Quantum Physics

Review of Wave Element Material Structure Theory and Its Application

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

Quantum field theory treats particles as fields and cannot describe the composition, structure and intrinsic motion state of electrons very specifically. Exploring the composition, structure and intrinsic motion states of electrons does not conflict with quantum field theory. Through an assumption of "the composition, structure and intrinsic movement of electrons" (photojunction electronic structure model), quantum mechanics - the important equations and operators of quantum mechanics (especially the calculations related to electron spin) has been greatly beautified. symbols) can be deduced based on this assumption. It can provide a reasonable and non-contradictory classical rotation model for electron spin and atomic structure. The classical planetary model of atoms can also be successfully applied to the calculation of the dissociation energy and bond length of hydrogen molecules, lithium molecules, and sodium molecules. Calculations for atoms and molecules can be performed both individually and in combination with wave mechanics methods and classical methods in the context of planetary models. There are hundreds of successful application examples. The successful application of the electronic structure model and its beautification of quantum mechanics have clearly become evidence of this model. "Bohr's planetary model approach and modern quantum mechanical approaches can be widely mixed" suggests that the two approaches are equivalent or compatible with each other. It can prompt humans to re-understand the characteristics of microscopic systems.

量子场论将粒子都看作是场，无法非常具体地描述电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态。探索电子的组成、结构和内禀运动状态并不与量子场论冲突。通过一个"电子的组成、结构和内禀运动方式"的假设（光结电子结构模型），而大大美化了量子力学——量子力学的重要方程和和算符（特别是有关电子自旋的算符）都可以根据这个假设推导出来。能为电子自旋、原子结构给出合理而无矛盾的经典转动模型。原子的经典行星模型还可以成功地应用于氢分子、锂分子、钠分子的离解能和键长的计算。对于原子和分子的计算既可以分别使用又可以混合使用波动力学方法和行星模型语境下的经典方法。成功的应用事例多达数百个。电子结构模型的成功的应用和对量子力学的美化作用显然又成了该模型的证据。"玻尔行星模型方法和现代量子力学方法可广泛地混合使用"表明这两种方法是等价的或相互兼容的。可促使人类重新认识微观体系的特点。
Category: Quantum Physics

Application of Hooke's Law and Occurrence of Relativistic Orthogonal Harmonic Oscillators in Leptons

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 17 Pages, including 2 figures and 1 table

In 1915 Parson proposed the so-called ring model for the electron. This flat geometry for the electron can also be interpreted as a superposition of two orthogonal harmonic oscillators in the same plane. For these two harmonic oscillators a new relativistic Lagrangian is conjectured from which Hooke’s law follows. Explicit expressions for the spring constant and electron energy are deduced from this simple ring model.

Spring constants and energies for all leptons can also be deduced from the recently postulated more complex toroidal model for leptons. The ring torus model appears to apply to charged leptons and the electron neutrino, whereas the spindle torus model may apply to the muon and tauon neutrino.

It appears that the magnetic dipole moments of the charged leptons predicted by the toroidal model agree with the observed ones, first order anomalous corrections included. Furthermore, explicit expressions for the magnetic dipole moments of all neutrinos are also obtained.

Moreover, a comparison is made between the magnitude of the electromagnetic and elastic contribution to the energy of the electron. It is found that the elastic energy may be dominant.

Category: Quantum Physics

SunQM-7s2: The Possible Origins of the Relativistic Length Contraction, E=mc^2, and to Fuse the General Relativity’s Radial Contraction with the Non-Linear {N,n} QM

Authors: Yi Cao
Comments: 31 Pages.

The newly established {N,n} QM includes the Bohr-QM based part (see in SunQM-1 series, SunQM-2, SunQM-5 series, and SunQM-7), the Schrodinger-equation based part (see in SunQM-3 series and SunQM-4 series), and the {N,n} quantum field part (see in SunQM-6 series). In SunQM-7s1, I used r’rθφ-4D orbital motion to explain the origins of the lightspeed and the constancy of the lightspeed in our universe. In the current article, first, by degenerating a xy-2D circular motion into a x-1D oscillational motion (that mimic a degeneration of a r’rθφ-4D motion into a rθφ-3D motion), I was able to deduce out the Lorentz transformation equation in 3D. From this, I hypothesized that the projection of a group of "4D thermal motion" in a 3D space may be the origin of both the special relativity’s length contraction (SR L-contraction), and general relativity’s radial contraction (GR R-contraction). Second, I showed that on a black hole (BH) surface, the rθφ-3D space may be degenerated into a 1D space (for the velocity), and this 1D space may can be treated as either a r-1D space or a φ-1D space (as you like). Third, using "4D thermal oscillation" (and with several examples), I explained the possible origin of the E = mc^2. Fourth, many kinds of non-linear {N,n} QM effects (that I encountered during the {N,n} QM development, and that may or may not relate to the GR R-contraction) were listed. Furthermore, I was able to construct the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure near a BH (where q = 6 increased to q = ∞) by fusing the GR R-contraction calculation into the non-linear {N,n//q} QM structure’s calculation. This is a huge achievement in unifying the relativity theory to the {N,n} QM theory. Fifth, (Like that the nLL state vs. nL0 state is a pair of brand new parameters in the physics to describe the RF character), the difference between SR L-contraction and GR R-contraction could be another pair of parameters in the physics to describe the relativistic character. Sixth, by using "4D thermal oscillators", I was able to explain the slower speed of the outmost shell of the 3D wave packet for a propagating photon. Finally, because of its completeness and self-consistence, I do believe that the {N,n} QM is qualified to be put into the "Feynman Pool" as one of the many co-existing QM theories.
Category: Quantum Physics

Review of the Theory of Matter Structure of Wave Elements and Its Applications

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 12 Pages.

Existing theories of material structure and quantum field theory cannot describe the specific sources of fundamental particles. In quantum field theory, the generation of particles is the instantaneous transformation of the field, rather than the true creation of particles. It is necessary to explore the composition (or source) of the next level of elementary particles or fields. The material structure theory of "all fundamental particles mainly originate from photons" has great advantages in combining logic and fact. By utilizing this new theory of material structure, quantum theory, Bohr theory, and classical electromagnetic theory can be mixed to describe the same particle. Both this new theory of material structure and its application examples demonstrate that there is no longer a gap between the micro world and the macro world in calculating the spin angular momentum of basic particles, atomic ionization energy, and molecular dissociation energy.
Category: Quantum Physics

Exploration of the Specific Forms of Electron Spin

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 6 Pages.

The concept of electron spin has a broad application prospect. However, after a century of efforts, the essence and specific form of electron spin have not been revealed. The reason is probably that it is constrained by the concept of point particle material structure. In order to solve the problem, one way to initiate the quantum mechanics revolution on the concept of material structure is to establish the concept of wave element material structure. Assuming that the composition of electrons is waves, the inherent motion of electrons (the spin of free electrons) is "the rotation of mass equivalent to the energy of waves". This rotation is not the rotation of a sphere, but similar to the rotation of a ring-shaped substance along a ring. This assumption breaks the concept of point particle structure. According to it, the angular kinetic energy and spin magnetic moment of electrons can be accurately calculated by classical force electrodynamics method. Other applications are also very successful, which has led to the revolution of quantum mechanics and material structure theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Sine-Gordon Breather in an Infinite Potential Well

Authors: Dennis Braun
Comments: 9 Pages. (Author name added to the article by viXra Admin as required)

In this paper we want to solve the motion of a breather soliton of the Sine-Gordon equation in an infinite potential well. This problem can be solved analytically for a well whose width L is far greater than the size of the soliton d, using the two breather solution of the Sine-Gordon equation. We show that this solution exhibits discrete energy levels with a quantisation condition equivalent to that obtained from quantum mechanics. They do arise in a similar way as standing waves give rise to discrete modes, with a wave and a reflected wave superimposed. The energy levels are given by the same formula as obtained from the Klein-Gordon equation of relativistic quantum mechanics for the same problem, but with a quantum constant h derived from the theory itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Erasure Experiment is not a Miracle

Authors: Brian Chang
Comments: 32 Pages.

This paper rejects the common notion that "erasing path information causes interference fringes to reappear". This paper argues that it is a misnomer to call this experiment a quantum "erasure". Instead of "erasing", the diagonal polarizers actually filter the photons, and it is this filtering that causes the interference fringes to reappear. Further, there is no need to introduce anticausality to explain the delayed-choice experiment. The wavefunction of a photon does not collapse after it comes out of the double slit until it reaches the position of the screen. It is meaningless to ask which slit the photon came through. Therefore, instead of calling this experiment a "quantum erasure experiment", it would be more appropriate to call it a "quantum screening experiment", and it is this means of screening that restores coherence.
Category: Quantum Physics