Quantum Physics

On Spin-Charge Separation

Authors: Andrzej Okniński
Comments: 4 Pages. One reference added

Recently, we have demonstrated that the Dirac equation can be cast into a form involving higher-order spinors. We have shown that the transformed Dirac equation splits into two equations, describing charged spin $0$ and (massless) spin $\frac{1}{2}$ particles. We apply this result to the problem of spin-charge separation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Experimental Study of Multiquantum, Multiphoton Resonances and Bloch-Siegert Shifts in Low-frequency EPR Spectra

Authors: Ilmas Sadykov
Comments: 20 Pages.

The EPR from the DPPG was investigated on a spectrometer with different angles between a constant polarization field and an adjustable RF pump field at a frequency of 20 MHz in a continuous mode and a receiver tuned to the second harmonic frequency of the EPR signal. A technique for processing and more accurate measurement of the parameters of the EPR lines and the Bloch – Siegert shift is proposed. The conditions for maximizing the signal of even EPR harmonics are obtained depending on the angle of inclination of the HF field to the constant field. On the basis of experimental data and numerical solutions of the Bloch system of differential equations, the effect of asymmetry and a change in the sign of the second harmonic of the EPR line when the direction of the constant field is reversed is discovered and explained. An additional effect of displacement of the resonance line was discovered due to the inhomogeneous polarization of this line during scanning of the polarizing field. The effect of the appearance of the observed and possible resonant EPR harmonics is explained by the frequency modulation of the resonance conditions by both the perpendicular and parallel components of the RF pump field. It is concluded that the Bloch equations describe well in quality and satisfactory in accuracy all the observed parameters of EPR lines, such as intensity, width, shape, and their shifts. It is also shown that these equations describe the experiment on Bloch-Siegert shifts at least five times more accurately than the data of competing theories. A detailed description of the spectrometer is given and a computer program for the numerical calculation of the EPR spectra is presented.
Category: Quantum Physics

Delayed-Choice Quantum Erasure Experiment: A Causal Explanation Using Wave-Particle Non-Duality

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 22 pages, 6 figures

According to the recently proposed ``wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics", the physical nature of Schrodinger's wave function is an `instantaneous resonant spatial mode' in which a quantum flies akin to the case of a test particle moving along a geodesic in the curved space-time of general theory of relativity. By making use of this physical nature, a causal explanation is provided for the delayed-choice quantum erasure experiment.
Category: Quantum Physics

Big Bang's Quantum Problem

Authors: John P Wallace, Michael J. Wallace
Comments: 7 Pages. Correction to figure labeling and caption.

The early twentieth century produced the beginnings of relativity, quantum mechanics, and the big bang, but then went off the rails like much of the world in the early 1930s. The rest of the world recovered but quantum mechanics did not recover. Physics was weighed down with a continuum geometry that did not allow quantum mechanics and relativity to be united. Then came 30 years of cold fusion experiments that could not be explained. To get things back on track we will dispense with the creation myth of this New Age physics that Edwin Hubble’s work produced, the big bang. There is an intimate connection between cold fusion and the improbability of any great bang emanating from a point. The underlying problem was the suppression of the development of both quantum mechanics and relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Using {N,n//6} QM to Explore Elementary Particles and the Possible Sub-quark Particles

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 11 Pages. [Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

A {N,n//6} QM structure periodic table with n = 1..12, and N ≤ -15 was built for the elementary particles (based on their mass, not on their sizes). The analyzed result suggested that: 1) All the down-type quarks have {N,2//6}o QM structures, while all the up-type quarks have {N,1//6}o QM structures; 2) The 1st generation of quarks may belong to {-17,n//6} QM structures, the 2nd generation of quarks may belong to {-16,n//6} QM structures, and the 3rd generation of quarks may belong to {-15,n//6} QM structures. 3) A proton (at size of {-15,1//6}) may be the ground state of both Charm quark and Bottom quark, Charm quark {-15,1//6}o may be the first excited state of proton {-15,1//6}, and the Bottom quark {-15,2//6}o may be the second excited state of proton {-15,1//6}. If it is correct, then based on this new elementary particle {N,n//6} QM structure, we may need to make some modification in the current Standard Model: Charm quark may be the 3rd (instead of the 2nd) generation of up-type quark; Top quark may be the 4th generation, although can be up-quark, but its mass fits to the down-quark much better. A new method to expand {N,n//6} QM structure periodic table from n=1..12 to n=1..36, (or even to n=1..6^3, n=1..6^4, etc.) has been proposed. This method seamlessly bridged the {N,n} QM to the classical physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Schrodinger’s Cat and Gravitational Waves

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 6 Pages.

Schrodinger’s cat describes a paradox in which a cat is located in a sealed black box with a poison sealed capsule inside it. Radioactive source decays and emits radiation, which activates a Geiger counter, The Geiger counter generates a signal to release poison from the capsule and kill the cat. Since the decay of a radioactive source is a random sub atomic event, based on quantum mechanics we can only derive a probability-based assumption on the exact time that the decay of the radioactive atom will occur. The Copenhagen interpretation says that until an observer opens the box, the entire system is in superposition and the cat is both dead and alive. In this paper, I will show that we can extrapolate this superposition of the wave function to entropy level, to the fabric of space – time, to the information paradox of black holes, new dimensions and to the multiverse theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

White Dwarf, Neutron Star, and Black Hole Explained by Using {N,n//6} QM

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 14 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

In the previous paper (SunQM-5), we developed a brand new nuclear {N,n//6} QM. In current paper, we used the nuclear {N,n//6} QM to analyze how a (Sun-like) star quantum collapses from {0,2} to a black hole {-5,1} QM structure. Two different atom-based models have been proposed and analyzed. In the “atom shrink model”, a Sun {0,2} quantum collapse to {-5,1}, shrink by ΔN = -5 plus Δn = -1, was explained as directly caused by the shrink of hydrogen atom {-12,1}o (or e1{0,1}o) orbital shell by ΔN = -5 plus Δn = -1 to a quark-sized virtual atom {-17,1} (or e1{-5,1}), with fixed (or unchanged) total number of (virtual) atoms. In the “atom fusion model”, a celestial body’s quantum collapse was explained as that it was caused by the fusion of atoms, from H, to He, C, O, Ne, Fe, Og, then to the (pseudo) Z number = 3E+5, 1.2E+13, 1.25E+21, up to 4.5E+56, until all protons are merged with electrons, so that the whole Sun become a single gigantic atom with a single nucleus containing 1.19E+57 neutrons (= Sun mass / proton mass), and with zero proton or electron left. Our {N,n} QM analysis revealed that the super heavy elements (Z >> 118) are formed during the quantum collapse of {-1,1} white dwarf to {-2,1} sized celestial bodies. So on a pre-neutron star (like a {-2,1} = {-3,6} sized celestial body) that right before quantum collapse (or explode) into a {-3,2} sized neutron star, the atoms in the out-edge shell within the {-3,6} sized (solid) celestial body are all super heavy atom with Z ≥ 118. This is because under the super high G-pressure, the equilibrium reaction of “nuclear fusion <=> nuclear fission” shifted to the fusion side. During the neutron star explosion, part of these (super heavy) atoms in the out-edge shell is exploded away. Then these (exploded away) super heavy atoms start to fission into smaller atoms (after the super high G-pressure is released, and the equilibrium reaction shifted to the fission side). If this model’s result is meaningful, then most (if not all) of heavy atoms in our daily-world (from Co (Z=27) to U (Z=92) or even heavier) are the product of nuclear fission (rather than the nuclear fusion) reaction of the previous Z > 118 atoms right after the neutron star explosion.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-5: Using the Interior {N,n//6} QM to Describe an Atom’s Nucleus-Electron System, and to Scan from Sub-quark to Universe (Drafted in April 2018)

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 23 Pages.

In this paper, we proposed a brand new nuclear {N,n//6} QM. It showed that like the Sun-planet system, the atom’s nucleus-electron system also follows the {N,n//6} QM. By using the nucleus-electron system’s interior {N,n//6} QM with the ground state electron’s orbit as e1{0,1}, the nuclides of hydrogen (Z=1), He (Z=2), Li (Z=3), Ne (Z=10), Fe (Z=26), Pd (Z=46), and Og (Z=118) atoms have the interior QM structure (in size) of e1{-3,1//6}, e1{-3,2//6}, e1{-3,3//6}, e1{-3,6//6} = e1{-2,1//6}, e1{-2,2//6}, e1{-2,3//6}, and e1{-2,6//6} = e1{-1,1//6}, respectively. Although all nucleons in those nuclides structured in {N,n//6} QM, this property actually is a hidden property (like a “recessive gene”) that only showed up at the interior e1{N,n//6} QM using electron’s n=1 shell as the reference point. This is because the strong EM-force shrank the orbital r1e to r1e/Z. The study revealed that Fe atom’s nucleus is the only one that has the 100% nucleon occupancy in the n = 1 nucleon orbital shell space (among the size n=2 nuclides from Z = 11 to Z = 26), so that Fe element’s nucleus has the most stable nuclear {N,n//6} QM structure in comparison to that of its adjacent elements. This result explains why Fe is more abundant than its adjacent elements, and why Fe atom is the heaviest nucleus that a nuclear fusion reaction can go without adding extra energy. This is exactly like why the inert element Ne is chemically most stable among the electron period 2 elements, because it has the outmost electron shell completely filled (or it has the 100% electron occupancy in the n=2 electron orbital shell space). This analysis revealed that the atom’s nuclear {N,n//6} QM structure stability played an important role in determining the abundancy of each element in our universe. Therefore, the nuclear {N,n//6} QM structural analysis significantly improved our knowledge on the nuclear physics. Further analysis showed that although the {N,n//q} QM structures of both atom’s nucleus shell and atom’s electron shells are primarily in {N,n//6} QM at the low Z#, at the high Z#, both of them shifted to the {N,n//7} QM. Another analysis revealed that {-10,1//6} is the maximum (ever-possible) size of an atom. It also revealed that although {N,n//6} is the fundamental {N,n//q} QM structure in our universe, the disruption of either the primary EM-force or G-force formed {N,n//6} QM structure will form {N,n//q} QM structure with q quantum number other than 6.
Category: Quantum Physics

Consideration of Electron-Positron Pair Annihilation by Thermal Oscillations and an Inelastic Collision

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

In this paper, we discuss the phenomenon that in the photons generated after electron-positron annihilation, the sources of thermal potential energy that make up the electrons and positrons are equally divided. As a result, the photon contains one thermal point each for the electron and positron, and a picture of a single system emerges. This annihilation could be predicted to occur at the point where the two domains intersect if the electron and positron phases are properly aligned on the Riemann surface. Taking advantage of the model in which the interior of the electron radiates and radiates thermophores, the electron-positron annihilation could be likened to an inelastic collision observed from opposite directions in time. In addition, we consider that the oscillation caused by thermal radiation inside the electron cancels out that of the positron, causing the electron and positron to lose mass and transform into a photon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantity in Quantum Mechanics and the Quantity of Quantum Information

Authors: Vasil Penchev
Comments: 9 Pages.

The paper interprets the concept “operator in the separable complex Hilbert space” (particalry, “Hermitian operator” as “quantity” is defined in the “classical” quantum mechanics) by that of “quantum information”. As far as wave function is the characteristic function of the probability (density) distribution for all possible values of a certain quantity to be measured, the definition of quantity in quantum mechanics means any unitary change of the probability (density) distribution. It can be represented as a particular case of “unitary” qubits. The converse interpretation of any qubits as referring to a certain physical quantity implies its generalization to non-Hermitian operators, thus neither unitary, nor conserving energy. Their physical sense, speaking loosely, consists in exchanging temporal moments therefore being implemented out of the space-time “screen”. “Dark matter” and “dark energy” can be explained by the same generalization of “quantity” to non-Hermitian operators only secondarily projected on the pseudo-Riemannian space-time “screen” of general relativity according to Einstein's “Mach’s principle” and his field equation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Erklärung Der Quantentheorie Mit Hilfe Der "Dynamischen Gravitationstheorie"
Explanation of Quantum Theory with the Help of "Dynamic Gravity Theory"

Authors: Dieter Grosch
Comments: 5 Pages. [Corrections are made by viXra Admin to comply with the rules of viXra.org]

Da die „Dynamische Gravitationstheorie“ von der Existenz nur eines universellen "Elementaren Teilchens" eT ausgehet deren verschiedenen Darstellungsformen entweder durch Clusterbildung, oder durch veränderte Bewegungszustände beschrieben werden können, ist dieses Teilchen der einzige Grund für die Einführung von Quanten in die Physik. Welche Auswirkungen das hat, soll hie beschrieben werden.

Since the "Dynamic Gravity Theory" assumes the existence of only one universal "elementary particle" eT, whose different representations can be described either by clustering or by changing states of motion, this particle is the only reason for the introduction of quanta into physics. What effects this has, shall be described here.
Category: Quantum Physics

Transmission of a Single-Photon Through a Polarizing Filter: an Analysis Using Wave-Particle Non-Duality

Authors: N Gurappa
Comments: 15 pages, 4 figures

The inner-product, $<\psi|\psi>$, between a state vector, $|\psi>$ and its dual, $<\psi|$, is thoroughly analyzed using the recently developed `wave-particle non-dualistic interpretation of quantum mechanics'; here, $|\psi>$ is a solution of the Schrodinger wave equation. Using this analysis, ``questions about what decides whether a photon is to go through or not and how it changes its direction of polarization when it does go through a polarizing filter" - a statement by Prof. Dirac - is unambiguously explained.
Category: Quantum Physics