Quantum Physics

Some Properties of Electrons

Authors: I. Prusis, P. Prusis
Comments: 5 Pages. 1 figure

The electron is the most widely used elementary particle and at the same time the least studied. It is known that the electron has mass, charge, and spin. The article shows that an electron moves along a complex trajectory, the main components of which are chaotic thermal motion, zitterbewegung, and the direction determined by the external electric field. The trajectory of an electron can be mathematically described as a wave, but from this QM draws the incorrect conclusion that the electron itself is a wave. What is mentioned in the article also applies to protons, neutrons, and other elementary particles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Complex Spacetime and the Schrödinger Equation: Toward a Quantum-Electromagnetic Unification

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name should be separately listed after the article title)

In this paper, we extend the formulation of the Schrödinger equation into the complex spacetime framework, introducing a novel approach that bridges quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, and general relativity. By incorporating complex derivatives and applying the Cauchy-Riemann conditions, we reveal that the imaginary components of spacetime contribute to quantum fluctuations, while the real components govern classical behavior. This framework naturally connects the imaginary curvature of spacetime to electromagnetic field dynamics, suggesting that electromagnetic phenomena could emerge from the geometry of complex spacetime.We demonstrate that the imaginary Ricci tensor, derived from the curvature of the imaginary spacetime dimensions, aligns with the mathematical structure of Maxwell's equations in curved spacetime. This connection implies a geometric origin of electromagnetism, where quantum fluctuations arise from the imaginary curvature of spacetime. Furthermore, the preservation of standard quantum commutation relations within this framework suggests consistency with established quantum mechanical principles.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cyclic Representation of the Dirac Equation (English)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovskiy
Comments: 28 Pages. This is an English translation of the paper in Russian viXra:2502.0040

Based on the developed chiral algebra of biquaternions, a new representation of the Dirac equation is obtained. Our formulation of this fundamental equation combines in a certain way the forward and reverse 4-gradient operators acting on the right and left chiral components of the particle wave function, as well as the cyclic transformation operator acting on the entire particle wave function. The obtained representation makes it possible to see in the Dirac equation the relationship between linear and cyclic times. The chiral algebra used in this approach provides new methods for studying relativistic spin physics. An analog of the Lorentz transformation, a new rotation transformation is derived, that creates the proper rotation of a massive particle. It is shown that the cyclic transformation included in our representation of the Dirac equation is expressed via complex-valued Hadamard matrix, which indicates the connection of the Dirac equation with known algorithms of noise-resistant information transmission.
Category: Quantum Physics

Protocol for Communication via Differentiation of Hidden Basis from Linear Basis of Entangled Photon Pair Polarization

Authors: Wells M Chandler
Comments: 4 Pages.

What is the polarization basis of an entangled photon pair when exiting a beta-barium borate crystal (BBO)? Repeated experiments have confirmed there is no linear polarization basis that can account for the observed (anti-)correlations of the pair. Rather, the pair is initially defined by a real but inaccessible basis of polarization which is orthogonal to all linear polarization bases — a hidden basis[1]. The properties of orthogonality of the hidden basis to all linear polarization bases and the instantaneous decoherence of both members of the pair to a linear polarization basis following measurement of one member are exploited in the following experimental proposal to facilitate limited faster than light communication.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Note on Bell's Inequality

Authors: Scott Wilson
Comments: 3 Pages.

I review the inequality given by Bell [1], and provide an interpretation to avoid the use of non-local entanglement. It is argued that what appear to be separate properties within an individual particle (usually regarded as independent state variables) exist as entangled properties (entangled state variables) that are not physically meaningful on their own. For example, it is not physically meaningful to refer to spin in a certain direction, as the spins in different directions are entangled with each other, and there is no meaning to regarding spin about one particular axis as a state variable of the particle.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Rotating Dipole Model of the Photon

Authors: David Woods
Comments: 9 Pages.

We investigate a theoretical model in which the photon is treated as a rotating dipole composed of oppositely charged virtual particles. The dipole radius is derived from a balance between electrostatic attraction and centripetal force. Initial estimates, based solely on electrostatic interactions, yield values close to Planck’s constant, with deviations suggesting the need for additional force contributions. By incorporating magnetic interactions and identifying an equilibrium frequency within the electromagnetic spectrum, the model produces results in full agreement with Planck’s constant across all frequencies. A full derivation is provided. Potential implications for polarization behavior and photon-photon interactions are discussed, with future work focused on experimental validation and refinement of dynamic effects.
Category: Quantum Physics

Particles and Other Forces

Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 11 Pages.

A theory of everything (TOE), or, grand unified theory (which Einstein had been working on without success, with Superstring Theory now being a good candidate), is one which unites all the forces of nature, namely, gravity, electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force. Important as this theory might be, it is lacking in one important fundamental aspect, namely, the role of consciousness, which could in fact be considered the most fundamental aspect of physics, for example its apparently significant role and impact in quantum theory which would be explained in this paper. This paper also raises important points pertaining to the theory of everything. It explains that a theory of consciousness is more important than a theory of everything or grand unified theory and should be the theory of everything instead, or, at least, a part of the theory of everything. Consciousness is essential for information-processing, for example, deducing the laws of physics from natural phenomena; without the physicist and his intelligent consciousness for deducing the laws of physics there would not be physics. As consciousness is so important, it is no surprise that physicists are now studying consciousness to unravel the mysteries of the universe which might be in some sense a Great Mind or large organism with will and consciousness. The paper also delves into the behavior of quantum particles, for example, quantum entanglement which has utility in quantum computing but remains a great mystery, describing their apparent relationship with consciousness which has been the model for artificial intelligence (AI) that has become very powerful and a threat to society itself. This paper is the sequel to the paper "The Ultimate Law of Nature" which was published in Physics Essays in 2009.
Category: Quantum Physics

Cyclic Representation of the Dirac Equation (Циклическое представление уравнения Дирака)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 30 Pages. In Russian. Isomoprhism formula corrected.

Based on the developed chiral algebra of biquaternions, a new representation of the Dirac equation is obtained. Our formulation of this fundamental equation combines in a certain way the forward and reverse 4-gradient operators acting on the right and left chiral components of the particle wave function, as well as the cyclic transformation operator acting on the entire particle wave function. The obtained representation makes it possible to see in the Dirac equation the relationship between linear and cyclic times. The chiral algebra used in this approach provides new methods for studying relativistic spin physics. An analog of the Lorentz transformation, a new rotation transformation is derived, that creates the proper rotation of a massive particle. It is shown that the cyclic transformation included in our representation of the Dirac equation is expressed via complex-valued Hadamard matrix, which indicates the connection of the Dirac equation with known algorithms of noise-resistant information transmission.

На основе разработанной киральной алгебры бикватернионов получено новое представление уравнения Дирака. Наша формулировка этого фундаментального уравнения определённым образом сочетает в себе прямой и обратный операторы 4-градиентов, действующие на правую и левую киральные составляющие волновой функции частицы, а также оператор циклического преобразования, действующий на всю волновую функцию частицы. Полученное представление позволяет увидеть в уравнении Дирака связь линейного и циклического времён, а используемая при этом киральная алгебра даёт новые методы для исследования релятивистской физики спина. Выведено преобразование вращения — аналог преобразования Лоренца, который создаёт собственное вращение массивной частицы. Показано, что циклическое преобразование, входящее в полученное представление уравнения Дирака, в декартовом базисе выражается с помощью комплекснозначной матрицы Адамара, что указывает на связь уравнения Дирака с известными алгоритмами помехоустойчивой передачи информации.
Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-6s11: In {N,n} QM Field Theory, the Residue nLL State Caused Positive Precession May Be the Origin of Mercury’s Perihelion Precession, the Sunspot Drift, the Elliptic/Parabolic/Hyperbolic Orbits (Including the Gravitational Lensing), etc.

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 26 Pages.

In developing the {N,n} QM field theory, from the pure quantum mechanics (QM), I deduced out a positive precession for the circular orbital motion (see in SunQM-4). In the current paper, I used this positive precession to explain 1) the Mercury’s perihelion precession; 2) the fast-flow zonal band on Jupiter’s atmospheric surface. Then, using a newly developed concept (i.e., the "face-opposite-face locked binary orbital motion" in φ-1D bi-direction with the anti-parallel spin will automatically transform to be a θ-1D orbital uni-directional motion, see in SunQM-6s10), I further developed this positive precession to be a positive/negative precession cycle (also called the "Ylm cycle"), and it is driven by the half-cycle of m > 0 and half-cycle of m < 0 in the nLL QM state of the |n,l,m>. Then, I used it to explain the elliptic orbit motion (an Ylm cycle with the acceleration/deceleration cycle), the sunspot drift (an Ylm cycle with a period of 22 years), the continental drift (an Ylm cycle with a period longer than 10^5 years), etc. The results of these analysis made me to further hypothesize that: the residue nLL QM state’s positive/negative precession may even be the origin of all elliptic/parabolic/hyperbolic orbits (including the gravitational lensing that belongs to a hyperbolic motion). It may be possible to use QM’s positive precession at different (and combined) high-frequency n’ to fully explain Mercury’s perihelion precession (without using classical physics and/or general relativity (GR)). This work revealed that in a circular/elliptical orbital motion, QM not only may (intrinsically) generate a positive precession, but also may (intrinsically) generate a positive/negative precession cycle (i.e., the Ylm cycle). This work may also suggest that the QM and the GR are the two "faces" of the same "master mechanics". Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Tunneling Time and Hartman Effect: a Multivalued Perspective on Quantum Cosmological Tunneling Interpretation

Authors: Victor Christianto, Florentin Smarandache
Comments: 10 Pages. Comments and suggestions are welcome.

We previously argued for a connection between the Navier-Stokes and Schrödinger equations, then used standard tunneling time theory [1][2]. Here, we propose an alternative interpretation of the Hartman effect in tunneling, suggesting that it represents the multivaluedness of solutions of the Schrödinger equation. This implies that an electron or entity can exist in two places simultaneously, explaining how an entity can seemingly appear on the other side of a tunnel almost instantaneously upon initiating a quantum tunneling experiment. While counter-intuitive, this interpretation aligns with E. Schrödinger's initial ideas. This phenomenon could be detected through near-field effects, such as spin supercurrent detector in low-temperature physics experiments. [Various discussions with Robert N. Boyd are acknowledged]
Category: Quantum Physics

Towards a Unified Framework of Transient Quantum Dynamics Integrating Graviton Models with Cosmic Phase Transitions and Observational Verifications

Authors: Yuxuan Zhang, Weitong Hu, Tongzhou Zhang
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper proposes a novel quantum gravityframework based on the transient annihilation and regeneration of positron pairs, aiming to unify quantum mechanics and generalrelativity. The model integrates insights from black hole thermodynamics by addressing the information paradox through Hawking radiation dynamics and incorporates phase transitionsinto the theoretical framework to explain the evolution of dark energy. The proposed graviton model is further supported by advancements in gravitational wave detection technology,Additionally, the paper explores the application of quantum sensing technologies, such as superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), for dark matter detection, leveraging ultra-cold atom interferometers to study cosmicmicrowave background radiation fluctuations. The model's predictions are supported by a rigorous theoretical framework and experimental validation strategics, including quantitativeBayesian factor analysis and feature spectral matching tests. Future research directions include the development of numericalrelativistic codes for dynamic spacetime grids, the establishment of an inter-institutional dark energy time landscape observatory, and tabletop experiments using superconducting quantuminterference instruments to test the theory's predictions in Earth-based settings.
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck’s Units and the Expansion of Spacetime

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

This paper will suggest a way to test the idea in which space-time itself is quantified into discrete building blocks in the size of Planck’s length and Planck’s time, by correlating between the expansion of spacetime, the increase in the gravitational constant G, number of black holes and the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole.
Category: Quantum Physics