Classical Physics

The Interaction of Potential Energy Wells

Authors: Brian Strom
Comments: 9 Pages.

Einstein’s General Theory of Relativity proposes the distortion of the fabric of space by objects, creating a Potential Energy Wells. For an object moving under the influence of a Potential Energy Well, the assumption is that energy is transposed between Potential and Kinetic, but the total energy remains constant. This paper gives a simplistic analysis of the various possible interactions between Potential Energy Wells. The analysis is not exhaustive, but it lays the foundation for subsequent papers on the Hubble Tension and other conjectures. It may also help our understanding of the mysterious nature of Potential Energy Wells which may be one of the "keys to the universe".
Category: Classical Physics

Universal Photonics Tomography

Authors: Prabhav Gaur, Andrew Grieco, Naif Alshamrani, Dhaifallah Almutairi, Yeshaiahu Fainman
Comments: 18 Pages.

3D imaging is essential for the study and analysis of a wide variety of structures in numerous ap-plications. Coherent photonic systems such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) are state of the art approaches, and their current implementation can operate in regimes that range from under a few millimeters to over more than a kilometer. We introduce a general method, which we call Universal Photonics Tomography (UPT), for analyzing coherent tomography systems, in which conventional methods such as OCT and LiDAR may be viewed as special cases. We demonstrate a novel approach based on the use of phase modulation combined with multirate signal processing to collect positional information of objects beyond the Nyquist limits. Depending on the location of the phase modulator in the system, and associated modulation scheme, we can improve the axial resolution or the maximum measurement distance (unambiguous range).
Category: Classical Physics

Two Additional Equations of Inductance

Authors: Walter Orlov
Comments: 1 Page.

For the sake of completeness the classical electrodynamics needs two additional equations of inductance.
Category: Classical Physics

Das Elementare Gesetz Der Induktion

Authors: Walter Orlov
Comments: 11 Pages. in German

Faraday experimentierte mit einem Wendeldraht und Maxwell kam später zur Vorstellung eines rotierenden elektrischen Feldes. Spiralförmiger Draht ist aber eine Hilfskonstruktion. Dass die Induktion auch bei geraden Drähten und ohne geschlossene Stromkreise auftritt, lässt sich zeigen.
Category: Classical Physics

Method for Design an Optical System from the Off-the-Shelf Optical Components

Authors: Lev Ryzhikov
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

The numerous number off-the-shelf optical lenses and lens components are available for use in design of new optical systems. But there isn’t clear methodology how effective there can be in real optical device. It should be noted that the use of standard optical elements reduces the cost of the optical device, which is especially important for mass production. Ease and speed of replacement are also important parameters for the usability of standard optical elements. That is why the extensive use of purchased optical elements in optical devices will simplify their operation and improve the convenience of maintenance. Selecting purchased optical components of an optical circuit is not an easy task and requires certain skills. The main problem is that the optical design stage is divided into two parts. The first part is the creation of an optical circuit from non-standard (custom) optical components with optical characteristics close to catalogue lenses. The second part is to adjust the optical components position to satisfied specification requirements. This process sometimes required several iterations. In order for the process of fitting distances in an optical system to be successful, it is necessary to take into account the properties of optical glasses such as refractive index and dispersion when choosing lens components, in addition to their focus lengths and geometrical dimensions. It should be noted that in the catalogs of optical components there are optical parameters of lenses, and also glass parameters of the lens. This is essential information for lens designer for substitution the custom optical element on off-the-shelf lens. Problems that arise with such a replacement are based on a limited number of standard lenses and lenses components. To get comfortable for replacement, the custom lenses components must be modified (adjust) so that optical parameters will be close enough to the parameters of the catalog lenses another word during custom lenses optimization process the lens shapes and an optical power should be fully match (in ideal case) with catalog lenses data. Method how to effectively get this match will be discussed below.
Category: Classical Physics

Antena Planetaria (Panetary Antenna)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 16 Pages.

Este documento describe una antena que opera en la banda de VHF para radioaficionados, comprendida entre 144 MHz y 148 MHz. Aunque la forma geométrica recuerda a la antena eggbeater, el modo de funcionamiento es distinto. El diseño de la antena planetaria es el resultado de tener muy en cuenta las leyes físicas referidas al campo D, denominado desplazamiento electrico. Eso permite lograr una antena pequeña que exhibe buen comportamiento. El protón comenzó como un experimento de costo muy bajo, destinado a poner a prueba en la práctica los resultados de un desarrollo teórico de las propiedades del campo D.

his document describes an antenna that operates in the VHF band for radio amateurs, comprised between 144 MHz and 148 MHz. Although the geometric shape is reminiscent of the eggbeater antenna, the mode of operation is different. The design of the planetary antenna is the result of taking into account the physical laws related to the D field, called the electric displacement. This makes it possible to achieve a small antenna that exhibits good performance. The proton began as a very low-cost experiment, intended to test in practice the results of a theoretical development of the properties of the D field.
Category: Classical Physics

Tangential Electrostatic Field at Metal Surfaces

Authors: Yuanjie Huang
Comments: 81 Pages.

As is well-known, when electrostatic equilibrium is reached, the electrostatic field outside a metal is always perpendicular to the metal surface and there is no component parallel to the metal surface. However, unexpectedly, in this work the electrostatic field parallel to metal surface, i.e., the tangential electrostatic field (TEF) at metal surface, may be discovered by means of mechanical-electric coupling which may originate from the strain-dependent Fermi surface energy (FSE). The TEF at metal surface and the related electrostatic field inside the metal may not only give birth to new knowledge on electrostatics of metals but also induce interesting physical effects. For the electrostatics of metals, new understandings of electrostatic equilibrium conditions and related boundary conditions, Uniqueness theorem, method of image charges, electrostatic shielding, Thompson’s theorem and Green’s reciprocation theorem were gained and thereby some more accurate modifications were made. For the related physical effects, some new interpretations on the photoelectron emission spectroscopy, redistribution of minority atoms at surface of nanoparticles and TEF-induced Reshba effect were proposed. Moreover, interestingly, it was revealed that an intrinsically intensive electrostatic field may accompany the nanoparticles, and this field may cause an electron double-dipole resonance (EDDR) mechanism in vicinity of nanoparticles. Using EDDR, a simply unified model might be constructed for the longstanding problem in physics and chemistry, i.e, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). And this unified model could provide satisfactory explanations for the main experimental phenomena on SERS. In a word, the unraveled TEF at metal surface and the related electrostatic field inside a metal may enable people to re-understand the electrostatics of metals and explore subsequently mechanical, physical and chemical effects in various areas.
Category: Classical Physics

Measurement of Picoforces from Light

Authors: Wolfgang Sturm
Comments: 3 Pages.

A cheap electret microphone together with a lock-in amplifier can measure the pressure effect of light in a simple and sensitive way.
Category: Classical Physics

Some Relatively High Inconsistencies in the Official Apollo Missions Data and an Alternative Scenario in Historical Context

Authors: Alexis Zaganidis
Comments: 11 Pages. Linked to some delicate historical events.

The aim of the following article is not to doubt about some successful American manned lunar landings since the $12$ Saturn V rockets involved in the official Apollo missions have more than enough Delta-v to achieve that goal whatever the small precise mission details. The aim of the following article is to propose some alternative scenario to the official Apollo missions data since the cold war, the deterrence strategy, the secret military, the propaganda war, the ideological war, the pressure and the stress from a space race competition could affect greatly the released official Apollo missions data. For example, only decades later we knew Yuri Gagarin have not landed inside his atmospheric re-entry capsule but with some individual parachute. To achieve that aim, we simulate or calculate the most we can and look what was the easier practical solutions at that time and check the consistency of the official Apollo missions data.
Category: Classical Physics

Structures and Dynamics of Lamed Schur Flows with Vorticity but no Swirls

Authors: Jian-Zhou ZHu
Comments: 5 Pages.

We consider the nontrivial existence, dynamics and indications of the flows when all eigenvalues of the velocity gradients are real, thus `lone', \textit{i.e.}, without forming the complex conjugate pairs which are associated to the swirls. A generic prototype is the `lone Schur flow (LSF)' whose velocity gradient tensor is uniformly of Schur form but free of complex eigenvalues. A (partial) integral-differential equation governing such LSF is established, and a semi-analytical algorithm is accordingly designed for computation. Simulated evolutions of example LSFs in 2- and 3-spaces show rich dynamics and vortical structures, but no obvious swirls (nor even the homoclinic loops in whatever distorted forms) could be found. We discovered the flux loop scenario and the anisotropic analogy of the incompressible turbulence at or close to the critical dimension $D_c =4/3$ decimated from 2-space.
Category: Classical Physics