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| viXra.org > Quantum Physics > 2006 |
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[15] viXra:2006.0247 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-30 16:40:49
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 25 Pages. Figures 6, 7, 11 and 12 corrected; some consequent minor text revisions.
The act of measurement causes astronomical distances to adopt discrete values. When measured, the distance to the object corresponds through an inverse 5/2 power law – the Quantum/Classical connection – to a sub-Planckian mass scale on a level or sub-level of one or both of two geometric sequences, of common ratio 1/pi and 1/e, that descend from the Planck mass and may derive from the geometry of a higher-dimensional spacetime. The distances themselves lie on the levels and sub-levels of two sequences, of common ratio π and e, that ascend from the Planck length. Analyses have been performed of stellar distances, the semi-major axes of the planets and planetary satellites of the Solar System and the distances measured to quasars, galaxies and gamma-ray bursts.
Category: Quantum Physics
[14] viXra:2006.0246 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-26 12:36:10
Authors: Bernard Riley
Comments: 13 pages, including 20 figures
The results are described of some simple home-based experiments to gauge the effect of the act of measurement on the values obtained. This paper is the companion of another, which showed that the act of measurement causes astronomical distances to adopt discrete values
Category: Quantum Physics
[13] viXra:2006.0236 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-25 11:20:20
Authors: Paul B. Slater
Comments: 25 Pages.
We obtain formulas (bot. p. 12)--including $\frac{2}{121}$ and $\frac{4 \left(242 \sqrt{3} \pi -1311\right)}{9801}$--for the eight atoms (Fig.~\ref{fig:Venn}), summing to 1, which span a 256-dimensional three-set (P, S, PPT) entanglement-probability boolean algebra for the two-qutrit Hiesmayr-L{\"o}ffler states. PPT denotes positive partial transpose, while P and S provide the Li-Qiao necessary {\it and} sufficient conditions for entanglement. The constraints ensuring entanglement are $s> \frac{16}{9} \approx 1.7777$ and $p> \frac{2^{27}}{3^{18} \cdot 7^{15} \cdot13} \approx 5.61324 \cdot 10^{-15}$. Here,
$s$ is the square of the sum (Ky Fan norm) of the eight singular values of the $8 \times 8$ correlation matrix in the Bloch representation, and $p$, the square of the product of the singular values. In the two-{\it ququart} Hiesmayr-L{\"o}ffler case, one constraint is $s>\frac{9}{4} \approx 2.25$, while $\frac{3^{24}}{2^{134}} \approx 1.2968528306 \cdot 10^{-29}$ is an upper bound on the appropriate $p$ value, with an entanglement probability $\approx 0.607698$.
The $S$ constraints, in both cases, prove equivalent to the well-known CCNR/realignment criteria. Further, we detect and verify--using software of A. Mandilara--pseudo-one-copy undistillable (POCU) negative partial transposed two-qutrit states distributed over the surface of the separable states. Additionally, we study the {\it best separable approximation} problem within this two-qutrit setting, and obtain explicit decompositions of separable states into the sum of eleven product states. Numerous quantities of interest--including the eight atoms--were, first, estimated using
a quasirandom procedure.
Category: Quantum Physics
[12] viXra:2006.0227 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-26 20:37:53
Authors: Osvaldo F. Schilling
Comments: 8 Pages. 2 figures
In recent work we have shown that the origin of baryons can be traced to electrodynamic instabilities of the vacuum, adopting the proton state as a substract ( as proposed by Barut, decades ago). As reported earlier, one might regard the proton state as separated from the vacuum by a 2.7 GeV energy difference ( loosely referred to as a “gap”). In this picture there is clear analogy between the origin of baryons and the electron-pairs condensation in normal-superconductor transitions, in which a true gap opens up from the Fermi Energy, and one defines a coherence length of the electrons. In the present paper we demonstrate that the analogy does not stop there, since a “coherence length” for the inner constituents of the proton can also be defined, and its existence is related to the observed form of cosmic rays flux profiles. Such coherence length is on the order of 0.24 fm.
Category: Quantum Physics
[11] viXra:2006.0220 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-30 08:05:55
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 18 Pages.
This paper discusses Feynman’s derivation of the Hamiltonian matrix in the famous Caltech Lectures on Quantum Mechanics, which is illustrative of the mainstream interpretation of what probability amplitudes may or may not represent. We refer to this argument as Feynman’s Time Machine because the “apparatus” that is considered in the derivation is, effectively, the mere passage of time.
We show Feynman’s argument is ingenious but, at the same time, deceptive. Indeed, the substitution – for what Feynman refers to as “historical and other reasons” – of real-valued coefficients (K) by pure imaginary numbers (-iH/ħ) effectively introduces the periodic functions (complex-valued exponentials) that are needed to obtain sensible probability functions. The division by Planck’s quantum of action also amounts to an insertion of the Planck-Einstein relation through the backdoor. The argument is, therefore, typical of similar arguments: one only gets out what was already implicit or explicit in the assumptions.
The implication is that two-state systems can be described perfectly well using classical mechanics, i.e. without using the concepts of state vectors and probability amplitudes. This paper, therefore, complements earlier deconstructions of some of Feynman’s arguments, most notably his argument on 720-degree symmetries – which we referred to as “the double life of -1” – as well as the reasoning behind the establishment of the boson-fermion dichotomy. This paper may, therefore, conclude our classical or realist interpretation of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics
[10] viXra:2006.0188 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-14 04:52:02
Authors: Dimosthenis Michopoulos
Comments: 7 Pages.
Since the very first development of Quantum Mechanics there are many scientists who, despite the fact that everything seems to work perfectly and the experimental results verify the theoretical predictions, do not understand what is really going on. That is why there are many different interpretations of this subject nowadays. This paper provides a new interpretation, aiming to illustrate the fact that Quantum Mechanics is actually an extension of Classical Physics, and in contrast to other interpretations we illustrate a possible experimental verification of theoretical wording.
Category: Quantum Physics
[9] viXra:2006.0173 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-21 16:33:02
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 18 Pages.
The special problem we try to get at with these lectures is to maintain the interest of the very enthusiastic and rather smart people trying to understand physics. They have heard a lot about how interesting and exciting physics is—the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and other modern ideas—and spend many years studying textbooks or following online courses. Many are discouraged because there are really very few grand, new, modern ideas presented to them. Hence, we were wondering whether or not we can make a course which would save them by maintaining their enthusiasm. This paper is a draft of the second chapter of such course.
Category: Quantum Physics
[8] viXra:2006.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-18 11:35:12
Authors: Austin J. Fearnley
Comments: 16 Pages.
A local hidden variables solution of Malus’s Law and a circumvention of Bell’s Theorem. The solution for Bell assumes that antiparticles actually do travel backwards in time and therefore a Bell experiment begins not at the usual source of particle pairs but at the measurement of positrons and ends at the measurement of their paired partner electrons. The solution for Malus’s Law assumes that the distribution of hidden variables in a polarised beam can be deduced by reverse-engineering Malus’s Law intensity calculations. Malus’s Law and Bell’s Experiment can therefore each be explained using local hidden variables. A computer program is given to provide results of a Stern Gerlach detector using local hidden variables in a particle-at-a-time simulation.
Category: Quantum Physics
[7] viXra:2006.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-16 03:53:28
Authors: J Gerard Wolff
Comments: 69 Pages.
This paper is about a proposed "New Mathematics" (NM) and its potential in science. The NM is proposed as an amalgamation of mathematics with the "SP System" -- meaning the "SP Theory of Intelligence" and its realisation in the "SP Computer Model" -- both now and as they may be developed in the future. A key part of the structure and workings of the SP System and the proposed NM is the compression of information via the matching and unification of patterns.
A preamble includes: brief notes about solipsism in science; an introduction to the SP System with pointers to where fuller information may be found; an outline of how the NM may be developed; and a discussion of several aspects of information compression;
In sections that follow: 1) A summary of some of the potential benefits of the NM in science, including: adding an AI dimension to mathematics; facilitating the integration of mathematics, logic, and computing; development of the NM as a "universal framework for the representation and processing of diverse kinds of knowledge" (UFK); a new perspective on statistics; and new concepts of proof, theorem, and so on. 2) A discussion of mathematical and non-mathematical means of representing and processing scientific knowledge. 3) A discussion of how the NM may help overcome the known problems with infinity in physics. 4) how the NM may help in modelling of the quantum mechanics concepts of 'superposition' and 'qubits' via analogies with concepts in stochastic computational linguistics and ordinary mathematics. 5) Likewise, how the NM may prove useful in modelling the quantum mechanics concept of 'nonlocality' and 'entanglement' via an analogy with the phenomenon of discontinuous dependencies in natural languages. 6) How the NM, with the SP System, provides alternative, and arguably more plausible, interpretations of such concepts as the 'Mathematical Universe Hypothesis' and the 'Many Worlds' interpretation of quantum mechanics, as described in Max Tegmark's book "Our Mathematical Universe". Two appendices including: A) a tentative 'tsunami' interpretation of the concept of 'wave-particle duality' in quantum mechanics; and B) A discussion of the possibility of interference fringes with real tsunamis.
Category: Quantum Physics
[6] viXra:2006.0104 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-03 23:51:12
Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.
Having solved the Dirac equation, we obtained the concept of a spinor. There are two solutions to the Dirac equation, one with positive-energy states and one with negative-energy states. Conventionally, these two positive and negative states have been interpreted and corresponded to electrons and positrons. This paper aims to represent that we interpret the positive and negative states of the Dirac equation as two spinor particles contained in one electron, and examine their validity. As a result, adapting the previous study (i.e., The 0-sphere Electron Model) to the Dirac equation's positive and negative solutions gave a new interpretation of the negative-energy status. The positive and negative states of mass correspond to a thermal potential energy's radiation and absorption, respectively. The positive and negative momentum states could be described based on the simple harmonics oscillation of the virtual photon's kinetic energy.
Category: Quantum Physics
[5] viXra:2006.0083 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-24 01:46:03
Authors: Henok Tadesse
Comments: 17 Pages.
From a new insight about the internal structure and dynamics of quantum particles such as photons and electrons, a conclusion has been reached that the exact point on the detector screen of a double-slit experiment where a photon will land is completely predetermined by fine tuning the initial conditions of the photon and the electron during emission. This means that where exactly a photon lands on the detecting screen is completely predetermined by its initial conditions, just as where exactly a ball lands on the ground is predetermined by its initial conditions. This means that an interference pattern or any arbitrary pattern could be formed on the detector screen by (almost) infinitely fine-tuning the initial conditions of the photon during emission, regardless of whether one or both slits are open, regardless of the distance between the slits, regardless of the distance of the detecting screen. In principle, a mechanical version of particle interference patterns can be created by repeatedly kicking a ball towards a hole (‘slit’ ) in a wall, with a ‘detector’ wall at some arbitrary distance from the hole(s). This would require almost ‘infinite’ fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball, that is initial velocity, initial direction and other parameters. The interference pattern occurred just because of infinite fine tuning of the initial conditions of the ball and not because the ball ‘interfered’ with itself. We just made a successful simulation, and created the pattern as if the ball interfered with itself. A supernatural football player can create an ‘interference’ pattern on the net by accurately deflecting the ball from either pole. The interference pattern in the photon and electron double-slit experiment is fundamentally the same. The conclusion is that aiming a photon to a particular atom on the screen requires (almost) infinite fine-tuning during emission. This raises the burning question: WHO fine-tunes the photons during emission so that they form an interference pattern or a Gaussian pattern? The emitting atom? The light source conspiring with the detecting screen? Atoms have infinitely small intelligence as to do the infinitely complex task of fine-tuning a photon. The conclusion is that a super natural being is fine-tuning and, literally, aiming each and every photon emitted not only from the light source of a double slit experiment, but also all photons emitted from all light sources in the universe. The overwhelming evidence of divine intervention is that photons and electrons cannot by themselves behave both as waves and as particles simultaneously. LITERALLY, God has been behind all confusing light speed experiments and observations made over centuries. It has been discovered that the correct model of the speed of light is a novel, seamless fusion of ether theory and emission theory ( Apparent Source Theory ). Photons cannot by themselves exhibit this dual nature. Literally, all dualities observed so far in light, electromagnetism and gravity are possible ONLY by DIRECT divine intervention.
Category: Quantum Physics
[4] viXra:2006.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-09 13:12:45
Authors: Durgadas Datta
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper discusses leptogenesis and baryogenesis for infinite universes in infinite arena of spacetime with all possibilities.
Category: Quantum Physics
[3] viXra:2006.0068 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-06 04:13:30
Authors: Jean Louis Van Belle
Comments: 38 Pages.
The special problem we try to get at with this paper is to maintain the interest of the very enthusiastic and rather smart people trying to understand physics. They have heard a lot about how interesting and exciting physics is — the theory of relativity, quantum mechanics, and other modern ideas — and spend many years studying textbooks, following online courses, and blogging about their experiences. Many are discouraged because there are really very few grand, new, modern ideas presented to them. The problem is whether or not we can make a course which would save them by maintaining their enthusiasm. This paper is a draft first chapter of such course.
Category: Quantum Physics
[2] viXra:2006.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-05 18:42:17
Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: (Strong ZEH - v1.0 - 5.06.2020 - 13 A4 pages without references)
This article proposes a simple but strong zero-energy hypothesis (ZEH), which is essentially an ambitious speculative extension of the famous zero-energy universe hypothesis (ZEUH) (updating ZEUH to an “extended ZEUH” version) applied on virtual particle-antiparticle pairs (VPAPs) produced by virtual photons or virtual gluons. ZEH ambitiously proposes (and predicts):
(1)a new type of boson-fermion symmetry/”mass-conjugation” based on a simple and elegant quadratic equation (with partially unknown coefficients) proposed by ZEH: all known rest masses of all elementary particles (EPs) in the Standard model (SM) of particle physics are redefined as real solutions of this simple quadratic equation; based on the same quadratic equation, ZEH indicates/predicts an unexpected profound bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos and the massless bosons (gluon, photon and the hypothetical graviton); ZEH also offers a new interpretation of Planck length as the approximate length threshold above which the rest masses of all known EPs have real number values (with mass units) instead of complex/imaginary number values (as predicted by the same unique equation proposed by ZEH); among other EPs, ZEH also predicts the existence of two distinct types of massless neutral fermions (correspondents/conjugates of the neutral Higgs boson and Z bosons) which both move at the speed of light and may be viable candidates for dark matter and dark energy;
(2)a strong quantum gravitational field (SQGF) (equaling the predicted strength of the electromagnetic field [EMF] at Planck scales, which EMF is also predicted to possess asymptotic freedom, similarly to the strong nuclear field [SNF]) implying a quantized spacetime (ST) composed from ST “voxels” (STVs) resulting in quantized/discrete distances at scales comparable to Planck length scales;
(3)ZEH is essentially a fundamental principle of electro-gravitational strength balance/symmetry at Planck scales, a principle which allows (as a sine-qua-non condition added to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle [HUP]) the existence of virtual particle-antiparticle pairs (VPAPs) from the first place;
(4)ZEH also conjectures the existence of a unique large (but finite!) maximum density allowed in our universe (OU) shared by the electron neutrino and the pre-Big Bang singularity (pBBS) (which is thus regarded as a “renormalized” gravitational quasi-singularity) with all the other known/unknown EPs (which are regarded as “crocks” of pBBS);
(5)ZEH also proposes the concept of “practical radius” of any known/unknown EP and a unique formula for calculating this practical radius for any type of EP (associated with a unique big G value formula for any given practical radius/length scale).
ZEH distinguishes by the contrast between its simplicity and the richness/diversity of explanations, correlations and predictions it offers. The author of this paper resonates to Dirac’s vision on the importance of mathematical beauty in physical equations: “The research worker, in his efforts to express the fundamental laws of Nature in mathematical form, should strive mainly for mathematical beauty […]It often happens that the requirements and beauty are the same, but where they clash the latter must take precedence.” [URL]; “A theory with mathematical beauty is more likely to be correct than an ugly one that fits some experimental data” (as he claimed in 1970 when referring to the renormalization of quantum electrodynamics which was Dirac’s paradigm of a mathematically “ugly” theory) [URL].
Zero is not only a number, but the symbol of both Nothingness and Everythingness (because all positive and negative numbers can be regarded as "born" in pairs from the same Zero to which they are symmetrical): furthermore, zero not only plays an essential central role in mathematics, but it also has a central role in physics and is a fundamental link between these two sciences, in the context of a possibly valid zero-energy universe theory (ZEUT).
This paper continues (from alternative angles of view) the work of other past articles/preprints of the same author.
Category: Quantum Physics
[1] viXra:2006.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-02 06:41:45
Authors: Fosco Ruzzene
Comments: 44 Pages.
A hidden variables matrix mechanics model of the harmonic oscillator is presented as a counter-example in examining fundamental assumptions of quantum mechanics. Solutions are obtained which can be interpreted as describing continuous motion of a particle at all times located at points in space. While this is contrary to the basic postulate of Heisenberg, the experimental results of the standard matrix mechanics treatment are nevertheless reproduced. The proposed model is motivated by the foundational issues raised by Bell. Inequalities violation is however, attributed to the mathematical representation of outcome quantities as metric variables rather than the consensus assumption of local causality. Examining the consequence of this alternative conclusion on an actual quantum system creates an overlapping between Bell inspired foundational issues and the original postulates of Heisenberg and Born. Heisenberg’s basic postulates – randomness of transitions and treating the system as an ensemble – are critical. Bohr’s assumption that transitions occur instantaneously, together with Heisenberg’s non-path postulate where the particle can be measured at spatially separated locations without continuous movement between locations, are discarded. The proposed hidden variables are non-contextual. These results question the commonly accepted inequalities violation conclusions that any local and/or non-contextual hidden variables theory cannot reproduce quantum predictions. That the wave function gives a complete description of the quantum state is likewise not supported by the model. Heisenberg’s measurable-only quantities are interpreted as arising from a substructure of periodic endogenous motion of the system.
Category: Quantum Physics
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