Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of the Current Cosmic Microwave Background Temperature

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the discovery of the cosmic microwave radiation background in 1965 (CMB) until today, various predictions have been made (before andafter 1965) about the current value of 2.72548 K. It is worth highlighting the one carried out in 1948 by George Gamow, Ralph Alpher and RobertHerman whose reestimation predicted a emperature of 2.8 K. In this work we start from an inflationary model that resides in the fine structure constant and a fluctuation anisotropy) based on information theory (Shanon entropy).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainty, respectively within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.4
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Can Einstein Tensor be Generalized?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 7 Pages.

In this short paper I will write a possible generalizations of Einstein tensor and energy momentum tensor that will lead to generalizationsof Einstein field equations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Self-variation Theory

Authors: Emmanuil Manousos
Comments: 57 Pages.

In this article we present the principles and main conclusions of Self-Variation Theory. The Theory is based on three principles, the principle of Self-Variation, principle of conservation of energy-momentum and definition of the rest mass of a material particle. The main conclusions of the Theory are the following; it predicts an internal structure of the particles, predict and justify particle interactions, predicts and justifies the cosmological data, Self-Variation is related to quantum phenomena.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Krogh Quantum Gravity Explicitly Predicts Hubble Redshift Curve and JWST Findings Without Expansion

Authors: J. Howard Drake
Comments: 46 Pages.

JWST mature galaxies suggest an older universe. Studies show expansion imperfectly models redshift. Surface brightness and angular diameter distance do not support expansion. The crisis is resolved by replacing GR, while a new cause for redshift is found. We adopt gravity theory of Kris Krogh where gravity changes quantum vacuum rather than geometry. Redshift occurs at emission from earlier time dependent potential. A hot matter creation initiated gravity propagation changing light speed, particle mass, and physical constants. Cooling to CMB temperature achieved by mass change with momentum conservation. Estimated time for galaxy formation is 450 billion atomic years or 49 billion current years since CMB. Using cosmological principle with gravity dependency of terms in governing equation, we solve for time dependent potential since matter creation. We predict wavelength of past spectral lines, which when measured reveal emission time. Using determined variable light speed, we integrate to calculate distance from emission. We predict Hubble curve depending only on matter density without expansion or ad hoc parameters. Krogh gravity as updated remains consistent with successful GR tests and predicts testable new dynamics not predicted by GR. These include observed acceleration anomalies for Earth flybys, JUNO Jupiter orbiter, Pioneer Probe, apparent superluminal galactic jet acceleration, galaxy rotation, and more rapid growth of black holes through faster accretion. New dynamics explains MOND illusion and ring galaxy formation. JWST mature galaxies confirm older universe, while galactic jets confirm predicted higher light speed. Greater baryon mass density supports prolific star formation. Many stars are likely dead or consumed by black holes, so invisible baryon mass is expected to be greater than visible mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 44 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article in pdf only!)

This paper builds on proposals in earlier papers that build the SM fundamental particles from infinite superpositions. The most important prediction of these earlier papers is that all fundamental particles, including bosons, have an infinitesimal mass that at all times is inversely proportional to the horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. Photons interacting between electrically charged particles only travel at approximately light velocity when interacting energies are well above inverse horizon radius values. High energy scattering experiments performed in this current era are unlikely to include interacting photon energies approaching the inverse horizon radius, and will thus show mirror symmetry as their interacting bosons travel at virtually light velocity. However, when matter and antimatter were forming, the inverse horizon radius was very small with larger energy interacting photons, and more likely to have included energies inversely proportional to the horizon radius. These photons travel at well below light velocities and will not show mirror symmetry, which Sakharov argued in 1967 could explain the matter antimatter imbalance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Connection Between Mass and Space

Authors: Evert van Brummelen
Comments: 4 Pages.

We show that an elegant relation R=c^2/G arises describing the size of the universe R in terms of the speed of light c and the gravitational constant G when we treat mass as being made of space instead of in, but separate from, space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Dark Matter?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 5 Pages.

Article explores the concept of dark matter, a postulate introduced to explain observed anomalies in the motion of cosmic objects, such as stars at the outskirts of galaxies and galaxies within clusters, that do not align with Newton's law of universal gravitation. Traditional gravitational theory, as well as Einstein's Theory of General Relativity, faces challenges in accounting for these discrepancies, including the Pioneer anomaly, the anomalous flyby effect, the behavior of Oumuamua, and the trajectory of asteroid Apophis. This paper posits that these anomalies can be explained by revising the law of universal gravitation itself, rather than introducing the concept of dark matter. By examining instances where the gravitational constant appears variable and the function of distance in gravitational equations deviates from expected values, the paper suggests an alternative approach to understanding cosmic phenomena. The implications of these findings on celestial navigation, the behavior of light in gravitational fields, and the structure of the universe are discussed, challenging prevailing theories and proposing a new direction for gravitational research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Fisher-Tully Law Solely with 1915 General Relativity and Dark Energy

Authors: Remi Cornwall
Comments: 3 Pages.

Observation of the distribution of the velocity of galactic rotation curves differed from their expected centripetal form and lead to the notion of Dark Matter or modifications to Newtonian and General Relativity, such as MOND, TeVeS and the like and even Quantised Inertia. We aim to show that General Relativity with Dark Energy/the Cosmological Constant is all that is needed, with the proviso that the Cosmological Constant can increase in the presence of a light flux or some other factor from galaxies and become gravitating; the need for Dark Matter may be abated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Does Gravity Work According to Mach's Principle?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 9 Pages.

Background: Mach's Principle posits that the inertia of a body is inuenced by the sum total of matter in the universe. This paper explores the relationship between gravitational potential energy and rest mass within the framework of Mach's Principle, utilizing a thought experiment involving the elevation of mass on Earth.Methods: The study employs a theoretical approach, beginning with a thought experiment that demonstrates the change in an object's rest mass due to alterations in gravitational potential energy. Subsequently, a mathematical model is developed to express rest mass as a function of distance from a massive central body, incorporating adjustments for observed astronomical phenomena such as the precession of Mercury's orbit.Conclusion: The findings affirm the principle that an object's rest mass is influenced by the gravitational potential of all other masses in the universe, aligning with Mach's Principle. The study underscores the need for revisiting the definitions of fundamental units of measurement such as the second and the meter, in light of gravitational dependency. The implications for astronomical theories, including gravitational redshift and the assessment of quasar emissions, are discussed, suggesting a potential reevaluation of existing models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Beschleunigte Expansion Ein Trugschluß
Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages. In German

Aufgrund von Diskrepanzen beim SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekt wurde seinerzeit anstelle der bisher immer als abnehmend angenommenen eine zunehmende Expansion postuliert. Zu Beginn dieser Arbeit wird festgestellt, daß dies ein Trugschluß ist, der aus sich gegenseitig widersprechenden Prämissen resultiert, hauptsächlich die geometrische Dämpfung mit und die EM-Wellenausbreitung ohne Expansion. Es wird nachgewiesen, daß die vorherrschende Ausbreitungsfunktion nur lokal anwendbar ist, da die Maxwellschen Gleichungen die Expansion des Universums weder berücksichtigen, implizieren noch bedingen. In Folge wird eine alternative Ausbreitungsfunktion mit Expansion entwickelt, die sich in der ersten Näherung für z ≤ 0,1 wie die klassische Maxwellsche Lösung verhält. Damit wird der schon früher von mir vorgenommene positive Vergleich mit den Beobachtungsdaten des SN-Ia-Kosmologie-Projekts wiederholt und um die High-z-Daten z ≥ 0,9 ergänzt, wobei das MLE-Modell auch für diesen Bereich bestätigt wird.Unter konsequenter Anwendung dieses Modells wird eine zusätzliche Auswertung mb(r) vorgenommen. Dabei zeigt sich eine neue, unerwartete Abweichung bei r ≥ 0,1R. Die Beobachtungswerte sind dort dunkler als berechnet. Ursache ist der Hubbleparameter, der zeit- und entfernungsabhängig ist. Weiter entfernte Streckenabschnitte expandieren schneller als näher liegende. Je größer die Strecke, umso größer der Wert von H und die Expansions-geschwindigkeit v = Hr. Mit Hilfe des Korrekturfaktors m aus [75] wird eine Funktion mb(r) aufgestellt, die die abweichende Verteilung korrekt nachzeichnet. Dies ist gleichzeitig der Beweis dafür, daß die Expansionsgeschwindigkeit mit der Zeit ab- und nicht zunimmt.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe. In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too. Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Accelerated Expansion: a Fallacy [?]

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 75 Pages.

Due to discrepancies in the SN-Ia-cosmology-project, at the time an increasing expansion was postulated instead of the previously assumed decreasing expansion. At the beginning of this work it is stated that this is a fallacy resulting from mutually contradictory premises, mainly geometric damping with and EM wave propagation without expansion. It is shown that the prevalent propagation function applies locally only, since Maxwell's equations neither take into account, imply nor condition the expansion of the universe.In succession, an alternative propagation function with expansion is developed, which behaves like the classic Maxwell solution in the first approximation for z ≤ 0.1. This repeats the positive comparison I made earlier with the observational data of the SN-Ia-cosmology-project supplementing it by the latest high-z data z ≥ 0.9, at which point the MLE model is confirmed for this area too.Applying this model consistently, an additional evaluation mb(r) is carried out. A new, unexpected deviation emerges at r ≥ 0.1R. The observational data there is darker than calculated. The reason is the Hubble parameter, which depends on time and distance. Route sections that are further away expand faster than those that are closer. The greater the distance, the greater the value of H and the expansion speed v = Hr. With the help of a correction factor m from [75], a function mb(r) is set up that correctly traces the deviating distribution. This is also proof that the expansion rate decreases over time and does not increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Expansion of the Universe in Deceleration and Relativity

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-22 and Italian, pages 23-44

Light is a wave phenomenon, so it needs a medium to manifest itself, and therefore its speed can only be truly isotropic relative to the medium.However, it also appears that material objects sustain a slowdown in their time and a contraction in length, as a function of their speed relative to the medium, in such a way that it appears to each of them that the speed of light is isotropic.Based on this phenomenon, Einstein formulated the second postulate of special relativity, which states that the speed of light is isotropic relative to all reference frames.However, this phenomenon cannot be real, as Einstein himself recognized by stating that it is a stipulation.However, on the basis of this ingenious stipulation, certain phenomena can be described more simply and the GPS system can be made to work without knowing the precise speed of the Earth relative to the medium, which would be necessary without the stipulation.But the stipulation cannot be used even when results different from the real ones are obtained, as in the case of the speeds and distances of celestial objects as a function of cosmological redshift.But the scientific community has used it anyway, obtaining results incompatible with observations and with special relativity itself. But when she realized this, rather than relying on reality, it considered the cosmological redshift as an indicator of the scale factor of expansion of the Universe and thus obtained more acceptable distances of celestial objects. But they were still lower than those based on their apparent brightness, a phenomenon that it justified with an accelerating expansion of the Universe.But I have shown that the fact that the distances based on apparent brightness are greater than those based on cosmological redshift, only demonstrates that the latter does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the medium in which it occurs, and therefore based on reality and not on stipulation, there are no compatibility problems either with special relativity or with apparent luminosity. And in this way we obtain a model of Universe whose expansion is always decelerating, as is natural to expect after a "big bang".However, to verify this thesis I proposed the observation of the redshift of celestial objects over time: if the expansion is decelerating, it should decrease, otherwise it should increase.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 9 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

GR Tests Solved with Special Relativity of Fields

Authors: Enrique Domínguez Pinos
Comments: 20 Pages. In Spanish

This document consolidate all revisated GR tests to date, solved with special relativity of fields.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of Time Dilation Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 15 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame we can have time dilation, time contraction or no difference of proper times change at all. Therefore, the standard formulation is a result of a misinterpretation of the mathematical expression between the relation of the proper time of the moving frame in relation to the difference of times of Lorentzian clocks, the so-called time dilation. This is an astonishing conflict that standard formulation cannot solve. This result is easily obtained if we assume time dilation in relation to Einstein Frame (EF) the frame where the speed of light is isotropic.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Averaging Vacuum Solutions

Authors: Mikhail Batanov-Gaukhman, Julian Cruz
Comments: 19 Pages.

This article discusses known and additional solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations without a lambda term and with a lambda term, with signatures (+ — — —) and (— + + +). The possibility of averaging these solutions is investigated. It is shown that the averaging of metrics-solutions of Einstein's vacuum equations can be used as the basis for metric-dynamic models of stable vacuum formations of the corpuscular type. Ways to solve the problems that arose in this case related to spatial singularities and spherical voids are proposed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Units and Constants: About Their Coherency and Cosmological Consequences

Authors: Helmut Söllinger
Comments: 24 Pages. In German

By his paper "Units and Reality" the author has shown, that the transformation of the fundamental physical constants into systems of units, which differ from the International System of Units (SI), is a powerful tool to uncover correlations - being searched for a long time — between the important dimensionless constants α = 1/137.036 and mp/me =1836.15 on the one hand and the numeric values of the constants with dimensions on the other hand.These numeric value correlations become exact equations if one transfers the physical constants c, h, G etc. into a system with a length unit of 1.0128 m, a time unit of 1.0112 s and a mass unit of 1.1531 kg.During the last years the author consequently continued his previous investigations and discovered a new numeric correlation between the Hubble radius and the number 1836.15.The numeric correlations in combination with an equation, which the author found 2012 through systematic numerical investigations lead to a new cosmological model which is based only on powers of 2π/α = 861,023 and mp/me =1836.15.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unequal Volumetric and Shear Modulus in Einstein Field Equations

Authors: Vincenzo Nardozza
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repeated submissions and cancellations))

In the Einstein Field Equations space-time undergoes volumetric and shear deformations due to presence of matter as described by the stress-energy tensor. In the Einstein field equations the modulus associated to those two type of deformations is identical. In this paper we show that, in case this assumption is removed, proper solutions for the space-time metric can still be derived.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Addendum to "The Feynman-Dyson Propagators for Neutral Particles (Locality or Non-Locality)?"*

Authors: Valeriy Dvoeglazov
Comments: 3 Pages.

We answer several questions of the referees and readers arised after publication of the commented article. Moreover, we see that is impossible to consider correct relativistic quantum mechanics without negative energies, tachyons, and without appropriate forms of discrete symmetries.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Unication of Electric and Gravitational Interaction in Classical Physics

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 11 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references!)

This paper challenges the quantum-focused search for a unified theory of fundamental interactions by exploring the potential unification of electric and gravitational forces within classical physics. Highlighting the similarities between Coulomb's law and Newton's law of universal gravitation, it suggests that signs of unification should be observable on a acroscopic scale. The concept of gravitomagnetic fields, akin to magnetic fields in electromagnetism, is introduced, supported by experimental evidence from rotating masses and a notable experiment with a superconducting disk. This experiment hinted at the generation of a powerful gravitomagnetic field, suggesting a gravitational analogue to electromagnetic phenomena. The discussion extends to gravitational synchrotron radiation, proposing that celestial bodies in orbit emit this radiation, influencing their orbital dynamics. This concept is used to explain the observed mergers of black holes and neutron stars detected by gravitational wave observatories, framing these events as influenced by gravitational waves rather than spacetime vibrations. A central argument for unification is the treatment of rest mass as the true invariant gravitational charge, challenging the current understanding of black holes and suggesting they are states of matter with finite density without traditional event horizons. The paper concludes with a reevaluation of the Schwarzschild radius and event horizons, proposing thought experiments that question established interpretations and advocate for a classical physics approach to unifying gravitational and electric interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Simple Fully Conformal Solution of Einstein's Gravitational Equations and the Comparison of Its Implications With Astrophysical Data

Authors: Richard Dvorsky
Comments: 17 Pages.

According to general relativity, the cosmological redshift can be caused also by another mechanism, similar to the gravitational redshift of massive stars - in principle due to differences in the global metric field between a source in the past and an observer in the present. In this paper, we analyse spacetime using a fully conformal metric, where the character of natural physical time is preserved and the scaling factor acts identically on all four spacetime coordinates. Unlike the Robertson-Walker metric, the fully conformal metric preserves the time independence of the speed of light and energy-momentum tensor. The motivation was to test the possibility of the above cosmological redshift mechanism in confrontation with astrophysical data. Probably the most important consequence is the generalized formulation and interpretation of the Hubble-Lemaître law z(r) = (eHr/c — 1), which shows good agreement with astrophysical data even for farthest supernovae. Confronting the model of conformal metric with some astrophysical data shows an interesting agreement with the observed spatial distribution of astrophysical sources such as γ-ray bursts and quasars. On a cosmological scale, the fully conformal metric mentioned above naturally determines global energy density, spatial flatness, and solves the horizon problem and Olbers' paradox in infinite spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometric Foundations: a Unified Field Theory From Hypersphere Rotations

Authors: Jason Robert Leonard
Comments: 50 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)

This paper presents a novel geometric model that derives both quantum mechanical and relativisticphenomena from first principles of nested rotating higher-n fractal hyperspheres. Through a series of mathematical analyses, we establish the fundamental premises, including the stereographic projection of rotating hyperspheres onto the complex plane, tracing out helical worldlines characterized by anangular velocity ω and radii r1, r2. Key results include deriving the velocity of light, gravitational and quantum constants from geometric ω/r ratios, formulating uncertainty principles and wave phenomena from ω/r fluctuations, and scale recursion relations connecting different levels.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[Critical Explorations of the Relativity Theory]

Authors: Jorma Jormakka
Comments: 227 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

[This paper contains a collection of my critical explorations of the relativity theory. The reader is encouraged to check the calculations.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is the Event Horizon of a Black Hole?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 10 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!)

In this study, the conventional understanding of the event horizon in black holes within the framework of Einstein's general theory of relativity is reevaluated. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that the event horizon acts as a physical barrier from which nothing can escape, it is proposed that it should instead be understood as an abstract mathematical concept, arising from a misinterpretation of escape velocity.Through detailed analysis, it is demonstrated that the gravitational field intensity at the event horizon is significantly lower than previously believed, challenging the existence of phenomena such as Hawking radiation which rely on the traditional concept of the event horizon as a one-waymembrane. Utilizing relativistic formulas for the first and second cosmicvelocities, the study shows that for any black hole, the escape velocities remain below the speed of light, regardless of the black hole's mass or radius. This finding implies that the concept of an insurmountable event horizon is not supported by the equations of general relativity. The paper concludes by suggesting that black holes represent a distinct state ofmatter characterized by high but finite density, and questions the traditional view of black holes within the cosmological narrative. Throughrigorous mathematical analysis, this research challenges established paradigms and opens new avenues for understanding the nature of blackholes and the fabric of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Decay of a Superbradyon Into a Baryonic Particle and Its Antiparticle

Authors: Ruslan Sharipov
Comments: 8 Pages. 3 Figures

Superbradyons are hypothetical elementary particles that can travel faster than light keeping real values of their mass and energy. They were suggested by Luis Gonzalez-Mestres. Superbradyons do not fit Einstein’s theory of relativity. But they do fit the new theory of gravity which is called the 3D-brane universe model. Within the framework of this new theory we study the decay of a superbradyon into a baryonic particle and its antiparticle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Knot in Low Heat Schwarzschild Black Hole

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a topological object, a gravitational knot, could exist in low heat Schwarzschild black hole (Newton's theory of gravitation) by assuming that the Ricci curvature tensor especially the metric tensor consists of a scalar field i.e. a subset of the Ricci curvature tensor. The Chern-Simons action is interpreted as such a knot.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Analogy of Black Hole and Phase Singularities

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. Black hole singularity is considered as the extremely high speed changing of the eikonal. We investigate the analogy of a black hole singularity and the phase singularity in optics known as optical vortex.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetimes with Variable Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 34 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with variable velocities and with or without lapse functions using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematicalcalculations in order to outline the final results found in our work which are the following ones: For both cases with variablevelocities and with or without the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function andin the variable velocities that affects the whole spacetime geometry these solutions allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Nature of Space, Time and the Infinity in Physics or the Real World

Authors: Gopal Krishna
Comments: 5 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper logically explains in details that space and time in physics or the real world is of 3 types: the absolute physical space, the relative physical space, the relative psychological space, the absolute physical time, the relative physical time and the relative psychological time and explains the distinct qualities and their interrelationship. We also prove that Consciousness or Pure Existence is the only infinity in physics or the real world from which the whole universe has sprung up and which is present everywhere all the time. We use logic rather than any metaphysics or belief to prove this because we believe that "what is the truth can never be illogical and what is illogical can never be the truth!"
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Superluminal Photons

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages.

The properties of dynamic space-matter are considered, a special case of its fixed state is the Euclidean space-time of modern theories. Such dynamic space-matter is already represented in the quantum coordinate system. And already under such conditions the possibility of the presence and detection of superluminal photons is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Origins of Supermassive Black Holes

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 7 Pages. (Correction made by viXra admin - Further repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted)

Based on Bekenstein-Hawking formula, the black hole maximal entropy , the maximum amount of information bits that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). Since any sphere is limited to the amount of information bits it can contain within its volume of space, up to the limit of the information within a black hole with an event horizon at the radius of this sphere, the Bekenstein-Hawking formula is the upper limit for information contained within any sphere (or volume) of space. This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit onto its surrounding surface area. This can lead to the idea that the fabric of spacetime is a fabric of entangled information units at the size of Planck length (for each information unit). Due to entanglement, the information in a volume of space is entangled to the information on its surrounding sphere and is limited by the surrounding sphere area divided by Planck area, just as Bekenstein-Hawking calculated for the black hole entropy. The best candidate to carry the entangled information quantum bits in empty space, will be the virtual particles quantum fluctuations in the vacuum, that pop in and out of existence due to The Heisenberg uncertainty principle . Some of these virtual particles that pop in and out of existence in empty space are non-correlated random noise fluctuations that cancel each other, and some are correlated information fluctuations. The correlated information fluctuations on the surface of the sphere represent information regarding the energy and mass within the volume of this sphere. As the information carrying, correlated virtual particle pairs pop in and out of existence, they define the pulse of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Instanton: a Conspicuous Case of Scale Transition

Authors: Nicolae Mazilu
Comments: 261 Pages.

Light is the only physical phenomenon of our experience that transits all three scales of the world we inhabit: infrafinite, finite, as well as transfinite. The concept of instanton accomodates the transition of thesescales in space and time. This fact indicates that the quantization might be in fact, the only true law of nature. In this respect the world we inhabit is unique: the Planck’s quantization procedure asks for a special fundamentalstructure of the universe as an optical medium, which must be a Maxwell fish-eye. In order to apply the Planck’s procedure of quantization to matter, one needs to extend the electromagnetic properties of the light fields to matterfields. At this juncture, the special relativity aroused a thesis which acts implicitly in all initiatives of theoretical physics: the length — which is a differentia of the concept of matter — is identical to the distance, which is aproperty of the vacuum concept, and can be revealed only by light. A proper usage of this thesis leads to the idea of Yang-Mills fields: the equivalents in matter of the electromagnetic fields from vacuum. The planetary atomicmodel, as the fundamental structure of the physical world is considered from this point of view. Consequences are suggested and/or described; some of them are pursued up to their conclusions, some remain at the level oflogical speculations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What is Mass?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.

Mass should be understood in terms of potential energy arising from vector potentials of force elds. It reevaluates Einstein's famousequation E = mc2 and suggests that rest mass (denoted as mr) is essentially a form of potential energy. The text challenges traditional views by proposing that the rest mass of subatomic particles is not con- stant but varies with the potential of the elds in which they are located. Through a series of theoretical discussions and thought experiments, the author explores the implications of this view for understanding the uni- verse, including the additivity of rest mass, the variability of subatomic particle masses, and the principle of minimum potential energy (or rest mass) governing all interactions and processes in the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Why Are the James Webb Space Telescope's Data so Surprising?

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 7 Pages.

The implications of recent astronomical observations made by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and compares them with thosefrom the Hubble Space Telescope. Specically, it discusses the discovery of galaxies such as GN-z11 and JADES-GS-z13-0, which appear to have formed at very early stages of the universe, challenging previous assumptions about galaxy formation and the age of the universe.The author uses a thought experiment involving relativistic speeds and redshift calculations to question the current estimates of the universe'sage, suggesting that the universe might be older than widely accepted. The piece critically examines the methodologies used in determiningthe age of distant galaxies and the universe, proposing that new data from JWST could necessitate a revision of cosmological models.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hypothesis on the Fifth Dimension and Dark Light: A New Cosmological Model

Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 86 Pages.

The proposed hypothesis explores an interdisciplinary and innovative vision of cosmology, integrating notions of the fifth dimension, "dark light", and dynamic interactions between our universe and an anti-universe. This ambitious theory aims to unify and explain a variety of cosmological and quantum phenomena still unexplained by standard models, such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, the nature and properties of dark energy and dark matter, as well as the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement. At the heart of this hypothesis is the idea of a fifth dimension that transcends the known four-dimensional space-time, acting as a mediator not only between the visible universe and a potential anti-universe but also as a source of the mysterious "dark light", conceptualized here as a form of dark energy. This additional dimension would offer a new framework for understanding the fundamental interactions of nature, proposing that the forces and phenomena observed in our universe could be influenced or directly derived from this omnipresent dimension. The goal of this hypothesis is to lay the foundation for a unified theory that could potentially fill gaps in current theories by providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of the universe, while paving the way for technological advances revolutionaries in communications, space propulsion, energy generation, and beyond. By envisioning a complex and multidimensional interaction between visible light, dark light, and fundamental forces across a fifth dimension, this theory aspires to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, its formation, its expansion, and the fundamental laws that govern it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hubble Force and Vacuum Energy

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 3 Pages. Distributed under CC BY-NC 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Please only submit finalized work)

It is common knowledge that vacuum has an intrinsic energy and exerts negative pressure (force), one which acts against gravity to drive and accelerate the expansion of the Universe. Little is known, however, about the force it causing this pressure. Indeed it is controversial whether there is any force at all behind this phenomenon so the situation must be carefully weighed. Here I shall venture to argue briefly that there does exist a force driving the expansion, the force I call the `Hubble Force'. Then, with an explicit force at hand, the whole machinery of continuum mechanics would be at our service to analyze the expansion thoroughly.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Special Relativity — Alternative Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. We will build an alternative theory to SR. We will derive new transformations between the two reference systems. It will be easy to compare these two theories. We will show that if all the steps taken during the derivation apply the existing mathematics, logic and physics, our transformations will be flawless, contradiction free! We follow the same steps, the same way of thinking as one do in [B1].
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of Time Frames: Variable Speed of Light

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 19 Pages.

Within the framework of the Theory of Time Frames, we have revealed an intuitive explanation for the longstanding enigma surrounding the constancy of light speed in a vacuum. This was achieved through the astonishingly straightforward logic that acknowledges a photon's speed varies in proportion to the flow of time and the established fact that photons do not possess rest mass. Consequently, our research indicates that the speed of light is not constant but variable. However, this insight does not contradict the laws of physics or empirical evidence. Moreover, we propose a new dimensionless constant,nc = 299,792,458, to replace the traditional constant of light speed, c. This novel constant is consistent with all observed measurements of light speed conducted within the observer's local time flow. Although this interpretation of light speed deviates from Einstein's theory, it is grounded in solid theoretical and empirical evidence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Field Theoretic Thrust of an Accelerating Frame

Authors: Kevin Player
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the field theoretic picture where Unruh radiation was initially uncovered. We demonstrate how thrust serves as a more accurate and direct explanation of the Unruh effect and hence Hawing radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Eikonal and Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 2 Pages.

We formulate the eikonal equation in (3+1)-dimensional spherically symmetric curved space-time using Clebsch variables. We assume that the mass is the mass of a black hole and it is related to a black hole entropy through its area.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

General Vectorial Lorentz Transformation Formulas for Spacetimes of Arbitrary Dimensions

Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Please list scientific references in the future!)

The article presents generalized vectorial Lorentz transformation formulas applicable to spacetimes of arbitrary dimensions within the framework of special relativity. It introduces a novel notation to differentiate between temporal coordinates and proper time, and assumes the speed of light as dimensionless and set to 1. This approach results in a homogeneous metric space, termed U-space, facilitating the extension of Lorentz transformations beyond the conventional four-dimensional spacetime to spaces with any number of dimensions. The transformations are derived and detailed for velocities, accelerations, and other vectors in U-space, highlighting their universality and ease of application compared to traditional methods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Proof for Localized Energy or Inertia in Curved Spacetime

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 13 Pages.

General Relativity is known for its local character; unlike the omnipresence, i.e., instancy/immediacy of Einstein's ``spookyaction'' while Quantum Entanglement. Hence, it is expected that a local observer can measure/harvest the energy. This means that the famous problem of energy localization should have a positive solution. I introduce an inertial coordinate system (a local inertial tetrad) and derive conservation laws from the covariant four-dimensional divergence of the energy-momentum tensor. As an introduction to the revealing power of such tetrads, different mathematical methods have coincided in showing that Black Holes can start shrinking and, in the finale, completely vanish the falling test objects; the annual pointing of the rotational axis of Earth on the North Star area is also explained.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Astonishing Conflict of the Constancy of the One-Way Speed of Light Within Relativity

Authors: Rodrigo de Abreu
Comments: 13 Pages.

We show that if we assume the existence of a frame in vacuum where the one-way speed of light is c (c is the measured value of the two-way speed of light in vacuum) than for another frame moving with velocity v_1 in relation to that frame the speed of light in this another frame cannot be c. What is c in this another frame is the one-way Einstein speed of light. Although this has been known and affirmed several years ago, only recently we have an increase of publications stating the variability of the one-way speed of light. Therefore, since the constancy of the speed of light is sometimes considered an unquestionable postulate, we are assisting to an astonishing conflict between the "standard formulation of Relativity" and "Relativity with variable light speed". However, this conundrum can be easily resolved with the clarification of the conceptualization of simultaneity and synchronization.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Growth of the Universe: Another Approach to Cosmology

Authors: Vyacheslav A. Ruchin
Comments: 10 Pages.

At present, the idea that our space-time is emergent, as a kind of low-energy phase transition into some kind of condensed matter and superconductor, is becoming quite popular. This space-time is formed as a kind of new network, the volume of which, when measured in Planck units, is equal to the number of network nodes. The growth of such a network and the increase in its volume is not due to the stretching of existing cells, but as a result of adding new cells. Considering the growth of such a network in a similar way to the growth of the volume of a new phase, one can naturally explain the redshift and many other problems of modern cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Electric Charge Influence on Space-Time Curvature

Authors: Eran Magshim Lavi
Comments: 6 Pages. Copyright license: CC BY-NC

This article presents a novel approach to understanding the influence of electric Energy on space-time curvature. EFE actual calculations refer solely to gravitational charges. In this article, I expand them to include the electric charge with calculations carried specifically for electric charges, with exciting results. The article leverages the universal consistency of physical laws, applying the known effects of gravitational charges on space-time curvature to electric charges. The research focuses on calculating the specific impact of electric charges on space-time curvature, rooted in the principle that space-time curvature is omnipresent. The findings reveal that space-time curvature's alteration due to an electric charge is influenced by various factors, including the charge's location, magnitude, mass, density, associated electric field, and its motion through space-time. Notably, the conversion factor for electric charges differs from the conversion factor of gravitational charges. These insights significantly enhance our understanding of electromagnetism and general relativity, paving the way for a more profound comprehension of electric charges.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Galaxies, Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction, Tunguska Event — Explained by WUM

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.

Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in the last decades revealed new unexplainable phenomena. Astronomers have conclusive new evidence that a recently discovered "dark galaxy" is, in fact, an object the size of a galaxy, made entirely of dark matter. They found that the speed of the Earth's rotation varies randomly each day. 115 years ago, the Tunguska Event was observed, and astronomers still do not have an explanation of It. Main results of the present article are: 1) Dark galaxies explained by the spinning of their Dark Matter Cores with the surface speed at equator less than the escape velocity. Their Rotational Fission is not happening. Extrasolar systems do not emerge; 2) 21-cm Emission explained by the self-annihilation of Dark Matter particles XIONs (5.3 μeV);3) Sun-Earth-Moon Interaction explained by the influence of the Sun’s and the Moon’s magnetic field on the electrical currents in the Geomagma (the 660-km layer), and, as a result, the Earth’s daylength varies;4) Tunguska Event explained by the huge atmospheric explosion of the Superbolide, which was a stable Dark Matter Bubble before entering the Earth’s atmosphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Calculating the Gaussian Curvature of Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

We are working on applications of the Schwarzschild metric to the cosmos. Here we have calculated the curvature of space-time in an isotropic and homogeneous universe with a constant energy density, relating this universe to the Schwarzschild metric using the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem. Already in this metric it is possible to calculate gaussian curvatures and thus we have found a solution to this problem. The result 0,1.10-52 m-2, is very close to zero and this agrees with the opinion of many scientists. To reach this result, we have found an equation that relates the Gaussian curvature of the space-time of the Schwarzschild model with several cosmic parameters and through it and the Birkhoff-Jebsen theorem we have established a relationship between the Schwarzschild metric and the universe of the standard cosmological model. This has allowed us to calculate the proportionality factor between curvature and mass density. With this, calculating the curvature of space-time is immediate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Resolving Relativity's Unresolvable Paradoxes

Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 12 Pages, 4 Diagrams

In a recent viXra posting, David Bower identifies an unresolvable paradox in special relativity involving the Lorentz transformation. Three or more reference frames with different velocities could create multiple rates of time for each. Paradoxes are an inherent problem with special relativity. They occur in all cases. The source of the conflict is the one-dimensional consideration of light and time in linear motion when they're innately three-dimensional constituents. Abandoning light's (presumed) constancy in favor of its compounding with motion simply eliminates all paradoxes. But accepting this resolution would undermine relativity's founding premise, which would in turn invalidate nearly all of it, along with all other ancillary theories that are based on light's fixed velocity, including the Lorentz transformation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Study of Relativistic Gravity-Clock in Egg-Sperm Combination Process

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

In the present paper, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on a cell-scale. A sperm fuses with an egg to begin the process of fertilization. In a fertilized egg, it is subject to the interference of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves between egg and sperm in the cell, which would produce a beat phenomenon. The beating pulse as a gravity-clock will evolve into the embryo's heart beat, from then on for the whole life, no matter how many times the fertilized cell reproduces itself, the body is driven by the gravity-clock. The fertilized cell will develop 5 prominent proteins on its surface, finally the human body will evolve into 5 prominent branches: one head, two arms and two legs. The mean human lifespan is determined as 84 years; the total number of heart beats for a lifespan is determined as 3.08e+9 pulses, it holds for human being, mammals, birds and fishes. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations. Filter mechanism in kidney, liver and brain are investigated. It is found that the entanglement of the gravity-associated relativistic matter waves actually establishes a filter mechanism for the organs.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Totally Connected Superluminal Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Constant Velocities

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 20 Pages.

Warp Drives are solutions of the Einstein Field Equations that allows superluminal travel within the framework of General Relativity. There are at the present moment two known solutions:The Alcubierre warp drive discovered in $1994$ and the Natario warp drive discovered in $2001$. However one the major drawbacks concerning warp drives is the problem of the Horizons(causallydisconnected portions of spacetime) in which an observer in the center of the bubble cannot signal nor control the front part of the bubble. The behavior of a photon sent to the front of the warp bubble in the case of a Natario warp drive with constant velocity and a lapse function is the main purpose of this work.We present the behavior of a photon sent to the front of the bubble in the Natario warp drive in the $1+1$ spacetime with lapse function using quadratic forms and the null-like geodesics $ds^2=0$ of General Relativity and we provide here the step by step mathematical calculations in order to outline the final result found in our work which is the following one: For the case of the lapse function the Horizon do not exists at all.Due to the extra terms in the lapse function that affects the whole spacetimegeometry this solution allows to circumvent the problem of the Horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[The Inconsistency] of Special Relativity

Authors: Octavian Balaci
Comments: 6 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm)

Reassert[ion of] the twin paradox in a new light lead[s] to the conclusion that the theory of relativity is inconsistent with the physical reality. Symmetric clocks paradox [with] two clocks in a special setup, in which both clocks are in inertial movement on the entire duration of experiment[, are used to demonstrate the inconsistency.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Einstein Equation is Fully Compatible with Purely Newtonian Gravity, but Einstein's Coordinate Condition Self-Consistently Enforces Lorentz Covariance

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 26 Pages.

In 1915 Einstein adopted a new coordinate condition for the Einstein equation, namely that the metric tensor's determinant keeps the value -1 it has in the Minkowskian case. In his landmark November 18, 1915 paper, Einstein showed that applying his new coordinate condition to the approximate calculation of the metric of a static point mass (the sun) produces agreement with the previously unaccounted-for part of Mercury's perihelion shift, and also doubles the deflection of light by the sun's gravity from his previous calculation which didn't use his new coordinate condition; a 1919 solar-eclipse expedition verified his new result. In January, 1916 Schwarzschild published the exact version of Einstein's new static point-mass metric; as expected, it slightly lengthens circular-orbit periods. In May 1916 Droste published a much simpler exact metric that fails to satisfy the Einstein equation at all empty-space points and doesn't lengthen circular-orbit periods. In 1922 Friedmann replaced Einstein's coordinate condition with setting the metric's time-time component to unity; this eliminates gravitational time dilation and sends c to infinity, causing the Einstein equation to yield purely Newtonian gravity. We revisit the Oppenheimer-Snyder model using Einstein's coordinate condition instead; the considerably different results reflect gravitational time dilation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью гравиметрического оборудования
The Ability to Register Wake Gravitational Waves Using Gravimetric Equipment. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 15 Pages. In Russian

This article follows the article "Registration of Wake gravitational waves using pulsar timing" [5] and is devoted to the registration of Wake gravitational waves using direct measurement of gravitational forces with standard equipment.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for Wake gravitational waves are presented.

Данная статья следует за статьёй «Регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн с помощью тайминга пульсаров» [5] и посвящена регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн при помощи непосредственного измерения гравитационных сил стандартным оборудованием. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска Кильватерных гравитационных волн.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Herds and Shepherds in Cosmology

Authors: Martín López-Corredoira
Comments: 5 pages, published in Science 2.0, December 22nd 2023: https://www.science20.com/martin_lopez_corredoira/herds_and_shepherds_in_cosmology-256895 (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements)

In the last five years, no problem in cosmology has received as much attention as what is called ``Hubble tension.'' Hundreds or perhaps even thousands of papers have investigated the observations that originate the tension within the standard cosmological model or proposed alternative scenarios. Historically, in the last five decades, we should not be surprised to find tensions of 4-6$sigma $ because they are much more frequent than indicated by the Gaussian statistics, and they stem from underestimation of errors, not from real tensions in the background physics or cosmology. Moreover, there are tens of tensions and problems in the standard model that are more challenging than this. Why, then, is there so much noise and commotion surrounding Hubble tension in the last five years? The answer to this question has to do with the fact that this tension has been promoted by the dominant groups that control cosmology, the same teams who promoted the idea of concordance cosmology and dark energy based on Supernovae Ia and Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation analyses.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of the Four Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe Part I: a Real Hyperspherical Four-Dimensional Universe Can Explain the Equations E=hf and E=m_0 C^2, as Well as the Wave-Particle Duality of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 11 Pages.

This work postulates that the real universe is a true four-dimensional hypersphere (4D), with three spatial dimensions and a fourth dimension that we perceive as time. Therefore, a real 4D spacetime, whose radius is a real time dimension that expands at the speed of light. This postulate allows the definition of a privileged reference system centered on the Big Bang event representing the centre of the 4D universe. Another postulate posits that all physical phenomena occurring along the real temporal dimension of the 4D universe are perceived and measured in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial part of the 4D universe, where we live, differently from their true nature. Thus, the expansion of the time dimension is not perceived as a spatial expansion, but as "the flow of time", and the energy developed along the temporal dimension is perceived as mass. This second postulate, in analogy with the holographic principle, is termed "restricted holographic principle", since it encodes only the information related to the time dimension of the 4D universe in its 3D spatial part. Based on these two postulates and their corollaries, I derive the Planck equation of the energy of electromagnetic waves, E=hf. This derivation demonstrates that it is the sum of the spatial and temporal components of the energy in the real four-dimensional spacetime. Applying the restricted holographic principle, I find that the temporal component of the energy of an EMW, appearing as mass in the 3D portion of the 4D universe, imparts particle properties, while the wave properties are attributed to the spatial component. This explains the dual behaviour (wave/particle) of EMWs in the 3D spatial part. Another consequence of these postulates is that in the 4D universe there are no physical objects, that is, entities with mass, but only EMWs whose temporal component manifests as mass within the 3D portion of the 4D universe. If these electromagnetic waves are only temporal, the equivalence hf_t=m_0 c^2 is obtained. Other important deductions are that the physical quantities, such as acceleration, force (including gravity), and work, have physical significance only in the 3D portion of the 4D universe. Finally, since mass exists only in the spatial (3D) portion, this part can be considered as a hyperspherical shell (3D) of the 4D universe that, not exerting gravity on itself, leads to the deduction that all the mass presents in its 3D part cannot slow down the expansion of the 4D universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Analysis of K­-Calculus from Introducing Einstein's Relativity by Ray D'inverno

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 11 Pages. The author shows inaccuracies in k-calculus.

Einstein's theory of special relativity, SR, is a generally accepted theory that analyses, for instance, relationships between two inertial reference systems moving at a constant speed against each other. This relationship between the coordinates of an event in the two inertial reference systems is made using so-­called Lorentz Transformations, LT. These transformations constitute the most central concept within SR. It is from these transformations that other concepts within SR are derived, concepts such as time dilation, length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

μ0ε0 Correlation with Time Process

Authors: Yake Li, Juan Zhou, Jianlin Ning
Comments: 8 Pages.

In nature, matter and its movement are primary, while time is just a concept and a method for measuring the rate of material movement. μ0ε0 is an interesting pair of physical quantities that can be a constant when measured directly, and a variable when measured indirectly. Research has found that, μ0ε0 affects the rate of motion of all substances within a local area. From the perspective of influencing the rate of material motion and reflecting the rate of material motion, μ0ε0 is correlated with the time process. because μ0ε0 The value of can be large or small and always a positive number greater than zero, so the process of time can be fast, slow, and irreversible. Like other physical concepts, time also has a certain scope ofapplication and is not effective for studying all physical phenomena.

在自然界中，物质和物质运动是第一性的，而时间只是一个概念，只是人们量度物质运动速率的一种方法。μ0 ε0是一对有趣的物理量，当直接测量时，它是常数，当间接测量时，它又可以是变数。研究发现，μ0 ε0影响着局域内所有物质运动的速率。从影响物质运动速率和反映物质运动速率方面看，μ0 ε0与时间进程具有相关性。与其它物理概念一样，时间也具有一定的适用范围，并非对研究的所有物理现象均有效。
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Movement of Space Versus Movement in Space

Authors: G. N. N. Martin
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

Tensor calculus is particularly suitable for plotting the path of an object or wave through a stationary or slowly evolving space time. It is less easily used where the space time itself is violently evolving. I introduce an unusual metric which has some surprising properties and which can cover a vast volume of space time in a single chart. Such a chart suggests that the internals of a collapsed star are often misunderstood, and suggests a practical way for analysing those internals. One surprising property of the metric may have implications for wave theories of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Latent Postulate of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages.

The special theory of relativity has a third postulate. This presupposition is never mentioned, it is included in the analysis as everyone knows or as a dogma. A scientific decision process was not realized for this postulate. For this reason, physicists in particular cannot overcome the captivity of this hidden local postulate and wake up to the real natural truth, even if they have some hesitations in their minds. Science cannot bear this flaw any longer.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Scale Factor of the Universe, the basis of a New Cosmology

Authors: John Hunter
Comments: 10 Pages. 8 figures

In the 25 years following the introduction of dark energy to cosmology there has been little progress in understanding this phenomenon. A radical solution is considered - to change the redshift scale-factor relation. The new relation explains why Concordance Cosmology, using the wrong relation, needs a low matter density and dark energy. An alternative cosmology is described that explains how the new relation comes about. There are solutions to the flatness problem, the coincidence problem and the Hubble tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Interpretation of Cause of Mass Increase

Authors: Sang-Ryol Ri
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is known that the relativistic mass formula is numerically well consistent with the experiment for the charged particles. But, unfortunately, the explanation of the cause of the mass increase is insufficient. We think that the explanation of the cause and effect is very important in physics. It is an axiom that the mass of a body could never be increased unless it does not absorb an outside material, that is, the mass increase is impossible without the absorption of an outside material. In this paper, we add the content of the special theory of relativity by the interpretation of cause of mass increase, paying attention to the idea that the mass of the particle should be taken up as much as mass of the absorbed photon. We very simply derive the mass formula only with the most basic concepts of physics at the last part of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Application of Shoshany-Snodgrass Analysis to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime with Zero Expansion

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 51 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

Alcubierre and Natario developed their warp drives spacetimes using the Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner ADM formalism considering the lapse function alpha always equal to 1. Recently Barak Shoshany and Ben Snodgrass considered the possibility of warp drive spacetimes in which the lapse function alpha is different than 1 in very special geometric cases and we arrive at very interesting results:In order to travel to a"nearby" star at 20 light-years at superluminal speeds in a reasonable amount of time in months not in years a ship must attain a speed of about 200 times faster than light.However the negative energy density at such a speed is directly proportional to the factor 1048 which is 1.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000 times bigger in magnitude than the mass of the planet Earth which is "only" proportional to the factor1024!!.The lapse function allows more ffectively the negative energy density requirements when a ship travels with a speed of 200 times faster than light using the Shoshany-Snodgrass analysis. We reproduce here the Shoshany-Snodgrass analysis to the Natario warp drive spacetime with zero expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Paradox Involving the Lorentz Transformation

Authors: David M. Bower
Comments: 3 Pages.

A previously unrecognized / unpublished paradox about the Lorentz transformation as interpreted and used by Einstein is presented. This new paradox shows the ultimate futility of explaining reality with Einstein’s interpretation of the Lorentz transformation and his use of the Lorentz transformation to derive the equations of time dilation. (Similar agruments would apply to length contraction.) It does not appear that this paradox has been discussed in the literature in the past; however, given the vast amount of research and speculation about the Lorentz transformation that has been published in various languages in the last hundred years, it is very difficult to verify this claim.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Coordinate Transformations for the Optical Wave Equation

Authors: Yusuf Ziya Umul
Comments: 23 Pages.

A new coordinate transform is introduced for the wave equation, defined in different inertial reference frames. It is shown that two different measurement sets can be identified for a moving reference system with respect to the motionless observer. In one of these measurements, the speed of light does not change and has the same value with the velocity of light, propagating in the medium according to which the stationary observer rests. This behavior is also mathematically proven. Coordinate transformations are derived by using the wave equation and the phase term of its general solution. The behaviors of these transforms for different cases are studied.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Quantum Luminiferous Aether

Authors: D. J. Larson
Comments: 32 Pages. Copyright to the paper is held by Physics Essays Publication, http://physicsessays.org/. The paper is uploaded to Vixra with permission granted from Physics Essays.

A solid, two-component, quantum luminiferous aether is proposed to exist. Simple postulates are hypothesized, along with some physical laws and assignments. Derivations then lead to the equations of electrodynamics (Maxwell’s Equations and the Lorentz Force Equation), Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation, and to two field-masses. The theory is shown to successfully meet the classic tests of General Relativity: calculations for the advance of the perihelia, the Shapiro effect and the gravitational redshift agree with experiment, and the experimental result concerning the bending of light in gravitational fields is also understood. Additionally, gravitational waves are understood and the first of the field-masses allows for an understanding of what is presently known as dark matter. A new approach to analyzing dense objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars is discussed, and since the theory has no singularity, a replacement for black holes is suggested. Replacing relativity with an absolute, realist, and physical model returns us to a flat Euclidean space and a separate time. Absolute simultaneity enables understanding of quantum mechanics. The underlying philosophical grounding is discussed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Co-Moving Coordinates Cannot Maintain Their Co-Moving Status in the Spatially Non-Flat Cosmological Models

Authors: Kenneth Sandale
Comments: 4 Pages.

It is thought that consideration of the General Relativity force law demonstrates that particles will retain their stationary status in the standard cosmological models. However this argument neglects the effects of pressure-dependent gravitational forces. When these forces are correctly included, what actually happens is that in spatially non-flat universes particles do not really remain co-moving, and indeed develop motion that is not consistent with the very symmetry condition these models were designed to manifest.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Source-Free Conformal Waves on Spacetime

Authors: Carsten S. P. Spanheimer
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

Investigating conformal metrics on (Pseudo-)Riemannian spaces in any number of dimensions, it is shown that the pure scalar curvature R as the Lagrange densityleads to a homogeneous d'Alembert equation on spacetime which allows for source-free wave phenomena. This suggests to use the scalar curvature R itself rather than the Hilbert-Einstein action R*sqrt(abs(g)) as the governing Lagrange density for General Relativity to also find general, non-conformal solutions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Creation of Paired Entities is Ever Governed by the Golden Mean: About the Nested Repeatability of Living and Cosmic Processes and the Origin of the Universe Nested Repeatability

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of paired entities as nature’s reproductive strategy is illuminated and the dominance of golden mean solutions by simple mathematical assumptions verified including ‘golden’ quartic polynomials. From the beginning, cosmos and life gain profit of superconducting energy and information transport by way of paired bosons like the Higgs bosons.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Mach’s Principle and Gravitational Shielding

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 14 Pages.

We propose that inertia is the result of the gravitational force of induction of the entire Universe; that is, we understand that the force of inertia is the induction force exerted on a body by its accelerated movement with respect to the Universe, a statement that we call Mach's principle. We calculate this force by applying the weak field theory of General Relativity and using the results of electromagnetic theory. To avoid the divergence of the integral in calculating the induction force, we assume that in the Universe's early stages there was a strong gravitational absorption, which weakened as the cosmic density decreased. Admitting an ad hoc absorption function, we demonstrate Mach's principle, verifying that the inertial mass of a body is proportional to the gravitational mass with a proportionality coefficient dependent on cosmic time. Applying this result, we calculate the relative variation of the universal gravitation constant.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Анализ тайминга пульсаров для регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн
Analysis of Pulsar Timing for Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves. (Ru)

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian

Гравитационная астрономия, основанная на тайминге пульсаров, открывает возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн, которые, могут генерироваться Солнцем и Луной. При воздействии этих волн на Землю, должно наблюдаться «фиолетовое» смещение частоты импульсов пульсаров.Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска таких волн.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.(English version: https://vixra.org/abs/2401.0019)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Theory of Special Relativity and Motions in the Universe

Authors: Wonsub Kim
Comments: 68 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity is based on the hypothesis of the universal constancy of light velocity. Albert Einstein observed that light travel times over identical lengths of moving and stationary rods were not simultaneous in his imaginary experiment. He concluded that those light travel events must be simultaneous because the same physical facts should be the same regardless of the motions of the observation frames. He pointed out that different light velocities for those rods were responsible for the non-simultaneity. Then, for simultaneity, he asserted the same light velocity c for both rods. This was Einstein’s justification for the universal light velocity for all observers. However, the stationary and moving rod cases were actually two different events because of the aether-like setting of his stationary coordinate frame. The same light velocity c for both rods as set for the coordinate system means both rods are stationary on the stationary coordinate system. No rods are moving. Likewise, the universal light velocity c means everything in the universe is fixed to the stationary coordinate system. Nothing moves in that universe. The Doppler Effects of light waves cannot exist if light velocity is universally constant. The Doppler Effects of electromagnetic waves are real life evidence refuting the universal light velocity. He made light velocity the absolute and universal invariant, but that made all physical facts variants. The theory of relativity postulates velocity dependent time, geometry, mass, etc. These controversies are reviewed in detail herein. The review proved that the classic Newtonian mechanics arecorrect with the preservation of the physical fact invariance. The Newtonian mechanics found no clock synchronicity issue at all in Einstein’s experiment. Experiments by Michelson-Morley, Fizeau, Kennedy-Thorndike, etc. are validations of Newtonian mechanics. Immanuel Kant and W. Hoffman noted that motions of bodies are mere potentials with respect to observation references, suggesting the impossibility of universal velocities. No universal motion suggests no universal governance in the universe. Event locality is further evidenced in Newton’s bucket example. The laws of conservation in physics are consequences of event locality and independence. Newton’s Shell Theorem explains that the event locality is from the featurelessness of an infinite uniform universe. Rotational motions of celestial systems are perpetual and inevitable local stability mechanisms in the non-influential global universe. A finite universe would suffer from non-uniformity and instability. The Epicurean universe is determined to be the most satisfactory universe model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Higgs Boson Mass Relations and Hole Superconductivity

Authors: Hans Hermann Otto
Comments: 12 Pages.

We suggest relationships between the experimentally measured Higgs boson mass and the mass of elementary particles like electron or proton by scaling with Sommerfeld’s α constant and the golden mean.The depressed quartic potential of the Higgs field is governed by the golden mean, because every quartic polynomial is a golden one. The Higgs boson with zero spin, considered as composite particle like the Cooper pair, could be associated with properties of superconductivity. However, when superconductivity is exclusively caused by interacting holes, the Higgs boson should be related to any paired holes of matter. Furthermore, the Higgs field can be related to Bhandari’s energy field that is believed to come from an extern energy source, and this field is related to gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves Using Pulsar Timing

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Theory of the Double-Slit Experiment

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 19 Pages.

The double-slit experiment is a fundamental experiment in physical optics and is currently regarded as a demonstration of the wave-like properties of microscopic particles. This is due to the pattern of alternating bright and dark fringes that appear on the screen as a result of the experiment. However, another characteristic of the double-slit fringe pattern—the nested fringes—has not been previously discussed. In this paper, the authors propose a novel theory of double-slit separation based on this feature and design a new double-slit experimental apparatus to conduct the experiment, allowing for the adjustment of the slit width during the process and thus observing the variation in the fringe pattern. The experiment revealed that the double-slit fringe pattern is actually a localized magnification at the center of the single-filament diffraction pattern, inheriting the nested feature of the single-filament diffraction fringes. A set of obstruction theories utilizing relativity is summarized to explain the double-slit experiment. This new discovery opens up a new direction for research into double-slit experiments.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive I: Computation III

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 6 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system inwhich it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the components of the energyimpulse tensor (thus reducing energy density) by an arbitrary value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Modified Alcubierre Warp Drive I: Computation II

Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 6 Pages.

A solution of general relativity is presented that describes an Alcubierre propulsion system inwhich it is possible to travel at superluminal speed while reducing the components of the energyimpulse tensor (thus reducing energy density) by an arbitrary value.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Understanding the Mathematics of the CMB Power Spectrum

Authors: David Selig
Comments: 14 Pages. (Name added to Article by viXra Admin as required)

The CMB Power Spectrum is one of the most important concepts in Big Bang theory. However, the mathematics of power spectrum analysis are complex and less than intuitive. This paper discusses the mathematics of the power spectrum analysis for CMB, with a focus on bringing clarity to this topic. We discuss the concepts involved and provide examples of the calculations that build towards the CMB power spectrum chart. We examine topics such as the angular power spectrum calculation and associated amplitude calculation. We discuss the spherical harmonic equations and the Legendre functions. We provide example calculations to assist readers in understanding the mathematics behind developing the power spectrum chart. Our audience is those individuals that are interested in cosmology and the Big Bang, and who want to have a better understanding of the mathematics behind the CMB power spectrum analysis.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Proper Light Speed

Authors: Russell R. Smith
Comments: 15 Pages.

The weak, strong, gravitational, and electromagnetic forces collectively propagate at a rate that is bounded by the speed of light. Since all of the particles within a clock communicate with each other through these forces, when the speed of light dilates, the clock speed changes giving the illusion of time dilation. This can be confusing because the clock slows down, but only due to light speed slowing down, not time itself physically dilating. When you try to measure the speed of light, the clock speed therefore changes proportionally with the change in light speed, so you always measure a value of c no matter what the local speed of light is or how much it changes.Rather than proper time, you have proper light speed, which is how a specified reference frame perceives the speed of light relative to a stationary reference frame in zero-g. The faster an object moves, the slower its proper light speed, which means that all of the fundamental forces slow down causing the moving clock to tick slower than the stationary one. When a muon travels at relativistic speeds, its proper light speed is slow, so all of the forces involved in its decay are slow, causing it to exist for a longer clock-time in the stationary reference frame.The presence of matter changes the local index of refraction, causing light to curve and change velocity. The event horizon of a black hole is where the speed of light is zero. Inside the event horizon, the speed of light is reversed, causing all matter and energy to be forced towards the event horizon, not a singularity.If x is nothing, then by definition, all components of x are also nothing. That is, if a and b are components of x, then [a = x] - [b = x] = x proving that if A - B ≠ x, then A and or B are not components of x. Thus, even in quantum mechanics, something never comes from nothing. Since you cannot produce something from nothing, and something exists today, the fundamentals for said something have always existed. As shown below, time therefore has always passed. We therefore need to consider a model of the universe in which time has always passed, and the universe was organized from fundamentals that have always existed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Implications if the Electric Field Will be Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 19 Pages.

Gravity is already recognized as form of Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration. However, Structural Identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, strongly indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration. The implications resulting from the realization, that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, might not seem to be very significant implications, at first glance. However, this paper does present that, the implications resulting from the realization that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, are indeed very significant. One immediate implication, from the realization that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, presented in this paper, is the realization that Newton's Second Law of Motion (F=ma) might not be always valid. Newton's Second Law of Motion is accepted, by the nowadays Science of Physics, as a Universal Law, and as such, it is accepted as being valid for any scenario containing a Force exerted on a massive body. However, as presented in this paper, if the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, then, Newton's Second Law of Motion might not be valid for Electrically Charged bodies attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, and, in such a scenario, Newton's Second Law of Motion should be replaced by a different Law. In addition to the above, additional more significant and revolutionary implications, regarding how Humans perceive, the very Nature of the entities of Space and Time, also arise, if the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, which also might provide an answer to the question: why Electric Charges attract or repel each other? That question is still a mystery today, although the answer to the question: why Mass bodies attract each other? is already provided by Einstein's General Relativity theory. The above might also provide a lead to achieve a simple Unification between Gravity and Electricity, a quest which the nowadays Science of Physics is still struggling with, without achieving yet satisfactory results. In addition to presenting very convincing arguments that the Electric Field might be also recognized as a form of acceleration, based on Structural Identities between Newton's Universal. (Truncacted by biXra Admin to < 400 words)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

An Alternative Approach in General Relativity Describing Gravitational Redshift, Black Holes Without Singularities and Dark Matter

Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 33 Pages.

Differently than in General Relativity, the Interaction between Gravity and Light [35] fundamentally has been based on the sum of the "Stress Energy Tensor" and the introduced "Gravitational Tensor". The theory describes "Gravitational-Electromagnetic Interaction" resulting in a mathematical Tensor presentation for BLACK HOLEs. (Gravitational Electromagnetic Confinements) [1] The "Electromagnetic Energy Gradient" creates a second order effect "Lorentz Transformation" which results in the Gravitational Field of BLACK HOLEs which determines the interaction force density between the confinement of Light (BLACK HOLE’s) and the Gravitational Field.Einstein approached the interaction between gravity and light by the introduction of the "Einstein Gravitational Constant" in the 4-dimensional Energy-Stress Tensor (1). In this alternative approach related to General Relativity, the interaction between gravity and light has been presented by the sum of the Electromagnetic Tensor and the Gravitational Tensor (2) . The new approach presents mathematical solutions for the BLACK HOLEs (Gravitational Electromagnetic Interaction) introduced in 1955 by Jonh Archibald Wheeler in the publication in Physical Review Letters in 1955 [1]. The mathematical solutions for BLACK HOLEs are fundamental solutions for the relativistic quantum mechanical Dirac equation (Quantum Physics) in Tensor presentation (35). Assuming a constant speed of light "c" and Planck’s constant ħ within the BLACK HOLE, the radius "R" of the BLACK HOLE with the energy of a proton, is about 1% of the radius of the hydrogen atom (14). The New Theory has been tested in an experiment with 2 Galileo Satellites and a Ground Station by measuring the Gravitational RedShift in an by the Ground Station emitted stable MASER frequency [2]. The difference between the calculation for Gravitational RedShift, within the Gravitational Field of the Earth, in "General Relativity" and the "New Theory" is smaller than 10-16 (12) and (13). In all "General Redshift Experiments" General Relativity and the New Theory predict a Gravitational RedShift with a difference smaller than 15 digits beyond the decimal point which is beyond the accuracy of modern "Gravitational Redshift" observations. Both values are always within the measured Gravitational RedShift in all observations being published since the first observation of the gravitational redshift in the spectral lines from the White Dwarf which was the measurement of the shift of the star Sirius B, the white dwarf companion to the star Sirius, by W.S. Adams in 1925 at Mt. Wilson Observatory.Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity [32], like "String Theory", predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant "G" which constrains until ( /G to be < 4u2009×u200910-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the "Constant Value" in time for the Gravitational Constant "G" in unifying General Relativity and Quantum Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Postulate-Free Treatment of Lorentz Boosts in Minkowski Space

Authors: Archan Chattopadhyay
Comments: 4 Pages.

Fundamental results of special relativity, such as the linear transformation for Lorentz boosts, and the invariance of the spacetime interval, are derived from a system of differential equations. The method so used dispenses with the need to make any physical assumption about the nature of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: (2) Time Frames and Time Transformations

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 18 Pages.

This paper extends the ideas presented in our previous work, "Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: 1) Time Flow."Central to this theory is the notion that time can flow at different rates in different regions of space, leading to a reevaluation of time dilation.As a logical consequence of observing inertial reference frames within the context of different time flows, the need to introduce the concept of "time frames" became apparent. The concept of time frames includes inertial frames of reference within a region of space with a definite flow of time.To compare physical phenomena between time frames with distinct time flows, we introduced a set of relations or formulas referred to as "time transformations." These time transformations enable observers to translate and relate measurements made in one time frame to those made in another time frame with a different time flow.Within the framework of time transformations, several novel concepts were additionally introduced. These concepts include the "time flow coefficient (p)," the "time flow ratio ()," and the "time deceleration coefficient (δ)," which are necessary for furthering our understanding of the relationship between different time frames with varying flows of time.It should be noted that the theory of time frames departs from Einstein's established theories of relativity, rejecting the concept of four-dimensional spacetime and describing a universe with three spatial dimensions and time as a separate, variable entity.This unconventional viewpoint aims to open up new perspectives on the underlying nature of time and its role in shaping the universe.With these advancements, we have laid a solid foundation for the theory of time frames and established a robust framework for its ongoing exploration and refinement.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Explaining Imbalance of Tidally Ejected Stars from Open Stars Clusters Without Mond

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 18 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Results from a recent paper, and accompanying popular articles, have argued that the observed asymmetry in the numbers, and distributions, of stars tidally ejected in front, versus at the tail of open stars clusters, would favor the MOND theory (Modified Newtonian dynamics), over Newton gravity, and hence General Relativity (GR). This paper disputes such conclusions by showing that the observed asymmetry can equally well be qualitatively explained with multi-fold mechanisms, which propose that macroscopic entanglements between real particles are behind the effects of Dark Matter, and that entanglements of virtual particles explain gravity. This is captured by the E/G conjecture. Considering other similar results, and the fact that we encounter hints of multi-folds in our real universe, in particular with GR at Planck scales, we believe that the explanation proposed in our paper is another viable alternative to relying on MOND. As the multi-fold theory recovers GR, our approach does not require modifying GR, with ideas like MOND. In such a universe we can justify why more starts are ejected in the front than at the tail of galaxy clusters, where the galaxies tends to dilute.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On Uniformly-accelerated Motion in an Expanding Universe

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 6 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Null geodesics of a spacetime are a key factor in determining dynamics of particles. In this paper, it is argued that, within the scope of validity of Cosmological Principle where FLRW model can be safely employed, expansion of the Universe causes the null geodesics to accelerate, providing us with a universal acceleration scale a_0=cH_0. Since acceleration of null rays of spacetime corresponds to null rays of velocity space, demanding the invariance of acceleration of light a_0 yields a new metric for the velocity space which introduces time as a dimension of the velocity space. Being part of the configuration space, modification of distance measurements in velocity space alters the Euler-Lagrange equation and from there the equation of motion, Newton's Second Law. It is then seen that the resulting modification eliminates the need for Dark matter in clusters of galaxies and yields MOND as an approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Redshift Distances in Modified Flat Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker Spacetime Containing G00(t)

Authors: Steffen Haase
Comments: 50 Pages.

In the present paper we use a modified flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric containing g_00(t) describing a spatially homogeneous and isotropic universe to derive the cosmological redshift distance in a way which differs from that which can be found in the general astrophysical literature. Using the flat Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker metric the radial physical distance is described by R(t) = a(t)r. In this equation the radial co-moving coordinate is named r and the time-depending scale parameter is named a(t). We use the co-moving coordinate r_e (the subscript e indicates emission) describing the place of a galaxy which is emitting photons and r_a (the subscript a indicates absorption) describing the place of an observer within a different galaxy on which the photons - which were traveling thru the universe - are absorbed. Therefore the physical distance - the real way of light - is calculated by D = a(t_0)r_a - a(t_e)r_e ≡ R_0a - R_ee. Here means a(t_0) the today’s (t_0) scale parameter and a(t_e) the scale parameter at the time t_e of emission of the photons. The physical distance D is therefore a difference of two different physical distances from an origin of coordinates being on r = 0. Nobody can doubt this real travel way of light: The photons are emitted on a co-moving coordinate place r_e and are than traveling to the co-moving coordinate place r_a. During this traveling the time is moving from t_e to t_0 (t_e ≤ t_0) and therefore the scale parameter is changing in the meantime from a(t_e) to a(t_0). Using this right physical distance we calculate some different redshift distances and some relevant classical cosmological equations (effects) and compare these theoretical results with some measurements of astrophysics (quasars, SN Ia and black hole). We get the today’s Hubble parameter H_0a ≈ 65.2 km/(s Mpc) as a main result. This value is a little smaller than the Hubble parameter H_0,Planck ≈ 67.66 km/(s Mpc) resulting from Planck 2018 data. Furthermore, we find for the radius of the so-called Friedmann sphere R_0a ≈ 2,586.94 Mpc. This radius is not the maximum possible distance of seeing within an expanding universe. Photons, which were emitted at this distance, are not infinite red shifted. The today’s mass density of the Friedmann sphere results in ρ_0m ≈ 9.09 x E-30 g/cm3. For the mass of the Friedmann sphere we get M_Fs ≈ 1.94 x E+55 g. The mass of black hole within the galaxy M87 has the value M_BH,M87 ≈ 1.56 x E+43 g. The redshift distance of this object is D ≈ 19.60 Mpc but its today’s distance is only D_0 ≈ 12.27 Mpc. The radius of this black hole is R_S ≈ 1.498 x E-3 pc.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The True Universe with Cosmic Inertia

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

Will the universe allow us to talk past each other forever? Impossible! All theories of the universe proposed by physicists and humanity will eventually compete for a theory of everything, the true universe. For most physicists, a theory of everything has not yet been discovered. However, as a free individual, I used Einsteinian science to discover how cosmic inertia governs the true universe in 2021. Sadly, no physicist knows Einsteinian science (a fact I consider the ultimate absurdity of science), or the true universe would have been uncovered earlier than 2021, and science would have already transformed itself. Whereas Einsteinian science has a sympathetic understanding of the universe, physicists have a cold understanding of the universe. This paper focuses on how Einsteinian science analyses the universe as a single significant whole by highlighting how it tackles intelligibility and avoids and overcomes intellectual obstacles in order to uncover cosmic inertia ruling the true universe. Physicists seek theories of the universe using disciplinary physical research within a cosmic synthesis paradigm as opposed to the cosmic analysis paradigm in Einsteinian science, which leaves them ill-equipped to pursue the true universe. This paper expands on Einsteinian science with the true universe and cosmic inertia, the beginning or ending point of science, the future work of science, and the new role of physicists.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmos as a Chronosphere

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 16 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0 (Note by viXra Admin: Repeated withdrawals and Resubmissions of the same or similar articles are prohibited)

As shown by Larmor (1927a & b), Gödel (1949) and Kühne (2002), absolute time is indispensable at the cosmic scale, and is required by the General Theory of Relativity. Melia (2007; 2012) and Melia and Shevchuk (2012) have argued that FLRW-type metrics reduce to the Minkowski metric, and the Hubble horizon is a ‘gravitational horizon’, as defined by Melia (2018), as opposed to either a particle or an event horizon, as these are defined by Rindler (1956). Their argument depends on the mass of the Hubble sphere being variable, whereas, if it is constant, its radius becomes that of a black hole, and its horizon is an event horizon. In every direction we look, total cosmic distance is given by the present age of the Universe multiplied by the speed of light in vacuum. If we abandon the cosmological principle as defined by Milne (1933), we can see we are at the centre of a chronosphere, with the ‘Big Bang’ singularity at its circumference. Eddington (1939) would doubtless have seen the numerical ‘coincidences’ that arise in cosmology as proof of God’s existence and creation of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Background-Free Relativity

Authors: Barbara Spangenberg
Comments: 6 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin - Please conform!)

Starting at the volume element of four-dimensional space-time and the determinant of the metric tensor as Einstein did in his derivation of his field equations in 1915, we want to try here to tread a new path to derive field equations for gravity. Here, in contrast to Einstein’s work in 1915, the space itself is treated as the field of gravity, not its curvature as in general relativity. The newly derived field equations become astonishingly simple and comprise the well-known solutions within solar systems. However, they lead to an increased gravity for galactic systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galileo's Undone Gravity Experiment: Part 2

Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 198 Pages.

Certain preconceptions about the physical world inherited from antiquity as yet permeate our established theories of physics and cosmology. Tacitly prominent in this world view is the fact that humans evolved on a 5.97 x 10^24 kg ball of matter.One of the consequences is the "relativistic" point of view, according to which accelerometers may or may not be telling the truth, whether they fall (a = 0) or when they are "at rest" on a planet’s surface (a > 0). The result of an experiment proposed by Galileo in 1632, but not yet performed, would unequivocally prove whether this schizoid relationship with accelerometers rings true or not.An imaginary alien civilization (of Rotonians) evolved on a rotating world in which the truthfulness of accelerometers is never doubted. Adopting a Rotonian perspective leads to a model of gravity according to which the result of Galileo’s experiment dramatically conflicts with the predictions of both Newton and Einstein.The consequences of this new perspective bear on and invite a rethink of many facets of established theories of physics and cosmology. Herein we discover that the Rotonian perspective is consistent with what we actually KNOW about the physical world and -- depending on the result of Galileo’s experiment -- it opens the door to a much more coherent, contradiction-free world view, which spans all scales of size, mass, and time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Galileo's Undone Gravity Experiment: Part 3

Authors: Richard Benish
Comments: 134 Pages.

Failure of LIGO physicists to provide a spacetime diagram showing the simultaneous laser paths and gravitational waves propagating through their interferometer is argued to be fatal to the whole enterprise.After establishing the cogency of this argument, the seemingly "unhackable" multi-messenger event GRB170817A is similarly placed under suspicion. Claims to have detected the gravitational waves from a coalescing neutron star binary suffer the red flag of a prominent (and suspiciously placed) glitch which prevented the event from triggering a real time alert to the community.Altogether, we have many reasons to suspect that all the claims of having detected gravitational waves are false. LIGO is a hoax. Perhaps the most dramatic way to expose the charade would be to at last perform the simple gravity experiment proposed by Galileo in 1632. We predict a result that conflicts with both Newton’s and Einstein’s theories of gravity. If our prediction is confirmed, gravitational waves and much else about modern gravitational theory would be falsified.Even if the result of Galileo’s experiment supports Newton and Einstein, we are way overdue to find out directly from Nature, instead of pretending to know, based on faith in popular theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Exact Solution to Einsteins Field Equation Gives a New Cosmological Model

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug, Gianfranco Spavieri
Comments: 11 Pages.

Haug and Spavieri have recently presented a new exact solution to Einstein’s field equations. In this paper, we will explore how this new metric could potentially lead to a new model for the cosmos. In the Friedman model, the cosmological constant must be introduced ad-hoc in Einstein’s field equations or, alternatively, directly into the Friedmann equation. However, a similar constant automatically emerges in our cosmological model directly from Einstein’s original 1916 field equations, which initially did not include a cosmological constant. We will analyze this, and it appears that the cosmological constant is little more than an adjustment for the equivalence of the mass-energy of the gravitational field, which is not taken into account in other exact solutions but is addressed in the Haug and Spavieri solution. Our approach seems to indicate that the Hubble sphere can be rep- resented as a black hole, a possibility that has been suggested by multiple authors, but this is a quite different type of black-hole universe that seems to be more friendly than that of a Schwarzschild black-hole.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Dark Energy, MOND and the Mirror Matter Universe

Authors: Greg Filewood
Comments: 39 Pages.

The purpose of this study is to entrench the Copernican principle into cosmology with regard to dark energy (DE). A dual-universe solution is proposed for both the scale and coincidence problems of DE which is simple and involves no `fine-tuning'. It is also, in principle, testable and falsifiable. The model enables computation of the total entropy of the universe contained within the horizon expressed holographically projected onto the area of the cosmic horizon in units of Planck area. We subsequently compute the Planck entropy, which takes an irreducibly simple form. A derivation of the relation $[{DE}]={sqrt{m_{pl}.H_0}}$ is provided and we further show that this relation is valid in all (local i.e. $H'_{tau}=H'_0$) observer frames. We prove that the vacuum energy is exactly zero in this dual universe model. Lastly we propose that our analysis implies that the MOND paradigm is due to gravitation interaction of the two universes and we compute the MOND acceleration scale $a_0$ and scale invariant ${cal.{A}}_0$ as a consequence of cosmology, completely independent of galaxy dynamics. Significantly, this allows us to bring the MOND paradigm into a cosmological model without modifying General Relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Vacuum Catastrophe Solved by Taking into Account Hawking-Bekenstein Black Hole Entropy

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 7 Pages.

We will demonstrate that the vacuum catastrophe can be solved by utilizing Bekenstein- Hawking entropy and applying it to black hole type cosmology models, as well as to a large class of Rh = ct models. Additionally, we will examine a recent exact solution to Einstein’s field equation and explore how it may potentially resolve the vacuum catastrophe rooted in both steady-state universe and possibly growing black hole universe scenarios.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Variability of Rydberg Constant and Its Implications on Particle Cosmology

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 16 Pages.

Inspired by numbers of hardly-to-be-coincidence relations between the current state of universe and its Planck scaled precursor, we audaciously propose a hypothesis in which the mass of all elementary particles is generally proportional to the inverse cube of the cosmic scale factor, while their electric charge is inversely proportional to the square of scale factor, both of which are due to a scale factor or time-dependent evolution of the Planck constant. It implies that the Rydberg constant may be actually a variable, urges us to re-examine the raw redshift data and our well-established theory of Big Bang nucleosynthesis, which in turn demystifies the delusion that the matter content of the universe is insufficient to let it expand so fast, let alone accelerate.In spite of its pivotal importance in physics, the entity of time and energy has successfully evaded all attempts for revelation to date. We present a novel theoretical paradigm where all perceivable physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of asymmetry in a digital field made of Planck scaled spatial quantum. The field has an inherent potential to spontaneously and totally stochastically break its symmetry. Our scheme not only solves numbers of hierarchy problems in one shot but can also theoretically calculate the mass of elementary particles and exotic baryons only with fundamental physical constants and fractional powers of pi or integer or half integer. By providing clearcut physical images for why particular Lie group may rightly characterize its corresponding force, it proves itself as a powerful guide toward the super-unification of all the four fundamental interactions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Observational Relativity: The Unity of Newton and Einstein (The First Part: Inertially Observational Relativity)

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: This manuscript is written in English with 226 pages, 10 pictures, and 4 tables.

The Theory of Observational Relativity, the theory of OR for short, is a new discovery and a new theory, which has revealed the root and essence of relativity: All relativistic effects or relativistic phenomena are observational effects and apparent phenomena rather than the objective and true physical reality. In particular, the whole theoretical system of OR has generalized and unified Newton’s mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, integrating such two great theories in physics into the identical theoretical system under the identical axiom system. The theory of OR is divided into two parts: the theory of inertially observational relativity (IOR); the theory of gravitationally observational relativity (GOR). The theory of IOR takes the definition of time as the most basic logical premise and theoretically deduces the spacetime transformation of IOR, so-called the general Lorentz transformation, which has generalized and unified the Galilean transformation and the Lorentz transformation. The theory of IOR has proved an important theorem: the invariance of information-wave speeds. It suggests that the invariance of light speed is only a special case of the invariance of information-wave speeds. Actually, Einstein’s invariance of light speed can only be valid when light acts as the observation medium for transmitting observed information to observers. So, the speed of light is not really invariant. Based on the invariance of information-wave speeds, the author has established the whole theoretical system of IOR which has generalized and unified Newton’s inertial mechanics and Einstein’s special relativity, and moreover, integrated de Broglie’s theory of matter waves into the theory of IOR, marching towards the unification of relativity theory and quantum theory. The theory of IOR is logically consistent not only with Einstein’s special relativity but also with Newton’s inertial mechanics. Such logical consistency and strict correspondence show that the theory of IOR is logically self-consistent, and from one aspect, confirm the logical rationality and theoretical validity of the theory of IOR. In particular, the theory of IOR is supported by observations and experiments, including the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Observational Relativity: The Unity of Newton and Einstein (The Second Part: Gravitationally Observational Relativity)

Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: This manuscript is written in English with 363 pages, 13 pictures, and 2 tables.

The Theory of Observational Relativity, the theory of OR for short, is a new discovery and a new theory, which has revealed the root and essence of relativity: All relativistic effects or relativistic phenomena are observational effects and apparent phenomena rather than the objective and true physical reality. In particular, the whole theoretical system of OR has generalized and unified Newton’s mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, integrating such two great theories in physics into the identical theoretical system under the identical axiom system. The theory of OR is divided into two parts: the theory of inertially observational relativity (IOR); the theory of gravitationally observational relativity (GOR). The theory of GOR takes the three principles of GOR as its axiom system: (1) the principle of GOR equivalence; (2) The Principle of GOR covariance; (3) the principle of the invariance of information-wave speeds. Based on the three principles of GOR, by following or by analogizing the logic of Einstein’s general relativity, the author has established the whole theoretical system of GOR, including the field equation of GOR and the motion equation of GOR. GOR’s field equation has generalized and unified Einstein’s field equation and Newton’s field equation (i.e., the Poisson equation form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation). GOR’s motion equation has generalized and unified Einstein’s motion equation and Newton’s motion equation (i.e., the second law form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation). The theory of GOR has proved an important theorem: the theorem of Cartesian spacetime which suggests that the objectively real spacetime could never be curved. So, spacetime is not really curved. Finally, the theoretical system of GOR has generalized and unified Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity. It suggests that the theory of GOR is logically consistent not only with Einstein’s theory of general relativity but also with Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Such logical consistency and strict correspondence show that the theory of GOR is logically self-consistent, and confirm the logical rationality and theoretical validity of the theory of GOR.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complex Dynamics and the Age of the Universe

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

There are growing indications today that complex dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems lies at the root of primordial cosmology and the ultraviolet (UV) sector of particle physics. We recently pointed out that dimensional fluctuations of the UV sector can reproduce the morphology of the cosmic web. Expanding on the same line of inquiry, this provisional report explores the link between the long-range temporal correlations of critical phenomena and primordial cosmology. Excluding systematic measurement errors, our report sheds new light on the tension in the age of the Universe sparked off by the latest observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity Time Dilation a Two Signal Time Delay Theory

Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 6 Pages.

Special relativity time dilation has until now a un-discovered physics disconnect, "the signals used to derive the expression for time dilation (1) are actually from fixed sources in space". This observation presents a dilemma for the foundation of special relativity where it assumes a moving source emits the signals with time delayΔt'. The physics is shown that two fixed sources emit the signals independent of the velocity of the supposed moving source.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Transverse Relative Time and Length Shift Explained

Authors: Harvey Scribner
Comments: 10 Pages.

A source S moving with a constant velocity v emits a signal s moving with the velocity of light c relative to source S position with time t. The velocity v of signal s is the sum of v and c. The time of flight t for the signal s when emitted from S and observed at O is calculated using purely Galilean transformation of velocities in Euclidean Space Geometry. O must reside in the s light cone to observe s and avoid the artificially introduced infinities that plague classical relativity models. The geometrical interpretation of the physics is valid for velocities greater than c.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Reciprocal Transformation Between Alpha and Omega Condition of the Steady State Universes and Exercising the Hollow Super Massive Black Holes

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In the previous paper ref 1 the group symmetric relation of (243 x √2 x 6)2 = 1.375941 1010 years for the age of the universe was stated and not derived. Further also the reciprocal transformation of one year is 8677 or 5 x 1728 = 8640 hours, as it seems as a group symmetric number and determining the time scale of a galaxy around a super massive black hole was used, which was not understood and let alone derived. This will be remedied here in par 1.Another subject also treated in ref 1 was the initial condition, apparently generating the super massive black holes in time sequence for an initial macro mass of M40 = 4.4587 1040 kg compromising the entire universe. The state of these BH from M35 to M40 consequently releasing superfluous dark matter as galaxy matter, was not checked provided these BH states where really possible from the view of the weak gravity condition for the intermediating dark matter medium. This is remedied in par 2.The appendix shows some work from around 2017, about the LIGO gravity wave detection of colliding black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The GCDM Model: a Primer

Authors: Martin R. Johnson
Comments: 19 Pages.

This is a presentation of the gas-cold-dark-matter model of Universal development designed for a younger audience. It uses simple language and has elementary development of gas thermodynamic principles appropriate for undergraduates and the general public. The essay also explores the origin of the Hubble tension in more detail than originally provided.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Two Alternative Arnowitt-Dresner-Misner,formalisms Using the Conventions Adopted by Misner-Thorne-Wheeler and Alcubierre Applied to the Natario Warp Drive Spacetime

Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 80 Pages.

General Relativity describes the gravitational field using the geometrical line element of a given generic spacetime metric where do not exists a clear difference between space andtime.This generical form of the equations using tensor algebra is useful for differential geometry where we can handle the spacetime metric tensor in a way that keeps both space and time integrated in the same mathematical entity (the metric tensor). However there are situations in which we need to recover the difference between space and time.The 3 + 1 ADM formalism allows ourselves to separate from the generic equation of a given spacetime the 3 dimensions of space(hypersurfaces) andthe time dimension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Proof of the Rationality of the Definition of Momentum in Relativity

Authors: Chengshen Xu
Comments: 9 Pages.

In this paper we firstly use a new method--the invariance of space-time interval and some simple linear algebra knowledge to derive Lorentz transformations and four-dimensional vectors. Finally we discuss and prove how to define the force and the momentum in relativity which has not been discussed and proved in textbooks and scientific literature. The first three dimensions of a four-dimensional momentum are defined as momentum and the derivative of momentum with respect to time is defined as force. But there is a problem that the rationality of the definition of momentum is not discussed and proved. Force and momentum cannot be arbitrarily defined. Because if our senses are sensitive and sophisticated enough, only a correct definition can guarantee that when we accelerate an object with a constant force, the momentum will increase at a constant rate. It is not necessary to be discussed in classical mechanics, because in classical mechanics the force is proportional to the acceleration and the force comes before the momentum. But it is just the opposite that the momentum comes before the force in relativistic mechanics, so it's important to discuss and prove how to define the force and the momentum in relativity. In addition the fact that the same physical process does not depend on the space-time point means that the Lorentz transformations must be linear transformations, so we can derive Lorentz transformations and four-dimensional vectors by using the invariance of space-time interval and some simple linear algebra knowledge.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Consistent Unification of Space and Time

Authors: Richard M. Blaber
Comments: 8 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

This paper will argue that the Special Theory of Relativity does not unify space and time consistently, and that the Lorenz-FitzGerald transformations, which Einstein inherited from his predecessors, H.A. Lorenz and G.F. FitzGerald, fail to show how space, as such, is contracted by time dilation for moving observers in inertial reference frames.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Robust Understanding of Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Yefim Bakman
Comments: 14 Pages. 10 figures

In the early 20th century, a lack of understanding of the physical mechanism of gravity led to erroneous assumptions. In 2020, a new physical paradigm that uses only one entity to describe the world of the masses was published. That work, seven additional publications, and two videos have together clarified and illustrated the true causes of many physical phenomena including gravity, dark matter, dark energy, and electric charge.Here, we continue to reexamine physics assumptions in light of the new paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The S-Shaped Plane of Rotation of Planets is a General Law of Nature

Authors: V. D. Krasnov
Comments: 6 Pages. In Russian

Around 1100 BC The Chinese scientist Chu Kong, observing the shadow of the gnomon during the winter and summer solstices, measured the inclination of the ecliptic to the equator and determined it to be 23° 54' 02".Since then and now it is accepted that the rotation of the planets of the solar system occurs in one plane - the ecliptic, with small deviations of a few degrees of individual planets from the plane of rotation of the Earth.The planes of rotation of all planets in the past centuries and now are characterized by only one parameter - the angle of inclination. Searches for other parameters characterizing the planes of rotation of planets have not been carried out and today they do not exist.The study showed that the movement of any objects within planetary systems occurs along a wavy surface. The study showed that the "plane" of rotation of the planets is an S-shaped surface.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity Cosmology

Authors: Jeongin Choi
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper presents the perspective that universe is relative. The universe, which changes according to the observer’s proper time, is dynamic.Generally, the universe expands, but if the observer accelerates enough, contraction is also possible. The Hubble parameter merely represents that change. If the Hubble parameter is dependent on the proper time, the measurement can only be uncertain. Identifying the factors that influencethe proper time could potentially lead to a more accurate measurement of the universe’s age, and it could also offer insights into the state of theearly universe and the causes of the accelerated expansion observed in the current epoch.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How to Solve the Clock Synchronization Problem to Measure the One-Way Speed of Light and Change a Second-Order Experiment to First-Order

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 5 Pages.

Measuring the one-way speed of light is deemed impossible because it requires synchronizing distant clocks which in turn depends on the one-way speed of light. The constancy of the one-way speed of light in the Special Relativity theory is therefore an assumption that is not based on any direct experimental evidence. In this paper a new method to synchronize distant clocks and measure the one-way speed of light at the same time is explained. Traditionally, clock synchronization and one-way speed of light measurement are seen as two separate procedures. This paper reveals a novel yet simple way to turn a second order (time-of- flight) light speed experiment into a much more sensitive first-order experiment.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expansion of the Universe is Decelerating

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-23 and Italian, pages 24-46

According to Einstein's postulate of relativity, for which the speed of light is isotropic relative to any inertial reference frame (a postulate that I "falsified"), the cosmological redshift of photons indicates the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, based on which it would be possible to obtain the current distance of the celestial objects that emitted them. However, based on their apparent brightness, it appears that the observed distance is greater than that based on the cosmological redshift. Which would demonstrate, according to the scientific community, that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, even if this phenomenon is incompatible with the principle of conservation of energy, given that it does not apply to Einstein's relativity. While, as I have demonstrated, the fact that the distance obtained based on the apparent luminosity is greater than that obtained through the cosmological redshift, only demonstrates that it does not indicate the scale factor, and not that the expansion is accelerating.In any case, this demonstrates that Einstein's theories are not compatible with the cosmological redshift, because they could only be compatible if it indicated the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, while it does not.According to classical physics, for which, as I have demonstrated, the speed of light is isotropic only relative to the medium in which it manifests itself, the cosmological redshift indicates the speed of the celestial object that received the photons, compared to the one that emitted them. And so a model of the Universe, simple and compatible with observations, is obtained, whose expansion results in deceleration and therefore compatible with the principle of conserva-tion of energy.In conclusion, if on the basis of Einstein's theories, which provide no demonstrable justification for cosmological redshift, it is not demonstrate that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, while based on classical physics, which provides a simple and demonstrable explanation of the cosmological redshift, it appears that the expansion is decelerating, it must be acknowledged that in the current state of knowledge the expansion of the Universe is in deceleration.But for the "discovery" of the impossible accelerating expansion, three physicists won the Nobel Prize in 2011 and now scientific community believes that the expansion is truly accelerating. How could this have happened?
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Renaming Dark Matter: An Elegant Solution That Merges Condensed Gravitational Fields With Cosmology

Authors: Gene A. Harvey
Comments: 3 Pages.

Condensed Gravitational Fields, (CGF), extends the Universal Gravitational Constant of Einstein to incorporate similarities with the other three forces into a concept that provides a different and potentially more elegant explanation for the observed anomalous velocities in galaxies, which have traditionally been attributed to the presence of dark matter. If one considers that gravity, (like the other three forces), strengthens, (or condenses), in and around mass and matter, then it is possible to reevaluate Dark Matter as a consequence of that strengthening. Very similar to magnetic fields, gravity gets stronger around matter. (Recall the "Inverse Square Law" which is fundamental to both Newton and Einstein theories.)
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Lile Gravity: the Electric Field Should be Also Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 9 Pages.

Gravity is already recognized as form o Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration.Based on structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, this paper provides argumentations which indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.This paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, it might provide validity, (or disprove), the above presented statement that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.If this experiment will be implemented, and its results will be successful, such that the Electric Field will be also recognized as a form of Acceleration, this will also result in significant implications, which will be presented in additional papers, by the author if this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Primordial Cosmology from Self-Organized Criticality

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 13 Pages.

Recent observations suggest that the dynamics of the primordial Universe unfolds as complex evolution outside thermodynamic equilibrium. Here we argue that a viable description of the primordial Universe must be built from concepts relevant to complex dynamics such as Self-Organized Criticality and Multifractal Geometry. This approach brings fresh insights into the early genesis of Dark Matter and into some outstanding challenges of standard cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Superstrongly Interacting Gravitons: Low-Energy Quantum Gravity and Vacuum Effects

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 14 Pages. Chapter in book: Horizons in World Physics. Volume 312, edited by A. Reimer, NY: Nova Science, 2024, pp 225-240.

A brief review of the consequences of the hypothesis about the existence of a background of superstrong interacting gravitons isgiven. Gravity is seen as a shielding effect in a sea of low-energy gravitons, and Newton's constant can be calculated as a function of the background temperature. At very small distances,the phenomenon of asymptotic freedom arises. Restrictions on the geometric language and the ban on the existence of black holes areconsidered. Additional deceleration of massive bodies occurs due to forehead and backhead collisions with gravitons. Scattering ofphotons by background gravitons leads to a redshift of distant objects, their additional darkening and the appearance of a background of scattered photons. These effects could revolutionize cosmology because they don't need dark energy, the Big Bang, etc. to explain observations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Discrete Physical Space: Discrete Structure of Black Holes, White Holes and Dark Matter

Authors: Ekaterina Shurygina, Alexander V. Evako
Comments: 11 Pages.

Using the methods and results obtained in digital topology, we construct discrete two- and three-dimensional physical spaces. The structure of discrete spaces is free from constraints and can be chosen depending on external conditions. We develop local and global structure of discrete physical spaces and construct and investigate discrete black and white holes. We hypothesize that the points forming the discrete space have certain properties that turn them into sources of dark matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Quantifying the Universe's Mass-Energy Content via Cosmological Gravitational Redshift Analysis

Authors: Stephen Esmond Shum
Comments: 5 Pages.

The current paper is a follow-up to our previous research, denoted as "The Entire Universe's Expansion at the Speed of Light (Part 2) / A Comprehensive Examination of Cosmological Gravitational Redshift". In that particular study, we conducted a quantitative analysis of the effects of cosmic gravitational redshift. Our examination resulted in derived values for celestial redshift that displayed a significant alignment with observational data obtained from the NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (NED).This current paper aims to extrapolate the total Mass-Energy Content of our local universe basedon our previous findings regarding the cosmos’ gravitational redshift. The comprehensiveMass-Energy Content of our local universe is approximated at 2.13 × 10^52 kg, presented interms of Mass Equivalence.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Riding on a Beam of Light

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 2 Pages.

When Albert Einstein imagined himself riding on a beam of light, it was the trigger for developing his special theory of relativity. This paper will keep on trying to imagine the passage of space-time from the perspective of a photon to reveal new insights on the fundamental structure of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Speculations on the Universe

Authors: Joao Carlos Holland Barcellos
Comments: 20 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - The author's name should not be used to name a principle etc. Please conform!)

We will address some of the main questions regarding our Universe, such as theories about its origins, types of Universes (Virtual Universe, Parallel Universes), and questions about its finiteness, purpose, eternity, and its end.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Density of Gravitational Energy of Curved Space

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravitational energy is localized. It is shown that the massless gravitational energy is enclosed in space, which is curved by matter, according to Einstein's theory. The density of the gravitational energy of curved space is found. This solves the problem of the unambiguous localization of gravitational energy, a problem that Einstein left to the mercy of fate. In the Schwarzschild case, the receipt of the gravitational energy from space by matter increases the inertial mass of the matter. Since the gravitational mass of an isolated system is determined by the curvature of space at infinity, the inertial mass of an isolated system exceeds its gravitational mass by the value of the gravitational energy of space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The One Way Light [Speculation]

Authors: Aya Thompson
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a setup allowing the physical testing of a "one way" or rather anisotropic/directionally dependent speed of light. A foundational yet unsolved measurementproblem proposed to be impossible, we demonstrate the basis for a setup that is immediately practicable. Our insight is simply that the pythagoerean theorem allows for a tiny geometric indiscrepancy in path length over a 2d geometry, most likely the maximum indiscrepancygeometrically allowed. With this in hand new test of relativity never before possible can beachieved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Entire Universe has been Expanding at the Speed of Light (Part 2): Comprehensive Study of Cosmological Gravitational Redshift

Authors: Stephen E. Shum
Comments: 9 Pages.

This study serves as a sequel to our earlier research, 'Entire Universe has been Expanding at the Speed of Light / Comprehensive Study of the Hubble Constant throughout the Ages of the Universe' (Part 1). In our prior work, we presented compelling evidence supporting the assertion that the universe has been expanding at the speed of light. This conclusion was based on an in-depth analysis of the Hubble Constant, and the resulting calculations of celestial redshift values closely mirrored observed data. Furthermore, our research shed light on the prominent cosmological gravitational redshift during the universe's earlier compact phase. The primary objective of this paper is to present a quantitative evaluation of cosmological gravitational redshift. This endeavor is to complement and expand upon the preliminary findings in Part 1.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmic Bubbles

Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 13 Pages.

The present paper is inspired by the article "Ho'oleilana: An Individual Baryon Acoustic Oscillation?" published by R. B. Tully, C. Howlett, and D. Pomarède on Sep. 2023 [1]. They claim: Evidence is presented here for the discovery of a remarkably strong individual contribution to the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) signal at z = 0.068, an entity that is given the name Ho’oleilana. K. Dawson, co-spokesperson for Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument is more inclined to believe that this latest finding is something of a coincidence, a chance alignment that simply looks like a sphere with a radius around what you’d expect for a BAO [2].In the paper, we provide a short summary of experimental observations of Boötes Void and Superclusters; discuss the main features of the developed Hypersphere World-Universe Model; introduce notions "Cosmic Voids" and "Cosmic Bubbles"; elaborate a mathematical framework for different types of Cosmic Bubbles (Hubble Spherical Bubble for the World, Disk Bubbles for Galaxies; Spherical Bubbles for Extrasolar Systems, Dark Matter (DM) Spherical Bubbles for Galaxies and Superclusters); make a conclusion that the Boötes is a DM Cosmic Bubble and suggest experiments, which confirm our conclusion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Model of the Speed of Light Reflected from a Moving Mirror

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 7 Pages.

The classical emission (ballistic) theory of light predicted that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is c + 2v , where v is a component of the mirror velocity. In 1913, A. Michelson carried out an experiment to test this hypothesis and concluded that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is constant c independent of mirror velocity, to a high degree of precision. With the advent of Albert Einstein’s special relativity theory, and with additional experimental counter evidences such as moving source experiments, the classical emission theory was finally abandoned. Many years later, in 1967, an experiment was being carried out to test Einstein’s gravitational time dilation by bouncing radar pulses grazing the sun off the planet Venus. As disclosed by Bryan G Wallace, large ‘anomalous’ first order variations in the time delay data were found in the raw data, in complete disagreement with Einstein’s light postulate, but conforming to the long forgotten classical emission /ballistic theory. In this paper, I present a new model of the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror that resolves these contradictions. Although the model can make correct predictions, its physical meaning is inexplicable. Light behaves as if it is reflected from the point where the mirror is at the instant of emission, and the speed of the reflected light is the sum of the speed of light c and twice a component of the mirror velocity, i.e. c + 2v. Logically, one would have to take into account the motion of the mirror during the transit time of light to determine the point in space where light is reflected. This paper shows that this logical and conventional thinking is possibly wrong in the case of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Effect of Gravity on the Evolution of Life on Earth

Authors: Tibor Endre Nagy, Erzsebet Szolnoki
Comments: 31 Pages.

The radius of the universe can be determined by combining the Einstein formulas, which determine the degree of gravitational redshift and describe the angle of refraction of a beam of light running along celestial bodies. The relationship between the two equations is made by the ratio of the total angle to the angle of deflection of the beam of light passing by the Earth according to the rules of Euclidean geometry (2π/α). The so-called Darwinian evolutionary distances measured from the color changes of the respiratory pigments of biological creatures (in connection with the phase of their circulation) can be paralleled with this. It is possible to measure these to the radius of the universe determined in this way. During the nearly 4-billion-year uninterrupted process of Darwinian evolution, living organisms presumably adapted to surface gravity during mutations as well as to any other environmental factor. In this way, they can accelerate continuously along the imaginary straight line from the origin of life to the appearance of the human race, i.e., within the short evolutionary distance, due to the attractive effect of gravity. During the free fall from the past to the present, the curvature of space-time may gradually appear in their physiological processes and anatomical structure. Specifically in their circulatory system, the rate of evolution would correspond to the most qualitatively advanced level, i.e., the velocity of human blood circulation. In this way, the evolution accelerating to almost the speed of light is reduced to 5.23 cm/s due to an enormous time dilation (as a proportion of angles; α/2π). With this average human blood flow velocity, together with data from cardiac and circulatory procedures, a toroidal, or even more refined, ‘interlocking figure 8 model’ can be constructed. It reflects the dimensions, flow and pressure conditions of the pulmonary and systemic circulation, as well as the work of the heart.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Eddington’s Number, the Mass of the Universe and the Unification of Gravitation and Electromagnetism

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0.

It is easy to show how Eddington’s number (the number of protons and electrons in the Universe) and the mass of the Universe are related to the gravitational fine-structure constant, and how, via the postulate of a ‘gravito-electric’ current, all three may permit the unification of gravitation with electromagnetism and vice versa.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A Scale Factor Dependent Evolution of the Mass of Elementary Particles as a Solution to the Conundrums in Cosmology

Authors: En Okada
Comments: 2 Pages.

Being inspired by numbers of too-unlikely-to-be-coincidence relationships between the current universe and its Planck scale precursor, together with the well-known Eddington number riddle, we propose an audacious hypothesis that the mass of elementary particles is proportional to the inverse cubic root of the scale factor of the universe. The hypothesis eloquently explains, within Einstein’s original theory of general relativity, why the universe seems to have roughly three times as much of energy as the sum of light and dark matters, and why it seems to accelerate its pace of expansion. Moreover, we provide an alternative formulation that is equivalent to the Riemannian geometry of the general relativity, paving the way for a grand unification of gravity with the other three basic interactions that are described by quantum field theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[Critical Analysis of] Special Theory of Relativity

Authors: Sjaak Uitterdijk
Comments: 4 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

This article [attempts to] shows that Einstein obtained his transformation formulas by applying striking manipulative mathematics[.]
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Total (Tolman) Mass M of a Tennis Ball and Its Proper (Inertial) Mass M

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 4 Pages. Submitted to JETP Letters

The article presents fundamental results which significantly change the theory of gravity: (1) Gravitational energy is localized. The problem, from which Einstein, Eddington, and other classics have distanced themselves, has been solved. This is contrary to Landau, Lifshitz's assertion that "It has no meaning to speak of a definite localization of the energy of the gravitational field in space". This is contrary to Misner, Thorne, Wheeler’s assertion that "One cannot define a localized energy-momentum for the gravitational field". (2) For the first time it is stated that the law of conservation of inertial mass-energy is violated during gravitational interaction and the mass defect is positive. The inertial mass-energy of bodies exceeds their gravitational mass by the massless energy of curved space-time. This is contrary to Misner, Thorne Wheeler’s assertion that "The mass-energy of a neutron star is less than the mass-energy of the same number of baryons at infinite separation".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Potential Evidence for Dark Matter as Dimensional Condensate

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This brief note calls attention to tentative new evidence supporting the hypothesis that Dark Matter represents a large-scale dimensional condensate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Critical Analysis of LIGO

Authors: Policarpo Yoshin Ulianov
Comments: 31 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm - Please conform!)

This article analyses the LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory). The author contends that the LIGO failed to detect true GWs which will open door for the emergence of new physics models, at least, the ones that can explain who make a True GWs Detector, as the Witte Ulianov Time Interferometer model. To carry out this analysis, of one True Gravitational Waves Detector (TGWD), we will also use AI Artificial Intelligence. But to do this we first need to show that today, the question is no longer using the TT (Turing Test) to distinguish between a person and an AI. This test has been improved, by the author, to be a new TTT (True Turing Test), and now allows us to differentiate a TAI (True Artificial Intelligence) from a FAI (Fake Artificial Intelligence). This paper also introduces the Witte Ulianov Time Interferometer (WUTI), that can be used as base to make a TGWD. Built upon Einstein’s General Relativity (GR), WUTI capitalizes on the concept that gravitational fields can influence time dilation, akin to a "time flow rate". So, the WUTI identifies GWs through time distortion, over two time sources, when these waves traverse the detector. WUTI employs the Witte effect, first noted by R. D. Witte in 1991, while measuring disparities between atomic clocks. This effect enables the measurement of "time flow" alterations between two points in space, utilizing accurate time sources like atomic clocks or highly stable frequency laser sources. Upon encountering a gravitational wave, these clocks experience modified "time flow" between them, observable through phase comparators.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Principle of Energy Equilibrium Shift and Relative-Absolute Spacetime View

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 19 Pages.

When the observer's motion state changes, different forms of energy in an isolated system will undergo changes (this is the relativistic effect of energy). If the coefficients of the relativistic effects of different forms of energy are different, changing the observer's state of motion can become a condition for breaking energy conservation. This situation is the principle of energy conservation state change (PECSC). It can serve as a theoretical criterion for testing the correctness of physical theories. Through quantitative analysis of several cases, it was found that PECSC holds true: the principle of narrow relativity can lead to the destruction of the conservation of quantities in the system. This conclusion prompts us to seek new perspectives on spacetime. Considering that the phrase ‘spacetime undergo changes due to absolute motion’ coordinates the relationship between relative and absolute, a relatively-absolute view of spacetime (RAVS) that is compatible with each other can be chosen, and a RAVS which is compatible with both relative and absolute can be chosen. The advantages of RAVS have been proved. Applying the RAVS to analyze previous experimental data, it can be predicted that the absolute motion speed of the Earth is 0.0005c.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Space-Time Equation of Oscillation Energy in Linked Shell-Model-Analogon of Damping Energy

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 6 Pages.

The differential equation of second order for space-time-oscillation in flat tangential-spacetime of Minkowski-type can be written as an energy-equation. For this energy-equation the analogon of damping energy in two coupled Minkoswki-spacetimes with ftl can be calculated and formulated over Lamberts W-function or via Euler-equation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Derivation of Time Dilation with the Time Spatial Dimension

Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 3 Pages.

Modern physics primarily focuses on time in the durational context which we, as humans, are very familiar with and has been historically useful from an evolutionary perspective. However, this experiential bias of durational time may be misleading when trying to uncover the true nature of time and the relationship between the quantum and relativistic aspects of our universe. Here we will discuss time as a spatial dimension through a simple derivation of the time dilation equation utilizing simple conversions of time to a spatial dimension to highlight a new understanding of time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

For Electrically Charged Bodies, Attracted or Repelled Under Coulomb's Law, F=ma Should be Replaced with F=qa

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 17 Pages.

Newton's Laws of Motions are considered a basic corner stone of Physics. Thus, a claim that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable in certain cases, sounds as an out of line, and an incorrect claim.Nevertheless, this paper presents such a claim, based on argumentations resulting from the structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law.Based on these structural identities, this paper presents the prediction, that similar to Newton's Gravitational Field, which is already recognized also as a form of Acceleration, also Electric Fields, might be also forms of Acceleration.The above also results in the conclusion, that for Electrically Charged Bodies, attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable, and should be replaced with a different Law, namely, F=qa.Also, based on the above-mentioned structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, a paper published by the author of this paper, expandsEinstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Mass Bodies, which also provides an explanation for the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged Bodies, which is still a mystery today.The above presented predictions, presented in this paper, that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be always applicable, and that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of Acceleration, might sound extraordinary, not correct, and out of line predictions.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, it might provide validity, (or disprove), the above presented predictions.Parts of the materials presented in this paper, were already presented in additional papers, by the author of this paper. Those papers are also mentioned in the body of this paper, and also appear in the references section of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Kind of Device Can Measure the Viscosity of Dark Matter Fluids

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 7 Pages.

This paper explores how to detect the viscous force of dark matter fluids. In a microscopic environment like the Earth, the ideal measuring device is the gravitational constant measuring device. However, although the order of magnitude of the viscosity force of dark matter fluid is equivalent to the gravitational constant, due to the symmetry arrangement of the gravitational constant measuring device itself, it means that this symmetry arrangement needs to be excluded when detecting the viscosity force of dark matter fluid. The gravitational constant measuring device used in a general physics laboratory may not be accurate. It requires sophisticated professional equipment to complete. In addition, the direct measurement with other devices is not very good. The main thing is that the accuracy requirements are higher. In the interstellar range, the use of artificial satellites and spacecraft to make measurements may also be affected by gravity, and there are also some key problems to solve.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Antimatter and Relativity.

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 3 Pages. Creative Commons License BY-NC-ND 4.0

Recent research, published in Nature (Anderson et al, 2023 [1]) shows that antimatter, in the form of antihydrogen, falls freely in the presence of a gravitational field. This ought to come as no surprise to any physicist, as it follows, logically, from the Special Theory of Relativity, which proposes that mass and energy are equivalent, and the General Theory of Relativity, which proposes that mass-energy produces gravitational fields, and is affected by them. As antimatter possesses both mass and energy, if the experiment conducted by Anderson and his colleagues had shown any other reaction to the one it did, they would have disproved both of Einstein’s theories. ‘Exotic matter’, rather than antimatter, is the kind that can be expected to evoke an ‘anti-gravity’ effect.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravity-Time and the Inside of a Black Hole :Another Way to Define Time

Authors: Jeonghoon Lee
Comments: 18 Pages.

Time is a concept to explain change. Since gravity is a force that causes change, time can be defined using the rate at which gravity is propagated. (gravity-time). The speed of gravity is invariant in the pan-inertial frame and is not affected by other gravity, gravity-time is homogeneous even in the gravitational field. (In an inertial frame, gravity-time is equal to the time of the special theory of relativity). Gravity, created by a point mass, can be removed by using a reference frame of uniform circular motion (speed v) so that the speed of light in the gravitational field can be calculated. Here, if Newtonian mechanics is applied as an approximation and the above equation is converted into an equation of radius R, then the speed of light and the size of the black hole exactly match the values calculated by the general theory of relativity. The principle of constancy of the speed of gravity establishes the Lorentz transformation. When viewed from a moving object in respect to a star, gravity-time in the star passes slowly. Due to the difference in the time flow between the star and the object, the gravity transmitted from the star for a certain time reaches the moving object in a longer time, so the gravity works weakly compared to a stationary object. The gravity-time equations of motion could be represented using the momentarily co-moving pan-inertial frame. With this equation, we can show that even inside a black hole, the acceleration or the acting force does not become infinite. Also, the size of a black hole is smaller than the Schwarzschild radius. The theory of gravity-time predicts that gravitational wave is faster than light in a gravitational field, and that gravity works weakly on a moving object compared to a stationary one.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Gravitational Energy Attributed to Curved Space

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 9 Pages.

Gravitational energy is localized. It is shown that the massless gravitational energy is enclosed in space, which is curved by matter, according to Einstein's theory. This solves the problem of the unambiguous localization of gravitational energy, a problem that Einstein left to the mercy of fate. Depending on the nature of the curvature of space, this energy can be positive (gravitational waves) or negative (Schwarzschild space). The density of the space’s energy is obtained. The emission of massless gravitational waves reduces the inertial mass of the emitter. In the Schwarzschild case, the receipt of the gravitational energy from the space by matter increases the inertial mass of the matter. Since the gravitational mass of an isolated system is determined by the curvature of space at infinity, the inertial mass of an isolated system exceeds its gravitational mass by the value of the gravitational energy of space.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Ether Was Proved Based on the Sagnac Effect

Authors: Demin Liu
Comments: 2 Pages.

In fact, the ether can be proven from the deformation of the Sagnac effect formula, but relativity gives different explanations, so the author did a new experiment "The Discovery of a New Photoelectric Medium Based on Experiments" published in the Thermodynamics and Energy section of this website.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Inertial Mass and Equivalence Principle in General Relativity

Authors: Wenceslao González
Comments: 19 Pages.

We formulate the equivalence principle in Newtonian mechanics and General Relativity. We distinguish seven formulations of the equivalence principle, but not all are equivalent. We summarize the methods used in General Relativity to calculate the inertial mass. His examinationleads us to consider two total energy-momentum tensors: calculated from gravitational mass andusing inertial mass. The first is the one that appears in the gravitational field equation, and the second is the one that allows us to determine the system's energy and, therefore, its inertial mass.We conclude that the theory of General Relativity does not explain the equality of inertial andgravitational mass, although it is a result derivable from Newtonian mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: William D. Walker, Dag Stranneby
Comments: 9 Pages.

Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented showing that both gravitational and electromagnetic fields (light) propagate instantaneously in the nearfield of a source and, within a wavelength, reduces to the speed of light c in the farfield. Relativity is shown to yield Galilean transformations when using instantaneous nearfield light, and yield Lorentz transformations when using farfield speed c light. Since time and space are real and can not depend on the frequency of light used to measure time and space of moving bodies, then it is concluded that Relativity is an optical illusion. Space and time are absolute and not flexible. Space can appear to contract, and time appear to dilate, when using farfield light to measure the effects of time and space of moving bodies. But the observed effects are not real and are an optical illusion, since using nearfield light will show that time and space have not changed. Since General Relativity is based on Special Relativity, then its effects on time and space are also an optical illusion. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM), based on an equivalent set of Maxwell equations for gravity, is known to be a weak field limit of General Relativity, which is all that we observe, and therefore predicts all the known gravitational observations. It is shown to also predict superluminal nearfield and farfield speed c propagating fields. GEM is concluded to be a better theory of gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Speed of Light Cannot be Isotropic Relative to the Earth

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: 9 Pages. In English and Italian

In 1887 the famous Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which should have revealed that the speed of light is not the same for all directions, on the Earth. But the experiment revealed that the speed of light result isotropic.In order to justify this result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the aether, undergo a contraction of length in the direction of motion, for which a arm of the Michelson-Morley interferometer would have contracted, thus making the speed of light result isotropic, while in reality it was not.In 1905 Einstein also intervened and claimed, but only by stipulation, that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all celestial objects regardless of the motion between them.Therefore, not only Lorentz, but not even Einstein stated that the speed of light is really isotropic on Earth.Instead, the scientific community, misrepresenting what Einstein stated, namely that the speed of light is isotropic on Earth only by stipulation, is stating that the isotropy of the speed of light is real or, at least, it is not saying that said isotropy is due to a stipulation, thus implying that it is real. While it has been demon-strated that light is a wave phenomenon which, therefore, needs a medium to manifest itself, therefore its speed can only be isotropic relative to said medium and therefore not also relative to a reference frame in motion relative to the medium. Therefore, an experiment and/or observation would not even be necessary to demonstrate that the speed of light cannot be isotropic relative to the Earth, because logic is enough to refute the decision of the scientific community. But in any case in this article I will demonstrate that the speed of light cannot really be isotropic, also through observations of the CMBR and a thought experiment based on it and, therefore, that Lorentz and Einstein are right in support that the speed of light light may not be truly isotropic. Therefore the scientific community should not support the real isotropy of the speed of light in all inertial reference frame, misrepresenting what Einstein stated in his theory of special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Application of the Theory of Variable Speed of Light on the Universe

Authors: Markus Schönlinner
Comments: 26 Pages.

By applying the theory of variable speed of light, the galactic red-shift can be described as aphenomenon, which only SEEMS to be a movement and it can be explained by the variation ofthe cosmic gravitational potential. An alternative concept of the universe is developed, whereasonly very general assumptions about the properties of the universe are made. The worldviewarising from that is simpler than the Standard Model. The theory of variable speed of light isable to describe the Hubble diagram consistently in a new way, nevertheless, without having tointroduce any parameters.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Introduction to the Theory of Time Frames: (1) Time Flow

Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper marks the beginning of a series of papers dedicated to establishing the theoretical foundations of a novel theory of relativity called the Theory of Time Frames. Due to the extensive nature of the topic, the theoretical basis of time frames will be divided into multiple papers, each addressing a specific aspect. This initial work focuses on developing a deeper understanding of the flow of time, which serves as a fundamental concept for the theory of time frames. Examining time dilation through the prism of the flow of time revealed a unique opportunity to introduce novel concepts: the background time flow, the gravitational time flow, and the kinetic time flow. Moreover, this exploration allowed for the establishment of the unit of time flow. These pivotal investigations laid a robust groundwork for delving deeper into the impact of the flow of time on various physical phenomena, offering a promising direction for further research in this domain.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Jacobi and Lagrangian Formulation of the Classical Cosmological Equations

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 24 Pages. 150 Equations, 19 References

Classical mechanics has been a well-established field for many years, but there are still some challenges that can be addressed using modern techniques. When dealing with classical mechanics problems, the first step is usually to create amathematical expression called the Hamiltonian based on a known function called the Lagrangian. This involves using standard procedures to establish relationships like the Poisson bracket, canonical momenta, Euler-Lagrange equations, andHamilton-Jacobi relations. In this paper, we focus on a specific problem related to the calculus of variations, which deals with finding the Lagrangian function that, when used in the Euler-Lagrange equation, produces a given differentialequation. To tackle this problem, we employ two distinct methods to determine the Lagrangian and, subsequently, the Hamiltonian for the cosmological equations derived from General Relativity. These equations describe the motion of celestial objects in the universe and are of second-order in nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Geometry, Symmetries, and Quantization of Scalar Fields in de-Sitter Space-Time

Authors: Arpan Dey, Riddhiman Bhattacharya, Sanchari Sen
Comments: 28 Pages. 3 Figures:3; 22References

The paper commences by examining the geometric properties of de-Sitter space-time,with a specific focus on the isometries generated by Killing vectors. It also investigatesvarious metrics that are applicable to specific regions of space-time, revealing that in thedistant future, the symmetries exhibit a similar local structure to that of $R^3$.Furthermore,the classical Klein-Gordon equation is solved within this space-time, leading to the discoverythat energy is not conserved. The solutions to the Klein-Gordon equation yield intriguing outcomes that have the potential to enable observations from the early inflationary era.Finally, the primary objective of the paper is to comprehensively examine a quantized scalarfield in the de-Sitter background, exploring the solutions for the two-point function andanalyzing their behavior during both early and late time periods.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Solving Cosmological Constant Problem

Authors: Felix M. Lev
Comments: 11 Pages.

Physicists usually believe that physics cannot (and should not) derive the values of c and ћ but should derive the value of the cosmological constant Λ. This problem is considered fundamental after the phenomenon of cosmological acceleration (PCA) was discovered in 1998. This phenomenon is usually considered in the framework of General Relativity (GR) and here the main uncertainty is how the background space is treated. If it is flat, PCA is usually treated as a manifestation of dark energy and (as acknowledged in the literature) currently its nature is a mystery. On the other hand, if it is curved then a problem arises why the value of Λ is as is. However, in our approach based only on universally recognized results of physics, the solution of the problem does not contain uncertainties because PCA is an inevitable kinematical consequence of quantum theory in semiclassical approximation. Since the de Sitter (dS) algebra is semisimple, it is the most general ten-dimensional Lie algebra because it cannot be obtained by contraction from other ten-dimensional Lie algebras. Let R be the parameter of contraction from the dS algebra to the Poincare one. Then the problem why the quantities (c,ћ,R) are as are does not arise because they are contraction parameters for transitions from more general Lie algebras to less general ones. In our approach, background space and its geometry (metric and connection) are not used but, in semiclassical approximation, the result for PCA is the same as in GR if Λ=3/R^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the Standard Model, there is a lack of discourse on the effects of particles with negative masses to be taken into consideration to attempt solutions of outstanding problems such as Dark Matter, Dark Energy and other experimentally observed phenomena for which no exhaustive data and therefore no suitable explanations exist. Also, it was while deriving the equation, R = GM/c², in which the restrictive condition for creation of a Black Hole at the end of a stellar collapse is totally removed, similar to the Schwarzschild’s Radius R☉ for a Black Hole resulting from a stellar collapse, R☉ = 2GM☉/c², very uncomfortable questions arose that are yet to be addressed. Moreover, the asymmetry between the ubiquitous presence of particles and the relative scarcity of antiparticles in the observable universe also isn’t explainable. The present article continues to probe the untouched areas of inferable possibilities, not yet arrived at by peers in peer-reviewed materials, and touch upon some of the yet unsolved questions by probing aspects of matter-energy relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Correct Way to Calculate the Rapidity in Special Relativity

Authors: Michael Leon Fontenot
Comments: 3 Pages.

Taylor and Wheeler, in their SPACETIME PHYSICS book (1966 edition), give the "rapidity" (or "velocity parameter") as theta = A * tau, where "A" is the acceleration in ly/y/y, and "tau" is the age in years of the person on the trailing rocket (assuming that the rocket fires when that person has just been born, and is at the origin of the chart at birth). The chart’s vertical axis gives the distance "X" from the starting point, and the horizontal axis gives the age "tau" of the person on the trailing rocket. The velocity, according to that person, is then v = tanh(theta) ly/y, and the distance traveled from X = 0 by that person is just the integral of "v" with respect to "tau". If desired, OTHER rockets can start from positions farther up the "X" axis, at positions D = D1, D = 2*D1, etc. The curve of the second-lowest curve, starting at X = D1 and tau = 0, is exactly the same shape as the lowest curve, just shifted upward by the amount D1. It is possible to have any number of such rockets, each with a curve shifted upward by some distance "D" above the immediately lower curve, and having exactly the same shape as the lowest curve. The result is the view according to the people in the lowest rocket.NOW, one can use the length contraction equation (LCE) to get the corresponding chart according to the initial inertial observer (IIO), with time variable "t" and position "x": one just divides each point of each curve by the factor gamma, wheregamma = 1 / { 1 - sqrt [ (v * v ) ] }.But when one does that, the results are ABSURD. If there is just a single rocket, starting fromx = 0 at t = 0,then according to the IIO, that rocket will first move a large distance away from x = 0, but will eventually start to move back toward the IIO (even though its rocket is always pointing away from x = 0, and is still producing the same thrust). Ultimately, that rocket gets arbitrarily close to the IIO, as "t" goes to infinity. Clearly, that is absurd, and it can’t be true. So we must reject Taylor and Wheeler’s scenario and their equation for the rapidity.IS there an alternative scenario and rapidity equation which DOESN’T have an absurd outcome? YES! We use the viewpoint of the IIO who is present (and stationary) at the launch. According to that IIO, at time "t" in the IIO’s life, the trailing rocket is moving at the speedv = tanh(theta),where theta is NOW given by theta = A * t, not theta = A * tau. And a rocket starting at distance D1 above the origin is vertically separated from the lowest curve by the amount D1 / gamma. Likewise, another rocket starting at a distance D2 will be vertically separated from the lowest curve by amount D2 / gamma, etc. For this alternative scenario, there are no absurdities like there were in the first scenario.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Black Holes and the Expansion of Space

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 1 Page.

This Essay suggests a way to prove that curved space-time guides photonic light how to move, but unlike matter, photonic light will not guide space-time how to curve. This will lead to the conclusion that photonic light has no direct gravitational effect on space-time. This conclusion leads to the source of dark energy which accelerates the expansion of space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Birth of the Universe

Authors: Teguh Waluyo
Comments: 2 Pages.

The universe is created from nothing. Before the birth of the universe, matter, space, and time were not yet created. The mass of universe before the birth is zero. Space and time are something unknown. Calculation using the relative density of space-time, the universe gets mass from its birth at the birth time and the process is instantaneous.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Bi-Verse Theory Visualizing Universe as One Side of a Thread

Authors: Sreeram Pozhat Menon
Comments: 21 Pages. CC-BY Sreeram

In this theorem titled bi-verse, we aim to provide a unique mathematical explanation for the current nature of the universe. By conceptualizing the world as a thread, we introduce a novel approach where particles are generated due to the oscillations of this thread. This paper sets our work apart by offering a new framework that diverges from traditional theories about the nature of universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Spacetime Dipole Wave Pressure and Black Holes

Authors: Policarpo Batista Uliana
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper is based on John A. Macken's proposal [1], that the universe is only spacetime. In the context of Quantum Mechanics, Macken defines the spacetime dipole wave (DW) model, where spacetime can be seen as a sea of energetic waves, traveling at light speed. From this model, the DW pressure (~ 10113 J/m3) is analyzed in the context of the kinetic gas theory and so DW pressure is used to define a fundamental particle, named by the author as a Ulianov Hole (uhole). Auhole can be related to an elastic tube connecting two regions of space (or time), generating variations inDW pressure. Two kinds of uholes are presented in this paper: the spatial uhole (uhole-S) that has a property related to mass; and the time uhole (uhole-T) that has a property related to electric charge. This paper presents a basic analysis of the uholes-S model, that can explain the mass generation mechanism of elemental particles, without using the Higgs field model. The uhole-S has two ends, one related with matter and the other with antimatter. And so, a mass particle is formed when one uhole-S is stretched enough to avoid an annihilation process. The uhole-S model also relates mass particles to the behavior of micro black holes that reduce the DW pressure. This model also explains mass attraction force (gravitational mass) and the resistance of mass movement in space (inertial mass), enabling the deduction of some of Newton’s Laws.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

How Torsion [] May Permit Cosmological Constant and [Serve] Baseline as to Dark Energy

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to Title made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

Based on the idea of cyclic conformal cosmology, we discuss how torsion may allow for a cosmological constant, which links the ideas given by Beckwith and QaZi 2023 to a presentation as far as Torsion as given by de Sabbata and Sirvaram, Erice 1990 . The 1990 article claims that Torsion cancels Cosmological vacuum energy whereas our formulation leads to a left over cosmological constant 10^-121 times vacuum energy . Meantime speculation as to how all this relates to black hole physics and speculation given by Corda which replaces traditional firewalls with a different formulation are included as that presentation by Corda uses the idea of a quantum number n, which ties into our own Cosmological constant presentation
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Causal Loops in Time Travel

Authors: Nicolae Sfetcu
Comments: 19 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin - Only Preprint is acceptable and all future non-compliant submission will be rejected!)

About the possibility of time traveling based on several specialized works, including those of Nicholas J. J. Smith ("Time Travel"), William Grey ("Troubles with Time Travel"), Ulrich Meyer ("Explaining causal loops"), Simon Keller and Michael Nelson ("Presentists should believe in time-travel"), Frank Arntzenius and Tim Maudlin ("Time Travel and Modern Physics"), and David Lewis ("The Paradoxes of Time Travel"). The article begins with an Introduction in which I make a short presentation of the time travel, and continues with a History of the concept of time travel, main physical aspects of time travel, including backward time travel in the past in general relativity and quantum physics, and time travel in the future, then a presentation of the Grandfather paradox that is approached in almost all specialized works, followed by a section dedicated to the Philosophy of time travel, and a section in which I analyze Causal loops for time travel. I finish my work with Conclusions, in which I sustain my personal opinions on the time travel, and the Bibliography on which the work is based.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Critical Analysis of Special Relativity

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 9 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholalry norm - Please conform!)

In this study, the theory of special relativity is critically analyzed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

[t]he Steady State Qubit Universes

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 12 Pages.

Genesis, the creation of our cosmos in six times 24 hours with one day rest by super massive black holes, white radiators having a crossing time for the light speed over the event horizon of about 24 hours, can be derived by group symmetric considerations based on Monster symmetry. The age of our cosmos seems to be 13.7 billion years as a representation of the omega condition breaks down in: (243 x √2 x6)2 = (1.173005 105)2 = 1.375941 1010 /1.0024532 = 1.3692 1010 yrs Or as observed in: 1.375941 1010 x 1.0024532 = 1.383 1010 yrs The cubic power of 24 hrs represents two dark matter black holes accelerated in opposing direction to an end velocity of ½√2 c in a time sequence cycle of six of those cubes. The ratio 1.002453 is a genuine deviation derived from the symmetry number of the Monster. The time sequence cycle is repeated till the overall mass of the universes has been reached.The day of rest represents the formation of a super massive white radiator, black hole as remnant in present-day galaxies. Given by:24 x 6 = 144 x √4/3 =166.2768 hrs or 7 x 24 = 168 hrs. The 24 x √4/3 = 27.7128 hrs is the expansion time needed for the formation of the ultra fast and ultra light mediating medium having an maximum momentum of (½ c) effective due to acceleration to the end velocity to ½ √2 c. The alpha condition or the inflationary period of our cosmos, the onset in opposing time symmetries confirms the initial state of the Big Bang for the group symmetry Monster number, a compacted state for neutrons having an imaginary macro mass in the order of Jupiter with event horizon of one metre. The so called inflationary period, alpha initial condition, lasted for 768 yrs times 2 due to the fast mediation medium. All massive white radiators as macro quantum states were released during that period.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmology and the Uncertainty Principles: A New Road to the Quantum Gravity

Authors: Moninder Singh Modgil
Comments: 4 Pages.

We introduce the ansatz that universe size and age are the maximal spatial and temporal uncertainties, respectively - within the uncertainty principles. This allows us to derive a relationship between Planck’s constant and the Hubble’s constant. Accordingly, we obtain numerical value of the minimum momentum and energy uncertainty, which are locally experimentally verifiable. Reciprocally, if one has experimentally verified values of minimum Energy and Momentum, then the Universe’s Age and size can be calculated — independently — i.e., aside from other methods. A new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and cosmology/General Relativity, i.e. Quantum Gravity is given.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Charge Parity Symmetry and the Matter Antimatter Imbalance

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 44 Pages.

This paper builds on proposals in earlier papers that build the SM fundamental particles from infinite superpositions. The most important prediction of these earlier papers is that all fundamental particles, including bosons, have an infinitesimal mass that at all times is inversely proportional to the horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. Photons interacting between electrically charged particles only travel at approximately light velocity when interacting energies are well above inverse horizon radius values. High energy scattering experiments performed in this current era are unlikely to include interacting photon energies approaching the inverse horizon radius, and will thus show mirror symmetry as their interacting bosons travel at virtually light velocity. However, when matter and antimatter were forming, the inverse horizon radius was very small with larger energy interacting photons, and more likely to have included energies inversely proportional to the horizon radius. These photons travel at well below light velocities and will not show mirror symmetry, which Sakharov argued in 1967 could explain the matter antimatter imbalance.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Cosmological Constant of GRT as a Radial Function in Dependence of Velocity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Under special circumstances cosmological u201econstant" of GRT can be formulated as a function in dependence of radial term. This calculation will be shown. In fact this system of physical ideas is now described only for local state of Schwarzschild-lineelement with cosmological variable but it can be easily developed to cosmic terms.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Hamiltonian Chaos and Gravitational Physics

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 10 Pages.

The goal of this paper is to analyze the likely transition from integrability to Hamiltonian chaos in the primordial Universe. The transition is driven by curvature fluctuations and favors the onset of a spacetime endowed with continuous dimensions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Expanding Universe - Derivation and Solution of the Friedmann Expansion Equation

Authors: Jörg Schmidt
Comments: 62 Pages.

In this work, the Friedmann equations, which represent the fundamental equations of cosmological models, are derived using a Newtonian and a relativistic approach by solving Einstein's field equations in a high level of detail. The space-time geometry in the form of the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker metric is derived and the calculations of the Christoffel symbols, the Ricci tensor and Ricci scalar, as well as the solution of the field equations are described in detail. The energy-momentum tensor assumes that matter in the universe behaves like an ideal fluid.The relationship between the different densities in the universe and the scale factor and the resulting three phases in the evolutionary history of the universe are explained. The time-varying ratio of matter density to vacuum density in the universe eventually led to the reversal of expansion, i.e., the change from a decelerated to an accelerated expansion of space. With the help of the second Friedmann equation and an equation for the expansion force, it is demonstrated at which density ratio and at what time this occurred. Assuming a flat universe and neglecting the radiation density, the Friedmann equation is solved and equations for the scale factor and the Hubble parameter are derived.Equations are derived to determine the cosmological horizons, the Hubble radius, and the worldlines of photons (light cones) and of stationary objects moving only within the Hubble flow. Using example calculations and their representations in space-time diagrams, the interrelations of these quantities are particularly elaborated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

­Special Relativity and Length Contraction

Authors: Jan Slowak
Comments: 3 Pages.

The special theory of relativity, SR, is based on two so-called postulates/axioms:1) The constancy of the speed of light The special theory of relativity postulates that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant equal to c for all observers in uniform relative motion.2) Principle of relativityAll systems, where observers move at constant speed, inertial systems, are equivalent and therefore the laws of physics must give the same result for all of them.As a consequence of SR comes two concepts/physical phenomena: - time dilation- length contraction.In this article we take a look at length contraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Einstein's Coordinate Condition Makes GR Self-Consistently Lorentz Covariant; Friedmann's Galilean Metric Condition Eliminates Gravitational Time Dilation

Authors: Steven Kenneth Kauffmann
Comments: 25 Pages.

In 1915 Einstein adopted a new coordinate condition for his GR gravity theory, namely that the metric tensor's determinant always equals -1, its Minkowskian zero-gravity value. In his landmark November 18, 1915 paper, Einstein showed that applying this coordinate condition to the approximate calculation of the metric of a static point mass (the sun) results in agreement with the previously unaccounted-for part of Mercury's perihelion shift, and doubles the deflection of light by the sun's gravity from his previous calculation which didn't use this coordinate condition; a 1919 solar-eclipse expedition verified the doubled deflection. In January, 1916 Schwarzschild published the exact version of Einstein's new static point-mass metric; as expected, it slightly lengthens circular-orbit periods. In May 1916 Droste published a much simpler metric which violates the Einstein equation at an empty-space radius and fails to lengthen circular-orbit periods. In 1922 Friedmann tried fixing the metric's time-time component to unity, making it Galilean covariant instead of Lorentz covariant, and eliminating gravitational time dilation. We replace Friedmann's metric condition by Einstein's in the Oppenheimer-Snyder model; the resulting gravitational time dilation accommodates both the acceleration of the universe's expansion and its early inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Theory of the Four Dimensional Electromagnetic Universe Part I: a Real Hyperspherical Four-Dimensional Universe Can Explain the Equations E=hf and E=m_0 C^2, as Well as the Wave-Particle Duality of Electromagnetic Waves

Authors: Domenico Maglione
Comments: 11 Pages. More detailed the chapter 4.4 (Composition of spacetime velocity (ST))

This work postulates that the real universe is a true four-dimensional hypersphere (4D), with three spatial dimensions and a fourth dimension that we perceive as time. Therefore, a real 4D spacetime, whose radius is a real time dimension that expands at the speed of light. This postulate allows the definition of a privileged reference system centered on the Big Bang event representing the centre of the 4D universe. Another postulate posits that all physical phenomena occurring along the real temporal dimension of the 4D universe are perceived and measured in the three-dimensional (3D) spatial part of the 4D universe, where we live, differently from their true nature. Thus, the expansion of the time dimension is not perceived as a spatial expansion, but as "the flow of time", and the energy developed along the temporal dimension is perceived as mass. This second postulate, in analogy with the holographic principle, is termed "restricted holographic principle", since it encodes only the information related to the time dimension of the 4D universe in its 3D spatial part. Based on these two postulates and their corollaries, I derive the Planck equation of the energy of electromagnetic waves, E=hf. This derivation demonstrates that it is the sum of the spatial and temporal components of the energy in the real four-dimensional spacetime. Applying the restricted holographic principle, I find that the temporal component of the energy of an EMW, appearing as mass in the 3D portion of the 4D universe, imparts particle properties, while the wave properties are attributed to the spatial component. This explains the dual behaviour (wave/particle) of EMWs in the 3D spatial part. Another consequence of these postulates is that in the 4D universe there are no physical objects, that is, entities with mass, but only EMWs whose temporal component manifests as mass within the 3D portion of the 4D universe. If these electromagnetic waves are only temporal, the equivalence hf_t=m_0 c^2 is obtained. Other important deductions are that the physical quantities, such as acceleration, force (including gravity), and work, have physical significance only in the 3D portion of the 4D universe. Finally, since mass exists only in the spatial (3D) portion, this part can be considered as a hyperspherical shell (3D) of the 4D universe that, not exerting gravity on itself, leads to the deduction that all the mass presents in its 3D part cannot slow down the expansion of the 4D universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Анализ тайминга пульсаров для регистрация Кильватерных гравитационных волн
Analysis of Pulsar Timing for Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves

Authors: A.V. Antipin
Comments: 9 Pages. In Russian; English version: https://vixra.org/abs/2401.0019

Гравитационная астрономия, основанная на тайминге пульсаров, открывает возможность регистрации Кильватерных гравитационных волн, которые, могут генерироваться Солнцем и Луной. При воздействии этих волн на Землю, должно наблюдаться «фиолетовое» смещение частоты импульсов пульсаров. Представлены предварительные оценки физических и геометрических характеристик для поиска таких волн.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed.Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

On the Theory of Special Relativity and Motions in the Universe

Authors: Wonsub Kim
Comments: 69 Pages.

The Theory of Relativity is based on the hypothesis of the universal constancy of light velocity. Albert Einstein observed that light travel times over identical lengths of moving and stationary rods were not simultaneous in his imaginary experiment. He concluded that those light travel events must be simultaneous because the same physical facts should be the same regardless of the motions of the observation frames. He pointed out that different light velocities for those rods were responsible for the non-simultaneity. Then, for simultaneity, he asserted the same light velocity c for both rods. This was Einstein’s justification for the universal light velocity for all observers. However, the stationary and moving rod cases were actually two different events because of the aether-like setting of his stationary coordinate frame. The same light velocity c for both rods as set for the coordinate system means both rods are stationary on the stationary coordinate system. No rods are moving. Likewise, the universal light velocity c means everything in the universe is fixed to the stationary coordinate system. Nothing moves in that universe. The Doppler Effects of light waves cannot exist if light velocity is universally constant. The Doppler Effects of electromagnetic waves are real life evidence refuting the universal light velocity. He made light velocity the absolute and universal invariant, but that made all physical facts variants. The theory of relativity postulates velocity dependent time, geometry, mass, etc. These controversies are reviewed in detail herein. The review proved that the classic Newtonian mechanics are correct with the preservation of the physical fact invariance. The Newtonian mechanics found no clock synchronicity issue at all in Einstein’s experiment. Experiments by Michelson-Morley, Fizeau, Kennedy-Thorndike, etc. are validations of Newtonian mechanics. Immanuel Kant and W. Hoffman noted that motions of bodies are mere potentials with respect to observation references, suggesting the impossibility of universal velocities. No universal motion suggests no universal governance in the universe. Event locality is further evidenced in Newton’s bucket example. The laws of conservation in physics are consequences of event locality and independence. Newton’s Shell Theorem explains that the event locality is from the featurelessness of an infinite uniform universe. Rotational motions of celestial systems are perpetual and inevitable local stability mechanisms in the non-influential global universe. A finite universe would suffer from non-uniformity and instability. The Epicurean universe is determined to be the most satisfactory universe model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Registration of Wake Gravitational Waves Using Pulsar Timing

Authors: A. V. Antipin
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravitational astronomy, based on pulsar timing, opens up the possibility of registering Wake gravitational waves that can be generated by the Sun and Moon. When these waves are exposed to the Earth, a "purple" shift in the pulse frequency of pulsars should be observed. Preliminary estimates of the physical and geometric characteristics for the search for such waves are presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

About CMBR

Authors: Gerd Pommerenke
Comments: 48 Pages.

Because the CMBR follows the Planck's radiation law more or less exactly, it should, because of the indistinguishability of individual photons, apply to a whatever black emitter. Therefrom arises the guess, that the existence of an upper cut-off frequency of the vacuum could be the cause for the decrease in the upper frequency range. Since the lower-frequent share of the curve correlates with the frequency response of an oscillating circuit with the Q-factor ½, it is examined, whether it succeeds to approximate the Planck curve by multi-plication of the initial curve with the dynamic, time-dependent frequency response of the above mentioned model. Reason of the time-dependence is the expansion of the universe. This work is based on a model published in [7]. It is shown, that the Planck graph can be approximated by application of the cumulative frequency response given by the model, upon the spectrum of an oscillatory circuit with the Q-factor ½. Furthermore the progression of frequency, energy and entropy is analyzed. The results point out, that origin and progression of the CMBR have elapsed in a totally different manner than generally assumed. Because photons behaved like neutrinos immediately after BB they did not interact with other matter then. Thus, we can exactly calculate back to 8.08·10—106s instead of 379,000 years after BB. Section 6. has been reworked.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Cosmos as a Chronosphere

Authors: Richard Michael Blaber
Comments: 16 Pages. Creative Commons License, CC BY-NC-ND 4.0.

As shown by Larmor (1927a & b), Gödel (1949) and Kühne (2002), absolute time is indispensable at the cosmic scale, and is required by the General Theory of Relativity. Melia (2007; 2012) and Melia and Shevchuk (2012) have argued that FLRW-type metrics reduce to the Minkowski metric, and the Hubble horizon is a ‘gravitational horizon’, as defined by Melia (2018), as opposed to either a particle or an event horizon, as these are defined by Rindler (1956). Their argumentdepends on the mass of the Hubble sphere being variable, whereas, if it is constant, its radius becomes that of a black hole, and its horizon is an event horizon. In every direction we look, total cosmic distance is given by the present age of the Universe multiplied by the speed of light in vacuum. If we abandon the cosmological principle as defined by Milne (1933), we can see we are at the centre of a chronosphere, with the ‘Big Bang’ singularity at its circumference. Eddington (1939) would doubtless have seen the numerical ‘coincidences’ that arise in cosmology as proof of God’s existence and creation of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New atom model and new SU(5) model

Authors: Wan-Chung Hu
Comments: 25 Pages. (Title modified by viXra Admin - Future non-compliant submission or replacement will not be accepted)

This manuscript provides a new determinative atom model. The magic number 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 can be well explained without using quantum mechanics. In addition, spin-orbit coupling can also be deducted without quantum mechanics. In the final part of the manuscript, modified su(5) model called Hu SU(5) model includes all the fundamental particles and explain mass origin and decay mode in a clear picture.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Embedding the Einstein Tensor in the Klein-Gordon Equation Using Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 46 Pages.

In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). This way, we will obtain an expression similar to the Dirac equation, but with a slight change in one of the terms. This variation is produced and depends on the curvature of the space where the particle lies in (the Ricci scalar).In a similar manner, we will find variations in the equation for the energy of a particle and in the Einstein gravitational equation that will depend again on the value of the Ricci scalar (the curvature of the space where the particle lies in). An important outcome will be an equation that limits the value of the Ricci scalar depending on the value of the mass that provokes it (the value of the mass not the mass density) highly reducing the possibilities of arriving to singularities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Complex Dynamics and the Age of the Universe

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 12 Pages.

There are growing indications today that complex dynamics of far-from-equilibrium systems lies at the root of primordial cosmology and the ultraviolet (UV) sector of particle physics. We recently pointed out that dimensional fluctuations of the UV sector can reproduce the morphology of the cosmic web. Expanding on the same line of inquiry, this provisional report explores the link between the long-range temporal correlations of critical phenomena and primordial cosmology. Excluding systematic measurement errors, our report sheds new light on the tension in the age of the Universe sparked off by the latest observations of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Relativity Cosmology

Authors: Jeongin Choi
Comments: 8 Pages.

This paper presents the perspective that universe is relative. The universe, which changes according to the observer’s proper time, is dynamic.Generally, the universe expands, but if the observer accelerates enough,contraction is also possible. The Hubble parameter merely represents thatchange. If the Hubble parameter is dependent on the proper time, themeasurement can only be uncertain. Identifying the factors that influencethe proper time could potentially lead to a more accurate measurementof the universe’s age, and it could also offer insights into the state of theearly universe and the causes of the accelerated expansion observed in thecurrent epoch.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Like Gravity, the Electric Field Should be Also Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 12 Pages.

Gravity is already recognized as form of Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration.Based on structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, this paper provides arguments which indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.This paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, it might prove, (or disprove), the above presented statement that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.If this experiment will be implemented, and its results will be successful, such that the Electric Field will be also recognized as a form of Acceleration, this will also result in significant implications
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Like Gravity, the Electric Field Should be Also Recognized as a Form of Acceleration

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 8 Pages.

Gravity is already recognized as form of Acceleration, but the nowadays Science of Physics does not recognize (yet) the Electric Field also as a form of Acceleration.Based on structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, this paper provides argumentations which indicate that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.This paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, it might prove, (or disprove), the above presented statement that the Electric Field should be also recognized as a form of Acceleration.If this experiment will be implemented, and its results will be successful, such that the Electric Field will be also recognized as a form of Acceleration, this will also result in significant implications, which will be presented in additional papers, by the author if this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The One Way Light Fantastic

Authors: Aya Thompson
Comments: 4 Pages.

We propose a setup allowing the physical testing of a "one way" or rather anisotropic/directionally dependent speed of light. A foundational yet unsolved measurement problem proposed to be impossible, we demonstrate the basis for a setup that is immediately practicable. Our insight is simply that the pythagoerean theorem allows for a tiny geometric indiscrepancy in path length versus time over a 2d geometry, most likely the maximum indiscrepancy allowed. The existence of a mathematical proof of anisotropic speed of light being testable is important for relativity and more foundationally the lorentz transformation itself, while a practical test application holds the potential for answering unsolved questions regarding the nature of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New Model of the Speed of Light Reflected from a Moving Mirror

Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 12 Pages.

The classical emission (ballistic) theory of light predicted that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is c + 2v, where v is a component of the mirror velocity. In 1913, A. Michelson carried out an experiment to test this hypothesis and concluded that the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror is constant c independent of mirror velocity, to a high degree of precision. With the advent of Albert Einstein’s special relativity theory, and with additional experimental counter evidences such as moving source experiments, the classical emission theory was finally abandoned. Many years later, in 1967, an experiment was being carried out to test Einstein’s gravitational time dilation by bouncing radar pulses grazing the sun off the planet Venus. As analyzed and disclosed by Bryan G Wallace, large ‘anomalous’ first order variations in the round-trip time were found in the raw data, in complete disagreement with Einstein’s light postulate, but conforming to the long forgotten classical emission/ ballistic theory. In this paper, I present a new model of the speed of light reflected from a moving mirror that resolves these contradictions. Although the model can make correct predictions, its physical meaning is inexplicable. Light behaves as if it is reflected from the point in space where the mirror is/was at the instant of emission, and the speed of the reflected light is the sum of the speed of light c and twice a component of the mirror velocity, i.e. c + 2v. Logically, one would have to take into account the motion of the mirror during the transit time of light to determine the point in space where light is reflected. This paper shows that this logical and conventional thinking is possibly wrong in the case of light.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

Potential Evidence for Dark Matter as Dimensional Condensate

Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 5 Pages.

This brief note calls attention to tentative new evidence supporting the hypothesis that Dark Matter represents a large-scale dimensional condensate.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

For Electrically Charged Bodies, Attracted or Repelled Under Coulomb's Law, F=ma Should be Replaced with F=kqa

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 18 Pages.

Newton's Laws of Motions are considered a basic corner stone of Physics. Thus, a claim that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable in certain cases, sounds as an out of line, and an incorrect claim.Nevertheless, this paper presents such a claim, based on arguments resulting from the structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law.Based on these structural identities, this paper presents the prediction, that similar to Newton's Gravitational Field, which is already recognized also as a form of Acceleration, also Electric Fields, might be also forms of Acceleration.The above also results in the conclusion, that for Electrically Charged Bodies, attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable, and should be replaced with a different Law, namely, F=kqa.Also, based on the above-mentioned structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, a paper published by the author of this paper, expandsEinstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Massive Bodies, which also provides an explanation for the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged Bodies, which is still a mystery today.The above presented predictions, presented in this paper, that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be always applicable, and that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of Acceleration, might sound extraordinary, not correct, and out of line predictions.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, it might provide validity, (or disprove), the above presented predictions.Parts of the materials presented in this paper, were already presented in additional papers, by the author of this paper. Those papers are also mentioned in the body of this paper, and also appear in the references section of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

For Electrically Charged Bodies, Attracted or Repelled Under Coulomb's Law, F=ma Should be Replaced with F=kqa

Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 17 Pages.

Newton's Laws of Motions are considered a basic corner stone of Physics. Thus, a claim that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable in certain cases, sounds as an out of line, and an incorrect claim.Nevertheless, this paper presents such a claim, based on argumentations resulting from the structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law.Based on these structural identities, this paper presents the prediction, that similar to Newton's Gravitational Field, which is already recognized also as a form of Acceleration, also Electric Fields, might be also forms of Acceleration.The above also results in the conclusion, that for Electrically Charged Bodies, attracted or repelled under Coulomb's Law, Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be applicable, and should be replaced with a different Law, namely, F=kqa.Also, based on the above-mentioned structural identities between Newton's Universal Gravitational Law and Coulomb's Law, a paper published by the author of this paper, expandsEinstein’s General Relativity Theory to include Electrically Charged Bodies in addition to Mass Bodies, which also provides an explanation for the source of the attraction or the repulsion between Electrically Charged Bodies, which is still a mystery today.The above presented predictions, presented in this paper, that Newton's Second Law of Motion, F=ma, might not be always applicable, and that Electric (or Magnetic) Fields are also forms of Acceleration, might sound extraordinary, not correct, and out of line predictions.However, this paper also proposes a relatively simple experiment, which if implemented, and its results will be successful, it might provide validity, (or disprove), the above presented predictions.Parts of the materials presented in this paper, were already presented in additional papers, by the author of this paper. Those papers are also mentioned in the body of this paper, and also appear in the references section of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

What Kind of Device Can Measure the Viscosity of Dark Matter Fluids

Authors: Zhi Cheng
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper explores how to detect the viscous force of dark matter fluids. In a microscopic environment like the Earth, the ideal measuring device is the gravitational constant measuring device. However, although the order of magnitude of the viscosity force of dark matter fluid is equivalent to the gravitational constant, due to the symmetry arrangement of the gravitational constant Measuring device itself, the influence of various external factors including the viscous force of dark matter fluids has also been eliminated. Of course, The gravitational constant measuring device used in a general physics laboratory may not be accurate. It requires sophisticated professional equipment to complete. In addition, the direct measurement with other devices is not very good. The main thing is that the accuracy requirements are higher. In the interstellar range, the use of artificial satellites and spacecraft to make measurements may also be affected by gravity, and there are also some key problems to solve. In order to solve the above problems, this paper proposes a method that uses the principle of superconducting diamagnetism to balance pendulum, effectively eliminating the problem of symmetric placement of pendulum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New View of Particle Physics: An Infinitesimal Change to General Relativity Consistent with the Observed Expansion Behaviour of Intergalactic Voids and Galactic Filaments

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 102 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Over large regions of space this difference makes the values of the Einstein tensor components in the Freidman equations average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics (QM) controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed behaviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New View of Particle Physics: Expansion of Space as the Source of the Higgs Field and Massive Spin 2 Gravitons as Dark Matter, Driving MOND-like Behaviour in Galaxies

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 102 Pages. This version has a more accurate cosmic expansion model.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. To maintain kmin action density invariance, the metric changes around mass concentrations in agreement with Einstein’s equations, apart from infinitesimal differences at small cosmic radii, becoming very significant at large radii. Over large regions of space this difference makes the values of the Einstein tensor components in the Freidman equations average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics (QM) controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed behaviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion. The zero-point energy at inverse horizon radius frequencies can be borrowed for more than the age of the cosmos, and is equal to the Higgs feld energy density required. Since infinite superpositions have horizon maximum wavelengths, these proposals could link with entanglement. Just as the SM coupling parameters vary at high energy, so too, at very low energies, the massive graviton coupling parameter between baryons also varies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New View of Particle Physics with Gravity and Accelerating Expansion as Emergent Properties of Quantum Mechanics and Massive Spin 2 Gravitons as Dark Matter Giving Galaxies their Mond-Like Behaviour

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 100 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. To maintain kmin action density invariance, the metric changes around mass concentrations in agreement with Einstein’s equations, apart from infinitesimal differences at small cosmic radii, becoming very significant at large radii. Over large regions of space this difference makes the values of the Einstein tensor components in the Freidman equations average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics (QM) controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed behaviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

A New View of Particle Physics with Gravity and Accelerating Expansion as Emergent Properties of Quantum Mechanics and Massive Spin 2 Gravitons as Dark Matter Giving Galaxies their Mond-Like Behaviour

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 100 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. To maintain kmin action density invariance, the metric changes around mass concentrations in agreement with Einstein’s equations, apart from infinitesimal differences at small cosmic radii, becoming very significant at large radii. Over large regions of space this difference makes the values of the Einstein tensor components in the Freidman equations average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics (QM) controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed behaviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: William D. Walker, Dag Stranneby
Comments: 10 Pages.

Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented showing that both gravitational and electromagnetic fields (light) propagate instantaneously in the nearfield of a source and, within a wavelength, reduces to the speed of light c in the farfield. Relativity is shown to yield Galilean transformations when using instantaneous nearfield light, and yield Lorentz transformations when using farfield speed c light. Since time and space are real and can not depend on the frequency of light used to measure time and space of moving bodies, then it is concluded that Relativity is an optical illusion. Space and time are absolute and not flexible. Space can appear to contract, and time appear to dilate, when using farfield light to measure the effects of time and space of moving bodies. But the observed effects are not real and are an optical illusion, since using nearfield light will show that time and space have not changed. Since General Relativity is based on Special Relativity, then its effects on time and space are also an optical illusion. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM), based on an equivalent set of Maxwell equations for gravity, is known to be a weak field limit of General Relativity, which is all that we observe, and therefore predicts all the known gravitational observations. It is shown to also predict superluminal nearfield and farfield speed c propagating fields. GEM is concluded to be a better theory of gravity. Lastly it should be mentioned that this research shows that the Pilot Wave interpretation of Quantum Mechanics can no longer be criticized for requiring instantaneous interaction of the pilot wave with particles, thereby violating Relativity. Consequently the Pilot wave interpretation should become the preferred interpretation of Quantum Mechanics due to its deterministic simplicity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

New Interpretation of Relativity

Authors: William D. Walker, Dag Stranneby
Comments: 10 Pages.

Theoretical and experimental evidence is presented showing that both gravitational and electromagnetic fields (light) propagate instantaneously in the nearfield of a source and, within a wavelength, reduces to the speed of light c in the farfield. Relativity is shown to yield Galilean transformations when using instantaneous nearfield light, and yield Lorentz transformations when using farfield speed c light. Since time and space are real and can not depend on the frequency of light used to measure time and space of moving bodies, then it is concluded that Relativity is an optical illusion. Space and time are absolute and not flexible. Space can appear to contract, and time appear to dilate, when using farfield light to measure the effects of time and space of moving bodies. But the observed effects are not real and are an optical illusion, since using nearfield light will show that time and space have not changed. Since General Relativity is based on Special Relativity, then its effects on time and space are also an optical illusion. Gravitoelectromagnetism (GEM), based on an equivalent set of Maxwell equations for gravity, is known to be a weak field limit of General Relativity, which is all that we observe, and therefore predicts all the known gravitational observations. It is shown to also predict superluminal nearfield and farfield speed c propagating fields. GEM is concluded to be a better theory of gravity. The Pilot Wave interpretation of Quantum Mechanics assumes time and space are absolute, and that the pilot waves guide particles and interact instantaneously across space with all other particels, and is not compatible with Relativity, but is compatible with Galilean Relativity. Because of the results present in this paper, and because of its deterministic simplicity, Pilot Wave theory should now become the preferred interpretation of Quantum Mechanics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Speed of Light Cannot be Isotropic Relative to the Earth

Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: The file contains two versions of the paper: English, pages 1-4 and Italian, pages 5-8

In 1887 the famous Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which should have revealed that the speed of light is not isotropic. But the experiment revealed that the speed of light result isotropic.In order to justify this result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the aether, undergo a contraction of length in the direction of motion, for which a arm of the Michelson-Morley interferometer would have contracted, thus making the speed of light result isotropic, while in reality it is not.In 1905 Einstein also intervened and claimed that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all celestial objects regardless of the motion between them, but only by a stipulation.Instead the scientific community is arguing that the isotropy of the speed of light is real, even though it has been demonstrated that light is a wave phenomenon which, therefore, needs a medium to manifest itself, therefore its speed can only be isotropic relative to said medium and therefore not also relative to a celestial object, as is the Earth, in motion relative to the medium. Therefore no experiment and/or observation would be necessary to demonstrate that the speed of light cannot be really isotropic relative to the Earth, because logic is enough to prove it.However in this article I will demonstrate it, also through observations of the CMBR and a thought experiment based on it.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the Standard Model, there is a lack of discourse on the effects of particles with negative masses to be taken into consideration to attempt solutions of outstanding problems such as Dark Matter, Dark Energy and other experimentally observed phenomena for which no exhaustive data and therefore no suitable explanations exist. Also, it was while deriving the equation, R = GM/c², in which the restrictive condition for creation of a Black Hole at the end of a stellar collapse is totally removed, similar to the Schwarzschild’s Radius R☉ for a Black Hole resulting from a stellar collapse, R☉ = 2GM☉/c², very uncomfortable questions arose that are yet to be addressed. Moreover, the asymmetry between the ubiquitous presence of particles and the relative scarcity of antiparticles in the observable universe also isn’t explainable. The present article continues to probe the untouched areas of inferable possibilities, not yet arrived at by peers in peer-reviewed materials, and touch upon some of the yet unsolved questions by probing aspects of matter-energy relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology

The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 12 Pages.

In the Standard Model, there is a lack of discourse on the effects of particles with negative masses to be taken into consideration to attempt solutions of outstanding problems such as Dark Matter, Dark Energy and other experimentally observed phenomena for which no exhaustive data and therefore no suitable explanations exist. Also, it was while deriving the equation, R = GM/c², in which the restrictive condition for creation of a Black Hole at the end of a stellar collapse is totally removed, similar to the Schwarzschild’s Radius R☉ for a Black Hole resulting from a stellar collapse, R☉ = 2GM☉/c², very uncomfortable questions arose that are yet to be addressed. Moreover, the asymmetry between the ubiquitous presence of particles and the relative scarcity of antiparticles in the observable universe also isn’t explainable. The present article continues to probe the untouched areas of inferable possibilities, not yet arrived at by peers in peer-reviewed materials, and touch upon some of the yet unsolved questions by probing aspects of matter-energy relationship.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology