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[8] viXra:2405.0139 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-03 00:06:30
Authors: Eytan Suchard
Comments: 112 Pages.
It is possible to describe a universal scalar field of time but not a universal coordinate of time and to attribute its non-geodesic alignment to the electromagnetic phenomena. A very surprising outcome is that not only mass generates gravity, but also electric charge does. Charge is, however, coupled to a non-geodesic vector field and thus is not totally equivalent to inertial mass. Only the entire "Energy-Momentum" tensor has a vanishing divergence. The model can be seen as misalignment of physically accessible events in an observer spacetime and of gravity as a controlling response by volumetric contraction of the observer spacetime in the direction where events bend or accelerate to. This non geodesic acceleration is described by a generalization of the Reeb class vector. Misalignment of events can be described by 1, 2, and 3 such vectors. The paper presents a term with 4 vectors but does not discuss its physical meaning. The paper also discusses particle mass ratios and the Fine Structure Constant where added or subtracted area in relation to a disk does not involve a ratio 1/24 but 1/96 due to the physical meaning of the orientation of a space foliation which is perpendicular to a time-like vector α and due to the orientation of a plane which is perpendicular to a time-like vector α and its Reeb class vector η where α is mapped to a 1-Form, dα=±η^α. This forgotten definition of the Reeb class vector η is not limited to contact manifolds. These two orientations mean that only one side of a 3-dimensional foliation has a physical meaning and only one side of a sub-plane of that foliation has a physical meaning then 1/2 1/2 1/24=1/96. Another interpretation of the factor 1/4 is the Bekenstein - Hawking entropy to area constant. An additional coefficient 4/π describes an acceleration field strength and has a compelling source in mainstream physics. Other two field strength coefficients have compelling explanations, these are 95/96 and a critical value due to an imbalance equation between gravity and anti-gravity ~1.556198537190348396563877031439915299.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[7] viXra:2405.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-22 22:00:16
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 31 Pages.
The pre-fermion model is a comprehensive explanation for most of the observations made of the universe, from the smallest to the largest scales. Previous papers have covered each different aspect by concentrating on how the model reinterprets that aspect. There has been nothing before which compared current physics concepts to pre-fermion interpretations across all aspects individually within one paper. This paper fills that gap, although in doing so it has to cover some of the content of previous papers.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[6] viXra:2405.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-20 20:43:36
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 12 Pages.
The current standard model of cosmology considers that space inflates and subsequently expands. The pre-fermion model proposes that instead it is the loops, which are the only directly observable objects in the universe, that expand in radius during inflation and which are then locked-in at the size that they attained after that inflation ended. Subsequent expansion is the physical motion of those inflated loops. The paper explains the model in some detail and concludes by comparing the calculations made in the Koide mass formula for the charged lepton loops with the same result using the inverse area of those same loops, implying that the loop structure is consistent with the mass observed. Also shown is that the total inflation across each charge family of loops, once adjusted for the ‘missing charge’ factor, is the same, at 1.44x〖10〗^23 ±10%, despite the inflation of each loop along each of the three spatial axes being different.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[5] viXra:2405.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-19 19:46:17
Authors: Edward L. Molishever
Comments: 25 Pages.
Quantum mechanics and gravitation theory are unified here, when the unnormalized Schroedinger wave function of an isolated typical elementary particle, is given dimensions of potential energy, and is assumed to represent part of the particle's gravitational self potential energy, as well as representing the particle itself. This assumption is shown to be consistent with the normalization of the particle's wave function and its probabilistic interpretation. It leads directly to the derivation of a set of covariant partial differential equations which couple quantum mechanics, general relativity and electroweak and strong physics, and explains how particle rest mass arises quantum mechanically. The point of view taken here is that a necessary condition that a theory of elementary particle physics be fundamental, is that its defining equations be differential equations, exclusively. (For instance the electroweak field equations are the Bianchi identities satisfied by the gravitational field equations and lack parity invariant solutions). Gravitation theory is thereby inserted into quantum mechanics, and gravitation theory(including general relativity) and quantum mechanics are shown to be compatible theories. Interacting particle systems of arbitrary complexity are represented here as the states occupied by a single gravitationally self interacting particle. If this single gravitationally self interacting particle is composed of matter and not antimatter, then a consequence of the theory is matter/antimatter asymmetry. Since the theory involves the gravitational self interaction of a single particle, any multiparticle system, can be represented in a background space which is ordinary four dimensional space time. This contrasts with conventional Schroedinger theory where the background space has 3N spatial dimensions and time, where N is the number of particles in the system. This simplification may lead to the numerical solution of complex molecular interactions useful in drug, materials and energy research. Solutions of the aforementioned covariant equations are shown to represent the following five categories of elementary particle states: 1. 3 spin 1/2 lepton states, 2. 3 spin 1/2 lepton states representing the antiparticles of the particles in category 1, 3.6 spin 1/2 quarks, 4. 3 spin 1 bosons, and 5. 1 spin 0 boson. The strength of the gravitational self interaction at short range for leptons is shown to be proportional to 1/(r squared) and to be 1/(r to the fourth) for quarks, where r is the distance from the particle. The rotational stability of the galaxy based on elementary particle gravitational self interaction is shown.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[4] viXra:2405.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-18 18:41:17
Authors: Atman Bharadwaj
Comments: 22 Pages.
This paper presents a comprehensive framework that integrates quantum gravitational corrections derived from string theory, loop quantum gravity (LQG), and non-commutative geometry into the Einstein-Hilbert action. By combining these three approaches, we derive modified field equations that encapsulate quantum effects in spacetime curvature. The unified corrections are formulated as higher-order curvature terms and modifications arising from the discrete structure of spacetime and non-commutative coordinates. Our results demonstrate that these corrections can resolve classical singularities, leading to a finite Ricci scalar even at small radii, thus providing a non-singular description of black hole interiors. Additionally, the framework predicts alterations in the effective potential near black holes, which could manifest as observable deviations in gravitational wave signals and other astrophysical phenomena. This work not only bridges the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics but also opens new avenues for both theoretical exploration and observational verification of quantum gravitational effects.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[3] viXra:2405.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-14 05:13:01
Authors: Benjamin Lesel
Comments: 7 Pages.
While General Relativity has strong mathematical underpinnings that predict much of our spacetime observations, convincing physical understandings of these principles are vague and unconvincing. Herein we explore the physical assumption that the primary element of relativity is an orbit, which can take place either in time (space-time) or outside of time (time-space) and we use this assumption to derive Einstein’s most famous relativity equations from this first principle. Herein we explore the origin of mass, and how gravity, time and light are intimately connected aspects of a universal orbit.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2405.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-07 08:07:21
Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 14 Pages.
We revisit the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation that was proposed by us which capture how quantum mechanical probability densities curve spacetime, and find an exact solution that may appear to be ``trivial" but with important physical implications related to the physics of frozen stars and with Mach's principle. The nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation is essentially the static spherically symmetric relativistic analog of the Newton-Schr"{o}dinger equation. We finalize by studying the higher dimensional generalizations of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon-like equation and examine the relativistic Bohm-Poisson equation as yet another equation capturing the interplay between quantum mechanical probability densities and gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1] viXra:2405.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2024-05-05 02:33:33
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 26 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In the original multi-fold paper, we provided a review of lesser known details on spin, leading to the insights that spin is not a relativistic concept, even if naturally best modeled with relativity and Poincaré symmetries, and that it could also be seen as a rotation of energy, plausibly associated to rotations of the wave function. A toy multi-fold mechanism for these rotations was suggested, as food for thoughts. The multi-fold W-type hypothesis can be added to the picture as an additional source for angular momentum to potentially explains why the rotation f the wave function carries angular momentum..In the present paper, we revisit these results and concepts. Then we discuss additional little known insights about spin. In particular, how fermions imply non-commutative spacetime, and conversely; while bosons do not. Then, we show that any theory with fermions, e.g., quantum theory, implies a non-commutative spacetime in a range of small spatial scales. Then we discuss how one can see that quantum Physics, considered fermionic, and gravity or general relativity, considered bosonic, conventionally and in multi-fold universes. In particular we link spacetime non-commutativity, zitterbewegung with the notion of fermions and bosons, and the spin statistic theorem; providing a new derivation of the latter. Accordingly, massive fermions have sizes that feels the spacetime non-commutativity which results into zitterbewegung at energies where they are massive and transversal momentum uncertainties when massless. On the other hand, bosons, massive or massless, have sizes that hide the spacetime non-commutative effects. In multi-fold universe, spacetime is non-commutative in a spatial scale range, and this interpretation directly aligns with the toy multi-fold spin model. The paper introduces new, but equivalent definitions for fermions and bosons, and a versions of the Weinberg-Witten theorem, that now more explicitly hints at unphysicality of gravitons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
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