formfactor by the Methods of the Source Theory

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 7 Pages. Original article

We consider the situation when particles interact during their propagation between sources. There are two possibilities of the interaction. In the first case the ingoing particles interact by the exchange of the virtual space-like particle. In the second case the two outgoing particles recombine to produce the modified propagation function. The consequence of such processes is the non-local distribution of charge, or, the existence ofthe formfactor in the Rosenbluth theory.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Brief Trick when Summing Lambert Series over Their Bases

Authors: Fian Qnoz
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This short note describes a mundane rearrangement of double sum, yet often encountered when working with Lambert series or q-analogues, leading into some Dirichlet series which often ease the computation, or at least, provides some other perspective or insight. Similar point like "series recentering" in a similar fashion as going from Taylor series to Maclaurin one—therefore eliminating the need of Binomial Expansion—was made.
Category: Number Theory

The Paradigm of the Helical Universe

Authors: Jamal S. Shrair
Comments: 47 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use scholarly/modest language!)

A deep and sophisticated analysis shows that all observations and empirical phenomena—from the subatomic to the cosmological scale, including the structure and function of DNA and RNA—can be explained accurately and rationally by the Helical Universe Model and its fundamental concept, the Magnetic Structure of Matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

YOLO-based Semantic Feedback for Bird and Drone Detection and Tracking

Authors: Yong Song Ji, Song Hun Kim, Tae Myong Jon, Yong Bom Kim
Comments: 12 Pages.

Bird and drone detection and tracking is a significant problem in air security. These targets are usually displayed far away with small sizes, making it difficult to obtain sufficient visual identification information.The latest detectors use multi-scale feature pyramids to deal with each size of the target, but still cannot handle them well when dealing with extremely small objects. Deep features of the lower layers emphasize visual information, while higher-resolution features of the upper layers obtain information which is useful for location search. Designing a well-structured deep neural network to complement these two features is an important issue in object detection.This paper proposes a novel model based on YOLO26-P2 [1-3] for detecting micro aerial targets. Using the detection ability of the higher-resolution feature of P2/4 layer as its base, this paper proposes a P3-to-P2 static fusion model and evaluates whether it improves the P2 feature. Next, this paper proposes a modified P3-to-P2 semantic feedback model and evaluates its performance by comparing it with the static fusion model. Unlike the static fusion model, the proposed method re-inserts the modified P3 feature into the P2 layer. This method is represented in the following form:P2 → Modified P3 → Modified P2This paper sets four models — the standard model [4, 5], the high-resolution P2 model, the P3-to-P2 static fusion model and the P3-to-P2 semantic feedback model, and compares each model to evaluate the performance of the proposed models.Finally, the ByteTrack [21] tracking algorithm was combined with the final detector to implement MOT(multi-object tracking).The proposed method applied simple changes of the feature layers within YOLO26 without any external image processing.In this paper, we set up a testing plan considering both the computational load and real-time performance to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On the Mechanism of the Soai Autocatalytic Reaction: Novel Findings

Authors: Sosale Chandrasekhar
Comments: 8 Pages.

A comprehensive analysis of the available evidence on the Soai reaction leads to remarkable conclusions, concerning both the rate determining transition state and the nature of the catalyst species. Thus, autocatalysis per se cannot account for the experimental observations. In fact, the irreversible formation of a heterochiral, non—reacting species from the alcohol product, as also the formation of a dimeric species from the aldehyde substrate are indicated: The former enhances the e.e. of the alcohol that is both product and catalyst, while the latter accounts for the observed rate laws. Furthermore, the non—involvement of the dialkyl zinc species in the rate determining step, and its nucleophilic addition to aldehyde with high enantioselectivity are also indicated. Indeed, it appears there is no other way to account for the remarkable experimental findings on one of the most spectacular discoveries in chemistry.
Category: Chemistry

The Structural Parity Paradox - Perfect Numbers

Authors: James DeCoste
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper presents a clean, structural reframing of the Perfect Number Conjecture by analyzing the even/odd parity balance of proper divisors. By reverse-engineering the factor architecture from the inside out, we show that even perfect numbers are governed by a rigid, doubling arithmetic engine that isolates exactly one odd divisor. We prove that this specific geometric distribution forces a structural "snapping lock" with the number 1, creating an airtight parity barrier that physically outlaws odd perfect numbers from existing in the natural number line.
Category: Number Theory

On Non-inertial Relativity Theory and Space-Time-Matter Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 22 Pages.

We explore further the physical implications of Non-inertial Relativity. The spatial-force formalism of Non-inertial Relativity versus the proper-force description is analyzed. It is shown that contrary to what one would expect from the algebraic equation of an elliptic-hyperboloid, due to the constraint $ r = f v $ between the power $ r = { d E/d t }$ and the spatial force $ f = { d p/d t} $, the null-cone condition in phase space leads to the following bounds on the values of $ v $ and the Newtonian force $ f_N = m { d v/ dt} $ given by : $ 0 leq | v | leq c $, and $ 0 leq | f_N | leq b $. The fact that $ | f_N | leq b $ is bounded requires clear modifications to the Newtonian potential cite{Carlos-Newton}. We proceed to explore the group contractions of the pseudo-unitary group $ U(1,1)$ in the $ b ightarrow infty$ limit. After working with $dimensionless$ phase space coordinates one finds that it $does$ lead to Lorentz boosts transformations, in the $ b ightarrow infty$ limit, as expected. If, instead, one works with $dimensionful$ coordinates, the limit $ b ightarrow infty$ does $not$ lead to the standard Lorentz boosts transformations for the energy-momentum variables. There are extra terms that are associated with the semi-direct product of the Lorentz group with an Abelian group (which is not the Poincare group). Similar results were found by cite{Low}. We review the equivalence principle within the context of non-Milgromian modified Newtonian dynamics. An analysis is provided of how Non-inertial relativity points towards a space-time-matter unification. Finally, we conclude with some remarks about future avenues of research.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Determination of One-Way Speed of Light in a Material Medium According to the Special Theory of Ether (In Polish)

Authors: Karol Szostek
Comments: 12 Pages. In Polish

In the article, was derived formulas for one-way speed of light in vacuum and materialmedium. One-way speed of light is one of the important elements that distinguishes Special Theoryof Relativity [4] from Special Theory of Ether [31]. The derived formula is valid for all possible Special Theories of Aether. The calculations are performed within the Special Theories of Ether, assuming the zero result of the Michelson-Morley and Kennedy-Thorndike experiments, i.e., assuming that the average speed of light in the material medium's own frame, on the outward and return paths, is constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof P ̸= N P Using a New Method of Circuit Analysis on 3SAT

Authors: Michael Marquard
Comments: 22 Pages.

The following paper shows that some 3SAT (3-Satisfiability) problems containing only one unique solution cannot be solved in polynomial time. To do so a new technique I call "boolean isolation" is used to create an equation defining eachvariable in the 3SAT problem thus creating a system of equations. From there circuit analysis and other methods are used to show that any possible equation to find the values in the 3SAT problem would have to be equivalent to the equationcreated by boolean isolation allowing minimum bounds to be established. This paper will also discuss the possible impacts of these findings on other fields including cryptography.Keywords: P Versus NP, Computational Complexity, SAT, Polynomial Time, Exponential Time, Cryptography
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

System of Cosmological Equations for the Mathematical Derivation of the Parameters of the Observable Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 5 Pages.

A system of cosmological equations has been obtained that allows one to mathematically derive the values of the parameters of the observable Universe with unprecedented accuracy. The system of equations was formed by combining separate cosmological equations derived at different times by renowned scientists. The parameters of the observable Universe are the roots of the system of algebraic equations, which eliminates the ambiguity of their values. The solution to the inverse problem gives the entire package of parameters of the observable Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the gravitational constant G. Mass of the observable Universe: Mu = 1.15348 u202210^53 kg; radius: Ru = 0.856594u202210^26 m; time: Tu = 2.85729 u202210^17 s; cosmological constant: Ʌ = 1.36285u202210^-52 m^-2; acceleration constant (new parameter of the Universe): Ao = 10.4922u202210^-10 m/s^2. All values of the derived parameters of the Universe are verified with high accuracy using fundamental constants well known in physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Structures of the Atomic Nucleus

Authors: Vladimir Pastushenko.
Comments: 18 Pages.

There is no space without matter, and no matter outside of space. Dynamic space-matter is considered as a single entity. In dynamic space-matter, Euclidean space-time is a special case of a fixed state of dynamic space-matter . In such a dynamic space-matter, the mass spectrum of elementary particles is considered , and the charge of the proton and electron is calculated. The structures of stable atomic nuclei are examined.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Is Mond an Effect of Cosmic Frame-Dragging à la Mach?

Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 8 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in European Physical Journal C (EPJC). Comments are welcome

The physical origin of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), which predicts galaxy rotation curves via a single empirical acceleration constant $a_0$ without the need for dark matter, remains unknown. I propose a modified-inertia origin for both MOND's interpolating function and $a_0$ within a framework closely related to Gravitoelectromagnetism, the linearized limit of General Relativity. Following Sciama's model unifying gravity and inertia, which implements Mach's principle and the relativity of acceleration through gravitoelectric induction, I consider an idealized homogeneous universe undergoing constant Hubble expansion. I identify $a_0 sim H_0^2R_u sim c^2/R_u$ with the relative recession acceleration of cosmic matter near the horizon, which dominates the cosmological contribution. I show that this scale enters local inertial dynamics only when the relative acceleration of the universe becomes anisotropic and the Rindler horizon is comparable to or larger than the cosmic Hubble horizon, at accelerations of order $a_0$ and below. By the simplest Ansatz for the observer’s acceleration-dependent causal volume, accounting for the interplay between the cosmic and Rindler horizons, I derive MOND's simple interpolating function as a modified inertia law without the need to insert it by hand or make any further ad hoc adjustments. Physically, the region brought into causal connection ahead of the accelerating observer by the deformation of the cosmic horizon contributes less inertial drag than is lost from the region removed behind him by the Rindler horizon. This proof of concept motivates the possibility that MOND arises from large-scale linear inertial frame-dragging induced by the expanding Universe within General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Remarks on the Non-Relativistic Bohr-Sommerfeld Model with Corrected Orbital Angular Momentum

Authors: Martin Kraus
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the 1930s, a correction to the non-relativistic Bohr-Sommerfeld model of hydrogen-like atoms has been known, which aligns many predictions of this model with the predictions of the non-relativistic spinless Schrödinger equation for hydrogen-like atoms. In particular, the orbital angular momentum of electronic orbits in the corrected Bohr-Sommerfeld model match the orbital angular momentum of the corresponding single-electron wave functions that solve the mentioned Schrödinger equation. However, the only known justification for this correction has been the improvement of the predictions of the Bohr-Sommerfeld model. The present remarks revisit this correction in the context of a recently proposed vibrational interpretation of the Schrödinger equation, which provides a physical reason for this correction. Furthermore, numerical results are presented that support a previously hypothesized relation between nodal patterns in single-electron wave functions and corresponding de Broglie-wave-analyzed orbits provided that the mentioned correction is employed.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Neutrino Calorimetry

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J Wallace
Comments: 8 Pages.

Neutrino flux detection does not require an ionization event as they are detected constantly exchanging energy via a Raman process. The neutrino flux constantly interactswith matter by the overwhelming pressure of the large number of field-matter interactions. These interactions overtake the poor weak force coupling to matter producinga measurable neutrino Raman energy exchange.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Possible Hubble Tension Resolution

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 4 Pages.

The discrepancy between the CMB/BAO measure of H0 and Type 1A measurements might be resolved by a change in light velocity as a function of a changing fine structure constant here considered as a measure of the ‘physical tension’ of space that supports light velocity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Methodology of Studying the Two Body Problem Through Ellipse Kinematics: an Interdisciplinary Approach in Teaching Theoretical Mechanics

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references!)

The article presents a methodology for studying the two body problem and the law of universal gravitation through a kinematic analysis of elliptical motion. The proposed approach complements the traditional dynamical derivation of Kepler’s laws with an inverse analysis: from the geometry of the trajectory to the structure of acceleration and its reconciliation with dynamical laws. This methodology enables students to gain a deeper understanding of the interrelation between kinematics and dynamics, develop mathematical thinking, and overcome conceptual difficulties in learning celestial mechanics. Typical student difficulties (the problem of mass, the illusion of contradiction between Newton’s laws) and ways to overcome them are discussed. In addition to the first version, the article now contains an explicit algorithm for computing masses of bodies from observational data, using only kinematics and the experimental value of the gravitational constant G, without invoking the law of universal gravitation as a dynamical postulate. The proposed approach can be used in courses on theoretical mechanics, celestial mechanics, and general physics. The analytical results are additionally verified by numerical modelling on a mechanical ellipsograph, which confirms that the constancy of areal velocity is achieved only under a specific Keplerian law of angular velocity variation, not under arbitrary motion along an ellipse.
Category: General Mathematics

Distributivity in Relationship Theory and Other Abstract Relational Structures

Authors: Bhekuzulu Khumalo
Comments: 10 Pages.

The property of distribution allows the mathematical understanding of two elements that have no relation to each other but are both related to a common element. Indeed, it can be generalized to describe any number of elements that have no relation to each other though they are all related to a common element. From accepting the distributive property of relationships meaningful relationships arise that explain reality. Reality says that compound elements can break up into new relationship, this paper shows that with the proper notation, proper symbolism. Relationship theory can explain what is in a box and table as well as what happens in particle colliders. The abstraction of relationships allows the comparison of relationships between diverse phenomena. The reality of human divorce in terms of relationships is no different from many chemical relationships in terms of relationship theory, they are the same in a mathematical abstract concept, as abstractions they have the same mathematical structure. This abstraction is needed for those who desire to understand how the universe operates. Applications of the theory are given with everyday realities like putting things in boxes and on tables. Since existence is about relationships, mathematics needs the abstraction of relationships, and this paper successfully lays that foundation.
Category: Set Theory and Logic

Engineered Organic Compounds for Refining Rare Earth Metals

Authors: Dave Chapman
Comments: 9 Pages.

Rare Earth metals are a set of intermediate-atomic number elements which are important for both industrial and strategic reasons. The current techniques of refining and purifying these materials are inefficient andhighly polluting, because they rely on solvent exchange methods which often involve strong mineral acids.Organic Chemistry and Biotechnology may allow the development of low-cost methods capable of replacing the current Rare Earth refining industries. The generic the term for the relevant chemicals is "ligands",which describe organic substances capable of binding to metal ions in solution.Examples include substances such as Crown Ethers, Aza-Crown Ethers, Porphynes, and Chlorins.The central proposal is to develop organic ligands which have high specificity to bond with, for example, Neodymium.
Category: Chemistry

A Note on the Ramification Character, Ramification Polynomials and Associated Dirichlet L-Function

Authors: Theophilus Agama
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we introduce and study special types of polynomials whose coefficients are determined by the ramification characters $kappa_m(cdot)$ in a fixed modulo $mgeq 2$. These characters serve as indicator functions for integers that admit a binary representation where a summand is generated from the residue class of a modulus of lower magnitude by a given positive integer. We derive analytical properties for these polynomials investigating the Dirichlet L-function $L(s,kappa_m(cdot)):=sum limits_{n=1}^{infty}frac{kappa_m(n)}{n^s}$ associated with the ramification character.
Category: Number Theory

Reply to the Unjustified Comments by Justo Pastor Lambare in His Work "Noninertial Reference Frames in Special Relativity"

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug, Gianfranco Spavieri
Comments: 9 Pages.

Wepresent a critical reply to the analysis of noninertial reference frames in specialrelativity recently put forward by Justo Pastor Lambare [1]. While Lambare explores the application of special relativity to accelerated systems via the hypothesis of locality, his discussion overlooks crucial foundational insights established in optical and relativistic physics over the past century. Specifically, he fails to notice thatthe linear Wang-Sagnac effect proves that Sagnac-type phenomena are fundamentally independent of noninertiality. Furthermore, contrary to Lambare’s claim, the local differential speed utilized in his derivations corresponds precisely to the variantGalilean speed (or Selleri/LTA transformations), confirming that the one-way speed of light is not invariant for a moving observer. Accounting for spacetime continuity breach under standard Lorentz transformations (LT) and incorporating advances from classical entanglement synchronization and alternative relativistic frameworks (LTA), we establish that a viable interpretation of relativistic paradoxes requires coordinate transformations based on absolute simultaneity and light-speed variance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Perimeter of an Ellipse

Authors: Edgar Valdebenito
Comments: 14 Pages.

In this note, we recall exact formulas for calculating the perimeter of an ellipse and give an example of an ellipse whose perimeter is pi.
Category: Geometry

Comparative Efficiency of Methods for Minimizing Implicit Unimodal Functions

Authors: Vladimir Kodnyanko
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper examines combinations of methods for minimizing implicit unimodal functions. These include transformative methods, which convert implicit functions into explicit functions, and minimizing functions, which minimize the transformed functions. Transformative methods include bisection, regula falsi, and Ridders methods, as well as two modifications of the new optisection method and two modifications of parabolic bisection. The minimizing functions used are bisection, the golden ratio, and two variations of optisection. Examples of minimizing strictly unimodal and monotone implicit functions are given. For rapid minimization of the former, a combination of minimizing parabolic optisection and transformative combined bisection, which combines the advantages of conventional bisection, regula falsi, and parabolic methods, should be given. Minimizing monotone implicit functions should be minimized by minimizing optisection methods, which have the highest convergence rate. In this case, preference should be given to optisection and parabolic bisection methods as transformative methods. This choice allows the minimization of implicit unimodal functions to be performed ten or more times faster than other combinations of methods.
Category: General Mathematics

On the Cryo-EM Conformational Observations of Kv2.1 Channels: A Discussion on the Tetrameric Cooperative Hinge-Sliding Model and the Optimal Origami-Windmill Rotational Gating Hypothesis

Authors: Sun Zuodong
Comments: 9 Pages.

Mandala & MacKinnon published work in PNAS in 2025, in which cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) was employed to capture multiple conformations of the human Kv2.1 potassium channel. They proposed a hinge-sliding gating scenario featuring stepwise cooperative downward displacement of voltage-sensing domains (VSDs): the pore remains permeable when two VSDs undergo displacement, and pore closure occurs only after all four VSDs are fully positioned. The study incorporated these conformational patterns into the S4 "paddle model" framework and attempted to generalize observations obtained from vesicle systems as the fundamental universal mechanism for voltage-gated potassium channels and even neuronal bioelectrical generation.This paper fully acknowledges the authenticity of the original cryo-EM conformational data reported in that study. Nevertheless, it demonstrates that the reconstituted vesicle system is an artificially constructed unidirectional hyperpolarization-limit system containing only Kv2.1. The −40u202fmV and −145u202fmV potentials within the system are drift potentials generated by outward Ku207a efflux along the concentration gradient without counterbalancing sodium ions. The potential-formation logic and ionic balance relationships differ from the physical boundary conditions of physiological action potentials with bidirectional Nau207a-Ku207a coupling and oscillating potentials in native squid giant axon membranes. Meanwhile, the classical interpretation of high-frequency axial sliding of S4 encounters mechanical-dissipation difficulties originating from nanoscale viscous damping. The original paper itself contains uncertainties such as insufficient resolution of the closed-state structure and unclear VSD behaviors under strong hyperpolarization.To distinguish observations from artificial systems from native physiological rules, this paper designs falsifiable control experiments to test whether the stepwise pattern "pore remains open upon displacement of two VSDs" can be reproduced in native excitable membranes. Under existing physical, energetic and physiological constraints, this paper further argues that the origami-windmill impeller rotational gating represents the optimal mechanical solution under the set of constraints. This model intrinsically separates independent ion-entry portals and sphincter-style exit orifices, enabling ordered passage of sodium and potassium ions through distinct pathways without enforced co-entry and co-exit. Such rotational mechanism can further echo the topological logic of DNA double-strand pairing, providing a unified framework for thinking about shared underlying topological rules of coiling, engagement and phase-matching between ion channels and genetic macromolecules. The windmill hypothesis offers an alternative path for subsequent experimental verification in investigations of voltage-gated channel mechanisms.
Category: Physics of Biology

Uniformly Accelerated Motion Observed from a Perpendicularly Moving Inertial Frame:Kinematics and Energy-Momentum Transformation

Authors: Sangwha Yi
Comments: 8 Pages.

We analyze the motion of a point particle executing uniformly accelerated motion(constant proper acceleration) from rest in an inertial frame S', as observed from a second inertial frame S whose velocity relativity to S is perpendicular to the acceleration axis.Starting from the Lorentz transformation for a perpendicular boost, we derive the complete kinematics of the particle in S.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The 1.11 Million Year Cycle: A Period Common to Earth's Magnetic Field Polarity and Outer Solar System Dynamics

Authors: Ray Tomes
Comments: 8 Pages. replaces two earlier papers placed on viXra, viXra:2610.0032 and viXra:2610.0033

Geomagnetic polarity reversals are widely held to occur at random, with no periodicity to their timing — a position well supported by over 50 years of statistical analysis. This paper shows that the same reversal record, examined not as a sequence of reversal timings but as the prevailing polarity condition through time, displays a clear periodicity near 1.11 million years. Using the standard 0—30 Ma geomagnetic polarity timescale sampled on a 1000-year grid, a continuous-frequency spectrum reveals twelve dominant cycles between 0.2 and 6 Ma, refined here to five significant figures. Two of the next-strongest peaks relate to the dominant 1.11019 Ma cycle by simple, clean ratios — 0.74013 Ma (2/3) and 3.33146 Ma (3×) — each within a tenth of a percent of an exact fit. Independently of this terrestrial result, two distinct mechanisms in the outer solar system yield periods of the same length: the Uranus—Neptune orbital energy exchange, established via numerical integration of the outer planets (the LONGSTOP project), gives 1.119 Myr — a drifting, near-resonant beat; and the Jupiter—Uranus perihelion anti-alignment, a stable secular frequency difference computable directly from measured planetary precession rates, gives 1.107 Myr — a fixed period. All three determinations, from three unrelated physical systems and methods, agree to within a fraction of a percent. The origin of these harmonic relationships, and of the agreement between the terrestrial and planetary figures, is left for future papers.
Category: Geophysics

Semantic-Conditioned Variational Compensation and Uncertainty-Guided Retrieval for Occluded Person Re-Identification

Authors: Xiaohao Xie, Wenhua Jiao
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Person re-identification (ReID) under severe occlusion remains a formidable challenge, as incomplete observations inevitably lead to fragmented features and corrupted distance metrics. While recent vision-language methods leverage text prompts to passively refine observed representations, they are prone to spatial drift under heavy occlusion and struggle to explicitly recover missing topological structures. Furthermore, existing feature recovery pipelines often rely on deterministic imputation, blindly fusing hallucinated features into the metric space without considering the inherent uncertainty of guessing. To break this bottleneck, we propose a unified framework that seamlessly integrates semantic probing with uncertainty-guided feature compensation. Specifically, we first introduce Text-Driven Proxy Pooling (TDPP) to actively retrieve reliable body-part evidence from corrupted observations using text semantics as spatial anchors. Subsequently, we propose Prompt-Guided Masked Feature Compensation (PMFC), which formulates occlusion recovery as a conditional variational masked modeling problem. By jointly optimizing reconstruction and KL divergence, PMFC explicitly encodes the recovery ambiguity into a posterior variance. During inference, this generative variance acts as a natural safety shield through our Uncertainty-guided Dynamic Retrieval (UDR) mechanism, strictly penalizing unreliable occluded features and preventing hallucinated noise from contaminating the metric space. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our framework achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) or comparable SOTA performance across both occluded and holistic benchmarks (e.g., yielding 93.4% Rank-1 and 91.9% mAP on Occluded-ReID).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Triple Unity of Life: Closure, Code and the Topology of Living Form

Authors: Juan Duan, Songbo Zhang
Comments: 47 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

What is common to every living thing? This paper develops a framework — three universalities of unequal strength, closed into a regulatory loop — as a Lakatosian research programme with a declared hard core, a graded protective belt, and a ranked positive heuristic. Four new results carry the weight. (1) Monte-Carlomargin analysis: measured rotor/gradient pairs sit at a mean 12.5th percentile of aneutral null under four registered null models, so c-rings run close to the thermodynamic floor as a statistical fact, with the mammalian c8 rotor the tightest- constrained case. (2) An exhaustive design table of 9,936 three-node signed loop topologies: self-maintenance is generic, robustness is graded by sign class, the all- positive class is the most robust, and the canonical loop sits mid-class. (3) A basalleak extension reconciles the exactly absorbing dead state with the design table: spontaneous ignition is rare (6.8% of parameter sets) and gated by a smooth critical-leak line, so genesis requires founder events; spatially, pinning is structural and vesicle-like dispersal unlocks invasion above a critical coupling. (4) The sameloop, applied to a second ignition with independent historical constraints, accountsfor eukaryogenesis: the prokaryotic genome ceiling, the non-transferability ofmembrane-buried genes, and the singularity and irreversibility of the event. Honest negatives are reported throughout. Eleven predictions with frozen protocols close the paper.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Is the Riemann Hypothesis True?

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 7 Pages. Submitted to the journal " Acta Mathematicae Sinica- English Series-

In 1859, Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann announced the following conjecture, called the Riemann hypothesis : The nontrivial roots (zeros) of the zeta function, have real part} $sigma=1/2$. In this paper, I will prove it using an equivalent statement of the Riemann hypothesis: the Dirichlet eta function.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Fourier View of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jianglin Feng
Comments: 9 Pages.

An elementary proof of the Riemann hypothesis is provided using Fourier analysis on the alternating zeta function η(s). The real series |η(s)|^2, whose zeros are equivalent to the non-trivial zeros, increases along Im(s) in the left half of the critical strip 0<Re(s)<1/2.
Category: Number Theory

Dynamical Timedomains from a Selfcoupling Scalar Field a Theoretical Frame for Localised and Oscillating Eigentime Structures Including Possible Time-Isolated and Therefore Time-Neighbour Shielded Points

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 11 Pages.

Developed is a theoretical framework for localized, dynamic spacetime configurations, the definingcharacteristic of which is not primarily a spatial concentration of energy, but rather a locally alteredproper-time structure. The starting point is a self-coupled real scalar field whose energy-momentumtensor generates a spherically symmetric spacetime curvature via the Einstein equations. The localproper time is determined by the time-dependent metric component (g tt ) .Examined then is bothstatic and oscillating configurations, demonstrating that a harmonic evolution of the scalar field—comprising odd harmonic s=s( ω ;3 ω ;5 ω ;...) —is naturally coupled to even harmonics ofh=h(0 ;2 ω ; 4 ω ;...) of the metric. This provides a mathematically precise foundation for anoscillating "time bubble." The frequently encountered ( N=2n+1) structure is identified here as aharmonic structure, rather than being interpreted as an established quantization of proper time.The resulting problem is a nonlinear, self-consistent eigenvalue problem for the scalar field and thespacetime metric. The existence, stability, lifespan, and potential discrete spectrum of such solutionsmust be investigated numerically. In particular, a possible Planck-scale quantization of proper timeis formulated as a testable spectral hypothesis.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

N-Body Dynamics via Curvature of Wave Propagation: A Flat-Space Framework Matching GR Solar-System and EHT Constraints

Authors: Morris G. Anderson
Comments: Pages.

The curvature of wave propagation method (CWPM) models gravity in flat three-dimensional Euclidean space, capturing both weak- and strong-field regimes. Gravitational effects arise solely from the spatial gradient of the speed of light, wave—particle duality, and the resulting curvature of wave propagation, which together yield an explicit, closed-form, velocity-dependent acceleration vector that is analytically more compact and natively simpler to implement than the complex Parameterized Post-Newtonian (PPN) expansion series. CWPM N-body simulations reproduce the classical solar-system tests of general relativity—including Mercury’s perihelion advance, light deflection, and Shapiro delay—while executing up to five times faster than PPN integrations. A 15-body simulation confirms Mercury’s precession and demonstrates convergence under time-step refinement. Independent implementation and testing by Kuijpers (2025) in his pre-existing Solar System Simulator confirms CWPM matches GR-based PPN DE405-referenced deviations to within <30 km RMS over 600 years, while running ~5× faster. Although CWPM places the photon orbital radius at the Schwarzschild radius Rs = 2GM/c² (rather than 1.5 Rs in GR), it predicts a black-hole shadow diameter of 2eRs, only ~4.6% larger than the GR value—well within Event Horizon Telescope uncertainties for both M87* and Sgr A*. Included MATLAB scripts enable students and researchers to compute solar-system orbits, light propagation, black-hole shadows, star-cluster dynamics, and deep-space trajectories using a unified framework based on a single explicit equation of motion, offering an accessible, computationally efficient learning tool for physics education and independent research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Physics of the Higgs Sector

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 40 Pages.

This essay stages a hypothetical dialogue between a critic of the Standard Model (EG) and a mainstream particle physicist (MP) on the foundations of the Higgs sector.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Lorentz vs Einstein: The Man Who Apparently Didn’t Understand His Own Equations

Authors: Ion Vlad
Comments: 23 Pages.

Special relativity has survived a century of scrutiny, countless textbooks, and the occasional suspicion that its founder might have understood it correctly. This paper revisits Lorentz’s transformations, simultaneity, the twin paradox, the ladder paradox, and the train-and-lightning thought experiment, arguing that the mathematics is considerably less controversial than its interpretation. By distinguishing physical events from their frame-dependent coordinate labels, we propose a Lorentz-consistent reinterpretation that challenges conventional readings without having the audacity to discard the equations themselves. The central question is deceptively simple: how did Lorentz’s mathematics acquire an interpretation that apparently required Einstein to explain it better than Lorentz? The implications for spacetime diagrams and relativistic paradoxes are explored, in the hope that history itself may yet be transformed—and that Lorentz might finally receive the credit that Einstein’s shadow has so long denied him.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Purported "Projection-Operator" in a Specific Modified Epstein-Glaser Normalization Subtraction Scheme

Authors: Dirk Fischer
Comments: 6 Pages.

We show that a modified Epstein-Glaser (EG) normalization truncation operator Twpresented a couple of years ago is, due to an automatically emerging cascaded sub vectorspacestructure, not a an automorphism on the vectorspace S(R^m) of Schwartzfunctions, in contrast to theoriginal EG-operator W. Apart from the (rather simple) proof itself, we hint on the origin of thedifficulties with using T_w instead of W.
Category: Mathematical Physics

14-Page Guide to Switcheroo Gravity & Its Companion Papers

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 14 Pages. Summarizes 4 other papers: 2 by WDS already on vixra (but will be revised); and 2 coauthored with CLAUDE should soon be on ai.vixra.org.

Smith, in some cases in collaboration with the AI CLAUDE, wrote 3-4 papers totalling about 230-320 pages, about a framework for new theories of gravity. These theories can unify Milgom's MOND with Einsteinian general relativistic principles, in a potentially very mathematically beautiful, natural-looking, and surprisingly near-unique way. It is key that general relativity already contains a mathematical object – the Lanczos tensor L_abc – which has been sitting unused since 1962. Using it changes what gravity theories are possible and what they can accomplish. The present document attempts to summarize top highlights of those 230-320 pages in only 14.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Constant (G) in Measurements

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 17 Pages.

In the late 1990s, scientists recognized that the universal gravitational constant (G) could not be measured as precisely as other physical constants; even today, the precise measurement of G remains a profound challenge in physics. However, this difficulty may be explained by a new paradigm of physics in which physical mass and electric charges interact, meaning fundamental forces like gravity and electromagnetism cannot exist independently. Consequently, variations in G measurements appear to coincide with fluctuations in both the Earth's geomagnetic field and the Length of Day (LOD). Specifically, geomagnetic variations are initiated by interactions with the primitive virtual negative (PVN) charges of other planets in the solar system, while LOD fluctuations follow due to Faraday's law of induction acting on these geomagnetic variations; ultimately, these geomagnetic field variations drive the changes in G measurements.
Category: Classical Physics

Scaled Bergman Numeral System (SBNS) and [a New] Filter as a New Basis for Computing

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 14 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please DO NOT name any theorem, formula or equation etc after the author's name - Please revise this article accordingly!)

The paper proposes and formalizes the Scaled Bergman Numeral System (SBNS) — a new numerical basis for computing that utilizes an irrational base (the golden ratio) and a fixed weight scale factor of k = 0.2. This approach aims to overcome the physical limitations of the von Neumann architecture. The introduction of the 0.2 scale factor successfully eliminates the primary drawbacks of the traditional Bergman system: the "wandering carry effect" and the "infinite information tail". The paper demonstrates the invariance of the sum of truncated weights of active digits for a pair of valid code states (the working code "A" and the check code "B") isolated by the hardware [new] filter. It is also shown that within the SBNS framework, fractional noise and rounding errors mutually cancel each other out.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Unexpectedly High Stellar Velocities in a Spiral Nebula

Authors: Henk Dorrestijn
Comments: 12 Pages. hjdorrestijn@gmail.com

Dark matter has been proposed by the scientific establishment as a solution to the inexplicably high velocities of stars within the disk of a spiral galaxy. However, dark matter itself proves to be equally inexplicable; after decades of searching, its nature remains unknown. Furthermore, the high stellar velocities themselves have never been fully explained. In this article, we propose an alternative interpretation of gravity, in which mass is quantified based on the extent to which it obstructs the view of the universe. This allows us to explain why a star gains velocity at the expense of the speed of stars orbiting closer to the galactic center. Using the Triangulum Galaxy as an example, we demonstrate that the calculated velocity is of the same order of magnitude as the observed velocities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Correct Interpretation of the Great Discoveries in Particle Physics: II. Demystifying Z and W Bosons as Heavy Submicroscopic Mesons

Authors: Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
Comments: 20 Pages. This is the second paper in a series of three works.

This is the second paper in a series of the three works. A complete real-space mechanical model of the Z^0 and W^± intermediate vector bosons is established within a granular space substrate (tessellattice). By applying inertomagnetic unification, this framework demonstrates that electroweak mass splitting is a mandatory consequence of localised geometric constraints. For the neutral Z^0 boson, the co-rotating core is compressed by the internal massotension field (inerton carriers) and local photon-mediated Coulomb fields, yielding a solitary eigenvalue at 91.19 GeV. For the charged W^± boson, the net charge triggers a coherent structural vortex whose velocity-dependent Poincaré-Appell magnetic torque achieves full parity with the mechanical inerton tension, doubling the potential barrier to lock a unique eigenvalue at 80.38 GeV. The spatial derivative of the square-root high-energy operator naturally proves an asymmetrical centripetal force scaled by the Lorentz factor, resolving the Ehrenfest paradox within a material space substrate. At the speed-of-light propagation limit, this configuration reveals an energy equipartition rule, such that each constituent quark core carries exactly one-quarter of the total boson mass: 22.80 GeV for Z^0 and 20.10 GeV for W^±, and the vortex diameters are 4.23×10^(-18) m for Z^0 and 9.82×10^(-18) m for W^±. Besides, probabilistic quantum decay is replaced by a deterministic mechanical clockwork threshold. The physical vortices exhibit a minor fractional phase-lag, locking lifetimes at N_Z≈5.86 and N_w≈3.07 rotations. Mimicking the hydrogen spectrum’s fine structure, this deficit represents direct, measurable sub-microscopic friction born from the non-commensurable overlapping of the Compton, polarisation, de Broglie, and inerton cloud scales.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Further Questions re the Concept of Entropy

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 5 Pages.

As has been mentioned previously, the idea of entropy has caused, and continues to cause, problems of real understanding for all but especially for students. Several issues were raised in an earlier article but here attention is focused on issues occurring through work in information theory. Again, it is hoped these points will provoke thought among interested parties towards producing a clear and accurate understanding of precisely what entropy is physically.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

The Failed Experiment That Failed to Fail

Authors: Mikel Aickin
Comments: 22 Pages.

The Michelson-Morley experiment has become famous for disproving the existence of the luminiferous ether, and supposedly providing Einstein with the inspiration for special relativity. Although it has been much discussed in the literature, there has never been a comprehensive scientific and statistical analysis of the published results. The attempt to do so here uncovers statistical, logical, and scientific problems, sufficient to warrant the claim that the scientists actually did discover two effects, one of which they were seeking. This episode illustrates how a failure to apply sound philosophical principles of science can derail an otherwise excellent experiment, and create an enduring false history.
Category: Classical Physics

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Characterization of Two Novel One- and Two-Dimensionally Polymeric Copper(II) Phosphonoacetates

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Michael Arnold, Christian Robl
Comments: 12 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 643 (2017) 276—285. (Highlighted as cover picture 03/2017, DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600457)

Blue single crystals of Cu[µ2-OOC(CH2)PO3H]*2H2O (1) and Cu1.5[µ3-OOC(CH2)PO3]*5H2O (2) have been prepared in aqueous solution. 1: Space group C2/c (no. 15) with a = 1623.3(2), b = 624.0(1), c = 1495.5(2) pm, beta = 122.45(1)°. Cu is coordinated by three oxygen atoms stemming from the hydrogenphosphonoacetate dianion and three water molecules to form a distorted octahedron. The Cu-O bonds range from 190.4(3) to 278.5(3) pm. The connection between the Cu2+ cations and the hydrogenphosphonoacetate dianions leads to a two-dimensional structure with layers parallel to (-101). ̅The layers are linked by hydrogen bonds. 2: Space group P-1 (no. 2) with a = 608.2(1), b = 800.1(1), c = 1083.6(1) pm,alpha = 94.98(1)°, beta = 105.71(1)°, gamma = 109.84(1)°. There are two crystallographically independent Cu2+ cations coordinated in a square pyramidal and an octahedral fashion, respectively. The Cu-O bonds range from 192.9(2) to 237.2(2) pm. The coordination of the phosphonoacetate trianion to Cu(1) results in infinite polyanionic chains parallel to [100] with a composition of {Cu(H2O)[OOC(CH2)PO3]}nn-. Hydrated Cu(2) cations are accommodated between the chains as counter ions. 1 and 2 show structural features of cation exchangers. Magnetic measurements reveal a paramagnetic Curie-Weiss behaviour. Compound 2 shows antiferromagnetic coupling between Cu2+ ions due to a super-superexchange coupling. The UV/Vis spectra of 1 suggests three d-d transition bands at 763 nm (2B1 -> 2E), 878 nm (2B1 -> 2B2), and 1061 nm (2B1 -> 2A1). Thermoanalytical investigations in air show that compound 1 is stable up to 165 °C, whereas the decomposition of 2 begins at 63 °C.
Category: Chemistry

Universal Gravitational Thruster (Ugt) Using H2o (Distilled Water) (Or Others Polar Molecules).

Authors: Fran De Aquino
Comments: 4 Pages.

Recently, I have shown how to build several types of Universal Gravitational Thruster (UGT); using photon gas; electron gas; Duracap 86103; Metglas 2714A, etc. Here I shown a new type of UGT using H2O or others polar molecules. This became very easy the building of the UGTs.
Category: Classical Physics

Goldbach's Conjecture with Twin Primes Only - Potential Proof

Authors: James DeCoste
Comments: 7 Pages. Contact: jbdecoste@eastlink.ca

Following a structural breakthrough in proving the eternal persistence of twin primes, this paper presents a unified, geometric proof of Harvey Dubner's variation of Goldbach's Conjecture. This variation asserts that every even integer greater than 4,208 can be expressed as the sum of two twin primes.By mapping even integers to a symmetrical, triangular mirror grid, we show that the addition of numbers converts into a physical intersection along a linear center axis. We demonstrate that numbers divisible by 6 act as a structural shield, yielding a regular 2x combination advantage over non-divisible numbers.Using an inductive contradiction modeled after Euclid, and backed by the infinite pool of twin primes established in my prior work, we prove that the creation velocity of row combinations outpaces the logarithmic thinning of the primes. This ensures that the possible combination count never drops back down to zero past the final historical exception of 4,208, cementing the proof.
Category: Number Theory

A Novel Three-Dimensional Cu(II) 1,2-Ethylenediphosphonate Framework with Channel-like Voids

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Michael Arnold, Christian Robl
Comments: 9 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 642 (2016) 1126—1132. (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600248)

Turquoise monoclinic single crystals of the novel three-dimensional Cu2[µ8-O3P(CH2)2PO3)]*3.2H2O coordination polymer have been prepared using the silica gel method. Space group C2/m (no. 12) with a = 1483.6(2), b = 668.44(8), c = 436.30(6) pm, beta = 93.28(2)°. The Cu2+ cation is coordinated by four oxygen atoms stemming from the 1,2-ethylenediphosphonate dianions in a square planar manner and two water molecules in the axial positions. The connection between the Cu2+ cations and the [PO3C] units from the 1,2-ethylenediphosphonate dianions leads to layers parallel to (100), which are linked by the ethylene groups to a three-dimensional framework with channel-like voids. The voidsaccommodate water molecules not bound to Cu2+ and extend parallel along [001] with an opening of about 550 x 260 pm. Magnetic measurements reveal an antiferromagnetic behaviour due to a superexchange coupling between Cu2+ ions through an oxygen bridge. The UV-Vis spectrum reveals three d-d transition bands at 694, 774, and 918 nm. The compound can be fully dehydrated by thermal treatment and rehydrated by storage in ambient air.
Category: Chemistry

An Alternative Equation for Effective Nuclear Charge that is Applicable to All Atoms

Authors: Ikechukwu Udema
Comments: 16 Pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010220/v1 (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Although the advent of ionization energies predated Slater’s rule, there was unawareness of the utilitarian value of the former for the computation of effective nuclear charge (ENC for short) until recently and in this research. The study aimed to derive another equation in which the average ionization energies of hydrogen and any other multi-electron atom are independent variables. The objective was to answer the question in the literature that states, "Are Slater’s Rules the Best Approach for Calculating Effective Nuclear Charge for Undergraduates?" (Moore & Birnbaum, 2014) and compare the graphical portrayal of chemical periodicity between outcomes using data generated using Slater's rules for some elements and data generated in this research. By exploring theoretical and computational methods and the data in the literature, the study showed that ENC (1.34458-3.32446) for the first 30 elements computed using the 2021 CODATA fine structure constant (FSC, for short) was higher than those (1.34402-3.32309) without it; however, the equation containing the computed FSC using e^2/2_0hc and other equations gave the same value of ENC. The use of Slater’s result (atomic radii) for the computation of ENC (1.29859-5.06996) and average ionization energy, IE (553.21-2108.13 kJ), gave higher values than other methods. All plots using Slater’s values of ENC and IE versus atomic number (Z) did not show chemical periodicity (greater linearity), unlike the use of other values (less linearity or lower R^2). The new equation was derived, and with earlier equations, ENC can be accurately computed; they should therefore be part of the school curriculum at all levels without ceasing to teach Slater’s rule, which is not the best approach. A future study should include 30 other elements of the periodic table.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Crystal Structure and Characterization of Two Layered Copper(II) Coordination Polymers with Anions of 3-Phosphonopropionic Acid and (RS)-2-Phosphonobutyric Acid

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Michael Arnold, Christian Robl
Comments: 16 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 644 (2018) 205—214. (Highlighted as cover picture 04/2017, DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201700453)

Blue single crystals of Cu[µ3-O3P(CH2)2COOH]*2H2O (1) and Cu[(RS)-µ3-O3PCH(C2H5)COOH]*3H2O (2) have been prepared in aqueous Cu2+-solutions (pH = 2.5—3.5) containing 3-phosphonopropionic acid (1) and (RS)-2-phosphonobutyric acid (2), respectively. 1: Space group Pbca (no. 61) with a = 812.5(2), b = 919.00(9), c = 2102.3(2) pm. Cu2+ is five-fold coordinated by three oxygen atoms stemming from [O3P(CH2)2COOH]2— anions and two water molecules. The Cu-O bond lengths range from 194.0(3) to 231.8(4) pm. The connection between the [O3P(CH2)2COOH]2— anions and the Cu2+ cations yields a polymeric structure with layers parallel to (001). The layers are linked by hydrogen bonds. 2: Space group Pbca (no. 61) with a = 1007.17(14), b = 961.2(3), c = 2180.9(4) pm. The copper cations are surrounded by five oxygen atoms in a square pyramidal fashion with Cu-O bonds between 193.6(4) and 236.9(4) pm. The coordination between [O3PCH(C2H5)COOH]2- and Cu2+ results in infinite puckered layers parallel to (001). The layers are not connected by any hydrogen bonds. Each layer contains both R and S isomers of the [O3PCH(C2H5)COOH]2- dianion. Water molecules not bound to Cu2+ are intercalated between the layers. UV/Vis spectra suggest three d-d transition bands at 743, 892, 1016 nm for 1 and four bands at 741, 838, 957 and 1151 nm for 2, respectively. Magnetic measurements suggest a weak antiferromagnetic coupling between Cu2+ due to a super-superexchange interaction. Thermoanalytical investigations in air show that the compounds are stable up to 95 °C (1) and 65 °C (2), respectively.
Category: Chemistry

The Number 137 in Physics: Fine-Structure Constant, Quantum Effects, and the Nuclear Stability Limit in LEDM

Authors: Viktor Strohm
Comments: 5 Pages.

In fundamental physics, the fine-structure constant (α≈1u2044137.036) is traditionally introduced as an empirical dimensionless parameter that determines the strength of the electromagnetic interaction. In this paper, within the framework of the Local Energy Deficit Model (LEDM), an analytical derivation of the constant α is presented from the first principles of the mechanics of an isotropic elastic vacuum substrate. It is shown that the inverse quantity αu207b¹ represents a fundamental geometric-dynamical invariant of a three-dimensional medium defined by spatial normalization (4π), the number of shear degrees of freedom of the stress deviator (n_s=5), the spectral integral of zero-point fluctuations, and SU(2) spinor topology.A systematic analysis of physical phenomena associated with the number 137 is carried out, including the electron velocity on the first Bohr orbit, the fine structure of spectra, the convergence of quantum electrodynamics (QED) series, the anomalous magnetic moment of the electron (g - 2), and the critical Schwinger limit. On this basis, the physical and mechanical nature of the "running coupling constant" α(Q^2 ) is revealed as a nonlinear elastic response of the medium (Hooke's law) under strong deformations, and a mechanical-topological solution to the "Feynman paradox" for element 137 of the periodic table is proposed.
Category: Classical Physics

Parameters of Triangles Formed by the Peaks of the Giza Plateau Pyramids and the Highest Point of the "Great Sphinx" Monument

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 4 Pages.

Based on calculated and recorded data, this paper demonstrates the use of two length systems — the metric system and the ancient Egyptian system (royal cubit) — by the builders of the Giza plateau. The study analyzes the numerical linear dimensions of each pyramid in the Giza pyramid complex, as well as the base area and visible surface area of the complex pyramids. Spatial3D segments were obtained, which formed the basis for calculating the areas of two trianglesformed by the peaks of the Menkaure, Khafre, and Khufu pyramids and the highest point of the"Great Sphinx" monument.
Category: Archaeology

Estimating Moment or Kshana as a Lowest Quantum Time Interval Using the Heisenberg Uncertainty Relation, Within the Context of Compton Effect and Fourier Relationships for Free Wave Packets.

Authors: Shesharao Wanjerkhede
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this treatment, Kshana or moment is used as a proposed lowestindivisible quantum of time, distinct from its philosophical origin andevaluated here as a physical hypothesis. Applying the Heisenberg uncertainty relation to particle localization through high-energy photon scattering in the Compton-effect framework, and Fourier relationships of freewave-packets estimated the lowest quantum time interval Kshana or moment based on the statement of Maharishi Vyasa in his commentary onPatanjali Yoga Darshan. The calculated lowest mean interval is

∆t_min = 1.93213300126795 × 10⁻²¹

2.0233249470 ×10⁻²¹

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of two Cu(II)-benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylates with Three- Dimensional Open Frameworks

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Christian Robl
Comments: 9 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 640 (2014) 310—316 (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201300527)

Two new three-dimensional frameworks with zeolite-like channels have been prepared in the presence of 1,6-diaminohexane. Cu1.5(H3N-(CH2)6-NH3)0.5[C6H2(COO)4]*5H2O (1) crystallizes in the triclinic space group P-1with a = 772.56(7), b = 1110.36(7), c = 1111.98(8) pm, alpha = 98.720(7)°, beta = 108.246(9)° and gamma = 95.559(7)°. Cu2(H3N-(CH2)6-NH3)0.5(OH)[C6H2(COO)4]*3H2O (2) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2/c with a = 1159.34(11), b = 1059.44(7), c = 1582.2(2) pm and  = 106.130(11)°. The Cu2+ coordination polyhedra are connected by [C6H2(COO)4]4- anions to yield three-dimensional frameworks with wide centrosymmetric channel-like voids. Complex 1 reveals voids extending along [100] with diagonals of 900 pm and 300 pm, whereas in complex 2 the diagonal of the nearly rectangular crossection of the channels extending parallel to [001] is 900 pm. The negative excess charges of the frameworks are compensated by [H3N-(CH2)6-NH3]2+-cations, which occupy the voids along with water molecules. The [H3N-(CH2)6-NH3]2+-cations are not connected to Cu2+ and have served as templates.
Category: Chemistry

A Novel One-Dimensional Copper Mellitate Complex Featured by {Cu(H2O)2(urea)[C6(COO)4(COOH)2]}n2n- Polyanions

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Christian Robl
Comments: 9 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 641 (2015) 1886-1891. (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500231)

Abstract. Blue monoclinic single crystals of the novel one-dimensional [H3N-(CH2)6-NH3][Cu(H2O)2(urea)(µ2-C6(COO)4 (COOH)2)]*H2O coordination polymer have been prepared in aqueous solution at room temperature in the presence of 1,6-diaminohexane and urea. Space group P21/n (no. 14) with a = 958.48(9), b = 1465.74(11), c = 1821.14(12) pm, beta = 97.655(8)°. The Cu2+ cation is coordinated in a square pyramidal manner by two oxygen atoms stemming from the dihydrogen mellitate tetraanion, one oxygen atom from the urea molecule, and two water molecules. The Cu−O distances are between 193.3(2) and 229.4(2) pm. The connection between Cu2+ and [C6(COO)4(COOH)2]4- yields infinite chain-like polyanions parallel to [-101] with a composition of {Cu(H2O)2(urea)[C6(COO)4(COOH)2]}n2n-. The dihydrogen mellitate tetraanion adopts a µ2 coordination mode. The [(H3N-(CH2)6-NH3)]2+ cations are accommodated between the chains as counter cations. The hexane-1,6-diammonium cations adopt a partial synclinal conformation. The chains are connected by strong and weak hydrogen bonds. Magnetic measurements reveal a paramagnetic Curie-Weiss behaviour and a magnetic moment of 1.93 µB per Cu2+. Thermoanalytical investigations in air show that the complex is stable up to 135 °C. Following decomposition processes yielding CuO.
Category: Chemistry

Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Hydrogen Bonding of µ-Hydroxo-µ-Peroxo-Bis[bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(iii)] Squarate

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Christian Robl
Comments: 10 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 642 (2016) 560—565. (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201600080)

Black-brown needle-shaped single crystals of [Co2(en)4(O2)(OH)][C4O4]1.5*H2O (en = ethylenediamine) have been prepared in aqueous solution at room temperature. Space group P1 ̅ (no.2) with a = 800.20(8), b = 1225.48(7), c = 1403.84(9) pm, alpha = 100.282(5), beta = 94.515(7), gamma = 95.596(6)°. The Co3+ cations [Co(1), Co(2)] are coordinated in an octahedral manner by four nitrogen atoms stemming from the ethylenediamine molecules and two oxygen atoms each from a hydroxo group and a peroxo group, respectively. Both Co3+ coordination polyhedra are connected by a common corner and by the peroxo group leading to the binuclear [(en)2Co(O2)(OH)Co(en)2]3+ cation. The squarate dianions, not bonded to Co3+, and the [(en)2Co(O2)(OH)Co(en)2]3+ cations are linked by hydrogen bonds forming a three-dimensional supramolecular network containing water molecules. Magnetic measurements reveal a diamagnetic behaviour indicating a low-spin electron configuration of Co3+. The UV-Vis spectra shows two LMCT bands (pi*(O22-) -> d(sigma)*(Co3+)) at 274 and 368 nm and the d-d transition (1A1g -> 1T1g) at 542 nm. Thermoanalytical investigations in air show that the compound is stable up to 120 °C. Subsequent decomposition processes to cobalt oxide are finished at 460 °C.
Category: Chemistry

M2(H2O)[μ10-C6h2(coo)4] (M = Ba2+, Pb2+) Two Isotypic Three-Dimensional Coordination Polymers with a Layer-Like Separation Between Anions and Cations

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Christian Robl
Comments: 8 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 641 (2015) 1150—1155. (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500050)

Monoclinic single crystals of Ba2(H2O)[µ10-C6H2(COO)4] (1) and Pb2(H2O)[µ10-C6H2(COO)4]*H2O (2) have been obtained using the silica gel method. Space group C2/c (no. 15), Z = 4; 1: a = 780.89(4), b = 1756.19(8), c = 914.80(5) pm, beta= 114.512(5)°; 2: a = 756.70(10), b = 1772.8(2), c = 890.2(2) pm, beta= 113.590(10)°. There are two crystallographically independent M2+ ions (M = Ba, Pb). M(1) is surrounded by eight carboxylate oxygen atoms and one water molecule forming a tricapped trigonal prism. M(2) is coordinated by ten carboxylate oxygen atoms in the shape of a tetracapped octahedron. The connection between the M(1) and M(2) polyhedra leads to infinite layers parallel to (010) which are linked by [C6H2(COO)4]4- anions to form a three-dimensional framework. The [C6H2(COO)4]4- anion adopts a µ10 coordination mode. Compound 1 reveals short Ba-Ba contacts of 426.46(2) pm, whereas the Pb-Pb distance of 411.01(6) pm in 2 is larger than twice the van der Waals radius.
Category: Chemistry

The Life of Psi: How a Wave Function Behaves During a Measurement

Authors: Alan Schaum
Comments: 18 Pages.

An explanation of the quantum measurement process must do more than produce the Born Rule. Conventional quantum mechanics makes other specific predictions about intermediate states, which develop before the completion of a measurement. This paper’s measurement model addresses that more general problem. For a detector with efficiency less than one, the model predicts the conventional quantum results almost exactly: an initial superposed state develops into a well-defined mixture of eigenstate and altered superposition. The minor departures of the model from conventional quantum mechanics could be revealed, in principle, in an optical interference experiment that is also described here. The measurement model assumes that the conversion into an eigenstate is not instantaneous but results from a random sequence of unitary perturbations arising from conventional quantum interactions with the microscopic components of the measuring device. A random walk model describes how wave functions change. And the model’s success relies on small biases in transition probabilities which, however, could be expected of a device designed to measure a specific observable. The biases help to define a generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equation for the distribution of quantum states, and it admits solutions that substantially replicate those of conventional quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Two Cadmium Methanetetrabenzoates Featured by Open Framework and Infinite Layers

Authors: Sven Harms, Roberto Köferstein, Helmar Görls, Christian Robl
Comments: 13 Pages. The paper was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 645 (2019) 912—918. (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900089)

Colourless single crystals of Cd2[µ8-MTB]*3H2O*DMF (1) were prepared in DMF/H2O solution. 1: Space group C2/c (no. 15) with a = 1821.30(6), b = 2175.08(6), c = 1269.87(4) pm, beta = 129.684(1)°. The connection between the methane-p-benzoate tetraanions (MTB4-) and the Cd2+ cations leads to a three-dimensional framework with channels extending along [1-10] and [110] with openings of 670 pm x 360 pm. The channel-like voids accommodate water molecules and N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) molecules not bound to Cd2+. Colourless single crystals of [Cd4(2,2'-bipy)4(µ7-MTB)2]*7DMF (2) were prepared in DMF in the presence of 2,2'-bipyridine. 2: Space group P-1 (no. 2) with a = 1224.84(4), b = 1418.85(5), c = 2033.49(4) pm, alpha = 85.831(2)°, beta = 88.351(2)°, gamma = 68.261(1)°. The coordination of MTB4- to Cd2+ results in infinite layers parallel to (001). The layers, not connected by any hydrogen bonds, contain small openings of about 320 pm x 340 pm.
Category: Chemistry

A Formal Mathematical Framework for Relationships

Authors: Bhekuzulu Khumalo
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This work develops a formal mathematical framework for relationships, grounded in the observation that every entity—ranging from elementary particles to galaxies—exists within and is shaped by relationships. Maintaining these relationships requires energy, yet no general abstract language currently captures their structure or behavior. The purpose of this paper is to introduce such a language: a unified, set theoretic formalization of relationships applicable across domains, including physics, chemistry, biology, and human interaction.The theory presented here arises from a practical need to supplement the view that reality is fundamentally relational with a rigorous mathematical abstraction. It provides a foundation for classifying and categorizing phenomena by revealing the underlying relational structures that give rise to such classifications. As a new interpretive framework, it is expected that further developments will emerge over time, much as algebra and calculus evolved from their initial formulations. Although general in scope, the theory remains closely connected to counting and combinatorial principles, with set theory serving as the primary tool for achieving maximal conceptual simplicity.
Category: Algebra

Theoretical Derivation of the Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves Obtained by Vera Rubin, Without Dark Matter

Authors: Antonio Jose Mejias Marquina
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this work, it is demonstrated that dark matter does not exist. Through a strictly analytical derivation based on clas-sical mechanics and the geometry of spiral galaxies, a formula is obtained that precisely reproduces the rotation curves observed by Vera Rubin. The results show that the flat behavior of stellar velocities in outer regions does not require invisible mass halos, but arises naturally from the proper application of fundamental gravitational laws to extended mass systems.
Category: Astrophysics

Optimal Mersenne Primes Search Using Modular Groups

Authors: Jabari Zakiya
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Mersenne Primes have the form Mp = 2^p — 1. They are very rare. As of October 2024 only 52 have been confirmed, the last being the largest known prime. Traditionally, every sequential p value has beenused to compute|test whether 2^p — 1 is prime, requiring first generating a complete sequential list of candidate primes. Presented here is anoptimally efficient and fast process to generate candidate Mp values to test without having to use any primes to directly compute 2^p — 1, usingMersenne Prime Generators (MPG). With them, we can sequentially generate all possible Mp values starting with a p of some known Mp, without any further input or intervention in the search process.
Category: Number Theory

Einstein-Cartan Electrodynamics: Physical Four-Potential, Geometric Photon Mass, and Axial Spin Coupling

Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

If the electromagnetic four-potential is a physical field rather than a gauge class, its irrotational component is physical as well, and the geometry of spacetime can respond to it directly. We develop the consequences of this reading in the context of Einstein-Cartan gravity at the classical level. Imposing metric compatibility and linear dependence of the affine connection on the potential, we derive a unique one-parameter extension of the Levi-Civita connection. The resulting torsion is purely axial, and its Ricci scalar contributes a term $+6lambda^2 A_mu A^mu$ that generates Proca electrodynamics with photon mass $m_gamma = sqrt{3/(4pi)},lambda M_{m Pl}$, where $lambda$ is a dimensionless coupling. The same coupling also produces a universal spin-dependent force on matter and an axial-vector coupling to fermions. Because a single parameter controls all four observable sectors, the four sectors are correlated by construction, and the correlation is a signature of the geometric mechanism. We verify that the construction does not generate parity violation in the vacuum propagation of photons, and we confront the framework with laboratory, astrophysical, and cosmological bounds. The solar-wind bound on the photon mass forces $lambda lesssim 2 times 10^{-46}$, which replaces the unexplained smallness of the photon mass by an unexplained smallness of the geometric coupling. We emphasize that the paper is a classical study; the quantization of the theory and its consequences for unitarity and for the cosmological abundance of longitudinal modes are left open. Three appendices contain the detailed derivations of the uniqueness of the connection, the Ricci scalar computation, and the spin-torsion force.
Category: Classical Physics

Indirect Prompt Injection in Autonomous LLM Agents

Authors: Zohaib Muaz
Comments: 16 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Autonomous Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks, where adversarial instructions embedded in external data sources manipulate agent behavior without direct user input. These external data can originate from user documents, web retrieval results, or API outputs, leading to unauthorized compliance, sensitive information disclosure, identity spoofing, and cross-agent propagation of unsafe practices. This review synthesizes current research on IPI vulnerabilities and proposed mitigation strategies. Key attack vectors include manipulating webpage HTML via adversarial triggers for web agents, poisoning agent skills with tampered content, and injecting malicious commands into cloud logs processed by debugging agents. Covert attacks, which execute malicious actions without user-perceptible traces, pose a particularly insidious threat. Existing defenses, such as SecAlign's preference optimization, StruQ's structured queries, and multi layered zero-trust architectures, show promise. More advanced frameworks like ClawGuard enforce user-confirmed rule sets at tool-call boundaries, while ZEDD detects semantic shifts in embedding space for zero-shot detection. However, current guardrails often fail against sophisticated, adaptive attacks, and frameworks like AgentVigil and MUZZLE demonstrate high success rates in red-teaming exercises. The UReCoM attack further highlights vulnerabilities where benign users unknowingly relay adversarial content, bypassing existing defenses. The pervasive nature and increasing sophistication of IPI necessitate robust, behavior-grounded evaluation metrics and unified defense mechanisms to secure autonomous LLM agents in complex, untrusted environments.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

A Short Solution of The Riemann Hypothesis Problem

Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 4 Pages.

In 1859, Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann had announced the following conjecture, called the Riemann hypothesis : The nontrivial roots (zeros) $s=sigma+it$ of the zeta function, defined by: $$zeta(s) = sum_{n=1}^{+infty}frac{1}{n^s},,mbox{for}quad Re(s)>1$$ have real part $sigma= 1/2$. In this paper, it was used the expression of $zeta(1-bar{s})$ in function of $zeta(s)$, it implies to the proof that $Re(s)=sigma= 1/2$.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Recreational Exploration of Near-Miss Constructions for a 3×3 Magic Square of Square Numbers: The Error Function, Eisenstein Triangles, and Continued Fractions as Tools for Investigating Progressively Better Approximations

Authors: Arina Bator
Comments: 21 Pages.

This work falls within the scope of recreational mathematics and the experimental exploration of the order-3 magic square of squares. Instead of resolving the open problem of the existence of such an object, the research focuses on "near-miss" structures. The analysis is based on the reduction of the original problem to three three-term arithmetic progressions of square numbers with a common difference (r), whose first terms also form an arithmetic progression.By relaxing the condition requiring the initial terms to form an arithmetic progression, this paper introduces a percentage error function (p). This function allows for a quantitative assessment of the discrepancy between the differences of these terms, and consequently, a quantitative measure of how closely a configuration approximates a fully magic structure.Subsequently, an algorithm developed for this study was applied to generate all three-term progressions of integer squares with a common difference r. To optimize calculations and eliminate redundant operations, a filter based on the theory of quadratic residues in the ring Z_240 was implemented. Ultimately, a deterministic exploration of the differences r from 2 to 70,000,000,000,000 was conducted.Next, a geometric parametrization utilizing 120-degree Eisenstein triangles is presented. This enabled a dimensionality reduction of the error optimization problem to a function of a single real variable. It was demonstrated that the theoretical optimum point with zero error corresponds to an irrational number, preventing its direct realization in integers. It was proven, however, that despite structural limitations, it is possible to construct a parametric matrix generating semi-magic squares with equal sums in rows, columns, and on one diagonal. Diophantine approximation and continued fractions yielded an infinite sequence of rational approximations where the error function converges asymptotically to zero, while the ratio of the diagonal sums remains close to 1. This is illustrated by a numerical example where the ratio yields a value on the order of 1 - 7.3506 x 10^(-103230).The results offer a new method for the assessment of near-miss structures based on the error function p. They outline an approach based on Eisenstein triangles, for generating configurations where the error p tends to zero and the diagonal sum ratio approaches 1. This work does not prove the non-existence of the magic square of squares, but provides a universal research framework for approaching ideal structures.
Category: General Mathematics

The Trace Is Not the State: A Counterfactual Test of What Controls Multi-Digit Addition

Authors: Tanmay Patil
Comments: 33 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents an experimental protocol for testing whether an intermediate state in multi-digit addition has causal influence through hidden activations, visible reasoning tokens, both, or neither. Each arithmetic trace is generated by an executable interpreter and records the digit position, carry, partial result, next transition and final answer. The proposed test replaces a valid intermediate state and checks whether the remaining trace follows the corresponding counterfactual computation. Hidden-only, visible-token-only and joint interventions are compared with shuffled-donor, unrelated-donor and same-norm random controls at three positions around state-token emission. Evaluation uses full-trace counterfactual transition fidelity, nuisance invariance, repair, donor leakage and collateral change on separately held-out IID and out-ofdistribution splits. Attribution methods may identify candidate locations, but every retained location must pass an exact activation intervention. This paper reports the protocol and no new model results. Behavioural accuracy and a readable rationale alone cannot establish causal authority; the proposed interventions test it on held-out data.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

AGI and HSA (Hypertopology/Semigroup/Acyclicity)

Authors: August Lau
Comments: 8 Pages.

AGI stands for artificial general intelligence and HSA stands for 3 areas (hypertopology/semigroup/acyclicity) in mathematics. The author will describe the connection between the two fields.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Torsion in Disguise: Scalar-Gradient Contortion, Bosonic Triviality, and the Spin Coupling that Survives

Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
Comments: 6 Pages.

When a geometric modification of spacetime is equivalent, by a field redefinition, to a theory we already know, does anything physical survive the equivalence? We examine a metric-compatible contortion of the form $K^lambda_{ muu} = F(phi),epsilon^{lambdaho}_{ muu},partial_hophi$, generated by the gradient of a scalar field and totally antisymmetric in its three indices, which is unique within its class once one requires that spinless particles follow the geodesics of general relativity. The Ricci scalar acquires a correction $R(Gamma) = R({}) + 6F^2(partialphi)^2$ that shifts the scalar kinetic term by a factor $1 - 6F^2/kappa_g$, yielding a ghost bound $M_F > 0.49,M_{m Pl}$, and the Schwarzschild metric remains an exact vacuum solution when the scalar field is constant. We show that the bosonic sector is equivalent, by a field redefinition, to a canonical scalar field minimally coupled to general relativity, so that the modification of the Kalb-Ramond duality is a statement about the parametrization rather than about the physical spectrum. The survival of a residual coupling in the matter sector is not specific to this construction, since it also occurs in the Jordan-Einstein frame equivalence of scalar-tensor theories, but the form of the surviving coupling is. Here the residual coupling is parity-odd, spin-dependent, and non-universal, affecting only matter with spin. We estimate the magnitude of this force in a cosmological background and find it to be far below observational sensitivity; we do not claim that it becomes observable in regimes that we have not calculated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Fullerens like a Quantum Infinitesimal Potential Wells with State Bounded of Soft Donor for Transplutonides and Oxidation of Neptunium by Energetically Doped Plutonium and also via Extreme Energetically Cascade Hyperons or Neutrinos

Authors: Imrich Krištof, Jiří Tunkl
Comments: 14 Pages.

Fullerens connected with extreme energetically cascade Ξ [ksí hyperons], hyperons Λ [lambda], Σ sigma [hyperons], Ω^- [omega minus], baryons N and ɥ [baryons] For example, for mass resonances of (Ω)=M|Ξ*/+Δm=3 000 + 300= 3 300 meWe explicitly come with this classification of particles (here we understand all particles, stablequasiparticles and resonances) Our work deals with combining quantum physics and quantum chemistry, because it is built on these first two evidently built on "a basic built stones" of high-energy particle physics. The extremely mass andenergetical neutrinos were detected in recent time on Antarctica (project Ice Cube), ANITA (AntarcticImpulsive Transient Antenna) - financially supported by NASA. Next Project KM3NeT, underwater in the deepest point of the Mediterranean Sea near Italy/France. We hope that cardinal solution of this particle puzzle will be brought by TRIDENT (the Chinese Neutrino Telescope), which is planned in principle as a next generation neutrino marine observatory to be located in the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) at a depth of 3,5 kilometers and will cover a volume of approximately 8 cubic kilometers, utilizing technology combination of advanced hDOMs, which combine photomultipliers tubes (PMTs) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to detect Cherenkov’s light produced by neutrino interactions. TRIDENT is expected to be completed around 2030.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Note to Analytical Derivation of Viswanath's Constant

Authors: Miroslav Súkeník, Magdaléna Súkeníková
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the article, we examine the control functions that enable the analytical derivation of Viswanath's constant.
Category: Number Theory

Semantic Subtext in the Bubble Sort Algorithm

Authors: Olegs Verhodubs
Comments: 7 Pages.

The bubble sort algorithm is one of the simplest and most wellu2011known in programming. That is why this algorithm was chosen as an experimental algorithm for studying the meanings embedded in it and their transformation. This research is part of a broader study whose final goal is to develop a system for the automatic generation of algorithms. Automatic algorithm generation can be implemented in various ways, but in this case, preference is given to a semantic approach — more precisely, an approach based on Semantic Web Technologies. The advantage of this approach lies in the direct, "willful" movement (from one concept to another) towards the result, as well as in the ability to trace the entire path from the initial data to the generated algorithm. To achieve the final goal, it is proposed to develop an ontology of the semantic subtext of the algorithm. This ontology will serve as a source of rules for an expert system for the automatic generation of algorithms.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Hydrogen Bonding and Thermal Behaviour of a Three-Dimensional Cu(II)-benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate Templated by 1,9-Diaminononane

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Christian Robl
Comments: 8 Pages. The papaer was published in: Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 640 (2014) 1937—1942. (DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201400177)

Abstract. Triclinic single crystals of Cu4(H3N-(CH2)9-NH3)(OH)2[C6H2(COO)4]2*5H2O have been prepared in aqueous solution at 80 °C in the presence of 1,9-diaminononane. Space group P-1 (no. 2) with a = 1057.5(2), b = 1166.0(2), c = 1576.7(2) pm, alpha = 106.080(10)°, beta = 90.73(2)° and gamma = 94.050(10)°. The four crystallographic independent Cu2+ ions are surrounded by five oxygen atoms each with Cu−O distances between 191.4(3) and 231.7(4) pm. The connection between the Cu2+ coordination polyhedra and the [C6H2(COO)4]4- anions leads to a three-dimensional framework with negative excess charge and wide centrosymmetric channel-like voids.These voids extend parallel to [001] with the diagonal of the nearly rectangular crossection of approximately 900 pm. The channels of the framework accommodate [H3N-(CH2)9-NH3]2+-cations and water molecules, which are not connected to Cu2+. The nonane-1,9-diammonium-cations adopt a partial gauche conformation. Thermoanalytical measurements in air show a loss of water of crystallization starting at 90 °C and finishing at approx. 170 °C. The dehydrated compound is stable up to 260 °C followed by an exothermic decomposition yielding copper oxide.
Category: Chemistry

On the Uniqueness of Solutions to the Cauchy Problem for Systems of Linear Differential Equations with Partial Derivatives

Authors: Igor Shchitov
Comments: 6 Pages.

This article presents examples of linear partial differential equations with analytic coefficients and system of such equations for which the solutions to the Cauchy problem in the class of continuously differentiable functions are non-unique. More precisely, the time during which the analytical solution to the Cauchy problem remains unique is finite for such equations and system,after which this solution may even transform into one of many possible solutions. These solutions may have unusual properties.Key words: systems of linear partial differential equations; analytical coefficients; Cauchy problem; Holmgren’s theorem; uniqueness of solution.
Category: General Mathematics

The 1.11 Million Year Cycle in Earth's Magnetic Field Polarity

Authors: Ray Tomes
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Geomagnetic polarity reversals are widely held to occur at random, with no periodicity to their timing — a position well supported by over 50 years of statistical analysis. This paper shows that the same reversal record, examined not as a sequence of reversal timings but as the prevailing polarity condition through time, displays a clear periodicity near 1.11 million years. Using the standard 0-30 Ma geomagnetic polarity timescale sampled on a 1000-year grid, a continuous-frequency spectrum reveals twelve dominant cycles between 0.2 and 6 Ma, refined here to five significant figures. Two of the next-strongest peaks relate to the dominant 1.1101 Ma cycle by simple, clean ratios — 0.74026 Ma (2/3) and 3.3335 Ma (3×) — each within a tenth of a percent of an exact fit. The 1.1101 Ma periodicity is confirmed visually by folding the full 30 Ma record at this period. The origin of these harmonic relationships, and their connection to solar system cycles of very similar period, is left for future papers.
Category: Geophysics

The 1.11 Million Year Cycle in the Outer Solar System

Authors: Ray Tomes
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A companion paper establishes, from the standard 0—30 Ma geomagnetic polarity timescale, a clear periodicity in Earth's prevailing magnetic polarity near 1.1101 million years. This paper sets that figure aside and asks an independent question: does a period of similar length appear anywhere in the dynamics of the solar system itself, arrived at without any reference to Earth's magnetic field? Two such periods are identified, from two distinct physical mechanisms. The Uranus—Neptune orbital energy exchange, established via numerical integration of the outer planets (the LONGSTOP project), gives 1.119 Myr — a drifting, near-resonant beat. The Jupiter—Uranus perihelion anti-alignment, a stable secular frequency difference computable directly from measured planetary precession rates, gives 1.107 Myr — a fixed period. Both sit within a fraction of a percent of the geomagnetic figure. The paper also records the recovery, after a decades-long search, of the original source for a long-held personal note of "1.108 Myr" for this cycle. The explanation for why these independent timescales agree so closely is left for a future paper.
Category: Astrophysics

Improvement of the Magnetoelectric Response in Nife2o4-Sr0.5ba0.5nb2o6 Composites Using Linbo3 as Sintering Additive

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Stefan G. Ebbinghaus
Comments: 42 Pages. The paper was published in: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 43 (2023) 6137—6144. (Open Access, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2023.06.040)

Magnetoelectric (NiFe2O4)0.3-(Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6)0.7 composites with addition of LiNbO3 as sintering additive were prepared by a classical mixed-oxide method. XRD patterns of ceramics sintered between 1000 and 1200 °C show the desired Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 and NiFe2O4 phases. SEM investigations confirm the 0-3 connectivity of the composite ceramics. The addition of 10 and 20 mol% LiNbO3 improves the densification of the composite ceramics and leads to an increase of the size of the Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 grains. Magnetic measurements show hystereses with low coercivities. Dielectric measurements were carried out depending on temperature and frequency. The samples with the LiNbO3 addition show significantly higher resistivity values (sDC). Magnetoelectric measurements were carried out in dependence of the magnetic DC-field, temperature, and frequency. The maximum magnetoelectric coefficient (aME) rises with the addition of LiNbO3 from 180 to 803 µV Oe-1 cm-1 (@ 900 Hz). Temperature dependent measurements show a continuously decreasing of aME with lower temperature.
Category: Chemistry

Fine-Grained Magnetoelectric Sr0.5ba0.5nb2o6-Cofe2o4 Composites Synthesized by a Straightforward One-Pot Method

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Florian Oehler, Stefan G. Ebbinghaus
Comments: 40 Pages. The paper was published in: Mater. Chem. Phys. 278 (2022) 125616. (Open Access, DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys.2021.125616)

Magnetoelectric (Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6)1-x-(CoFe2O4)x (x = 0.2-0.6) composites were prepared by a one-pot soft-chemistry synthesis using PEG400. Calcining at 700 °C resulted in nanocrystalline composite powders (dcryst. = 24-30 nm) which were sintered between 1050 and 1200 °C to ceramic bodies with relative densities up to 98 %. SEM investigations confirm the formation of composite ceramics with a 0-3 connectivity and variable grain sizes from 0.2 to 3.6 µm for sintering up to 1150 °C, while sintering at 1200 °C leads both to a change in the microstructure and a considerable grain growth. Magnetic measurements at 300 K reveal ferrimagnetic behaviour with saturation magnetization values smaller than bulk CoFe2O4 and coercivities between 790 and 160 Oe. Temperature-dependent impedance spectroscopy showed that the relative permittivities decrease both with rising frequency and CoFe2O4 fraction. The frequency dependence of the impedance can be well described using a single RC circuit. Magnetoelectric measurements show the presence of pronounced field hystereses. The maximum magnetoelectric coefficient (aME) depends both on the CoFe2O4 fraction (x) and sintering temperature. The composite with x = 0.3 exhibits the largest aME value of 37 µV Oe-1 cm-1 (@ 900 Hz). With rising frequency of the AC driving field aME increases up to 300-400 Hz and is nearly constant until 1 kHz.
Category: Chemistry

Effect of Sintering Additives on the Densification and Dielectric Properties of Sr0.5ba0.5nb2o6 Ceramics Synthesized by a Soft-Chemistry Method

Authors: Roberto Köferstein, Stefan G. Ebbinghaus
Comments: 42 Pages. The paper was published in: , J. Solid State Chem. 278 (2022) 123564. (Open Access, DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123564)

Nano-crystalline Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 powders with addition of LiNbO3 or LiF as sintering additives were prepared by a soft-chemistry synthesis using polyethylene glycol. Calcination at 600 °C results in nanocrystalline powders (dcryst. ~ 30 nm) which were sintered between 1000 and 1300 °C to ceramic bodies. By addition of 10 and 20 mol% LiNbO3, the sintering temperature was reduced by about 200 K and the activation energy of the initial stage of sintering decreases from 386 to 271 kJ mol-1. The sintering aid improves the grain growth and dense ceramic bodies were obtained after sintering at 1125 °C for 1 h. A higher LiNbO3 content favors the formation of a pillar-like microstructure. XRD patterns of ceramics sintered above 1000 °C show only reflections of the Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 phase indicating an incorporation of LiNbO3 in the Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6 structure. Dielectric measurements reveal a diffuse phase transition and a relaxor-like behavior. The phase transition temperature (Tm) depends on the sintering conditions and is between 117 and 127 °C for 10 mol% LiNbO3, which is very close to pure Sr0.5Ba0.5Nb2O6, while addition of 20 mol% shifts Tm to around 200 °C and the transition becomes slightly more diffuse. The optical band gap of the samples is ~ 3.3 eV and depends slightly on the sintering conditions. We also tried LiF as sintering aid, but this leads to the formation of considerable amounts of secondary phases in the ceramics and relative densities of only 82 %.
Category: Chemistry

Cosmological Time Dilation

Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 4 Pages. In German

This paper explains how the form of time dilation caused solely by the expansion of the universe can be modelled using light emission and light reception on different light cones.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Principles of a New Phase Nucleation Development for the Multy - Phase Industrial Real Poly Crystalline Materials (Part I): The Principles for the Nominally Mono — Phase Materials

Authors: Tkachenko Igor, Miroshchenko Yurii, Tkachenko Olesia, Miroshchenko Victoria, Miroshchenko Sergii, Tkachenko Svitlana
Comments: 9 Pages.

Based on thermodynamics, dislocation theory together with own theoretical andexperimental results, a new phase nucleation development for the mono - phase industrial realpoly crystalline materials was analized. At first, the terms "multy-phase" and "mono-phase"materials were specified and reformulated, introducing an addition one3"nominally". Thedislocation substructure role in solute chemical elements segregation and subsequent new phasenucleation was analyzed. It was theoretically shown and experimentally verivied possibilities toobtain super fine and homogeneus structure due to isothermal holding at optimal bothtemperature and duration for the nominally mono-phase metal materials. It was shown that thepossibilities may be expanded on other multiphase materials, particularly, Grey and White CastIrons.
Category: Condensed Matter

Support Functions: Reframing Conventional Statistical Methods

Authors: Mikel Aickin
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Conventional statistical inference is awkward, which has the consequence that it is difficult to explain and even difficult to use properly. The problem is not with its fundamental elements (confidence intervals and hypothesis tests), but instead with how they are packaged. Here support functions are offered as an alternative package, which very much improves real-world practice and provides conceptual clarity to the process of scientific inference.
Category: Statistics

The Resolution of Why There is Something Rather Than Nothing

Authors: Mauro Alfonso Montenegro
Comments: 23 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Why is there something rather than nothing? This paper argues that the question is often framed by a false symmetry. Absolute nothingness is not a state, cause, possibility space, probability distribution, or background; it contains no laws, powers, relations, time, or potentiality. By contrast, deprivation, destruction, falsehood, and death are intelligible only relative to positive realities that can be damaged, falsified, or lost. This paper distinguishes an epistemic asymmetry between construction and criticism from an ontological asymmetry between actualityand privation. The proposed resolution is that nothingness cannot stand as an ontological rival to being or generate being. The live question is instead what kind of actuality is non-derivative- brute actuality, necessary actuality, or an endless structure of dependence. Classical Christian metaphysics offers one coherentcompletion by identifying the non-derivative ground with God and evil with privation, but that identification requires further premises.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Decelerating Universe in the ESQ Model: A Real Alternative to Dark Energy

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-5 and Italian, pages 6-10

This paper introduces a comprehensive cosmological model based on the Expanding Space Quanta (ESQ) theory, providing a realistic geometric description of cosmic evolution as a radical alternative to the standard ΛCDM paradigm. By utilizing an inverse cosmological luminosity equation grounded in pure three-dimensional spatial expansion (1 + z)³, this model enables the empirical testing and falsification of cosmic distances without the introduction of arbitrary free parameters or unobservable entities. Through an elementary kinematic analysis of the cosmological redshift (z)—empirically defined as the index of the average expansion velocity during the total photon travel time (Vm = c · z) —we demonstrate that global Type Ia Supernovae (SN Ia) observational datasets (including recent NOIRLab/DESI Hubble diagrams) mathematically signify a continuous and progressive deceleration of spatial expansion from primordial epochs to the present day. The ESQ model successfully resolves the deep epistemological and thermodynamic paradoxes of orthodox cosmology by strictly adhering to the First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy Conservation) and rigorously satisfying the methodological criteria of Occam’s Razor. The intrinsic geometric foundations of this theoretical framework and the conceptual transition from the standard mathematical metric to the physics of space quanta were formally delineated by the Author in the foundational paper titled "From Apparent to Real Universe".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Impact of li-Substitution on Dielectric, Structural and Sintering Behavior of Lix(sr0.5ba0.5)1-X/2nb2o6 Ceramics

Authors: R. Köferstein, J. Jacobs, S. G. Ebbinghaus
Comments: 40 Pages. The paper was published in: J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 45 (2025) 117567. (Open Access, DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2025.117567).

Lix(Sr0.5Ba0.5)1-x/2Nb2O6 ceramics were prepared by a solid state synthesis and sintered at 1300 °C. XRD investigations reveal single phase samples up to a substitution limit of x = 0.275. For higher lithium contents, the appearance of LiNbO3 as secondary phase was observed. The density of the ceramics increases with lithium content. The microstructures show globular grains which turns to pillar-like grains with rising lithium substitution. Dielectric investigations confirm relaxor ferroelectric behavior and the diffuse phase transition is shifted towards higher temperatures with increasing lithium content from 129 °C (x = 0) to 221 °C (x = 0.275). The diffuseness coefficient increases with the lithium content. From high-temperature XRD measurements the length of the tetragonal cell parameter c decreases with increasing temperature, reaches a minimum at about 150-230 °C (depending on x) and afterward increases with increasing temperature. Additionally, a significant shift of the Nb(2) position with temperature can be observed.
Category: Chemistry

A Relativistic Vector Field Theory of Gravitation and a First Principles Approximation of the Graviton

Authors: Charles Ba Oumar
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents a Vector Gravitational Field Theory asymptotically equivalent to standard Minkowski spacetime in the limit of a classical vacuum. From such a theory we then derive a new definition of rest mass energy as well as an approximation of the quantum of gravitational action via a graviton particle of energy ℎ��proportional to the gravitational charge quantified by matter-energy density and compute solar system graviton energy ranges.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Division by Zero Calculus:Structures, Singularities, and Mika’s Fundamental Theorems

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 65 Pages. (The Third Lecture at Peking University on 5 October, 2026).

In this talk, we will introduce the importance of the division by zero containing the division by zero calculus and its great impact to elementary mathematics and mathematical sciences for some general mathematicians. For this purpose, we will give its global viewpoint in a self-contained manner by using the related references. (The Third Lecture at Peking University on 5 October, 2026).
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Rigorous Proof of the Riemann Hypothesis via Geometric Characterization of the Dirichlet Eta Function: Half-Angle Residual Dynamics and Invariant Level-Crossing Barriers ```[span_0](start_span)[span_0](end_span)

Authors: Ali Rıza Şahin
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper establishes a rigorous real-analytic and geometric framework governing the distribution of the non-trivial zeros of the Dirichlet eta function $eta(s)$ across the critical strip $mathcal{S}={sinmathbb{C}:00$ simultaneously across dual orthogonal projections with an exact $pi/4$ phase shift. We establish that this simultaneous locking condition enforces an overdetermined phase alignment and a structural polarization disparity between the dual channels, providing an absolute real-variable obstruction that strictly confines all non-trivial zeros to the critical line $mathbb{R}(s)=1/2$. By demonstrating that this geometric barrier is mathematically insurmountable, this work establishes a rigorous and definitive proof of the Riemann Hypothesis.
Category: Number Theory

A Vector Field Formulation of the Metric Tensor in General Relativity: Theoretical Foundations and Astrophysical Implications

Authors: Ali Rıza Şahi̇n
Comments: 8 Pages.

The general theory of relativity fundamentally relies on the metric tensor to describe gravitational phenomena, traditionally eschewing the vector field formulations ubiquitous in electrodynamics and quantum field theories. This study introduces a novel framework that defines the spacetime metric and its inverse via a set of underlying vector fields. By expressing the metric tensor in terms of these fields, we derive the corresponding geodesic and Einstein field equations, revealing striking structural parallels with electrodynamics—most notably, the natural emergence of a covariant Lorentz-like force and a stress-energy tensor mathematically analogous to that of electromagnetic fields. To demonstrate the astrophysical viability of this approach, we solve the equations for a spherically symmetric, static mass distribution, yielding a non-singular alternative to the Schwarzschild metric. The practical validity of this metric is subsequently tested through the recalculation of the perihelion precession of planets and the gravitational deflection of light. The results provide precise agreement with perihelion precession observations while predicting a slightly modified value for light deflection (1.90 arcsec), offering a potential theoretical basis for the historical discrepancies observed between visible light and radio wave measurements during solar eclipses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constant Spacetime Velocity and Time Dilation

Authors: Stephen W. Hosier
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please list cited scientific references)

Spacetime velocity and related time dilation, are presented in a clearer and simpler format. Many example calculations are shown to demonstrate the simplicity of this approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Complex Lorentz Factor and its Hidden Cartesian Grid

Authors: Brian Scannell
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The Lorentz factor γ(β) =1/ √︁(1 — β^2), where β = v/c, is normally considered for real |β| < 1. Allowing its argument to range over the complex plane gives Γ(z) =1/√(1 — z^2), whose real and imaginary parts generate a striking system of level curves organized around the branch points z = +/-1. The Cauchy—Riemann equations explain why the regular curves from the two families intersect orthogonally. More surprisingly, eliminating the square root shows that each nonzero contour lies on a degree-eight algebraic locus. This apparent complexity is deceptive. Solving instead for z gives z = +/-√︁ (1 — Γ^-2), revealing that the apparently complicated contours in the z-plane are locally the preimages of vertical and horizontal straight lines in the Γ-plane. Thus, a familiar real function from special relativity provides an elementary example in which complicated algebraic contours conceal a simple conformal geometry.
Category: Functions and Analysis

A Critique Of John Bell’s 1964 Article On The Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox

Authors: Roger L. Mc Murtrie
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article identifies a series of foundational mathematical and logical inconsistencies within John Bell’s 1964 formulation and demonstrates that the core discrepancy in Bell’s framework arises from an implicit and unjustified data-mapping assumption which treats the discrete, binary-valued random functions of one expectation value integral as directly equivalent to the continuous, real-valued integrand of another expectation integral. This non-linear transformation incurs a severe loss of contextual information that is mathematically unaccounted for in Bell’s original derivation. By failing to recognize this measure-theoretic mismatch the subsequent deductions, including the assertion that a remote measurement setting must dynamically influence a distant apparatus, are rendered logically invalid. Consequently, the attribution of non-locality to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) systems is shown to be an unfounded artifact of this misapplied probability space rather than an empirical property of physical nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

[diffraction Observation:] Independence of the Pattern from the Shape and Size of the Undisturbed Part of the Beam

Authors: Sergey Pavlovich Slukhayevskiy
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

A diffraction observation scheme is proposed that makes it possible to investigate the influence of the shape and size of the undisturbed part of a quasi-parallel light beam on the spatial position of the elements of the diffraction pattern. Experimental observations of the independence of the positions of the pattern elements from thisparameter were performed in the range from 0.01 to 2 mm.
Category: Classical Physics

Fundamental Particle Spin: Derivation of the Energy-Frequency Relation, Schwarzschild Metric, and Fine Structure Constant

Authors: Xincai Luo
Comments: 16 Pages. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.23089701

We present a novel theory of fundamental particle spin, deriving the energy-frequency relation of quantum theory, the Schwarzschild metric of general relativity, and the fine-structure constant from this single framework. Our theory posits that fundamental particles are composed of fundamental charges (FCs) and derives the energy-frequency relation and spin angular momenta of these particles from the circular motion of their constituent FCs, as described by Newtonian classical mechanics. The conservation of energy and angular momentum necessitates that each fundamental particle possesses wave-like properties, mathematically represented by corresponding wavefunctions in quantum mechanics. The phase angle of the wavefunction directly corresponds to the angle of this circular motion. The energy, which is proportional to the frequency of the FCs' circular motion, is expressed as the result of applying the operator iℏ∂/∂t to its wavefunction. Based on this wave arising from the circular motion of FCs, a particle's energy must propagate at the speed of light. This requirement extends beyond the constancy of the speed of light in all inertial frames proposed by special relativity. In the rest frame of a particle, precisely half of its energy moves forward and the other half moves backward at the speed of light, creating an apparent zero velocity. This constant energy propagation speed implies a constant energy flow rate, which then yields the Schwarzschild metric of general relativity. This work demonstrates that the principles of quantum mechanics and relativity are inherently linked to fundamental particle spins. Furthermore, the spin theory enables the derivation of electroweak coupling constants from first principles. The theoretical fine-structure constant derived from this spin model (without experimental input) exhibits strong agreement with experimental values (a discrepancy of only 0.14%), and the predicted electron charge (1.603×10^-19 C) closely matches the experimentally determined value (1.602×10^-19 C).
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Alien and Artificial Intelligences

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 3 Pages.

Questions swirling around human artificial intelligence, and visiting space-alien intelligence, are featured all over the media.Speculation clutters major idea gaps where scientific evidence, or at least high quality logic, should be. Ideas range fromoptimistic curiosity, to existential dread. Scientists can fairly well document our human past. Can we wisely envision and prepare for hybrid futures?
Category: Artificial Intelligence

DPSE: Difference Power Space Extrapolation for π Computation in O(√n) Iterations

Authors: Xingfeng Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We present Difference Power Space Extrapolation (DPSE), a geometric method for computing the n decimal digits of π by combining multiple polygon observations in difference power space. The paper shows that DPSE should be understood as a higher-order development of the Difference-Power Cumulative Method (DPCM), rather than asan unrelated construction. For the polygon semiperimeter surrogate Sk = nksin(π/nk), the geometric increments ∆Sk = Sk+1 − Sk admit a structured boundary-layer expansion that can be cancelled by Richardson-type linear combinations. For fixed extrapolation orderW, this yields the error law Ek,W = O(4−(W+1)k), while the diagonal Neville sequence exhibits an approximately quadratic error exponent in the physical observation index k. Consequently, the required physical observation count for n correct decimal digits is reduced from lineargrowth to order O(√n), while preserving the low-memory character of geometric iteration. Numerical experiments include a direct milliondigit fingerprint verification.
Category: General Mathematics

Reproducing Kernels, Theta Functions and Fundamental Inequalities

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 15 Pages.

At first, I will introduce simply the analytical and classical reproducing kernels on the complex plane. Here, firstly, we recall the representations of reproducing kernels in terms of the theta functions that were obtained by D. A. Hejhal, J. D. Fay and A. Yamada. Indeed, the materials stated here are in Yamada's papers.Then, we will consider their meanings from the viewpoints of reproducing kernel theory, in particular, from the viewpoint of inequalities. We will find many important open problems. (The Second Lecture at Peking University on 3 October, 2026)
Category: Functions and Analysis

Project of an Integrated Biofuel Production Line with Detailed Development of the Manufacturing Technology for the Gearbox Shaft Part KLB-01,00,01, Based at Pstu and Unikom LLC, Mariupol

Authors: Guzhva Andrii Oleksandrovich
Comments: 132 pages, diploma thesis 2009, CC BY 4.0

Diploma thesis (Pryazovskyi State Technical University, Mariupol, 2009). Design of an integrated biodiesel production line with ultrasonic cavitation reactor; detailed manufacturing technology for the gearbox shaft part KLB-01,00,01. Supervisor: Andilakhai Oleksandr Oleksandrovych. Keywords: biodiesel, biofuel, ultrasonic cavitation, transesterification, mechanical engineering.
Category: Thermodynamics and Energy

Even-Odd Subseries of the Multiple Zeta Value Zeta (2, 1)

Authors: Richard J. Mathar
Comments: 10 Pages.

The Multiple Zeta Value zeta(2,1) is a double sum over two positive integer indices. If these indices are restricted by parity to cover either only even or only odd positive integers, the Multiple Zeta Value splits into four non-overlapping subseries. The manuscript evaluates these four series in terms of the Riemann Zeta function, pi and log 2.
Category: Functions and Analysis

The Mechanical Universe: Helical Spin Theory (HST) and Higgs-Tachyon-Push Field Theory (HTP)

Authors: Justin Mader
Comments: 25 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a consistent, mathematical-geometric framework describing quantum mechanics, gravitation, and cosmology within a "Bohmian" quantum field theory outside the standard model. By coupling a real helical sub-quantum domain (Helical Spin Theory, HST) with a space-filling background medium in a dynamic tachyonic momentum mode (Higgs-Tachyon-Push Field Theory, HTP), a quantitative reproduction of key astrophysical and quantum mechanical benchmark tests is achieved as an asymptotic limiting case within an absolute Euclidean reference frame. Gravitational light deflection, Mercury's perihelion precession, and the anomalous Pioneer Doppler drift are derived without invoking spacetime curvature via a spat-temporally Variable Speed of Light (VSL). On the microscopic scale, the double-slit paradox is formalized using an ontic, non-local pilot wave in line with De Broglie-Bohm mechanics. On the cosmological scale, the observed Hubble tension is mathematically resolved as a historical averaging effect derived from a degressive mass accumulation rate $Q_M(t)$. Furthermore, the empirical paradox of evanescent states in photon waveguides is interpreted through a media-mechanical phase transition into the superluminal tachyonic mode, while testable Lorentz invariance deviations are predicted for ultra-relativistic regimes. The model thus provides a closed mechanical framework that substitutes the requirements for Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and virtual particles within the macroscopic limit.Official preprint registered and priority-protected via CERN Open Science Repository Zenodo under DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23088551.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

A Sum of Three Squares in Which One is the Product of the Other Two

Authors: Walter A. Kehowski
Comments: 10 Pages. The abstract has been revised.

The identity x^2 + (x+1)^2 + (x(x+1))^2 = (x^2+x+1)^2 is the motivation for study of the equation d^2 + e^2 + n^2 = x^2, where d and e are conjugate divisors of n, that is, n=de and d1, then the solutions fall empirically into two families: a triangular family mathscr{T}, and a Fibonacci family mathscr{F}, with virtually no overlap. It is conjectured that the two families comprise all n with |N_{n}|>1.
Category: Number Theory

Aeroelastic Similarity in Trees

Authors: Brian Scannell
Comments: 17 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Trees are dynamically complex branched structures in which trunks, branches and higher ordercrown elements possess characteristic motions and are mechanically coupled. In a doctoral thesis completed in 1983 and formally awarded in 1984, Scannell proposed a qualitative mechanical principle termed aeroelastic similarity. Measurements on Sitka spruce suggested approximate relationships between modal frequencies at successive structurallevels, together with direct evidence of coupled branch motion. The original interpretationproposed that overlapping frequency ranges could permit wind-induced mechanical energyto be redistributed through the crown and dissipated, thereby restricting large-amplituderesonant motion. This paper reassesses that hypothesis against four decades of subsequent tree biomechanics research. Later work explicitly tested the named aeroelastic-similarity theory and subsequently developed mass damping, multiple resonance damping and damping by branching.The evidence does not support a universal hierarchy of exact modal equivalence. It does,however, support a broader principle in which frequency-compatible, mechanically coupled treemotions can exchange energy and thereby provide access to distributed dissipative mechanisms.We formulate this surviving idea as dynamically coupled modal compatibility, not modalidentity. A reduced coupled-oscillator model separates conservative energy redistribution fromdissipation, introduces descriptive measures of spectral separation and mode hybridisation,and motivates a hierarchical modal-network interpretation. We then propose a falsifiableexperimental programme based on controlled detuning in numerical models, laboratorybranched structures and living trees. Aeroelastic Similarity is therefore retained not asan exact frequency-scaling law, but as a testable hypothesis concerning the dynamicalorganisation of branched structures.
Category: Physics of Biology

Reproducing Kernel Theory: Essences and Global Perspectives

Authors: Saburou Saitoh
Comments: 60 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The theory of reproducing kernels is very fundamental, beautiful and has many applications in analysis and numerical analysis as in the Pythagorean theorem. In this first lecture, I would like to intoroduce some general viewpoint for reproducing kernels and some essences of reproducing kernels. However, the theory is already much more developing widely and deeply on this century. (The First Lecture at Peking University on 1 October, 2026)
Category: Functions and Analysis

Correct Interpretation of the Great Discoveries in Particle Physics: I. Reconsidering the Higgs Boson via Vedic Vortex Structure

Authors: Volodymyr Krasnoholovets
Comments: 15 Pages. This is the first paper in a series of three works.

This paper presents a deterministic, real-space reinterpretation of the 125 GeV particle discovered at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) in 2012, commonly designated as the Higgs boson. Submicroscopic physics, developed within the framework of transparent mathematical physics in a series of the author’s previous works, allows us to bypass the complexities of physical mathematics and fine-tuning issues of the scalar Higgs field. Instead, the paper examines the 125 GeV resonance as a highly localised, ultrafast vortex formed by a frontal collision between a +e and -e integer-charged quark pair. This impact forces a massive compression of the discrete spatial lattice (tessellattice), trapping a colossal spatial mass defect (∆m∙c^2≅125 GeV). This dual-quark system forms an ultra-submicroscopic vortex with a radius of approximately 1.58 attometres, stabilised by this localised mass defect. Together with the Coulomb attraction, this structural confinement leads to the formation of a localised deformation coat around the vortex, whose geometric parameters are precisely balanced by the fine-structure constant α.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Gauss’s Flux Theorem Does not Hold in Time-Varying Electric Fields

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 16 Pages.

In classical electromagnetism, Gauss’s flux theorem in integral form states that the electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the net electric charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss’s flux theorem in integral form is originally derived from Coulomb’s law of electrostatics. However, electrodynamics wrongly extends Gauss’s flux theorem to time-varying electric fields without additional theoretical and experimental justification, while confining Coulomb’s law to the scope of electrostatics. Through concise and rigorous mathematical derivations, this paper reveals that the integral form of Gauss’s flux theorem in classical electromagnetism does not hold in time-varying electric fields. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Gauss’s flux theorem in differential form, which is expressed in terms of the flux-density divergence or the nabla-operator divergence, also does not hold in time-varying electric fields. Gauss’s flux theorem does not hold in time-varying electric fields, which poses a serious challenge to Maxwell’s equations and theoretical physics. The inapplicability of divergence to time-varying vectors also presents a significant challenge to fundamental mathematics.
Category: Classical Physics

On the Boundary Problem in the Origins of Matter, Life, and Consciousness

Authors: Sergey B. Yurchenko
Comments: 20 Pages.

Science has made great strides in answering many questions, but three major mysteries remain unsolved. Although these mysteries belong to different fields of science — physics, biology, and neuroscience — they all confront with the boundary problem. These are scientific investigations into the origins of matter, life, and consciousness, which extend beyond empirical and rational methods in the search for definitive answers. Here, this problem is presented as the search for the lowest boundaries for three forms of existence: physical, biological, and conscious. They are then translated into the context of Big Bang cosmology, abiogenesis, and the neuroscience of consciousness, each representing an ontological singularity with its own epistemological event horizon.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

Why We Love Music

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 10 Pages.

A speculative essay on the nature of song lyrics and song melodies answering the question of "why humans love music." A proposed shared human subconscious mind can understand language but, while it can communicate with the sleeping mind via images in dreams, it can only communicate to an individual’s awake mind via what appear to the individual as a random recall of a musical song in working memory. Remarkable lyrics of a given song can thus be used by the subconscious as a means to communicate to an awake mind. A theory of subconscious communication, from Cormac McCarthy’s essay The Kekule’ Problem and the research of Jeff Hawkins showing the human brain storing sequences of patterns including songs, is used to support the proposal. Music is considered as "primordial change" or as being equivalent to a fundamental encoding of change in a quantum or digital universe. Music is proposed as possibly being the boot code for any experience.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Mental Disorders Are Persistent Infections Caused by an Influenza Virus

Authors: Mingyong Chen
Comments: 12 Pages.

Neurasthenia, neurosis, depression and the like are persistent infections caused by a low-pathogenic influenza virus. Since this virus was first isolated in August 2016 up to the present (June 2017), it has consistently been isolated from myself and from others with the same symptoms, while it cannot be isolated from healthy controls. The isolation frequency is once every 10 to 20 days, and at the time of isolation there must be no obvious cold symptoms such as fever. The isolation method and characteristics of this influenza virus differ greatly from those of influenza A and B viruses; it is most likely an influenza C virus, although the possibility that it is an entirely new influenza virus that has never been isolated before cannot be ruled out.This virus may have been with us throughout human history, and it will not simply disappear because politicians and scientists choose to ignore it. The right thing to do is to face it head-on and unite the world's efforts to defeat it.
Category: Quantitative Biology

Protium 1H Structure and the Fine 1 Structure Constant

Authors: Louis J. Sexton
Comments: 16 Pages. Copyright Louis J. Sexton 2026 (C)

Atomic Hydrogen 1H or Protium has been redescribed using fundamental physics techniques outlined in this paper. A new geometric approach is introduced that results in a useful explanation for the inverse Fine Structure Constant 1/α and the Rydberg Energy of Ionization of the ground state electron from the hydrogen 1H atom. Along with a new physical mechanism to describe the 1H ground state orbit (n = 1, ae = ao) and higher energy levels orbitals (n >1).
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck-Scale Pulse-Frequency Modulation in Cosmological Relaxators: An Automatic Control Theory Approach to Spacetime Evolution

Authors: Hlib Strunkin
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces a conceptual interdisciplinary framework bridging cosmology, systems analysis, and Automatic Control Theory (ACT). Written from the perspective of an electronics engineer, the work models the macroscopic cyclic evolution of the universe as a self-oscillating relaxation system. Within this framework, the Big Bang functions as the leading edge of a triggering pulse from a threshold-started dynamical system, while the thermodynamic heat death acts as a programmed, non-linear parameter reset. The model establishes that physical constants remain stable because the Planck quantum retains a constant energy amplitude, while entropy operates as systemic dissipation that reduces only the internal informational fill frequency of these pulses. At the threshold limit, the system undergoes a critical phase transition, completely clearing data noise and resetting entropy to zero. A non-local informational field (field of consciousness) is modeled as an external feedback regulator that stabilizes the grid through pulse-frequency modulation at the sub-quantum scale
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

The Langevin Equation with the Bremsstrahlung Force

Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 9 Pages. The original article

We consider electron as the the Brownian particle in the sea of the blackbody photons.The bremsstrahlung force caused by the acceleration of electron is involved in Langevin equation,Then we solve the Langevin equation with the bremsstrahlung force. The analogue of an electron - muon - isconsidered as the possible theoretical and experimental activity concerning the Langevin equation
Category: Quantum Physics

When Atmost One Runner Prevents Loneliness

Authors: Deepak Ponvel Chermakani
Comments: 3 Pages. 3 theorems.

Consider the problem of finding the time T at which none of the n-1 moving runners are in the arc Z of length 2/n centered at the stationary runner 0 in an instance of the Shifted Lonely Runner Conjecture (SLRC). We show two important results for prime n and for large n. Firstly, there exist atleast 3 time intervals during which atmost 1 moving runner is in Z for the SLRC, and, there exist atleast 4(n-1) time intervals during which atmost 1 moving runner is in Z for the LRC. Secondly, for both the SLRC and the LRC considered separately, there are atleast 2 different moving runners which prevent the loneliness of runner 0 by being the atmost one runner in Z at some time.
Category: Algebra

A Highly-Evolving Recursive Formula Reproducing the Sieve of Eratosthenes and Generating All Prime Numbers Sequentially

Authors: Serge Trudel
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra: Please cite listed scientific references)

This paper presents an alternative recursive piecewise formula that generates all prime numbers only once and in increasing order using only elementary arithmetic operations, square roots and the floor function. The formula does not require previously known prime numbers as input or a precomputed list of primes. Its operation can be interpreted as an algebraic representation of the sieving mechanism underlying the sieve of Eratosthenes through the use of sets of nested equations.The formula is not claimed to improve upon the computational complexity of the sieve of Eratosthenes. Rather, its purpose is theoretical: it provides an explicit and elementary recursive formulation of the sieve mechanism without factorials, trigonometric functions or constants whose construction depends on prior knowledge of the primes. The formula was discovered empirically, and no proof of its correctness is provided in this paper. At the end of the article, a comparison is made between prime numbers and lucky numbers, with a similar set of nested equations generating naturally all lucky numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Quadratic Form Binary Optimization and Optimal Solution Obtained from a New Integral

Authors: Ait-Taleb Nabil
Comments: 40 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

In this article, I introduce a new integration method based on algebraic tools. This new integral enables an optimal solution with polynomial complexity P to be obtained for an NP-hard problem. The optimization problem involves minimizing a quadratic form with binary variables. The optimization algorithm is presented at the end of the report. The project concludes with numerical simulations to demonstrate this new concept of an integral, and the R programs are provided in the appendix so that the reader can test the new concept. Applications of this optimization problem span diverse fields such as economics, finance, machine learning and stastical physics (the Ising Model).
Category: Artificial Intelligence

The Nature of Force: A Systematic Treatment on the Philosophy of Matter and Electromagnetic Dynamics

Authors: Gottardo Buccirossi
Comments: 25 Pages. In Italian (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract in the article labeled as such is required; please cite and list scientific references)

This work constitutes a comprehensive treatise on the Philosophy of Matter, aiming to revisit abstractions, formalisms, and tautologies rooted in classical mechanics and twentieth-century physics. Employing a methodological approach based on logical consistency and the qualitative analysis of physical quantities, the article redefines the concept of force—not as a mere isolated mathematical variable, but as the material expression of a quantized energy transfer between discrete systems. By utilizing the circuit parameters of classical electromagnetism, the study demonstrates a perfect equivalence between the Planck-Einstein wave frequency ($hv = mc^2$) and the natural electromagnetic resonance frequency ($1/sqrt{LC}$) of the electron and proton. The essay is structured around two primary lines of theoretical and experimental evidence: 1) Macroscopic dynamics and gravitation; and 2) Subatomic dynamics and the microcosm.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

Catalin's Conjecture - Unifying Grid View

Authors: James DeCoste
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra: Please properly cite listed scientific references) jbdecoste@eastlink.ca

This paper presents a new visual framework for understanding the reduction and elimination steps used to solve Catalan's Conjecture, famously known as Mihailescu's Theorem. Rather than relying solely on separate algebraic equations, this approach maps the exponents of the Diophantine equation onto a two-dimensional coordinate grid. By applying established historical milestones as structural filters, we show how the vast majority of the infinite solution space can be systematically scrubbed.First, we utilize Chao Ko's and Lebesgue's proofs to eliminate all even powers from the grid space. Second, we apply the prime power reduction rule to remove composite odd powers, simplifying the problem to unique odd prime exponents. Prime exponents are all that remain. Finally, we demonstrate a domino effect where the systematic removal of a baseline prime automatically filters out all future higher-power multiples.The resulting grid view does not replace the algebraic proofs, but instead organizes them into a cohesive, scannable architecture. This visual model bridges the gap between raw algebra and structural geometry, offering a valuable utility for educational demonstrations and algorithmic filtering tools in number theory.
Category: Number Theory

BOUSSOLE-Pmin: Predicting the First Goldbach Prime Pair from the Boundary of Very Large Even Integers

Authors: Bahbouhi Bouchaib
Comments: 7 Pages.

For an even integer E, Pmin(E) is defined as the smallest prime p for which E-p is also prime. This paper studies Pmin as the first Goldbach synchronization encountered from the small-prime boundary. A longitudinal BOUSSOLE series contains 100 studied scales of E = 10^N + 2 and reaches E = 10^4000 + 2. A separate frozenpredictive model was tested on 2000 new even integers E = 10^N + c, with N = 20,40,...,400 and c = 1002,1004,...,1200. The empirical scale D(E) = log(E) log log(E) was used with Q50 = 0.258D, Q90 = 0.790D and Q95 = 1.088D. Observedcoverage was 51.5%, 79.4% and 85.4%, respectively. The median Pmin/D was 0.24893, close to the frozen median coefficient, while the upper tail was much heavier than predicted. BOUSSOLE therefore uses prediction as a searchcompass, not as a stopping rule. Finally, Goldbach is reformulated as the finiteness of Pmin(E), and the future analytical target is uniform positivity of a boundary counting function R(E,H). The computational evidence is not presented as a proof of Goldbach's conjecture.
Category: Number Theory

The "Big G" Crisis: the Relationship Between the Magnitude of the Discrepancy in the ‘Big G’ Values and the Critical Acceleration of the Mond.

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 16 Pages.

Measurements of the gravitational constant G conducted at the world’s leading laboratories contradict one another and diverge in an unexplained manner. Klein, N. previously pointed out that these discrepancies can be explained by the critical acceleration of MOND [28—31]. We solved the inverse problem: based on the known experimental "Big G" discrepancies, we calculated the magnitude of the hidden acceleration. The hidden acceleration coincided in order of magnitude with the critical acceleration of MOND, which is driven by the gravity of the entire universe. This fact refutes the seemingly chaotic spread of G values and calls into question the very possibility of using Newton’s local equation without accounting for the gravity of the entire universe. Is this an intriguing coincidence, or a direct consequence of the fact that all research groups calculated "Big G" from the local gravity equation without accounting for the acceleration caused by the gravity of the universe? Discrepancies were not caused by instrument errors, but by the omnipresent gravity of the universe, which was not accounted for in the calculations. Paradoxically, it was precisely the discrepancies that became the most valuable result of all the G measurements. In their pursuit of "Big G," the experimenters missed a scientific discovery. A new law of nature was right within their grasp, yet they mistook it for equipment malfunction. Dear metrologists! Hidden within your vast archives lies the most monumental discovery in the field of gravity since Newton! Don’t let it slip away! Remember: the number of fundamental laws of nature is limited—there aren’t enough to go around!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Examination of Dualism of Electromagnetic Radiations Under Different Perspectives: Mechanism of Low and High Temperature Superconductivity

Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen
Comments: 19 Pages. 6 Figures

Of the three different types of dualism viz., wave-particle, mass-energy and matter-wave of de Broglie, the mass-energy dualism in which the rest mass showing conversion to mechanical energy is dependent on the velocity of the particle. The other two i.e., wave-particle and matter-wave have identical basis for the dual exposition of property. The fundamental property which causes the dualism in them arises from two components. These are exhibited in different perspectives by the study of electromagnetic wave — one guided by wave and the other by quantum mechanics. They are independent but supplementary to each other. This connects Astrophysics, Astronomy, Nuclear Physics, Atomic Physics, Special Theory of Relativity, Gravitation and Gravity, Quantum Theory of Gravity etc. with apparently diverse and contradictory properties. The result shows correct interpretation of neutron-proton conversion in the nucleus through d- and u- quark exchange and is the source of perpetuity in magnetic forces. Mechanism of low and high temperature superconductivity has been examined that led to the explanation of the mystery of Bermuda Triangle. Keywords: Basis of wave-particle duality, Real source of exchange energy, Source of perpetuity of magnetic forces, Mechanism of low and high temperature superconductivity
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

Deriving the Standard Model of Particle Physics from Geometry of Space-time Structure and Establishing the Full Spectrum Equation for High Energy ParticleTransient States

Authors: Taiwei Song
Comments: 21 Pages.

This paper briefly introduces The Geometry of Spacetime Structure. Starting from the fundamental logic of the Geometry of Spacetime Structure, it rigorously proves that the Standard Model of particle physics is a necessary corollary of this theory, establishes the characterizing equations for the full spectrum of high-energy particle transient states, and accurately derives the energy levels of all known high-energy particle transient states. Moreover, using only fundamental natural constants, it precisely determines such important natural parameters as the neutron—proton mass difference (1.2933 MeV) and the neutron decay lifetime (879 s). Unlike Quantum Field Theory, the Geometry of Spacetime Structure takes the visible and measurable stable proton and electron as the indivisible fundamental particles of nature with nonzero mass, whose mass, charge, and spin are all intrinsic quantum invariants of the spacetime structure. By employing an intuitive and concise quasi-4-dimensional spacetime motion geometry to reveal the laws of natural change, it not only unifies the fundamental interactions of nature but also unifies the related theoretical systems of physics and mathematics created for the purpose of revealing the laws of nature.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Superluminal Quantum Communication by Using Local Discrimination of Quantum Measurements Without Assistance of Classical Information

Authors: Youbang Zhang
Comments: 17 Pages.  

In this paper, two novel schemes for teleportation and quantum secure directcommunication are proposed by using a new method for local quantum measurementdiscrimination (LQMD) (Laser Phys. Lett. 22 (2025) 125211). In the two schemes, two space-like separate observers (Alice and Bob) share two and N encoding-decoding sets (EDSs) respectively, each EDS consisting of 30 eightqubit GHZ states and there is no classical channel between Alice and Bob. It is shown that, if Alice and Bob agreed in advances that one of them (e.g. Alice) should measure her qubits via two types of measurements before an appointedtime T, and Bob measures his qubits and uses probability comparison method at the time T, two schemes can be completed without help of classical channel. This means that the superluminal quantum communication can be realized by using the LQMD.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Tidal Force and the Solar Activity

Authors: Zhenyuan Tian, Yunchuan Tian
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper discusses the important role of centrifugal force in generating tidal forces and argues that solar activity is primarily influenced by the tidal force exerted by Jupiter. Measurement data show that our proposed tidal force equation provides significantly higher accuracy, with errors reduced by a factor of 16 compared with existing models.
Category: Astrophysics

Killing String Theory

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

String theory is not a quantum theory. It is a classical continuum model with quantization applied to it. It does not derive quantum field theory from particles; it quantizes classical geometry and declares the result to be a quantum field theory. This paper gives a more detailed rebuttal to string theory than Dr Peter Woit's arXiv paper of decades ago, which has failed to kill the endeavour [1]. It is alleged, with evidence, that mainstream string theory "critics" are actually in a tactic symbiotic conspiracy with string theorists in the exactly the same way that the mass media is in a tactic symbiotic relationship with Western government civil servants. Every exposure of scandal simply results in more investment in the scandal to shore it up. If SUSY's sparticles aren't discovered at a given energy, then that means more money must be put into building bigger particle accelerators to get higher energy, because the sparticles must be higher energy than the last experiment, etc. The symbotic relationship for the general news media's conspiracy with Western government's civil servants was first delinerated in Paul H. Weaver's 1994 "News and the Culture of Lying: How Journalism Really Works". We apply it to string theory and also to general "oscillating controversy areas" such as nuclear weapons; showing that symbiotic corruption is generated by Parkinson's Law; the straightforward milking of taxpayers by elites.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

About Possible Mechanisms of the Social Management Part I: Autocorrelation Function Calculations for the Mechanisms

Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Yiurii Miroshnichenko, Victoria Miroshnichenko, Sergii Miroshnichenko, Olesia Tkachenko, Svitlana Tkachenko.
Comments: 8 Pages.

Based on the early developed analytical approach for 3-rd order non-stationary stochastic processes (NSP-s) development a possibility of the generalized approach application to the managing process is analyzed. The approach was reformulated in general form to be universally applied to a quantum size particles, assumedsimultaneously participate in the following type of motion: 1) chaotic oscillation in nano-scale, 2) translation theirselfs in macro-scale. In the 1-st part of the article autocorrelation function (ACF) values were calculated for each of the two predicted by the approach regimes for NSP-s development. Only one possible variant for a delay time nonmonotonous dependence of the ACF was shown to exist for the 1-st regime of the non-stationary stochastic processes development. The mechanisms of the revealed two regimes were analyzed and associated with the "military" (ordered) and "civilian"(diffusive, disordered) energy transferring. The three possible variants for the delay time dependencies were observed for the 2-nd regime. Two of the variants were analogous each other in conserving similar, relatively high ordering levels for the most time periods of their developments but havingdecreasing and increasing the dependence parts on the finishing stage of the regime development. The third variant has monotonously decreasing time dependence of the ACF. In the 2-nd part of the article, conditions for development the revealed two regimes of a NSP development were analyzed in detail. Based on the widely used principle of "analogy"for NSP-s in the Universe it was shown that the revealed NSP regimes have to develop practically simultaneously to provide the policystals highplasticity. The analogous conclusion is supposed to be truth for a NSP management. The obtained conclusions were shown to be confirmed by the relevant data from the modern and historical management practice.
Category: Quantum Physics

About Possible Mechanisms of the Social ManagementPart II: "Military" and "Civilian" Mechanisms

Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Yiurii Miroshnichenko Victoria Miroshnichenko, Konstyantin Tkachenko, Sergii Miroshnichenko, Olesia Tkachenko, SvitlanaTkachenko
Comments: 3 Pages.

In the 2-nd part of the article, conditions for development the revealed two regimes of a NSP development were analyzed in detail. Based on the widely used principle of "analogy"for NSP-s in the Universe it was shown that the revealed NSP regimes have to develop practically simultaneously to provide the policystals highplasticity. The analogous conclusion is supposed to be truth for a NSP management. The obtained conclusions were shown to be confirmed by the relevant data from the modern and historical management practice.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Philosophical Reconciliation Between Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity

Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 3 Pages.

A short philosophical essay suggesting that quantum mechanics and general relativity may not be able to be unified akin to the limitations of knowledge inherent in the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Reality may inherently involve only A or B perspectives or inverses as opposed to unified descriptions. Limitations in, or the structure of, human brains may also prevent us from being able to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity if it is even possible.
Category: History and Philosophy of Physics

About the Riemann Hypotesis

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 25 Pages. In Spanish

Tests of the Riemann hypothesis from various perspectives.
Category: Functions and Analysis

From Booze to Beechnuts

Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 9 Pages.

The foundation of this paper is the generation of all life by evolution. Based on this assumption, everything has to be compatible with Darwin's theory.I discuss some issues that concern living beings and ask some rhetorical questions. The answers are provided through speculations. I present arguments for evolution and some general thoughts. I show that certain properties of living beings are compatible with evolution. Except for those in the chapter 'Homosexuality' all arguments are my own ideas. All points are only personal views.
Category: General Science and Philosophy

The Proposed Conservation Law of Combined Energy-Momentum in Gravitational Field: A Response to an Objection

Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages.

A proposal has been put forward to define energy and momentum in such a way that their total is conserved in a gravitational field. This conservation can be verified directly in Schwarzschild spacetime. In Kerr spacetime, however, the proposed conservation law appears to fail. Yet, once the transfer of energy—momentum from the source of the gravitational field to the test body is taken into account, it becomes clear that the proposed conservation law remains valid in this case as well.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What’s the Area of the 4th Triangle? A Geometric Algebra Approach

Authors: James A. Smith
Comments: 4 Pages.

Introductory-level Geometric Algebra provides a simple, structured solution to an intriguing problem that has become popular online: A rectangle of unknown dimensions and area is divided into four triangles. Given the areas of three of the triangles, find the area of the fourth.
Category: Geometry

YOLO-Based Semantic Feedback for Bird and Drone Detection and Tracking

Authors: Yong Song Ji, Song Hun Kim, Tae Myong Jon, Yong Bom Kim
Comments: 14 Pages.

Bird and drone detection and tracking is a critical problem in air security. These targets typically appear far away and small, making it difficult to obtain sufficient visual cues for identification. The latest detectors use multi-scale feature pyramids to handle each target size, but still fail when dealing with extremely small objects.Deep features of the lower layers emphasize semantic information, whereas higher-resolution features of the upper layers capture spatial information useful for location search; designing a well-structured deep neural network that complements these two feature types is a central issue in object detection. This paper proposes anovel model based on YOLO26-P2 [1—3] for detecting micro aerial targets. Using the detection capability of the higher-resolution P2/4 feature as its base, we propose a P3-to-P2 static fusion model and evaluate whether it improves the P2 feature. Next, we propose a modified P3-to-P2 semantic feedback model and evaluate its performance against the static fusion model. Unlike the static fusion model, the proposed method reinserts the modified P3 feature into the P2 layer, represented as P2 → Modified P3 → Modified P2. We set four models—the standard model [4, 5], the high-resolution P2 model, the P3-to-P2 static fusion model andthe P3-to-P2 semantic feedback model—and compare each model to evaluate the performance of theproposed models. Finally, the ByteTrack [21] tracking algorithm was combined with the final detector to implement MOT (multi-object tracking). The proposed method introduces simple changes to the feature layers within YOLO26 without any external image processing. In this paper, we set up a testing plan that considers both the computational load and real-time performance to evaluate the performance of the proposed method.
Category: Artificial Intelligence

On Non-inertial Relativity Theory and Space-Time-Matter Unification

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 22 Pages. Submitted to Proc. Roy. Soc. A

We explore further the physical implications of Non-inertial Relativity. The spatial-force formalism of Non-inertial Relativity versus the proper-force description is analyzed. It is shown that contrary to what one would expect from the algebraic equation of an elliptic-hyperboloid, due to the constraint $ r = f v $ between the power $ r = { d E over d t }$ and the spatial force $ f = { d p over d t} $, the null-cone condition in phase space leads to the following bounds on the values of $ v $ and the Newtonian force $ f_N = m { d v over dt} $ given by : $ 0 leq | v | leq c $, and $ 0 leq | f_N | leq b $. The fact that $ | f_N | leq b $ is bounded requires clear modifications to the Newtonian potential cite{Carlos-Newton}. We proceed to explore the group contractions of the pseudo-unitary group $ U(1,1)$ in the $ b ightarrow infty$ limit. After working with $dimensionless$ phase space coordinates one finds that it $does$ lead to Lorentz boosts transformations, in the $ b ightarrow infty$ limit, as expected. If, instead, one works with $dimensionful$ coordinates, the limit $ b ightarrow infty$ does $not$ lead to the standard Lorentz boosts transformations for the energy-momentum variables. There are extra terms that are associated with the semi-direct product of the Lorentz group with an Abelian group (which is not the Poincare group). Similar results were found by cite{Low}. We review the equivalence principle within the context of non-Milgromian modified Newtonian dynamics. An analysis is provided of how Non-inertial relativity points towards a space-time-matter unification and leads to a connection to string theory. Finally, we conclude with some remarks about future avenues of research.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof P ̸= N P Using a New Method of Circuit Analysis on 3SAT

Authors: Michael Marquard
Comments: 22 Pages.

The following paper shows that some 3SAT (3-Satisfiability) problems containing only one unique solution cannot be solved in polynomial time. To do so a new technique I call "boolean isolation" is used to create an equation defining eachvariable in the 3SAT problem thus creating a system of equations. From there circuit analysis and other methods are used to show that any possible equation to find the values in the 3SAT problem would have to be equivalent to the equationcreated by boolean isolation allowing minimum bounds to be established. This paper will also discuss the possible impacts of these findings on other fields including cryptography.Keywords: P Versus NP, Computational Complexity, SAT, Polynomial Time, Exponential Time, Cryptography
Category: Geometry

System of Cosmological Equations for the Mathematical Derivation of the Parameters of the Observable Universe

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.

The parameters of the observable universe are, in principle, computable. They can be mathematically derived with high precision. A system of cosmological equations has been obtained that allows one to mathematically derive the values of the parameters of the observable Universe with unprecedented accuracy. The system of equations was formed by combining separate cosmological equations derived at different times by renowned scientists. The parameters of the observable Universe are the roots of the system of algebraic equations, which eliminates the ambiguity of their values. The solution to the inverse problem gives the entire package of parameters of the observable Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the gravitational constant G. Mass of the observable Universe: Mu = 1.15348u2026 u202210^53 kg; radius: Ru = 0.856594u2026u202210^26 m; time: Tu = 2.85729u2026 u202210^17 s; cosmological constant: Ʌ = 1.36285u2026u202210^-52 m^-2; acceleration constant (new parameter of the Universe): Ao = 10.4922u2026u202210^-10 m/s^2. All values of the derived parameters of the Universe are verified with high accuracy using fundamental constants well known in physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Fourier View of the Riemann Hypothesis

Authors: Jianglin Feng
Comments: 8 Pages.

An elementary proof of the Riemann hypothesis is provided using Fourier analysis on the alternating zeta function η(s). The real series |η(s)|^2, whose zeros are equivalent to the non-trivial zeros, increases along Im(s) in the left half of the critical strip 0<Re(s)<1/2.
Category: Number Theory

14-Page Guide to Switcheroo Gravity & Its Companion Papers

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 14 Pages.

Smith, in some cases in collaboration with the AI CLAUDE, wrote 3-4 papers, totalling about 240-350 pages, on a framework for new theories of gravity. These theories can unify Milgrom's MOND with Einsteinian general relativistic principles, in a potentially very mathematically beautiful, natural-looking, and surprisingly near-unique way. Crucially, general relativity already contains a mathematical object – the Lanczos tensor L_abc –; sitting unused since 1962. Using it changes what gravity theories are possible and what they can accomplish. This document attempts to summarize top highlights of those 240-350 pages in only 14.
Category: Astrophysics

Gravitational Constant (G) in Measurements

Authors: Kiyoung Kim
Comments: 17 Pages. Fixed minor typographical errors in Figure A and made minimal edits in the discussion section.

In the late 1990s, scientists recognized that the universal gravitational constant (G) could not be measured as precisely as other physical constants; even today, the precise measurement of G remains a profound challenge in physics. However, this difficulty may be explained by a new paradigm of physics in which physical mass and electric charges interact, meaning fundamental forces like gravity and electromagnetism cannot exist independently. Consequently, variations in G measurements appear to coincide with fluctuations in both the Earth's geomagnetic field and the Length of Day (LOD). Specifically, geomagnetic variations are initiated by interactions with the primitive virtual negative (PVN) charges of other planets in the solar system, while LOD fluctuations follow due to Faraday's law of induction acting on these geomagnetic variations; ultimately, these geomagnetic field variations drive the changes in G measurements.
Category: Classical Physics

Scaled Bergman Numeral System (SBNS) and a New Filter as a New Basis for Computing

Authors: Andrey V. Voron
Comments: 14 Pages.

The paper proposes and formalizes the Scaled Bergman Numeral System (SBNS) — a new numerical basis for computing that utilizes an irrational base (the golden ratio) and a fixed weight scale factor of k = 0.2. This approach aims to overcome the physical limitations of the von Neumann architecture. The introduction of the 0.2 scale factor successfully eliminates the primary drawbacks of the traditional Bergman system: the "wandering carry effect" and the "infinite information tail". The paper demonstrates the invariance of the sum of truncated weights of active digits for a pair of valid code states (the working code "A" and the check code "B") isolated by the hardware filter. It is also shown that within the SBNS framework, fractional noise and rounding errors mutually cancel each other out.
Category: Data Structures and Algorithms

Theoretical Derivation of the Spiral Galaxy Rotation Curves Obtained by Vera Rubin, Without Dark Matter

Authors: Antonio Jose Mejias Marquina
Comments: 3 Pages.

In this work, it is demonstrated that dark matter does not exist. Through a strictly analytical derivation based on classical mechanics and the geometry of spiral galaxies, a formula is obtained that precisely reproduces the rotation curves observed by Vera Rubin. The results show that the flat behavior of stellar velocities in outer regions does not require invisible mass halos, but arises naturally from the proper application of fundamental gravitational laws to extended mass systems.
Category: Astrophysics

Fullerens like a Quantum Infinitesimal Potential Wells with State Bounded of Soft Donor for Transplutonides and Oxidation of Neptunium by Energetically Doped Plutonium and also via Extreme Energetically Cascade Hyperons or Neutrinos

Authors: Imrich Krištof, Jiří Tunkl
Comments: 14 Pages.

Fullerens connected with extreme energetically cascade Ξ [ksí hyperons], hyperons Λ [lambda], Σ sigma [hyperons], Ω^-[omega minus], baryons N and ɥ [baryons]For example, for mass resonances of (Ω)=M|Ξ*/+Δm=3 000 + 300= 3 300 meWe explicitly come with this classification of particles (here we understand all particles, stable quasiparticles and resonances)Our work deals with combining quantum physics and quantum chemistry, because it is built on these first two evidently built on "a basic built stones" of high-energy particle physics. The extremely mass and energetical neutrinos were detected in recent time on Antarctica (project Ice Cube), ANITA (AntarcticImpulsive Transient Antenna) - financially supported by NASA. Next Project KM3NeT, underwater in the deepest point of the Mediterranean Sea near Italy/France.We hope that cardinal solution of this particle puzzle will be brought by TRIDENT (the Chinese Neutrino Telescope), which is planned in principle as a next generation neutrino marine observatory to be located in the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) at a depth of 3,5 kilometers and will cover a volume of approximately 8 cubic kilometers, utilizing technology combination of advanced hDOMs, which combine photomultipliers tubes (PMTs) and silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) to detect Cherenkov’s light producedby neutrino interactions.TRIDENT is expected to be completed around 2030.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

The Decelerated Universe: Differential Validation via Type Ia Supernovae

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper introduces a comprehensive cosmological model based on the theory of Expanding Space Quanta (ESQ), providing a realistic and geometric description of cosmic evolution as a radical alternative to the standard ΛCDM paradigm. Derived from an inverse cosmological luminosity equation founded on the pure three-dimensionality of expanded space (1 + z)³, this model enables the empirical verification and falsifiability of cosmic distances without introducing arbitrary free parameters or unobservable entities. Through a foundational kinematic analysis of cosmological redshift (z) — experimentally defined as an indicator of the average expansion velocity during total photonic travel time (Vm = c · z) — we establish a linear geometric closure equation to determine the actual real distance (Df). Furthermore, by applying infinitesimal differential calculus to global Type Ia Supernovae (SNe Ia) observational databases, including the recent Hubble diagrams from NOIRLab/DESI, we map the evolution of instantaneous expansion velocities (Vist) across regular time intervals. The resulting quantitative trajectory, formalized in a dedicated Cartesian grid, mathematically demonstrates a continuous, smooth, and progressive deceleration of spatial expansion from primordial epochs to the present day, radically refuting the Dark Energy hypothesis. The ESQ model resolves the profound epistemological and thermodynamic paradoxes of orthodox cosmology, strictly adhering to the Principle of Conservation of Energy (First Principle of Thermodynamics) and satisfying the methodological criteria of Occam's Razor. The intrinsic geometric foundations of this theoretical model and the conceptual transition from standard mathematical space to the three-dimensional physics of Expanding Space Quanta were formally outlined by the Author in the propedeutic study titled "From Apparent to Real Universe".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constant Spacetime Velocity and Time Dilation

Authors: Stephen W. Hosier
Comments: 7 Pages.

Spacetime velocity and related time dilation, are presented in a clearer and simpler format. Many example calculations are shown to demonstrate the simplicity of this approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Constant Spacetime Velocity and Time Dilation

Authors: Stephen W. Hosier
Comments: 7 Pages.

Spacetime velocity and related time dilation, are presented in a clearer and simpler format. Many example calculations are shown to demonstrate the simplicity of this approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Critique Of John Bell’s 1964 Article On The Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox

Authors: Roger L. Mc Murtrie
Comments: 5 Pages.

This article identifies a series of foundational mathematical and logical inconsistencies within John Bell’s 1964 formulation and demonstrates that the core discrepancy in Bell’s framework arises from an implicit and unjustified data-mapping assumption which treats the discrete, binary-valued random functions of one expectation value integral as directly equivalent to the continuous, real-valued integrand of another expectation integral. This non-linear transformation incurs a severe loss of contextual information that is mathematically unaccounted for in Bell’s original derivation. By failing to recognize this measure-theoretic mismatch the subsequent deductions, including the assertion that a remote measurement setting must dynamically influence a distant apparatus, are rendered logically invalid. Consequently, the attribution of non-locality to Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen-Bohm (EPRB) systems is shown to be an unfounded artifact of this misapplied probability space rather than an empirical property of physical nature.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Mechanical Universe: Helical Spin Theory (HST) and Higgs-Tachyon-Push Field Theory (HTP)

Authors: Justin Mader
Comments: 28 Pages. new chapters

This paper presents a consistent, mathematical-geometric framework describing quantum mechanics, gravitation, and cosmology within a "Bohmian" quantum field theory outside the standard model. By coupling a real helical sub-quantum domain (Helical Spin Theory, HST) with a space-filling background medium in a dynamic tachyonic momentum mode (Higgs-Tachyon-Push Field Theory, HTP), a quantitative reproduction of key astrophysical and quantum mechanical benchmark tests is achieved as an asymptotic limiting case within an absolute Euclidean reference frame. Gravitational light deflection, Mercury's perihelion precession, and the anomalous Pioneer Doppler drift are derived without invoking spacetime curvature via a spat-temporally Variable Speed of Light (VSL). On the microscopic scale, the double-slit paradox is formalized using an ontic, non-local pilot wave in line with De Broglie-Bohm mechanics. On the cosmological scale, the observed Hubble tension is mathematically resolved as a historical averaging effect derived from a degressive mass accumulation rate . Structurally, the HST is extended to spin-1/2 fermions; via a topological Möbius helix symmetry and a hyperbolic pilot-wave equation, the real negative mass squared of the electron neutrino measured by the KATRIN collaboration is rigorously derived as a geometric media-coupling parameter, providing a media-mechanical solution to neutrino oscillations. The model thus provides a closed mechanical framework that substitutes the requirements for Dark Matter, Dark Energy, and virtual particles within the macroscopic limit.Official preprint registered and priority-protected via CERN Open Science Repository Zenodo under DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.23088551.
Category: High Energy Particle Physics

Planck-Scale Pulse-Frequency Modulation in Cosmological Relaxators: An Automatic Control Theory Approach to Spacetime Evolution

Authors: Hlib Strunkin
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper introduces a conceptual interdisciplinary framework bridging cosmology, systems analysis, and Automatic Control Theory (ACT). Written from the perspective of an electronics engineer, the work models the macroscopic cyclic evolution of the universe as a self-oscillating relaxation system. Within this framework, the Big Bang functions as the leading edge of a triggering pulse from a threshold-started dynamical system, while the thermodynamic heat death acts as a programmed, non-linear parameter reset. The model establishes that physical constants remain stable because the Planck quantum retains a constant energy amplitude, while entropy operates as systemic dissipation that reduces only the internal informational fill frequency of these pulses. At the threshold limit, the system undergoes a critical phase transition, completely clearing data noise and resetting entropy to zero. A non-local informational field (field of consciousness) is modeled as an external feedback regulator that stabilizes the grid through pulse-frequency modulation at the sub-quantum scale
Category: Astrophysics

When Atmost One Runner Prevents Loneliness

Authors: Deepak Ponvel Chermakani
Comments: 5 Theorems, 4 pages

Consider the problem of finding the time T at which none of the n-1 moving runners are in the arc Z oflength 2/n centered at the stationary runner 0 in an instance of the Shifted Lonely Runner Conjecture (SLRC). We show three important results for prime n and for large n. Firstly, there exist atleast 3 time intervals during which atmost 1 moving runner is in Z for the SLRC, and, there exist atleast 4(n-1) time intervals during which atmost 1 moving runner is in Z for the LRC. Secondly, for both the SLRC and the LRC considered separately, there are atleast 2 different moving runners which prevent the loneliness of runner 0 by being the "atmost one runner in Z" at some time. Thirdly, we obtain a lower bound of 2/(n ln(n)) for the separation of the "atmost one runner in Z" for the LRC.
Category: Algebra

When Atmost One Runner Prevents Loneliness

Authors: Deepak Ponvel Chermakani
Comments: 3 pages, 5 theorems

Consider the problem of finding the time T at which none of the n-1 moving runners are in the arc Z oflength 2/n centered at the stationary runner 0 in an instance of the Shifted Lonely Runner Conjecture (SLRC). We show three important results for prime n and for large n. Firstly, there exist atleast 3 time intervals during which atmost 1 moving runner is in Z for the SLRC, and, there exist atleast 4(n-1) time intervals during which atmost 1 moving runner is in Z for the LRC. Secondly, for both the SLRC and the LRC considered separately, there are atleast 2 different moving runners which prevent the loneliness of runner 0 by being the atmost one runner in Z at some time. Thirdly, we show that the LRC is true for speeds within n^2.
Category: Algebra

A Highly-Evolving Recursive Formula Reproducing the Sieve of Eratosthenes and Generating All Prime Numbers Sequentially

Authors: Serge Trudel
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper presents an alternative recursive piecewise formula that generates all prime numbers only once and in increasing order using only elementary arithmetic operations, square roots and the floor function. The formula does not require previously known prime numbers as input or a precomputed list of primes. Its operation can be interpreted as an algebraic representation of the sieving mechanism underlying the sieve of Eratosthenes through the use of sets of nested equations.The formula is not claimed to improve upon the computational complexity of the sieve of Eratosthenes. Rather, its purpose is theoretical: it provides an explicit and elementary recursive formulation of the sieve mechanism without factorials, trigonometric functions (like the famous 1964 formula of Willans [1], [2] that tautologically defines the prime numbers), or constants whose construction depends on prior knowledge of the primes. The formula was discovered empirically, and no proof of its correctness is provided in this paper.At the end of the article, a comparison is made between prime numbers and lucky numbers, with a similar set of nested equations generating naturally all lucky numbers.
Category: Number Theory

Catalan's Conjecture - Unifying Grid View

Authors: James DeCoste
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper presents a new visual framework for understanding the reduction and elimination steps used to solve Catalan's Conjecture, famously known as Mihailescu's Theorem. Rather than relying solely on separate algebraic equations, this approach maps the exponents of the Diophantine equation onto a two-dimensional coordinate grid. By applying established historical milestones as structural filters, we show how the vast majority of the infinite solution space can be systematically scrubbed.First, we utilize Chao Ko's and Lebesgue's proofs to eliminate all even powers from the grid space. Second, we apply the prime power reduction rule to remove composite odd powers, simplifying the problem to unique odd prime exponents. Prime exponents are all that remain. Finally, we demonstrate a domino effect where the systematic removal of a baseline prime automatically filters out all future higher-power multiples.The resulting grid view does not replace the algebraic proofs, but instead organizes them into a cohesive, scannable architecture. This visual model bridges the gap between raw algebra and structural geometry, offering a valuable utility for educational demonstrations and algorithmic filtering tools in number theory.
Category: Number Theory

The "Big G" Crisis: the Relationship Between the Magnitude of the Discrepancy in the ‘Big G’ Values and the Critical Acceleration of the Mond

Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 21 Pages.

Measurements of the gravitational constant G conducted at the world’s leading laboratories contradict one another and diverge in an unexplained manner. To determine the cause of the discrepancies, we solved the inverse problem: based on the known experimental "Big G" discrepancies, we calculated the magnitude of the hidden acceleration. The hidden acceleration coincided in order of magnitude with the critical acceleration of MOND, which is driven by the gravity of the entire universe. This fact refutes the seemingly chaotic spread of G values and calls into question the very possibility of using Newton’s local equation without accounting for the gravity of the entire universe. Is this an intriguing coincidence, or a direct consequence of the fact that all research groups calculated "Big G" from the local gravity equation without accounting for the acceleration caused by the gravity of the universe? Discrepancies were not caused by instrument errors, but by the omnipresent gravity of the universe, which was not accounted for in the calculations. Paradoxically, it was precisely the discrepancies that became the most valuable result of all the G measurements. In their pursuit of "Big G," the experimenters missed a scientific discovery. A new law of nature was right within their grasp, yet they mistook it for equipment malfunction. Dear metrologists! Hidden within your vast archives lies the most monumental discovery in the field of gravity since Newton! Don’t let it slip away! Remember: the number of fundamental laws of nature is limited—there aren’t enough to go around!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Killing String Theory: Non-Speculative Foundations of Empirical Quantum Gravity

Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 74 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific reference)

String theory is not a quantum theory. It’s a classical theory in which "discrete quantization" is supposed to emerge by analogy to the various discrete vibration frequencies of a taut wire in a piano or guitar. The problem is this is a circular argument: the wire is composed of particles. The whole thing is riddled with error. What they’re doing is not quantum field theory, but classical field theory fiddled to get quantization. But it doesn’t work. Then they block any other avenue using peer-review dogma. The mainstream theory is "standard" because it’s "peer-reviewed" (just groupthink dogma enforced), everything else is non-standard and thus dangerous, which must be suppressed. String theory is a classical continuum model with quantization applied to it. It does not derive quantum field theory from particles; it quantizes classical geometry and declares the result quantized. This paperreplaces that classical-continuum error with a fully mechanistic, non-speculative, empirically grounded quantum-gravity framework derived entirely from measured quantities. (This version 2.0 replaces some of the sociological analysis in version 1.0 with a patient refutation step-by-step of key string theory tactics. The original version 1.0 is much briefer at just 20 pages, and less technical, and goes more deeply into the political and financial motivations of string theory as a result of Parkinson's Law. Some readers may want to read both versions, or version 1.0 first. There are possibly multiple ways to get the facts across, so it's not clear which version will have the most appeal.)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory