Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Tracking Down the Standard Model with Gravity in Multi-Fold Universes

Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 14 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General relativity at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at a even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Besides having multi-folds, and gravitons, living in AdS(5) tangent to the multi-fold universe spacetime, spacetime points and particles or field locally encounter additional 3D spatial dimensions due to the multi-folds used by paths of entangled particles. It provides an apparent local 7D manifold embedding the multi-fold universe spacetime. Modern unconstrained 5+D Kaluza-Klein (KK) empty (flat) space models, i.e. without compactification constraints of the additional spatial dimensions in 7D, allow the recovery from the 7D vacuum of gravity and electromagnetism as well as Yang Mills and the symmetries needed for strong and weak interactions. They also provide geometrical sources for masses, charges, wave functions, equations, quantum behavior and quantum vacuum. Unfortunately, limitations in terms of lack of chirality and chiral fermions, as well as apparition 5th or higher order forces, have tampered the enthusiasm just as what happened with earlier KK models. Within a multi-fold universe, we can recover chiral fermion and chiral symmetry breaking, due to gravity, of Electroweak and Strong interactions, while avoiding 5th (and more) forces, magnetic monopoles (because not relying on compactification), undue precessions, loss of conservation laws or supersymmetry. Such considerations do not work in conventional induced space-time-matter theories. In other words, the Standard Model seems to be induced purely from gravity and spacetime geometries in a multi-fold universe. Explanations for masses, charges and quantum behaviors (wave functions, equations QFT loops and of course entanglement and quantum gravity emerging from entanglement) can be hinted, albeit not (yet) quantified, in multi-fold universes. This is quite an achievement putting multi-fold mechanisms, themselves also physically clarified in terms of mapping, on par with, if not ahead of, other Quantum Gravity, GUTs and ToEs candidates of Unification of Physics. The analysis of 7D empty universes vs. AdS(5) both surrounding any spacetime points, in a multi-fold universe, also illustrates the implications of dualities and the differences between multi-fold universes with additional dimensions vs. the universe where superstrings, supersymmetry, supergravity and M-theory seem to live and matter [Truncated to <400 words by Admin]
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Low-Energy Quantum Gravity and Cosmology

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 28 Pages. Chapter in book {\it The Origin of Gravity From First Principles}, edited by V. Krasnoholovets, NY: Nova Science, 2021, pp 23-56.

The model of low-energy quantum gravity by the author is based on the conjecture about the existence of the background of super-strong interacting gravitons, gravity is considered as the screening effect. The Newton constant G and the Hubble constant H are computable in the model. In this chapter, main effects of the model are discussed, some cosmological consequences are confronted with observations. Galaxy number counts/redshift and counts/magnitude relations are considered. It is shown that this model can fit observations with the theoretical luminosity distance without dark energy. The Hubble parameter of this model is a linear function of the redshift, that is consistent with existing observations. Results of numerical modeling of the influence of the additional deceleration of bodies, and some possibilities to verify the model are described.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Treo Model of Structure and Working of Universe, Cosmic Code

Authors: Ashok Saxena
Comments: Pages.

Kurt Gödel in 1931, proved in his famous ‘Incompleteness theorem’, that there are problems which can not be solved by pure mathematical models. To deal with such a paradox with existing mathematical string models, I adopted a new approach of ‘model dependent realism’ to carve new ‘Super symmetry string model’ of structure and working of universe.

The proposed mathematically consistent, Logistic Geometrical ‘Treo model’, investigates basic of all basics of the universe beyond the domain of mathematics, to find out ‘where do the laws of nature come from’.

Treo or strings are one object of creation. They present in two forms. As free treos they form packets of all photons and matter particles, which produce action by exerting load on space matrix. While as bound treos (five positive dimensions of universe) alternately interwoven with voids (five curled up negative dimensions) they form our ten dimensional omnipresent space (Space matrix i.e. Space- time- energy).

In our quantum universe the mass energy does not increase linearly but it increases in steps, successively at all √S quantum levels in each of four dimensions of space–time. All bound treos vibrate at Planck frequency or S vibrations per second; the cosmic rhythm, which decides unit space, unit time, unit energy, unit mass, unit action and unit reaction.

One unit space is a big cubical space, having S bound treo on its each side [c14].According to proposed kinetic coloumn geometry, load of increasing number of free treos (ACTION) results in layer by layer increasing contraction of unit Space- matrix (REACTION) which successively involves four dimensions of space-time, to concentrate and direct kinetic energy ‘for equal and opposite reaction’, to support this load, with the conversion of equal number of bound treos in kinetons.

Involvement of each next dimension changes coloumn geometry and nature of erupted force, and forms fields of all four basic forces thus leading us to Quantum Gravitation.

The dispersing load from center of cosmic body on each concentric bigger outer layer in its gravitational field, first constructs three dimensional spherical deformation which gets occupied by mass energy of parent spherical cosmic body. While still distally in two dimensional elliptical deformations at gravitational field quantum levels, according to gravitational kinetic energy levels in orbits all baby bodies are lodged. The one dimensional deformation, which obeys Newton’s gravitational field equations, uniformly continues up to periphery of gravitational field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Nonsingular Start to Inflationary Expansion, Calculating the Cosmological Constant, and a Minimal Time Step, for Our Present Universe Using Klauder Enhanced Quantization for DE

Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages. PDF of submission to Zelddovitch 4 conferencer, 2020, held online . This PDF is commensurate with material which if accepted will be part of the Zeldovich 4 conference proceedings

We start with an elementary example of a nonsingular configuration using a trivial solution to massive gravity yielding a nonzero initial time step. Then we present a history of the cosmological constant issue from Einstein’s introduction—which did not work because his static universe solution to the Ricci Scalar problem and GR was unstable—to the radius of the universe being proportional to the inverse square root of the cosmological constant. We use two spacetime first integrals to isolate a nonperturbative cosmological constant solution at the surface of the start of expansion of the universe. A phenomenological solution to the cosmological constant involves scaling the radius of the present universe. Our idea is to instead solve the cosmological constant at the surface of the initial spacetime bubble, using the initially derived time step, ∆t, as input for the cosmological constant. This was done in a Zeldovich4 section for dark energy; solving the initial value of the cosmological constant supports one of the models of DE and why the universe reaccelerated a billion years ago. We depend on Katherine Freese’s Zeldovich4 talk of dark stars, which form supermassive black holes, to consume initially created DM, and Abhay Ashtekar’s nonsingular start to the universe as part of a solution to low l values in CMBR data. We conclude with a reference to a multiverse generalization of Penrose’s cyclic conformal cosmology as input to the initial nonsingular spacetime bubble.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Positives and Negatives of the Steady State and Big Bang Theories in the 21St Century

Authors: Rodney Bartlett
Comments: 24 Pages. This article has been submitted to the science journal "Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society". It has completed the formal peer-review process and is currently waiting for the editor's final decision as to whether to publish it.

This novel hypothesis uses mathematics in the form of topology. The goal: to establish a “proof of concept” to which equations can be added, by anyone. It’s concluded the Steady State, Big Bang, Inflation and Multiverse theories all ultimately fail and a topological model including bits (binary digits), Mobius strips, figure-8 Klein bottles and Wick rotation works better. The failed cosmologies have impressive good points leading to the idea that they’re all necessary stepping-stones. For example, the Big Bang is seen here as violation of the 1st Law of Thermodynamics but its supposed origin from quantum fluctuations is reminiscent of bits switching between 1 and 0. The topological hypothesis has potential to explain dark matter (DM), dark energy (DE) and electromagnetic-gravitational union. This model predicts (1) the universe’s nature is binary and topological, (2) antigravitons are the quanta of dark energy, (3) dark energy has no connection with the expanding universe since there never was, nor will be, expansion or contraction (dark energy comprises dark matter – in some dimensions, dark matter’s being composed of dark energy will follow DE=DMc^2: in others, it won’t), (4) immortality, and (5) imprints in the Cosmic Microwave Background from gravitational waves will oneday be detected unambiguously and not interpreted as evidence of inflation. The article “post-dicts” Special Relativity’s time dilation as well as existence of both curvature and flatness in space-time. Finally, the article introduces what is called vector-tensor-scalar geometry - and extensions of Einstein's Gravity and Maxwell's Electromagnetism.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Faster Dark Energy?

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 17 Pages.

The Hubble tension between the early and late local universe is an active topic in cosmology. Recently revealed discrepancy between the Planck and Hubble numbers for our visible universe’s age appears to be from two high-quality data sets competing for one Hubble constant answer. No unified Hubble constant has been derived, because there are both the initial BB expansion forces PLUS the increasing net shadow attraction to great matter just beyond our expansion bubble. To clearly understand apparent Dark Energy, we must also understand the adjacent Multiverse.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Proof That Newton Gravity Moves at the Speed of Light and Not Instantaneously (Infinite Speed) as Thought!

Authors: Espen Gaarder Haug
Comments: 21 Pages.

In this paper, we will prove, based on reasoning as well as mathematical evidence and experimental obser- vations, why Newton gravity moves at the speed of light and is not instantaneous as previously thought. The misunderstanding that Newton gravity is instantaneous has constrained our progress in understanding gravity to its full extent. We will show that all of Newton’s gravitational phenomena contain the Planck length and the speed of gravity; this speed of gravity is identical to the speed of light. A series of gravitational phenomena that are considered to be non-Newtonian and most often explained by theory of general relativity actually contain no information about the speed of gravity. However, all observable gravity phenomena can be predicted from the Planck length and the speed of gravity alone, and we can easily extract both of them from gravitational phenomena with no knowledge of any physics constants. In addition, we can also measure the speed of light from electromagnetic phenomena and then extract the Planck length from any of Newton’s gravitational phenomena with no knowledge of G or h.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

On the Observability of the Graviton Particle

Authors: Chris Martian
Comments: 4 Pages. 4

The graviton particle is predicted to carry the force of gravity. But, since we have yet to observe a graviton, we cannot say for sure that this is the only behavior it has; it could also behave similarly to other particles in the Standard Model. Observation of a graviton is necessary to rule this out, otherwise we cannot say for sure whether we have a known particle or a graviton behaving like one. This paper outlines four justifications for why this observation will never happen.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Challenge to Experience the Universe as a Whole

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 5 Pages.

The whole is more than the sum of its parts. Einstein wanted to experience the universe as a whole with cosmic religious feeling and considered the rest as details for disciplinary research. He developed the methodical principle theory to enhance humanity’s ability to experience the universe as a whole. However, the scientific community is blind to the principle theory approach. The unconstrained thinking of expert scientists (and philosophers) has permeated the scientific field. Academic and research tasks concerning the universe continue to accumulate but may not enhance our understanding of it.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Real, Existing Dark Matter Candidates

Authors: Edward Lulofs
Comments: 5 Pages. CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 [Correction made be viXra Admin]

This dark matter candidate has been tested to exist. How well it models current knowledge is to be determined.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Gravities, Black Holes, and Big Bangs

Authors: Clark M. Thomas
Comments: 13 Pages.

Gravity, black holes, and big bangs are expressions of one emerging physics. New 21st-century astrophysics has some aspects of the antique 20th-century physics, and even aspects of much older physics. However, the dialectically new physics theory also has critically important new elements, yielding surprising revelations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory