Quantum Physics

A Continuum Universe Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Vijay Shankar, Narayanankutty Karuppath
Comments: 9 Pages. submitted to a conference

The measurement problem in quantum mechanics has been a cause of much puzzlement over the years. The very idea of having two different versions of reality for the same system has been a cause for much debate. Often quantum mechanics textbooks follow the ‘shut up and calculate’ paradigm. This denies the opportunity for the common student to understand the consequence of one of the most elegant and beautiful aspects of science. The state of the art textbooks give a purely algebraic, perfunctory and monotonous approach where the real consequence of the system is not fully appreciated. A good reason for this is the considerable deviation of the quantum mechanical process from the commonsensical idea of truth, reality and reason. We tend to look at the world in a materialistic, deterministic, causal and objectivistic way. We tend not to accept a world of contradictions. A quantum measurement is essentially an amalgamation of contradictions, mystery and duality. It encompasses an implicit dependence on subjectivity and contradicts with causality as we know it. We look at the world as in the present. But a quantum mechanical measurement is a prediction of the future influenced by the observer or the measurer. This offers a philosophical and pedagogical conundrum. It poses a challenge on not just how our perception of the world might change in addition to providing a big challenge on how to make it compatible with the other successful theories of physics. The most common text book interpretation of quantum mechanics has been the Copenhagen Interpretation suggests the ‘collapse of the wave function’ as a mechanism of transition between duality. But a more bizarre yet elegant theory, extending quantum formalism to the classical domain, called the Many Worlds Interpretation has been catching up very quickly; it stands for the split of the universe when we make a quantum mechanical measurement. Consequently, reality as we is redefined as a universal wave function which is a superposition of several outcomes, which is incompatible with many of the successful concepts of physics and has several problems like the correct idea about probability or basis. We adapt the idea of the universal wave function, but instead suggest a continuum interpretation of quantum mechanics where the universal wave function represents the entire singular universe and the concept of atoms or electrons as conceptually a continuous part of it rather than a distinct separate entity. Such an interpretation could be compatible with other continuum theories like the Superfluid vacuum theory or the Higgs Field.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Non-linear Generalisation of Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 16 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

A new definition for quantum-mechanical momentum is proposed which yields novel nonlinear generalisations of Schroedinger and Klein-Gordon equations. It is thence argued that the superposition and uncertainty principles as they stand cannot have general validity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Wave-Function Collapse Discovered Inside-Out

Authors: Eric Stanley Reiter
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now performed for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics (QM). A newly formulated threshold model predicted this flaw of QM. We use our threshold model to derive equations for effects thought to require conventional quantization. Conventional quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. Our threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. The quantum disconuity is still present. However our two-for-one effect in our experiments identify a pre-loaded state. Such a pre-loaded state reveals that a loading to a threshold is at play instead of a spooky wave-function collapse. We also identify several false assumptions that made any alternative to QM doomed to fail in experiments designed to reveal the distinction. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between an inside-out threshold and quantization is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
Category: Quantum Physics

A String Theorist Meets the Fisherman’s Son

Authors: David Martin Degner
Comments: 224 Pages.

Preface to the First Edition: Science is not done in a vacuum but rather in a historical and social context. This reflects mankind’s acquisition and use of knowledge over time. I have embedded my science and technology works in a screenplay that puts them into some kind of context. Some people will only read the science, some will only read the technology, some will only read the screenplay and some will read all three. The screenplay would be a comedy if not for the tragic condition of the human species on this planet. The model I present is the simplest theory possible because there is only one particle in its elementary particle bestiary, of which everything in the universe is made. I have named that particle the O umlaut particle and will refer to it as the Ö particle. There are only two possibilities regarding modern physics. Either just about everything is understood or just about nothing is understood. If the twin paradigms of modern physics, Einstein’s relativity theories and quantum mechanics, are wrong theories then nothing is understood today and modern physics collapses on itself like a house of cards. I am proposing that just about nothing is currently understood. [...]

 

Preface to the Second Edition: It is hard to believe almost fourteen years have gone by since the PDF Printing of the First Edition. This PDF Printing of the Second Edition is not a Second Edition in the usual sense where there is major new material included. But so many changes have been made, including correcting some embarrassing mistakes, that I believe it is deserving to be called a Second Edition to clearly distinguish it from the First Edition. The spirit and aim of this Second Edition are the same as the First Edition. My Universal Peace, Justice, Freedom, and Liberty is as topical now as it was in September 2007. My efficient Market and asset manager, eMaam, is as topical now as it was in September 2007. [...]

 

This work is still a solitary effort, without any help from anyone, so is somewhat unique in that regard. Therefore, I alone am responsible for both the content and any errors that still exist. If you have comments or suggestions I would be pleased to hear from you.

Category: Quantum Physics

A Statistical Approach to Two-Particle Bell Tests

Authors: Xianming Meng
Comments: 25 Pages. Bell inequality, probability law, quantum mechanics, realism, local hidden variable theory

Extensive experimental tests of the Bell inequality have been conducted over time and the test results are viewed as a testimony to quantum mechanics. In considering the close tie between quantum mechanics and statistical theory, this paper identifies the mistake in previous statistical explanation and uses an elegant statistical approach to derive general formulas for two-particle Bell tests, without invoking any wavefunctions. The results show that, for the special case where the spins/polarizations are in the same, opposite, or perpendicular directions, the general formulas derived in this paper convert to quantum predictions, which are confirmed by numerous experiments. The paper also investigates the linkages between the statistical and quantum predictions and finds that vector decomposition and probability law are at the heart of both approaches. Based on this finding, the paper explains statistically why the local hidden variable theory fails the Bell tests. The paper has important implications for quantum computing, quantum theory in general, and the role of randomism and realism in physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Threshold Model Explains Unquantum Effect

Authors: Eric Reiter
Comments: 10 Pages.

We present a beam-split coincidence test of the photon model, previously done with visible light, now for the first time with gamma-rays. A similar new test is presented using alpha-rays. In both tests, coincidence rates greatly exceed chance, revealing the flaw of quantum mechanics. A newly formulated threshold model predicted these new tests and was used to derive equations for effects thought to require quantization. Quantization denies sub-quantum states that are allowed by the threshold model. The threshold model embraces Planck's second theory of 1911, where he used h as a maximum threshold. We extended Planck's theory by similarly treating e and m so that all three constants of the electron (h, e, m, for action, charge, mass respectively) are realized as maximum threshold-constants. We recognize ensemble effects, absent in spreading waves, for how we uncovered those constants. We then use ratios of those constants, like e/m = Qe/m , for the spreading wave. By quantizing the Q's and thresholding h, e, and m, a matter-wave can spread and load to a threshold upon absorption. Therefore, wave-function collapse is avoided. We also identify several false assumptions that made any form of classical model seem impossible. The difficulty of realizing an experimental distinction between thresholds and quanta is why quantum mechanics maintained such a strong illusion. ER 5, 21, 2021.
Category: Quantum Physics

All Measurement Outcomes are Subjective

Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 14 pages, 17 figures

If all measurement outcomes are subjective to the observer then so too are the values of the speed of light, the gravitational constant and the reduced Planck constant, and consequently the values of the Planck length, Planck time and Planck mass as well. The values, as numbers of the common units of measurement, of these constants, particle masses, the distances from Earth and the masses of celestial bodies and objects, and the characteristic temperatures of cryogens, are expressed as powers of π, π/2 and e. The powers are found to take integer, half-integer, quarter-integer, etc values. There are obvious implications for the value of the CMB temperature.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Error Correction Inapplicable to Really Superpositioned States

Authors: Masataka Ohta
Comments: 7 Pages.

QEC (Quantum Error Correction) assumes that qubit states are disturbed by errors primarily through interactions with their local environment states. The problem is that, when quantum states are superpositioned, QEC improperly assumes all the superpositioned terms share same local environment states and resulting errors though they are, in general, different term by term to which QEC with the fixed number of syndrome qubits is, except for some slightly superpositioned states such as two terms ones, not applicable. Further, fundamental difficulty to scale quantum parallelism regardless of implementation and physical details is derived from theory of Shannon.
Category: Quantum Physics

Eine Vereinende Assoziations-Wechselwirkung Der Teilchen Als Modell Der Doppelspalt-Interferenz Und Aller Optischer Phänomene Und Der Unschärferelation
a Unifying Association-Interaction of the Particles as a Model of the Double-Slit Interference and

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 9 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org]

Doppelspalt-Interferenz stellt die Physik seit 215 Jahren zum Nachdenken und ein Ende ist nicht in Sicht. Quantenmechanik erklärt es immer durch eine Interferenz von 2 Wellen. Es wurde ein Teilchenmodell hypothetisch entworfen, das einer stehenden elektromagnetischen Welle entspricht, wo die Wellenberge Ladungen entsprechen. Diese alternierenden elektrischen und magnetischen Ladungen eines interferierenden Teilchens sind nur an jenen „stehenden Wellenberg- Orten“ wirksam, die entsprechend nahe an ebensolche des Wechselwirkungspartnerteilchens nahe heran kommen und elektrisch oder magnetisch anziehend und abstoßend interagieren. Das ergibt eine WW-ng, die den Pfad des bewegten Teilchens um einen Winkel ablenkt, der mit der Position der „stehenden Wellenberg-Orte“ korreliert. Es bedarf keiner zweiten Welle – diese Rolle übernehmen die Gitteratome der Interferenzvorrichtung an dem Rand eines Spaltes. Dort wirken Elektronen mit ähnlichen Mit gleichem Prozess funktioniert Transparenz, Dispersion, Opakheit und Reflexion.

Double-slit interference has been a food for thought and an end in physics for 215 years is not in sight. Quantum mechanics always explains it by an interference of 2 waves. It was hypothetically designed a particle model that of a standing electromagnetic wave corresponds to where the wave crests correspond to charges. These alternating electrical and magnetic charges of an interfering particle are only present at those "standing wave crests Locations "effective, which are correspondingly close to the same of the interaction partner particle come up and interact electrically or magnetically in an attractive and repellent manner. This gives a WW-ng that deflects the path of the moving particle by an angle that corresponds to the Correlated position of the "standing wave crest locations". There is no need for a second wave - this role is taken over by the lattice atoms of the interference device at the edge of a gap. There, electrons act with similar processes. Transparency, dispersion, opacity and reflection work in the same way.
Category: Quantum Physics

Сверхсветовая передача сигналов
Superluminal Signaling

Authors: Putenikhin P.V.
Comments: 29 Pages. In Russian[Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements of viXra.org]

A modification of the traditional setup for teleporting the quantum state of a qubit is considered. On the transmitting side, it is changed to the opposite sequence of the CNOT gates and the Hadamard gates. The modified installation allows you to teleport now no longer just an unknown state of the qubit, but a state of entanglement of qubits. On the transmitter side, the installation translates two qubits into a state of entanglement, with the result that, at the receiver side, two qubits also end up in a state of entanglement. It is shown also the possibility of direct superluminal transmission of classical information using the gate CNOT.

Рассмотрена модификация традиционной установки для телепортации квантового состояния кубита. На передающей стороне изменена на противоположную последовательность гейтов CNOT и гейта Адамара. Модифицированная установка позволяет телепортировать теперь уже не просто неизвестное состояние кубита, а состояние запутанности кубитов. На стороне передатчика установка переводит два кубита в состояние запутанности, в результате чего и на стороне приемника два кубита также оказываются в состоянии запутанности. Показана также возможность непосредственной сверхсветовой передачи классической информации с помощью гейта CNOT.
Category: Quantum Physics

Is the Many Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics Consistent?

Authors: Narayanankutty Karuppath, Vijay Shankar
Comments: 7 Pages. Article to be submitted to the Neuroquantology

Duality in quantum mechanical wave functions is manifest through the famous measurement problem. There have been several interpretations to explain this duality, but none have seen full consensus among physicists. The Copenhagen interpretation, which is at least to some extent the most widely accepted interpretation has the 'collapse' of the wave function (or state vector reduction) during measurement, does not attribute a physical reality to the wave function. Moreover, the idea of measurement having a role in defining reality shakes the very foundation of classical physics. On the other hand, the Many worlds interpretation proposed by Everett is a very brave attempt to attribute physical significance to the wave function. Though mathematically sound and elegant, 'the splitting of the universe' in the Many Worlds Interpretation completely redefines reality as we know it. We test Everett's original thought experiment in the presence of a super observer and for sequential measurements as well. We observe that the no-clone theorem helps the Many Worlds Interpretation, yet it does not provide a consistent picture for sequential measurements, unlike the Copenhagen Interpretation.
Category: Quantum Physics

Simulation of Observable Properties of a Quantum Object on a Classical Computer

Authors: Torsten Krieg
Comments: 6 Pages.

Properties such as the energy and momentum of a quantum object can be calculated exactly in quantum theory, but they cannot be simulated on a classical computer. This is in part due to the fact that the physical nature of quantum objects is not yet understood (ontology problem). In this paper it is shown that it is possible to simulate observable properties of a quantum object on a classical computer. For this purpose, the wave describing the quantum object is considered as a physical element with a constant amplitude of a quarter of the Planck constant (Ψmax=h/4=const.). As a result, the values of energy and momentum, as well as the de Broglie wavelength, can be simulated without the aid of further parameters. This is expected to give new ideas to ontological issues.
Category: Quantum Physics