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[15] viXra:2303.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-27 03:48:46
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 10 Pages.
Previously, an analysis of emergence of 3D-space from quark fields in the context of QCD suggested a similar analysis of the relation between quantum phase and relativistic time.As a follow-up, Einstein's synchronization analysis, in the context of quantum theory of EM leads to emergence of Minkowski Space-Time from quantum phase in the context of Scalar EM.An essential step in this direction was made by Kaluza-Klein approach to unification of gravity and electromagnetism.This research program suggests that GR can be derived from the SM, via gauge theory, with Gravity from quantum origin, emerging macroscopically as geometry. In essence this is a "reverse engineering" of the historical development of modern theories from classical ones, taking the quantum level as primary, in order to derive the classical models we call "reality".
Category: Quantum Physics
[14] viXra:2303.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-21 16:38:32
Authors: David Trost
Comments: 11 Pages.
The quantization of energy proposed by Planck to account for the observed spectrum of black body radiation has associated with it a quantization of entropy. This in turn implies a quantization of observable information, directly implying observational uncertainty on the order of Planck’s constant. The effect of that uncertainty is analyzed. In order to adhere strictly to the use of observable quantities, a probability measure is employed based on the distinguishability of statistical samples. This leads directly to the description of probability in terms of the absolute square of a complex amplitude. The Feynman rules may then be applied naturally for indistinguishable events without contradiction to the conventional rules for distinguishable events. This enables the straightforward calculation of the probability that a particle moves from one arbitrary point to another. The Feynman formulation of quantum phenomena and the principle of stationary action results when it is assumed that the classical action represents the measure of distinguishability. Parallel analysis on a Lorentz manifold yields the geodesic principle.
Category: Quantum Physics
[13] viXra:2303.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-23 00:51:57
Authors: Yu E. Zevatskiy
Comments: 8 Pages. Dedicated to Heinrich Rudolph Hertz on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of his birth
Equations, consistent with the kinematic relativistic relations and electro dynamics’ equations, are obtained in the tetrameric Euclidean space. Under the transition to a unitary tetrameric space, Born-Jordan permutable relations are obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics
[12] viXra:2303.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 03:38:36
Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 11 Pages. Original Article
The photonpropagation function with electron-positron pair is determined from the effective emission and absorption sources. The Schwingersource methods of quantum field theory is applied. Then, the Coulomb potentialand Bohr energy with radiative corrections are determined.
Category: Quantum Physics
[11] viXra:2303.0073 [pdf] replaced on 2024-05-16 19:39:48
Authors: Mario Hieb
Comments: 5 Pages. A short amendment is added.
A simple mathematical relationship exists between six eminent physical constants.
Category: Quantum Physics
[10] viXra:2303.0063 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-09 18:54:42
Authors: Donald Bowen
Comments: 13 Pages.
The High Q resonance characteristics of the CEWL Electron Model [1] [2], suggests that virtual photons and Neutrinos will form in 2 specific directions relative to a Lepton (see below). The Charged Electromagnetic Wave Loop (CEWL) model is the only known model of the Electron which explains pair production and also exactly matches all known values of the electron, including energy, de Broglie frequency, charge, mass, and generates the correct magnetic moment without resorting to superluminal velocities. The model also explains the previous mystery of why the Electron’s g-factor is 2 rather than one (½ spin) [2]. Two new insights stemming from the CEWL model are explored in this paper:One new insight is that since the model represents an electromagnetic oscillation with zero internal resistance, the capacitive and inductive reactance must match each other, and also match the reactive impedance of free space, leading to unique values for the Electron’s capacitance and inductance in free space, i.e. 3.41912126348 x 10-24 Farads and 4.85262 x 10-19 Henries. (An LC resonant loop using these two values matches the Electron’s de Broglie frequency as well as the CEWL rotational frequency). The second new insight (which might be testable) predicts the probable directionality of virtual photons and Neutrinos. This stems from the fact that the loop characteristics of the CEWL Model, in which the loop circumference exactly matches the wavelength of a (virtual) photon equal to the Electron’s energy, is analogous to the characteristics of a high Q (resonant) loop antennae in which the circumference must also exactly match the wavelength in order to achieve high Q resonance, which leads to a prediction that the virtual photons of leptons will be generated in the same directions as high Q loop antennas i.e. in the North and South magnetic directions generated by the CEWL loop (loop antennas without these high Q resonance characteristics have very different radiation/absorption patterns). This new insight about probable directionality might help guide future research into how and where Neutrinos and virtual photons form near the Electron, Muon, and Tau Leptons.
Category: Quantum Physics
[9] viXra:2303.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-23 14:25:44
Authors: Mark Stander
Comments: 14 Pages. Refinement following feedback.
This paper shows how an application of zeta function regularisation to a physical model of quantum measurement yields a solution to the problem of wavefunction collapse. A realistic measurement ontology is introduced, which is based on particle distinguishability being imposed by the measurement process entering into the classical regime. Based on this, an outcome function is introduced. It is shown how regularisation of this outcome function leads to apparent collapse of the wavefunction. Some possible experimental approaches are described.
Category: Quantum Physics
[8] viXra:2303.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-08 02:03:37
Authors: Jeffrey S. Keen
Comments: 10 Pages. 5 Figures, 4 Tables
This Paper sets out below my overall strategy for solving the EPR paradox. I have spent over 30 years researching entanglement, EPR and subtle energies with the intention of solving the EPR paradox, but from a different starting point to the current understanding of quantum physics by the scientific establishment. I have received confirmation from several independent reputable sources that my measurements are correct to a 90%+ accuracy.
Category: Quantum Physics
[7] viXra:2303.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-27 15:25:54
Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 10 Pages.
Algebraic mistakes of using a non-relativistic functions betrayed Dirac’s elegant derivation of the relativistic equation of quantum mechanics and exposed a short coming of special relativity. It was a serious mistake because that famous paper became a model for theorist to follow who produced an unending stream of nonsense. The mistake was compounded because it hid the fact that special relativity was still incomplete. Multiple independent spaces are required to generate both dynamics as well as produce particle properties. The concept of statistical independence of spaces that encapsulated quantum objects, fields and particles, was necessary for physics to have a relativistic basis for both massive particles and massless fields. The example that will be developed is the origin of the solar neutrino survival data that requires the electron neutrino to be massless as originally proposed by Pauli. The analysis renders a proof of the original quantum conjecture by Planck and Einstein that radiation is quantized and how inertia for massive particles is generated.
Category: Quantum Physics
[6] viXra:2303.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-03 05:36:52
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.
Based on Prof. Bekenstein and Prof. Hawking, the black hole maximal entropy[1], the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area. Taking this information limit to the event horizon of a sphere in the size of Planck length in each of its three dimensions, will open up a new approach to a quantized (quantum) space - time structure.
Category: Quantum Physics
[5] viXra:2303.0040 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-17 11:44:22
Authors: A. V. Herrebrugh
Comments: 19 Pages. Published: Orchid 0000-0002-4088-6657. HyperScience International Journal (HSIJ) 2023
The fundamental nature of quantum mechanics (QM) has been mathematically demonstrated in [17]to be inconsistent with the indeterministic and probabilistic results. Indirect1, commutativemathematics and integral transformations contradict probabilistic results with exact functions anddemonstrates determinism in a quantum system - hence, this paper is written from a deterministicperspective (DP) in quantum mechanics.Quanta cannot be observed in their original state and are literally invisible, while mathematicaldescriptions of physical phenomena are historically built for observables.After a brief historic perspective, ‘invisables’ i.e. invisible entities of reality in mathematicaltreatment, are introduced. These entities can be handled by mathematics indirectly i.e. are describedin the transformed domain without variables violating the Heisenberg relation. The consequence isthat direct (incl. if existing: hidden) variables theories of counterpart mathematics are unsuitable fordescriptions of the reality of individual invisables.In nature, i.e. on micro and macro level, causality is fully ‘entangled’ with information in themeaning of ordered or coded energy. In contrast with the macro scale with many forms and types ofmemory functions, without a memory property of quanta, on the quantum scale, causality is thebearer of information-symmetry2: in a causal relation, the effect function includes all information ofthe cause function i.e. the last attained quantum states include all information of the causing states.Furtheron in this DP paper: mathematical and philosophical consequences and influences in severalparagraphs, regarding subjects such as ‘free will’ and expected ‘threats to science’, the Bellinequalities, Alice and Bob & entanglement, causality, information, retro-causality, spooky action,encryption and computing, teleportation, and in general interpretations rooted in indeterminacy inQM as well as associated topics on independence, fine tuning and interference — with the notion thatthis selection does not pretend completeness and calls for extensions from a deterministicperspective — in case not fitting as well - to test this DP proposal.The last paragraph outlines the mathematical treatment of QM more extensively and may clarifyreferences to the above mentioned topics of discussion in QM further.The aim of the paper is clarification whether deterministic QM is viable i.e. whether anystatefunction Ψ can be deterministic in the end; the paper is written with a minimum use ofmathematics for accessibility and readability (for the mathematics see [17]).
Category: Quantum Physics
[4] viXra:2303.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-03 02:47:45
Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 30 Pages. This is an edit of US patent application US-20050139776 A1.
The method uses spontaneously emitted gamma-rays from a radioisotope source, typically cadmium-109 at 88 keV or cobalt-57 at 122 keV. Detectors employed are typically NaI(Tl) or HPGe. After a two-part gamma-ray split, detection pulses are windowed for the characteristic pulse amplitude and measured in coincidence. By using high resolution detectors and gamma-ray frequencies whereby the detector has a high photoelectric effect efficiency, coincidence rates are found to substantially exceed the chance rate, in defiance of quantum mechanics. This unquantum effect implies that photons are an illusion, and is explained by an extension of the long abandoned loading theory of Planck. In scattering gamma-rays in beam-split geometry, changes in response to magnetic fields, temperature, and crystal orientation become tools to measure properties of atomic bonds in the beam-splitter material. With detectors in tandem geometry where the first detector is both scatterer and absorber, tests reveal properties consistent with a classical gamma-ray model. The unquantum effect has also shown sensitivity to the crystalline state of the source material. Conventional gamma-ray spectroscopy shows no substantial response to these applied variables.
Category: Quantum Physics
[3] viXra:2303.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-03 02:50:25
Authors: Harry French
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper makes three points: Entropy is real. Entropy is a good measure of how small quantum objects are. Entropy increase and the Born rule happen together.Entropy was shown to be real before atoms were shown to be real. Yet many people persist in believing that entropy is an illusion. One reason is: in classical mechanics, entropy must be an illusion. Boltzmann showed how to create and measure the illusion of entropy. Poincare and others showed that it was an illusion.In quantum mechanics entropy can be real. The quantum representation of an object is a probability distribution over wavefunctions (a density matrix NOT A WAVEFUNCTION). There is no reason that the probabilities are any less real than other reality.Entropy is a dimension in which a quantum object must be small. Only objects with zero entropy have a wavefunction. Another way to ask how small are quantum objects? is how small must objects be to exhibit amplitude interference? For interference ((Signal + Noise) / Signal) is exponential in entropy, measured in natural units. Thus the natural unit of entropy provides a scale of how small quantum objects are.Introducing the "Entropy Is Real" (EIR) interpretation of quantum mechanics. Whenever entropy can increase, the probability (or rate) that a given path is taken to increase entropy is given by the appropriate Born Rule (not time reversible). Only with the residual probability, the density matrix propagates by the appropriate time reversible (Hamiltonian) (Unitary) operator.It is time to retire the idea that entropy is an illusion.Yet many people persist in believing that entropy is an illusion.
Category: Quantum Physics
[2] viXra:2303.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-03 06:05:14
Authors: Carlton Frederick, Nicholas Taylor
Comments: 9 Pages.
Some theoretical physics models take space-time to be discontinuous. We concur. Further, we suggest that all of space-time consists of real, charged, Planck-scale, particles that move in an imaginary manifold under the influence of a force acting between those particles. We propose such a force, an amalgam of the strong and electro-weak forces. In addition, the gravitational force and the force between charged particles is included. We then drop a large number of the particles into the manifold and observe their motions. The motions can be observed in 3D on a dedicated URL. This lets us explore various quantum mechanical phenomena.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2303.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-02 02:12:28
Authors: Jau Tang, Brian E. Tang
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this work, we unfold the mysteries surrounding the fine structure constant and explain the physical origin of the fine structure constant as a result of gauge invariance, Einstein’s mass-energy relation, and spacetime quantization. We obtain an estimate of an electron’s radius R_e=1.40934×10^(-15) m, and also link the magic 137 beyond electromagnetism, to electrons’ Coulomb-gravitational force ratio F_Cu2044F_G =3×(137π)^16, and the mass ratios of an electron to other particles such as a proton, Higgs boson, W/Z bosons, and quarks. With the proposed quantized spacetime, singularity divergence, and vacuum catastrophe problems in continuum quantum field theory can be avoided.
Category: Quantum Physics
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