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[14] viXra:2210.0156 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-30 01:09:08
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 29 Pages.
In this paper, it is created a one-to-one map between the Dirac Equation in Matrix Algebra and the Dirac Equation in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0). First, the Dirac Equation and the representation of the wavefunction in Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0) is obtained. The equivalent representation for standard Matrix Algebra is presented. And finally, a one-to-one mapping between both representations is obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics
[13] viXra:2210.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-30 01:11:45
Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 154 Pages.
Graphs of the hydrogen atom’s wave function or probability density were compared to observational data of cosmic macro phenomena such as photons orbits around black holes, black hole masses, LIGO detected gravitational waves, the CMB, quasars distributions , galaxy rotation curves, galaxy distributions, supernova events and numerous other cosmic graphs. There is an identical symmetry between graphs of cosmic macro phenomena and the graphs of the hydrogen wave function or its probability density. The hydrogen atom’s wave function or probability density describes macro phenomena, or macro phenomena describes hydrogen atom’s wave function or probability density, or both.
Category: Quantum Physics
[12] viXra:2210.0140 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-09 13:35:50
Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 37 Pages.
In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration β, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit β, in the solar system, β=2.961520e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is large, any effect related to β will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory, and is applied to sunspot, earth's tropic cyclones, and earth's geomagnetic field problems. The sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.93 years due to the ultimate acceleration. A simulation was carried out, clearly showing the inner structure of a cyclone, which is consistent with the famous DIANA cyclone on 12 September 1984 in situ observation measured by an aircraft. The sunspot structure is also investigated, which has a similarity to that of a tropic cyclone. The ultimate acceleration provides a mechanism to explain geomagnetic field, the earth's geomagnetic field is calculated to be 0.6Gauss at the north pole.
Category: Quantum Physics
[11] viXra:2210.0129 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-11 16:26:36
Authors: Koji Nagata, Do Ngoc Diep, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 8 Pages. Asian Journal of Mathematics and Physics, (Accepted 2024.10.11).
We present a different formulation of the Kochen-Specker theorem that relies on the properties of the Kronecker delta notation. This greatly simplifies the Kochen-Specker theorem into a scenario where the Kochen-Specker contradiction can occur with only two measurements. The main result of this paper extends this result into noisy measurements and shows that the contradiction can still be observed. This results to an experimentally accessible version for their simple Kochen-Specker theorem. The results presented here are an interesting and different investigation to the typical Kochen-Specker theorem and we believe they would be of an interest to the community. The report is presented satisfactorily and is rather concise and to the point. We hope gently our discussions could contribute for formulating the Kochen-Specker theorem using the measurement theory based on the truth values into an experimentally accessible theory in terms of a finite precision measurement.
Category: Quantum Physics
[10] viXra:2210.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-18 01:49:55
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.
[According to Bekenstein and Hawking], the black hole maximal entropy, the maximum amount of information that a black hole can conceal, beyond its event horizon, is proportional to the area of its event horizon surface divided by quantized area units, in the scale of Planck area (the square of Planck length). This is a surprising result since it limits the amount of information bits that are concealed in a volume of space to the amount of Planck area units that can fit into its surrounding surface area and not into its volume. This lead to the holographic principle idea by reducing our standard three dimensional (3D) space into a two dimensional space (2D). This paper will suggest a new approach in which we add extra dimensions and quantize our standard three dimensional space in order to explain this surprising result of the Hawking Bekenstein formula. From this new approach gravitational time dilation emerges leading towards the Einstein field equations.
Category: Quantum Physics
[9] viXra:2210.0069 [pdf] replaced on 2022-10-22 00:11:08
Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 25 Pages.
Quantum field theory regards particles as fields, and generally does not discuss the internal composition and structure of electrons. Exploring the internal composition and structure of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory that does not discuss the internal composition and structure of electrons. Quantum mechanics is greatly embellished by a hypothesis of "the internal composition, structure and motion of electrons"—the important equations of quantum mechanics are no longer written intuitively, but can be derived from rigorous logic. It can give a reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model for electron spin and atomic structure. The most attractive thing is that the classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of the dissociation energies and bond lengths of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. For atomic and molecular calculations a mixture of wave dynamics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models can be used. There are hundreds of successful application cases. Which in turn shows that the two methods are equivalent or compatible. It can promote human beings to re-understand the characteristics of micro-systems.
Category: Quantum Physics
[8] viXra:2210.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-16 01:17:58
Authors: Andrew Shaw
Comments: 20 Pages. 22 figures
An ion trap quantum computer is simulated with an exponential speedup using the Stroboscopic Exponentiation Algorithm (SEA).
Category: Quantum Physics
[7] viXra:2210.0063 [pdf] replaced on 2022-11-11 01:31:19
Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 6 Pages. Added important chapter "Correction of the error"
It was shown in "Search for the World Formula" and "Quantum Theory and General Relativity from the Perspective of the "World Formula‘" that "time" is incorrectly defined in the "International System of Units (SI)" and that the speed of light in a vacuum c is not a natural constant, but represents the earth's surface rotating around its own axis. In this article, it is again derived why and in what form the system of units as a definition building and basis of science in the form given by the BIPM is incorrect and would have to be corrected in order to be able to convey an accurate world view.
Category: Quantum Physics
[6] viXra:2210.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2022-11-25 13:58:57
Authors: Mads J. Damgaard
Comments: 41 Pages.
We derive a proto-Hamiltonian of quantum electrodynamics (QED) from the coupled Dirac equation by quantizing the electromagnetic field. We then introduce a process of eliminating the gauge symmetry via separation of variables, and argue that this does not break the Lorentz covariance of the theory. From this approach, we obtain a Hamiltonian that is similar to the conventional one of QED. We conclude the paper short of making the Dirac sea reinterpretation, where one would otherwise reinterpret the negative-energy solutions to the Dirac equation as antiparticles.
Category: Quantum Physics
[5] viXra:2210.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-08 02:44:24
Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 4 Pages.
We establish a model of quantum entanglement and explain the mechanism of quantum entanglement. Quantum entanglement comes from the structural properties of microscopic particles. The correlation of particle structure leads to the entanglement of particles. In fact, there is an interactive structural relationship between particles. The particles are actually large, not as small as the traditional view suggests.
Category: Quantum Physics
[4] viXra:2210.0035 [pdf] replaced on 2022-10-29 01:41:58
Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 14 Pages. "7. Postscript" is added to the article in this version 2.0
A mechanical wave is a medium-conducted wave. A mechanical wave is the phenomenon of the collective movement of many particles participating in vibration at the same time. There are four kinds of classical field matter: electric fields, magnetic fields, light fields, and gravitational fields, which are independent field matter. This paper proposes that a light wave is the emission wave of light particles, and its essence is particles. A photon is a field energy particle with a phase property. This paper theoretically denies the superposition principle of single photon double-slit interference. A single photon cannot pass through the two slits at the same time, and a single photon can pass through one of the two slits in turn to achieve double-slit interference. A light wave is the cumulative phenomenon of the individual movement of a single photon particle with the phase property at different times. Furthermore, a verification experiment to check the superposition principle of single photon double-slit interference is presented. A light shield is used to block one of two slits in turn to ensure that each single photon can only pass through one of the two slits separately. Electric field waves, magnetic field waves, and gravitational field waves have the characteristics of mechanical waves, and because they must not be the emission waves of particles, it is more reasonable that they are medium-conducted waves. The mediums of electric field waves, magnetic field waves, and gravitational field waves are electric field medium quanta, magnetic field medium quanta, and gravitational field medium quanta, respectively. This paper further proposes that the eccentric spin and eccentric plane vibration of a photon and the energy fluctuation of a vacuum field are the possible causes for the phase property of a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics
[3] viXra:2210.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-09 03:19:52
Authors: Thomas Stenersen
Comments: 6 Pages.
We outline a proposal for an experimental test of Everett’s many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics that could potentially verify the existence of a multiverse. This proposal is based on a quantum field theory formulation of many-worlds through the path integral formalism and a careful choice of the vacuum state.
Category: Quantum Physics
[2] viXra:2210.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-02 23:30:37
Authors: Rajat Kumar Vishwakarma
Comments: 8 Pages.
Protein folding has been one of the most difficult problems for over a half-century,Therandom thermal motions causing conformational changes that lead energeticallydownhill towards the native structure, a principle captured in funnel-shaped energylandscapes.Unfolded polypeptides have a wide range of possible conformations. Thesearch problem becomes intractable for classical computers due to the exponentialgrowth of potential conformations with chain length. So far, there is theoretical andexperimental evidence that solving such optimization problems using QuantumComputing approaches such as Quantum Annealing, VQE, and QAOA has anadvantage. Although Google's DeepMind-AlphaFold has accomplished much,But wecan go even further with the quantum approach.Here we show how to predict structureof protein as well as RNA folding using the Variational Quantum Eigensolver withConditional Value at Risk (CVaR) expectation values for the solution of the problem andfor finding the minimum configuration energy and our task is to identify a protein'sminimal energy structure. The protein's structure is optimized to reduce energy. Alsomaking sure that all physical constraints are met and encoding the protein foldingproblem into a qubit operator.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2210.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2022-10-02 10:38:57
Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 10 Pages.
Recent papers by Fearnley [2022, 2021] show that Bell’s Theorem is bypassed, rather than broken, by retrocausality using local hidden variables. Bell experiments can overcome the constraints of Bell’s Inequalities and produce results (correlation coefficients) which are higher than can be achieved classically. Retrocausality allows apparent action at a distance and yet uses local hidden variables. Retrocausality enables there to be quantum cryptography as a rewarding field of research but renders quantum computers to be without proper foundation as there are no indeterminate spin states of particles.
Category: Quantum Physics
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