Quantum Physics

Combined Theory of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Farid Abrari
Comments: This article is written in English and has 18 pages. It introduces a new theory through combining the theories of Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics. The combined SR-QM theory is used to quantize the mass, diameter and the temperature of black holes

Lorentz transformation plays a key role in Special Relativity by relating the space- time distance between events being observed in a pair of inertial frames of reference. Depending on the relative velocity of the inertial frames, the magnitude of Lorentz transformation varies between the limits 0 and 1. The upper limit 1 represents a case where the pair of inertial frames of reference are stationary relative to each other. The lower limit 0 represents the other extreme case where the relative velocity of the frames is at the speed of light c. Similar numerical limits, on the other hand, appear in Quantum Mechanics but in the context of the summation of the probability density distribution of a particle over a region of space. The upper limit 1 represents a case where the probability of finding a particle in a region of space is certain. The lower limit, represents the opposite case where the probability of finding a particle in a region of space is not likely. The range of the limits being between 0 and 1 in both theories is not a numerical coincidence. In this paper, a combined theory is introduced which relates the Lorentz transformation of Special Relativity to the wavefunction of Quan- tum Mechanics. The combined theory offers a new insight to the physical reality. For instance, it is found that the inherent quantum uncertainties in the spacetime coordinate of a quantum particle in vacuum constitute a timelike four-vector whose length A is invariant. It is also found that local acceleration, like velocity itself, has an upper limit; such that no physical object can undergo a local acceleration higher than c2/A. The latter, in turn, constrains the mass of the smallest possible black hole - called Unit Black Hole (UBH) - to Ac2/4G and its event horizon diameter to the invariant A. The diameter of the event horizon, the mass and the Hawking temperature of more massive black holes are subsequently quantized starting from those of the UBH.
Category: Quantum Physics

Motion From a Particle's Point of View: an Interpretation of the Double Slit Experiment

Authors: Blazej Kot
Comments: 14 Pages.

Traditionally, motion has been defined extrinsically, as the change in the position of an object, such as a particle, over time. This definition presupposes the existence of an "observer" external to the particle who measures the position of the particle as a function of time. Yet, in the double slit experiment, we have experimental proof that a particle can travel unobserved between a source and a detector. It does so in such a way that we cannot, even in principle, describe its motion by a position changing in time. We propose that the correct interpretation of this experiment is that the traditional extrinsic definition of motion is incomplete. We propose a more general intrinsic definition of motion, in which the role of observer is played by the particle itself, and which presupposes no external observer. We discuss the double slit experiment including the nature of measurement and the particle-wave duality. We show that using the intrinsic point of view allows us to avoid the "weirdness" that tends to crop up when these topics are analysed from the extrinsic point of view.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Standard Model of Elementary Fermions and the Hilbert Repository

Authors: J.A.J. van Leunen
Comments: 94 Pages. This is part of the Hilbert Book Model Project

The word space is used in many ways and most of these applications give this word a different meaning. This makes the notion of space very obscure. Especially philosophers, mathematicians, and physicists have attributed a huge number of interpretations of the noun “space”. This has led to a huge number of different forms of space. Humans live in an environment that is characterized by space and time. This paper focuses on the most elemental meanings that mathematicians and physicists attribute to the word “space”. Next, the immediate extensions of this elementary space are investigated. Since physicists investigate our physical reality, the paper also investigates how physical reality treats the notion of space. This leads to a revolutionary new mathematical concept that is called the Hilbert repository. It exposes great similarity with part of the Standard Model of particle physics that concerns elementary fermions. This model exposes what experimenters have discovered about these elementary object types.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Holomorphic Quantum: A Systems Approach to Understanding the Nature of Reality

Authors: Theodore J. St. John
Comments: 36 Pages. This paper has been accepted for publication as a chapter in the book, "Newest Updates in Physical Science Research" [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

Quantum Mechanics is appropriately named because it is mostly about the mechanics of working out probability problems as they apply to the mysterious effect of measurement that makes energy present as quantum particle-waves. It is easy to visualize a quantum particle but there seems to be no way to visualize a “probability wave” so there has never been a clear interpretation of what quantum physics tells us – or should tell us – about the underlying essence of reality. Fortunately, a new approach was discovered and proven to work in biology that threats the mystery of life like a locking system and provides not only the key, but also the keyhole and the direction in which to turn it. In this paper the systems approach is introduced, including some background information on the history of how the systems approach integrated elements of substance philosophy with process philosophy and has become a powerful tool for use in science. Here, it is applied to physics and used to represent the transformation of implicit energy into an explicit space-time quantum domain superimposed on a relativistic time-space background. These two “products” are then correlated with two of four blocks in a basic control-system diagram commonly used in control-systems engineering. Because they are explicit, they can be drawn explicitly on the space versus time plot as a map of motion. We emphasize that this is a map – an explicit projection of an implicit function represented as an implicit domain. We recognizing that a feedback function is equivalent to and therefore implies a back-projection or reflection back “up” into that “implicate order.” These two implicit functions are then correlated with the transfer function and feedback function in the control system.
Category: Quantum Physics

Toroidal Model of Leptons

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 15 Pages. 1 figure and 1 table

Toroidal models for the electron are given by several authors. Essential ingredients in these models are: a radius r₁ of the torus, a radius r₂ of the tube of the torus and a toroidal factor N, defined as the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the tube divided by the angular frequency of the charge rotating around the centre of the torus. The proposed model is extended to the muon and the tau lepton, as well as to the three observed neutrinos. Furthermore, the total energy of all leptons is split into two parts: the first part depends on radius r₁ and the second part on radius r₂.

Agreement between predicted and observed magnetic dipole moments, first order anomalous correction included, is obtained for all charged leptons. In addition, for all these leptons the same ratio between the radii r₁ andr₂, depending on the fine-structure constant, is found. Moreover, the same value N = 1 is compatible with the observed magnetic dipole moment of all charged leptons.

Using recently proposed theoretical neutrino masses m_i (i = 1, 2, 3) and magnetic dipole moments μ(i), the toroidal model can also be applied to neutrinos. For neutrino 1 a value of N = 1 is obtained, whereas values of N = 5.7 and N = 33 are found for neutrinos 2 and 3, respectively. Finally, the toroidal moments of all leptons are calculated. The magnitude of the toroidal moment of the neutrinos increases with increasing values of N.

Delphi 3

Authors: M. W. Roberts
Comments: 19 Pages.

An optical communication system is proposed. The system should provide a unique operational capability that allows information to be sent from the future back to the present.
Category: Quantum Physics

Granular: "Stochastic Space-Time and Quantum Theory"

Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 17 Pages.

In an earlier paper, a stochastic model had been presented for the Planck-scale nature of space-time. From it, many features of quantum mechanics and relativity were derived. But as mathematical points have no extent, the stochastic manifold cannot be tessellated with points (if the points are independently mobile) and so a granular model is required. As grains have orientations as well as positions, spinors (or quaternians) are required to describe them, resulting in phenomena as described by the Dirac equation. We treat both space and time stochastically and thus require a new interpretation of time to prevent an object being in multiple places at the same time. As the grains do have a definite volume, a mechanism is required to create and annihilate grains (without leaving gaps in space-time) as the universe, or parts thereof, expands or contracts. Making the time coordinate complex provides a mechanism. From geometric considerations alone, both the General Relativity field equations (the master equations of Relativity) and the Schrödinger equation (the master equation of quantum mechanics) are produced. Finally, to preserve the constancy of the volume element even internal to a mass, we propose a rolled-up fifth-dimension which is non-zero only in the presence of mass or energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle and Wave-Particle Dualism

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 5 Pages.

This work shows that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle is a consequence of the connection between the characteristics of space-time in the microworld with the energy-momentum of elementary particles. The manifestation of such a connection is the wave-particle properties of microparticles, the mathematically rigorous expression of which is the de Broglie interval wave. Moreover, the interval wave is, in fact, an analogue of Einstein's field equations for the microworld, as it expresses the connection between space-time and the energy-momentum of matter at the quantum level.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric Model of the Structure of the Atomic Nucleus (in Russian)

Authors: Ilya Boldov
Comments: 11 Pages.

The purpose of this work is to build a model of the structure of atomic nuclei, and to identify patterns that explain the" magic " of nuclei and the division into unequal fragments.
Category: Quantum Physics

Concise Formulas of the Anomalous Magnetic Moment of Electron/Muon/Tauon and the Fine-structure Constant

Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 15 Pages. 2 figures.

This paper is a subsequent paper to our previous paper "Schrödinger Equation of Hydrogen Atom in Atomic Unites, Theory of Chirality and the Territory of Modern Physics" (viXra:2103.0088v3). In the end of it, we gave some preliminary formulas and values of the anomalous magnetic moment (a=(g-2)/2) of electron and muon. In this paper, we test the value of the anomalous magnetic moment of electron (ae) given in the previous paper by a new method which employs our formulas of the fine-structure constant and 2π-e formula, and hence we have verified the previous value and give a new concise formula of the anomalous magnetic momentum of electron (ae) and the fine-structure constant (α2). The same formulas for muon and tauon are also given.
Category: Quantum Physics

Locally Accurate Matrix Product Approximation to Thermal States

Authors: Yichen Huang
Comments: 5 Pages. v2: abstract and introduction expanded. Science Bulletin 66 (24), 2456, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scib.2021.08.011 open access link: https://engine.scichina.com/doi/pdf/B282729F14C64621A4B6C7C16E05C372

In one-dimensional quantum systems with short-range interactions, a set of leading numerical methods is based on matrix product states, whose bond dimension determines the amount of computational resources required by these methods. We prove that a thermal state at constant inverse temperature $\beta$ has a matrix product representation with bond dimension $e^{\tilde O(\sqrt{\beta\log(1/\epsilon)})}$ such that all local properties are approximated to accuracy $\epsilon$. This justifies the common practice of using a constant bond dimension in the numerical simulation of thermal properties.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Cinematic Association Interaction Of Particles As A Model Of Double-Slit Interference And All Optical Phenomena

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 12 Pages.

Double-slit interference has made physics think for 215 years and there is no end in sight. Quantum mechanics always explains it by an interference of 2 waves. A new model of a volatile temporary Association Interaction has now been proposed, in which the particle wave interacts with the electromagnetic wave fields of the surface atoms and their shell electrons. It can be understood as interference between these two wave functions involved or as a deflection of the moving particle from its momentum direction by a quantized angular amount. The quantization of the angle results from the assumption that there are only standing EM waves, so that wave peaks only have certain locations that are periodically spaced. As a result, they are the points of separation for the volatile associated particles. This means that previous interpretations of 'pilot waves' and the like are no longer exclusive. The same Cinematic Association Interaction is generalized to all optical effects, such as transparency, dispersion, diffraction, reflection, opacity and colour formation, but also impacts of particles and absorption. Waves as particles must no longer be thought capable of deleting each others masses and energy, which was a paradox phenomenon of wave interference theories. Compton effect and impacts of particles are identified as a reflection due to same electromagnetic Association Interaction.
Category: Quantum Physics

Study on the Fundamental Principle of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Chenggang Zhang
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper investigates Born’s statistical interpretation and the processes in which the Schrodinger equation are constructed, and delves into the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. In addition, several examples and the foundation of quantum mechanics are discussed from a new perspective.
Category: Quantum Physics