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Any replacements are listed farther down
[4965] viXra:2412.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 01:36:30
Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper explores a conceptual universe model that rejects traditional notions of beginnings, ends, boundaries, infinity, and nothingness. It describes the universe as a spectrum of scales and energy values, where realms of expanding voids and contracting matter coexist within a dynamic framework of implicit and explicit phenomena. The paper examines human perception and its limitations and argues that significant portions of the universe lie well beyond our perceptual and cognitive range. Using examples from cosmology, quantum mechanics, and relativity, this paper seeks to support the assertion that our understanding is necessarily incomplete yet enriched by recognizing the universe's transitional, asymmetric, and spectral nature.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4964] viXra:2412.0137 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 01:34:18
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.
In this article, I attempted to demonstrate that generalizing the Schwarzschild solution to cases involving the motion of the gravitational source by decomposing the definition of the metric tensor, transforming the differential elements between reference systems and then reassembling it in the desired system, as presented in some recently published papers on arXiv and elsewhere, is an incorrect approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4963] viXra:2412.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-19 02:28:27
Authors: Daniel Marques Rodrigues
Comments: 18 Pages.
This article proposes a theoretical framework for an emergent model of spacetime, conceptualized as a relational structure built from fundamental discrete interactions. The formulation is guided by the central postulate: "Nothing is empty, nothing is solitary; interactions define reality", alongside the Dual Stability Principle and the Triple Existence Principle. In the proposed model:u2022 Binary interactions (EAB) establish local equilibrium and static structure.u2022 Triple interactions (EABC) introduce dynamical complexity and emergentnon-linearity.u2022 Higher-order interactions (EA...N ) describe quantum-scale fluctuations,endowing space-time with intrinsic granularity.A mathematical formalism is developed to sum these contributions into an emergent metric tensor, which smoothly transitions between discrete (microscopic) and continuous (macroscopic) scales. Notably, the model recovers classical General Relativity (GR) solutions, including the Schwarzschild, Kerr, and FLRW metrics, in the macroscopic limit.At extreme regimes—such as black holes and the primordial universe—the model regularizes classical singularities via quantum-induced oscillations and fluctuations, ensuring finite curvature and physical consistency.Testable predictions are presented, including quantum corrections to gravitational waves near horizons (detectable by LIGO, Virgo, and LISA) and nonGaussian signatures in the cosmic microwave background (CMB), observablethrough Planck and future CMB-S4 missions. These results pave the way toward a unified gravitational description across all physical scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4962] viXra:2412.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-18 00:21:26
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.
We recently pointed out that, under suitably defined conditions, the Schrödinger equation represents a limit case of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE). As generic prototype of complex dynamics, CGLE is naturally tied to dimensional fluctuations conjectured to develop far above the electroweak scale. The goal of this work is to uncover an unforeseen connection between CGLE and the equation of geodesic deviation in General Relativity (GR). This connection is likely to come into play in primordial cosmology, where strongly fluctuating gravitational fields evolve in far-from-equilibrium conditions. Our findings unveil the duality between primordial gravitation and Kolmogorov entropy and suggest a potential gateway towards field unification outside Lagrangian theory.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4961] viXra:2412.0074 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-12 20:42:26
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted; Please cite and list scientific references)
The Hypersphere World—Universe Cosmology (WUC) addresses numerous unresolved issues in modern Astrophysics and Cosmology by providing alternative explanations to the prevailing Big Bang Theory (BBT). WUC solves critical problems such as: 1) The Hubble tension; 2) The missing baryon problem; 3) The origin of Fermi bubbles; 4) The age of the Universe discrepancy; 5) The coronal heating problem; 6) Internal heating and diversity of gravitationally-rounded objects in the solar system; 7) The presence of Plutonium-244, with an 80-million-year half-life, in nature; 8) Faster core rotations of the Sun and Earth compared to their surfaces; 9) The faint young Sun paradox; 10) The black-body spectrum of cosmic microwave background radiation.Additionally, WUC eliminates fundamental issues, including: 1) The need for the Universe to begin at t=0 , avoiding a temporal singularity; 2) The angular momentum problem in galaxies and extrasolar systems evolution; 3) The matter-antimatter asymmetry; 4) The magnetic monopole problem; 5) The uneven distribution of matter and voids; 6) Singularities leading to black holes; 7) The formation of supermassive black holes; 8) The "Axis of Evil" anomaly in cosmic microwave background measurements; 9) The wave—particle duality dilemma.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4960] viXra:2412.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-11 21:02:30
Authors: Mohammad Shafiq Khan
Comments: 15 Pages. Those who want to accept my open challenge should read it first.
The papers written by Lann N. Ramez are as a consequences of not understanding the fact that Einstein had used two different velocities of light in two coordinate systems though explained in great detail in the paper Mohammad ShafiqKhan (2012) thereby Einstein had violated the very postulate of constancy of velocity of light which he had introduced in Albert Einstein (1905) as in one coordinate system he adopts the velocity of light as ‘c’ which is in accordance with the postulate of constancy of velocity of light whereas in other coordinate system headopts the velocity of light as constant ‘c’ not with respect to the observer but with respect to space as he uses c+v and c-v as velocity of light. The purpose of writing the paper Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-I) was to show that in the Einstein’s ‘equation of trickery’ [as declared in the Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012)]the term ∂τ/∂t' is simply baseless, incorrect and mathematical manipulation whereas it has been shown in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012) that ∂τ/∂t'= 0 and also in Mohammad Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-II) it is again shown, by using simple calculus, that ∂τ/∂t'= 0. This demonstrates that both the papers of Lann N. Ramez are preposterous, absurd and as the result of not understanding the papers Mohammed 2 Shafiq Khan (2012) and Mohammed Shafiq Khan (2012-Elixir-I). Lann N. Ramez and Einstein have not given any logic for using two different velocities of light in two coordinate systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4959] viXra:2412.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:09:25
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 10 Pages.
We propose the existence of a topological object, a weak gravity knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small negative cosmological constant (anti-de Sitter) in empty (2+1)-dimensional space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4958] viXra:2412.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:08:58
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 9 Pages.
We propose the existence of a topological object, a weak gravitational knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small positive cosmological constant in (2+1)-dimensional empty space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4957] viXra:2412.0064 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:08:36
Authors: Miftachul Hadi
Comments: 11 Pages.
We propose the existence of a topological object, a Newtonian knot, in the framework of an Abelian Chern-Simons action with a small negative cosmological constant (anti-de Sitter) in empty (2+1)-dimensional space-time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4956] viXra:2412.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-10 22:16:54
Authors: Tarun Sharma
Comments: 109 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit in pdf only; please cite and list scientific references)
This manuscript presents a theory that challenges the current understanding of gravity and introduces the existence of a fifth force of nature, which is, in fact, a redefined version of gravity. Contrary to the widely accepted notion that gravity is a result of an object’s mass, this theory posits that gravity arises from a different mechanism altogether. By redefining gravity, the theory proves the nature of dark matter and dark energy, offering explanations for phenomena that have long puzzled scientists and astronomers. This redefined gravity not only explains the nature of dark matter and dark energy but also addresses numerous other phenomena within our solar system and on a larger, universal scale. Additionally, this theory offers a completely new perspective on black holes.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4955] viXra:2412.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-09 21:27:07
Authors: Peter C.M. Hahn
Comments: 23 Pages.
This device generates gravitational waves which can be utilized as a thruster or as a communication device. It is comprised of a linear antenna array that is injected with a Radio Frequency (RF) signal. The antennas are configured to convert electromagnetic (EM) waves into gravitational waves.When the antennas are arranged in a linear phased-array configuration, a thrust is produced that allows the device to be used as a method of propulsion. Part I of this article describes the device when configured as a thruster and documents the test results.Part II will document the test results of the device when configured as a gravitational wave transmitter. If the injected RF signal is modulated with an Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal, the gravitational waves produced are also modulated. The invention can then function as a communication device by using the gravitational waves as a carrier instead of EM waves. A gravitational wave detector at the receiving end will demodulate the gravitational waves, thereby extracting the original (IF) signal.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4954] viXra:2412.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 22:04:07
Authors: Marco Maccarrone
Comments: 5 Pages.
This paper proposes a conceptual and athematical framework that replaces the straight-line propagation of energy and fields, as traditionally assumed in quantum field theory (QFT), with a curved-wavefront perspective that aligns with the geometry of spacetime in general relativity (GR). By redefining straight beams as curved paths where the length of any beam equals the radius of a spherical wave-front at a given instant we achieve a unified description of energy propagation, reconciling wave-particle duality with spacetime curvature. This approachresolves inconsistencies between QFT and GR, offering a new lens for understanding phenomena like redshift, gravitational lensing, and wave-particle interactions in curved spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4953] viXra:2412.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 21:49:01
Authors: Constantin Sandu
Comments: 9 Pages.
The main goal of this paper is to solve the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox in the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) and open a new perspective on understanding the generation of gravitational fields. At present it is not exactly known how the gravitational field is generated. This field is responsible for attraction at the distance of bodies in Newton’s sense and for space-time distortion in Einstein’s sense. In 1913, Nordstrom blamed Einstein’s GTR that it cannot explain why the electromagnetic waves confined in a mass-less box with reflective walls have a gravitational mass while the invariant of the stress-energy tensor of the electromagnetic field is zero. This is the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox in GTR. The fact that his paradox was not solved for 111 years created a niche in GTR which blocked progress in the field of gravity.The present paper solves the Nordstrom-Einstein paradox for the hypothetical case of a sphere with a mass-less reflective surface filled with electromagnetic waves. It demonstrates that the gravitational field of such a sphere is generated only during the reflection of electromagnetic waves by the sphere’s reflective surface and not in its volume. The methodology used is specific to GTR, establishing a new form of the stress-energy tensor for the case of the mentioned hypothetical sphere. Solving this paradox has significant implications for understanding the gravitational field essence. It can serve as a basis for further theoretical and experimental research, with important implications for the development of Quantum Gravity, String/Superstring theory, and Unified Field theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4952] viXra:2412.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-06 19:53:39
Authors: M. Wolnik, R. Wolnik
Comments: 7 Pages.
The geodesic principle represents an essential aspect of general relativity and is the physical manifestation of the space-time manifold but can also be considered as the metric field effect on the passive mass of a freely falling test particle. The equation of motion is derived on the basis of the universal conservation condition from the given stress-energy tensor field of an isolated body, with the help of its moments in the near limit case. Then the reduced stress-energy tensor, which is based on the energy density of the body, is being used in the context of its local energy balance to get the global solution in the form of the geodesic equation. The influence of an external force field on such a solution is presented.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4951] viXra:2412.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 20:57:56
Authors: Moshe Segal
Comments: 13 Pages.
A corner stone of Physics is the Energy Conservation principle which states that the Energy is always conserved and that the Energy, embedded in the whole Universe, cannot disappear or be created from nothing. This should imply that the Total amount of the Energy, which is embedded in the whole Universe, must be a constant value. However, Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will provide the exact amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, which implies that Humans are not able to devise means or experiments which will conclude, with complete validity, that the amount of the Energy embedded in the whole Universe, can be indeed represented by a constant value. Moreover, the fact, that the nowadays Science of Physics does agree that in addition to the Detectable Energy, the Universe embeds a very large amount of undetectable, or Dark Energy, (about 70% of the estimated Total Energy which is estimated to be embedded in the whole Universe is estimated to be Dark Energy), might further imply, that Humans cannot evaluate the actual amount of the Total Energy embedded in the Universe, which might further support the assumption, that Humans cannot prove, that all the Energy embedded in the Universe, is indeed conserved. The above implies that Humans are not able to provide a proof for the Energy Conservation Principle, which means, that the Energy Conservation Principle is presented only as an axiom, and no discussion was yet provided as to the extent of validity that Humans can attribute to the Energy Conservation Principle, even though, it is a corner stone of the nowadays Science of Physics. Thus, in view of the above, this paper tries to examine the extent of the validity that Humans can attribute, to the Energy Conservation Principle. Initially, this paper tries to explore, if the evaluation of the amount of Energy, only in certain specific Energy components, in the Universe, will result in the evaluations of the same Energy amounts, by all Human evaluators, or, if separate Human evaluators might arrive at different results, relating to the Total Energy Content, of these certain several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. Thus, in view of the above, this paper provides arguments that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated. The arguments mentioned above, relating to the possibility that two separate Humans, evaluating the Total Energy Content of certain several specific Energy components, in the Universe, might arrive at different results, relating to this Total Energy Content, of these several specific Energy components, which they evaluated, appear also in an additional paper, by the author of this paper, titled: "A discussion related to the Energy Relativity and its Implications" (4).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4950] viXra:2412.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-04 20:04:26
Authors: Alejandro A. Torassa
Comments: 12 Pages.
In special relativity, this paper presents four net forces, which can be applied in any massive or non-massive particle, and where the relationship between net force and special acceleration is as in Newton's second law (that is, the special acceleration of any massive or non-massive particle is always in the direction of the net force acting on the particle).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4949] viXra:2411.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-29 21:47:23
Authors: Christian Suavet
Comments: 10 Pages.
A small experimental inaccuracy could be the cause of a conceptual error in special relativity, an error which could hinder the resolution of problems in physics and cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4948] viXra:2411.0177 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-29 00:31:39
Authors: Helena Kivelitz
Comments: 4 Pages.
This paper investigates the potential coupling between gravitational fields and quantum vacuum fluctuations, as evidenced by variations in the Casimir effect. The Casimir effect is a quantum phenomenon that arises from electromagnetic vacuum modes between two closely spaced plates, resulting in a force inversely proportional to the fourth power of their separation. This study hypothesizes that gravitational fields, by curving spacetime, may influence these vacuum modes, leading to measurable changes in the Casimir force. Existing precision experiments on the Casimir effect and short-range gravity tests are reviewed for their suitability in probing this hypothesis. Proposed experiments under varying gravitational conditions—Earth’s surface, high-altitude stations, and microgravity environments—are detailed, along with the inclusion of a strong local gravitational source (e.g., a massive tungsten sphere). If verified, such interactions would provide experimental evidence for a direct connection between quantum mechanics and general relativity, with profound implications for physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4947] viXra:2411.0160 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-26 23:54:03
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 5 Pages. I will not agree to publish this work in any journal that requires payment from the writer for publication.
There is no direct mathematical tool that enables us to generalize Schwarzschild solution to cases where there is more than one source of gravitational field. In this paper, we explained that this generalization can be made if we develop an equivalent and parallel description to the geometric description based on the metric tensor, and we found that this method succeeds in generalizing the Schwarzschild solution for any number of gravitational sources that move relative to each other.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4946] viXra:2411.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-20 21:04:28
Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 27 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
This paper presents significant theoretical extensions and practical applications of the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG). We develop the mathematical framework to incorporate hyperbolic geometry into URTG, demonstrating the integral connection between motion trajectories and space geometry. The enhanced formulation includes modified field equations, an extended hyperbolic metric tensor, and refined gravitational lensing equations. We analyze URTG's predictions for gravitational lensing against historical data from the 1919 Eddington eclipse expedition, showing alignment with observational evidence while suggesting subtle deviations that could be detected in future high-precision measurements. The paper addresses the treatment of singularities in URTG, demonstrating how the theory reinterprets black holes, the Big Bang, as well as Wormholes, as transitions between frame-dependent and frame-independent states, potentially resolving the black hole information paradox. Additionally, we explore gravitational waves through URTG's causal structure framework, deriving wave solutions from the Causality Emergence Equation that maintain consistency with current observations while offering new insights into gravity's quantum nature. These theoretical developments extend URTG's explanatory power while maintaining its foundational principles of relational space-time and emergent phenomena. The work provides testable predictions that could differentiate URTG from standard general relativity in future experiments, particularly in scenarios involving strong gravitational fields or quantum-scale effects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4945] viXra:2411.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-19 05:31:18
Authors: Simon WW Manley
Comments: 15 Pages.
In contrast with Special Relativity, the Lorentzian formulation allows absolute motion of the laboratory against a putative preferred frame of reference to be revealed by small but non-zero signals in Michelson-Morley experiments with light beams passing through a refractive medium. Testing this hypothesis, we developed a rotating Mach-Zehnder interferometer to compare the phase velocity of light in gas and vacuum. The new experiment reduces by three orders of magnitude the drift velocity against a preferred frame derived from historical Michelson-Morley data under the assumptions of Lorentzian Relativity, rendering this formulation untenable.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4944] viXra:2411.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-18 02:57:27
Authors: Fernando Salmon Iza
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Flamm paraboloid is a space-time solution to the problem posed by Schwarzschild concerning finding a solution other than the trivial one to Einstein's equations in an empty space. For this reason, it also represents the space that exists in the contour of a gravitational point mass. The solution of J. Droste that we study here, the Flamm paraboloid, leads to calculating values of the Gaussian curvature of its space-time that require a complicated process of obtaining. We have found a simple equation that allows calculating these values in a simple way. This equation obtained here by means of an algebraic expansion is exact in the space-time represented by the Flamm paraboloid.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4943] viXra:2411.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-15 18:57:22
Authors: Jan Srowig
Comments: 11 Pages. In English & German
This hypothesis views the universe as a dynamic structure that was formed not by a single, all-encompassing Big Bang, but through several independent cosmic energy bursts cite{penrose2010cycles, steinhardt2002colliding}. Such events could have occurred over very long periods in various regions of a possibly unbounded cosmic space, where universes expand freely without separating membranes or isolating structures. The aim of this hypothesis is not to challenge the Big Bang theory but to broaden it with a more comprehensive perspective. While the classical Big Bang theory provides us with the image of a singular origin, this hypothesis suggests that various cosmic events may have contributed jointly to the formation and structuring of the universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4942] viXra:2411.0093 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-11 22:38:57
Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 4 Pages.
The value of the gravitational wave energy density is unknown. Current progress in gravitational wave detection suggests that the energy density of the stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) will be estimated in the next decades. We present a derivation of its value under the assumption that energy lost due to cosmic redshift is fully responsible for the energy gained by the cosmological constant in the expanding universe. This unknown non-local mechanism of energy conservation on the cosmic scale could explain dark energy and hint at a property of a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4941] viXra:2411.0092 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-11 22:40:48
Authors: Manuel Uruena Palomo
Comments: 10 Pages.
A non-singular black hole solution is briefly presented which violates energy conditions only at its interior by postulating a consistent shift to negative energies and gravitationally repulsive negative masses at the event horizon. This shift is the unitary parity-time $PT$ transformation of relativistic quantum mechanics and the proper antichronous transformation of the full Lorentz group. The transformation at the event horizon respects Einstein's equivalence principle, and the considered negative mass interaction does not result in the runaway motion paradox or vacuum instability. The correspondence of these regular black holes with observed ones is studied by proposing another mechanism of black hole growth independent of accretion and merging due to interior increasing entropy, which attempts to solve the unexplained size and formation of high-redshift supermassive black holes, the intermediate mass gap, and the information paradox.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4940] viXra:2411.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-11 21:00:17
Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 29 Pages.
The relative nonlocality in general relativity is the illusion of superluminal speed due to curvature difference between different spacetime intervals, as I will show later the relative nonlocality is very useful to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact, we could harmonize both theories if we put the relative nonlocality in our perspective, it is derived from Einstein work in 1911, as I will show that the condition of curvature difference is the master key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, by following this line of work, I found that Einstein field equations are compatible with the uncertainty principle in such a way that the stress energy tensor can be extracted from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle; this happens only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses larger than or equal to half Planck mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime. Then, by using a quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half the Planck mass or more, I put here the requirements for an experiment to generate an artificial gravitational singularity as a falsifiability requirement to prove or disprove my work experimentally in particles accelerators
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4939] viXra:2411.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-10 06:04:49
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 14 Pages.
Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and we do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture. Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is radically different from the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 and explores various themes of the World. It concludes a Series of 38 articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology. Interested readers are encouraged to consult the published articles for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment a first ensemble of particles was created (≅10^(-18) c). Classical Physics deals with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4938] viXra:2411.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-11 02:53:26
Authors: Bernd Clemens Huber
Comments: 9 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references in a scholarly format))
Details of the dynamic in how different types of galaxies and their interplay emerges frompopulation III stars, alongside evidence speaking for their past existence. But foremostly, a long listof mainly astronomical evidences of which I have identified that they support the hypothesis thatdark matter annihilates has been created upon thorough search for predicted instances in which suchannihilation signs should and indeed do show up, on the scale of large planets, stars, and galaxies.Several other unexplained or mis-understood but thought to already have been explainedphenomena are covered as well and dark matter annihilation should contribute partially or entirely,depending on the case, to their qualitative explanation. The paper however does not cover reasonsfor why cosmic web pressure between mainly black holes of galaxies represents the concretemechanism that describes at least a majorly contributing part of the dark energy phenomenon thateventually leads to a big crunch.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4937] viXra:2411.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-09 23:39:56
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.
The divergent views of Duff, Okun and Veneziano on the number of fundamental constants in nature are examined from a new perspective. It is shown that the problem of the minimum number of dimensional fundamental constants can be solved by choosing the fundamental constants of the electron as the primary and independent constants. Three dimensional constants of the electron (me, re, te) and two dimensionless constants, the fine structure constant "alpha" and the large Weyl number (D0 = 4.16561... x 10^42), are proposed as a complete basis for independent fundamental constants. Numerous examples have shown that the fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are the primary basis for both physical constants and parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe, physical constants, and large Weyl-Eddington-Dirac numbers originate from the primary fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do). Five fundamental constants (me, re, te, α, Do) are sufficient to express the entire set of observable physical laws. Veneziano's statement about the non-fundamental status of the constants G, ћ is confirmed. Duff's statement about the non-fundamental status of all three constants G, ћ, c is confirmed. Duff's statement about the zero number of dimensional fundamental constants in Nature is not confirmed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4936] viXra:2411.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-07 01:40:24
Authors: David Kolb
Comments: 7-page conceptual basis, 27-page mathematical framework, 5-page framework extension, 9-page variational formulation, Bianchi Identities & reduction to GR & SR, 4-page physical & testable conditions, 3-page glossary. Original work in english
AbstractThis paper presents the Unified Relativistic Theory of Gravity (URTG), a novelframework that extends and unifies Special and General Relativity. URTG posits thatspace, time, mass and motion are relative and inter-causal properties emerging frominteractions. The theory introduces the concept of a frame-independent unified field anda speed of causality, redefining our understanding of light, gravity, and spacetimegeometry. URTG treats scalar, inertial, and tensor fields as mathematical descriptions ofemergent effects rather than fundamental ontological entities, aligning with aprocess-based ontology. The framework incorporates a causal structure tensor andcosmic inertia field, offering new insights into the nature of mass, energy, andelectromagnetic interactions. Key equations, including the UnifiedMass-Energy-Geometry-Light Relationship and the Causality Emergence Equation,demonstrate how URTG integrates various physical phenomena within a single,comprehensive model. By reinterpreting concepts such as light's momentum andmass-energy equivalence, URTG provides a fresh perspective on fundamental physics.This theory offers potential resolutions to long-standing issues in physics and opensnew avenues for exploring the universe's underlying structure and behavior.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4935] viXra:2411.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-08 03:27:14
Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 6 Pages.
We have always been using the theory of coherent waves to explain the double-slit experiment. Recently, I conducted an experiment with a redesigned double slit and obtained an unexpected result. By simultaneously and symmetrically adjusting the widths of the left and right slits and observing the fringes in the double-slit experiment, I noticed that as the slits gradually narrowed, the brightness of the fringes in the double-slit experiment underwent an uneven change with the middle part gradually getting darker and the two sides gradually getting brighter. This is very difficult to explain using the traditional theory of coherent waves.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4934] viXra:2411.0049 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-07 15:59:12
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 108 Pages.
This paper introduces a novel cosmological framework that interprets the vacuum as a dynamic system of harmonic oscillators, expanding at relativistic velocities within a universe composed of dual matter and antimatter dimensions. By modeling the vacuum as an RLC circuit, we propose that the vacuum itself functions as a resonant system of harmonic oscillators. Within this framework, we derive new relationships between fundamental constants—including the speed of light, gravitational constant, and fine-structure constant— suggesting these constants arise from the vacuum’s intrinsic properties and oscillatory dynamics.Based on these relationships, we propose a novel mechanism of energy exchange across the boundary between matter and antimatter domains, conceptualized as a microscopic "Quantum "black" hole" network. These "holes" in the boundary facilitate energy transfer, generating local spacetime deformations that we perceive as gravitational and electromagnetic interactions. This model suggests that spacetime curvature and force interactions are emergent phenomena, stemming from quantum fluctuations within the vacuum as it oscillates and expands. By reinterpreting the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, we offer a cohesive framework that may unify quantum mechanics and general relativity while aligning with observed cosmological expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4933] viXra:2411.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-06 21:33:39
Authors: Gocho V. Sharlanov
Comments: 15 Pages.
Impressively, against the background of extraordinary advances in physics and technology, the mainstream continues to support the two most obvious delusions in 20th-century physics: "special relativity" and "the accelerating expansion of the universe". Both of these problems are based on a lack of understanding of the nature and behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the gravitational field. In this paper, an attempt is made to present a new approach to this problem.To understand the real fabric of the Universe, to understand the influence of gravitation on the characteristics of light (frequency, wavelength, speed of light in vacuum), we must first be aware of the nature of electromagnetic radiation and the nature of the medium of propagation of electromagnetic radiation. In this respect, as discussed at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics, 20 — 23 July 2015, in Athens, Greece, the characteristics of electromagnetic radiation must be considered in two aspects:1) in the "local time-spatial domains in any place of the Universe" (the regions with a uniform intensity of the gravitational field), and 2) in the "global physical reality of the Universe" (related to the regions with different intensities of the gravitational field as an infinite set of local time-space domains).On the basis of the modern achievements of science and the analysis of the behavior of electromagnetic radiation in the local and global physical reality of the Universe, this article contains the following scientific contribution: "Thesis On the Behavior of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Gravitational Field of the Universe", which should replace the erroneous "postulate of the constancy of the speed of light for all inertial frames of reference". This thesis also ends the delusion that the speed of light in vacuum measured on the Earth’s surface is the limit speed for the entire Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4932] viXra:2411.0041 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 01:14:26
Authors: Subhayan Maity, Parna Patra
Comments: 7 Pages.
The most popular approach of understanding the cosmic evolution is Einstein’s General Relativity(GR). GR is the classical gateway to obtain the dynamics of the cosmic fluid and it canat best describe the macroscopic evolution of the Universe. In this work, we have accomplishedan alternative tool to examine the microscopic dynamics of the cosmic fluid particles via quantumfield theory (QFT). We have proposed a cosmic fluid model with complex scalar field Lagrangiancorresponding to the modified Klein-Gordon equation (KG equation) of the scalar field in FLRWspace-time. Following this Lagrangian, the cosmic fluid system has been quantized under certainrestrictions on the parameters. This restrictions are used to determine the cosmic evolution patternin the macroscopic level.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4931] viXra:2411.0035 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-05 21:33:39
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 7 Pages.
It can be clearly, simply and decisively explained that the Ehrenfest Paradox arises from an incorrect application of the length contraction rule, and that a correct analysis of the case of the rotating disk leads to the fact that the relationship between the radius and the circumference remains as usual.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4930] viXra:2411.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 18:16:21
Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 31 Pages.
Based on a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity, a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the General Relativity (GR) geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series be taken to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a photon or light packet originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R< 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for small radial distances but diverge as r increases. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R ≥ 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4929] viXra:2411.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-04 23:24:18
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract and scientific references in the article are required)
The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, the author suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4928] viXra:2411.0019 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:56:12
Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 8 Pages.
In the earlier paper, The Absence of the Implications of Negative Mass and the Resultant Problems in Physics, various insights on different kinds of matter and the existing ideas such as the Dark Matter and the Dark Energy were presented. The article, Non-Stellar Black Holes, including microscopic Black Holes, brings into attention a very pertinent aspect overlooked by all earlier researchers. The present article probes further into such various overlooked aspects of our universe. Various other important inferences are drawn from the said model that seem to agree to the experimental results better than the existing models, such as the possible reason for Hubble Tension.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4927] viXra:2411.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-03 22:48:28
Authors: Michael Lawrence
Comments: 6 Pages.
This paper shows how big bangs, which do not produce new universes, can be used to build a framework that enables the location of the centre of our big bang to be estimated. The calculation also requires the use of failed big bangs that are apparently conjoined with commoving objects within our own big bang flow to calculate that flow over time.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4926] viXra:2411.0010 [pdf] submitted on 2024-11-02 03:51:48
Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.
Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4925] viXra:2410.0186 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 21:00:12
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 6 Pages.
The article presents a relativistic extension of Newton's second law of motion, adapted to a four-dimensional spacetime construct where time and space are treated under the framework of special relativity. By introducing a unique concept of"U-space", where time functions as a spatial coordinate with its own metric pro-perties, the study explores Newtonian dynamics through a relativistic lens. Thisexploration includes the derivation of relativistic force and acceleration equations,considering both constant and variable rest mass scenarios. The derived formulations, based on the principles of special relativity, are presented with modications that incorporate mass-energy equivalence, enabling a more comprehensive understanding of force interactions within relativistic contexts.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4924] viXra:2410.0183 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-30 06:01:00
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 6 Pages.
When analysing the issue of relative motion between two bodies, one of which is rotating around itself, it becomes clear that the common perception that fixing the reference system on the rotating body means the movement of the other body around it at a speed equal to the angular velocity multiplied by the distance between the two bodies is a false perception based on mixing the concept of relative motion with another different concept. Therefore, the rotational motion is relative motion and does not conflict with the fact that the speed of light is the maximum speed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4923] viXra:2410.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 20:19:28
Authors: Khalid Jerrari
Comments: 69 Pages. In French (Note by viXra Admin: Title and abstract should be in English)
The book entitled "[] Space Theory" by Khalid Jerrari offers an exploration of concepts relating to the expansion of the Universe and the rotation speed of spiral galaxies, without using energy or dark matter. Structured in several parts, it begins with a reminder of the foundations of space theory presented in a previous work entitled "The mysteries of space". This concept is based on the notion of "spatial density", a new interpretation of space as a form of energy linked to matter. The book is divided into three parts. The first summarizes the basic principles of space theory, notably the idea that space and matter are inseparable. It also discusses the "principle of universal balance", which suggests that the Universe constantly seeks to maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. The second part studies the expansion of the Universe through the evolution of spatial density, an alternative to current explanations involving dark energy. The author develops several mathematical models to describe spatial density, proposing functions such as the inverse power law or the increasing exponential function. These models make it possible to simulate universal acceleration and the distribution of mass in the Universe. Finally, the third part examines the rotation curves of galaxies. Based on spatial density, the author explains how the distribution of visible matter can influence the rotation speed of galaxies without resorting to dark matter. The work is intended to be an introduction to an alternative theory of the expansion of the Universe and the rotation curves of galaxies, offering avenues for future research.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4922] viXra:2410.0168 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-29 02:37:04
Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.
In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4921] viXra:2410.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-25 22:42:26
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 25 Pages.
Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report was built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to bring about a significant transformation in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's achievements, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is time to initiate a fundamental transformation in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4920] viXra:2410.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-24 20:41:06
Authors: Akash Dixit
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this paper, we critically examine general and special relativity, with a particular focus on the concept of time dilation. Relativity introduces counterintuitive predictions, including the distortion of time and space, the speed of light as the ultimate velocity limit, and bizarre results like the omnipresent photon and theoretical time travel. Given these contradictions, we argue that the foundational assumptions of relativity demand thorough reevaluation. Alongside highlighting these contradictions, we also provide alternative reasoning for some of the experimental results commonly thought to validate relativity, offering interpretations that shift the validation away from relativity. We propose that many of these experimental results, traditionally interpreted through a relativistic lens, could instead be reexamined within a classical framework. This paper challenges the prevailing belief that classical mechanics is restricted to specific physical domains, suggesting that with the inclusion of additional forces and effects, Newtonian mechanics can account for phenomena typically attributed to relativistic physics. In summary, this paper advocates for a science grounded in human intuition and their logical consistency over science that is counterintuitive.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4919] viXra:2410.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-22 21:51:10
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-3 and Italian, pages 4-6 (Note by viXra Admin: Further repetitions will not be accepted)
The model of the Universe supported by the scientific community is unsustainable because, among other things, it predicts that its expansion is accelerating, in contrast with the law of conservation of energy.But what is the primary cause for which this model was theorized?It is that of having considered the isotropy of the speed of light relative to the Earth as real, while it is only apparently so.Instead, considering the speed of light isotropic only relative to the space, I have theorized a very simple model of the Universe, whose expansion is decelerating and therefore compatible with the law of conservation of energy. I have also developed a theory on how the Universe really works, compatible with this model.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4918] viXra:2410.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-21 00:17:04
Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.
Physical phenomena, sometimes with the exception of gravity, are usually assumed to be described by Lorentz transformation covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. The Einstein equation of gravity theory, however, has an infinite set of metric solutions, an infinite subset of which aren't Lorentz covariant, and one of the latter might be taken as valid, e.g., the Robertson-Walker metric for cosmology. But if all of nongravitational physics is in fact Lorentz covariant, it would almost certainly be physically inconsistent for gravity theory not to be Lorentz covariant as well. The solution ambiguity of the Einstein equation is a consequence of its important symmetry of general coordinate transformation covariance. However the four-vector potential form of electromagnetic theory has an analogous solution ambiguity as a consequence of its important symmetry of gauge transformation invariance, but in that case it is standard practice to break this symmetry by imposing the retarded Lorentz gauge condition, the simplest gauge condition which is Lorentz covariant and causal. Here we show that both gauge transformation invariance in electromagnetic theory and general coordinate transformation covariance in gravity theory arise spontaneously from fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions. These subsidiary dynamic symmetries crucially affect the structure of the equations of their respective theories, but any solutions they happen to admit which aren't fully Lorentz covariant are ipso facto excluded by the fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4917] viXra:2410.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-19 20:31:26
Authors: Branimir Špigel
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this paper, we examine the symmetry of motion in special relativity and show that the 'twin paradox' resolves when considering the history of acceleration. Acceleration creates a permanent asymmetry in motion, which persists even after the acceleration stops and the objects move uniformly in inertial frames. This suggests that the apparent symmetry of motion, as described in Einstein's theory, arises largely from ignoring acceleration history. When acceleration is accounted for, the symmetry unravels, revealing a deeper asymmetry rooted in the objects' dynamic histories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4916] viXra:2410.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-18 08:06:35
Authors: Vaishnav Shailesh Kakade
Comments: 17 Pages.
The Quantum Relativity Concepts (QRC) Theory introduces a pioneering framework that seeks to bridge one of the most profound gaps in modern physics: the unification of Quantum Mechanics (QM) and General Relativity (GR). By reimagining spacetime as an emergent property arising from quantum informational relationships, QRC presents a fundamentally new approach to understanding the universe. Central to the theory is the concept of Quantum Entanglement-Induced Gravitational Waves (QEIGWs), where quantum entanglement between massive particles generates detectable gravitational waves. This groundbreaking theory offers not only novel mathematical models but also testable experimental designs, positioning QRC as a revolutionary step towards unraveling the quantum-gravitational divide.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4915] viXra:2410.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-13 01:44:59
Authors: Anton Rudy
Comments: 3 Pages.
We propose a new model in which the fundamental physical constants, such as the speed of light and the gravitational constant, vary synchronously across the entire universe. This variation depends on the local gravitational field, leading to a classification of space into different "types" based on gravitational strength. These space types influence the manifestation of both quantum and classical laws. Our model offers a novel approach to unify quantum mechanics with classical physics and potentially explains phenomena such as dark matter, dark energy, quantum gravity, and the mass of neutrinos. Additionally, we discuss how this model aligns with the theory of relativity and accounts for phenomena like time dilation observed in GPS systems.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4914] viXra:2410.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-11 07:24:29
Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages.
Special relativity can be explained mathematically and can be confirmed by applying laboratory measurements, but it is not intuitive and sometimes confusing. This paper will combine dark energy with the length contraction of special relativity, and the outcome will lead to a revolutionary model of quantized space time and staggered frames of reference ,sometimes will be referred to in this paper also as reference frame.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4913] viXra:2410.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-10 15:23:47
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 16 Pages.
This work is based on idea of extending Einstein field equations leading to more general statement about gravity field, this leads to new field equations and new idea about gravity field. Gravity field is now directly connected to matter field. From it follows that matter field in given point of space is responsible for spacetime curvature in that point so matter field can't vanish in any point of space. Field equations now become fourth order equations and include Riemann tensor Ricci tensor and metric tensors with Ricci scalar, same goes for stress-momentum tensor that is now composed out of stress-momentum tensor,metric tensors and its trace.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4912] viXra:2410.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-08 19:18:23
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 15 Pages.
Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality. Recent studies suggest that both dimensions run the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4911] viXra:2410.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-09 11:56:24
Authors: Paul Caracristi
Comments: 36 Pages.
The Cavitational Model of Cosmology presents a novel framework for understanding the Universe, emphasizing the interconnected roles of Time and Space. It delves into key cosmological concepts, such as the Latent and Patent realms, Time-Space fields, Spacetime fabric, gravity, levity, quantum fields, whiteholes, and blackholes. This model challenges traditional views in cosmology by offering alternative explanations for phenomena like gravity, dark matter, and dark energy, suggesting that these can be addressed through a reinterpretation of Time, Space, Energy, and Matter.The model suggests that the transition from the Latent realm (a potential energy state) to the Patent realm (the observable universe) is driven by energy fluctuations, creating a temporal cavity where Time and Space fields interact dynamically. These fields influence energy flow across Spacetime, which in turn affects fundamental constants like the speed of light and the universe's curvature.A key proposition is that Time’s inflation and deflation, tied to the interaction of these fields, controls the universe’s expansion and influences how we measure cosmic age and distances. The relationship between levity and gravity is redefined as complementary forces, potentially explaining phenomena like dark matter and dark energy without requiring new forms of unseen matter.The model also reexamines blackholes and whiteholes. Black holes absorb energy, while whiteholes disperse it, representing two ends of cosmic processes. The idea challenges traditional views on blackhole singularity, proposing that they may dissipate into the Latent realm over time, cycling energy between the realms.Further implications include the emergence of Matter and Antimatter, linked to the dominance of levity or gravity fields during their formation, which contrasts with conventional particle physics theories.Empirical validation is essential for this model to transition from theoretical speculation to a widely accepted cosmological framework. Suggested experiments involve studying the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) for anomalies, analyzing gravitational wave data, examining redshift patterns, and conducting high-energy particle physics experiments. If validated, the Cavitational Model could revolutionize our understanding of the universe's structure, evolution, and the interplay of its fundamental forces.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4910] viXra:2410.0011 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-03 20:17:46
Authors: Martin Schauer
Comments: 6 Pages. Creative commons CC BY 4.0.
In 1929, Edwin Hubble measured the redshift and brightness (magnitude) of distant stars and plotted the redshift against the derived distance in what is now known as the Hubble diagram. This plot revealed a linear relationship, leading to the conclusion that the universe is expanding as a function of distance. However, to fully comprehend the temporal evolution of the universe, redshift must be plotted against time. When this is done consistently, it becomes evident that redshift has been continuously decreasing over time, suggesting that the expansion of the universe is also progressively slowing down. This observation challenges the necessity of postulating dark energy, and it is therefore recommended that the standard physical model be thoroughly reevaluated.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4909] viXra:2409.0169 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-30 20:38:33
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 16 Pages.
This article critically examines the commonly overlooked gaps and errors in the interpretations of the Special Theory of Relativity (STR), particularly in the treatment of the external and internal observers, the role of the Lorentz transformation, and the misapplication of moving reference frames. The core argument revolves around the objective versus subjective observations within STR, emphasizing the pivotal role of an external observer who perceives spacetime as a whole, in contrast to the limited perspective of internal observers. The discussion further extends to mathematical misinterpretations, such as the dimensional alignment of time and space, the improper handling of inertial frames, and inconsistencies in the application of Newtonian mechanics within relativistic contexts. These gaps underscore the needfor a refined conceptual framework in interpreting STR, paving the way for a more rigorous understanding of relativistic dynamics and its implications for modern physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4908] viXra:2409.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-27 03:36:08
Authors: Jameel Chamberlain
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Bubble Theory proposes a higher-dimensional framework in which the fourth spatial dimension hosts multiple energy-matter structures, or "bubbles," coexisting within the same spatiotemporalcoordinates. Central to this theory is the ’S’ Energy Field, a higher-dimensional field through whichunique ’S’ Energy wavelengths propagate, binding matter and maintaining bubble integrity. This paper extends the Bubble Theory to explore its implications for black holes, dark matter, dark energy,and quantum phenomena. By modeling these cosmic phenomena through the lens of the BubbleTheory, we aim to provide new insights and propose potential avenues for experimental validation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4907] viXra:2409.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-26 02:45:46
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 13 Pages.
The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetimedistortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than lightpredated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or togenerate a warp drive spacetime.Natario defined a warp drivevector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates and PolarCoordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a realspaceship is a tridimensional 3D object inserted inside atridimensional 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3DSpherical Coordinates.The "ex-libris" of the Natario 2001original paper was the so-called "zero-expansion" behavior in theexpansion of the normal volume elements that occurs only in 2DPolar Coordinates but not in tridimensional $3D$ SphericalCoordinates.We demonstrate this affirmation in the present work.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4906] viXra:2409.0135 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-25 03:05:49
Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 48 Pages. In French
The **Universal Resonance Theory (URT)** proposes a new approach to explaining gravitation by unifying the principles of quantum physics and general relativity through the concept of resonance in a fundamental quantum field, analogous to space-time. According to this theory, the universe is structured by a vibrating web, where each matter particle generates resonant waves proportional to its mass.Particle Resonance: Massive particles generate specific frequencies in a universal resonance field. These frequencies interact to create resonances that can be interpreted as attractive forces between particles, thereby replacing the traditional concept of gravitation.Space-Time Structure: Space-time is perceived as a dynamic matrix of resonances. Masses cause distortions in this matrix, creating paths of lower resonance, analogous to geodesics in general relativity.Unification of Forces: URT suggests that gravity could be an electromagnetic phenomenon on a cosmic scale, thereby linking gravity and electromagnetism. This could provide a new understanding of the fundamental forces, including dark matter and dark energy.Predictions and ImplicationsURT proposes that gravitational interactions are emergent effects of quantum resonances between particles, which could explain previously unexplained gravitational phenomena. The theory also predicts that the speed of light and other fundamental constants can be reinterpreted in terms of resonance.Technological Perspectives:Understanding and manipulating these resonances at the quantum scale could lead to major technological innovations, such as gravity control, new propulsion methods, and advanced communication systems.In summary, URT offers a new perspective to unify quantum physics and general relativity, opening potential avenues for solving cosmological mysteries and developing revolutionary technologies.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4905] viXra:2409.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-25 02:00:02
Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 13 Pages.
The James Webb Space Telescope has discovered a large population of bright compact galaxies in the early universe. Their abundance suggests that the early universe may not have expanded as explosively as Big Bang cosmology implies, that it may have been relatively more compact for a longer period of time. It is plausible that the physical issue with the Robertson-Walker metric form in this regard is Friedmann's 1922 coordinate condition, which makes gravity effectively Newtonian, devoid of gravitational time dilation. Einstein's successful 1915 coordinate condition in contrast permits the metric to be Lorentz covariant and compels it to always have a matrix inverse, a constraint which the Big Bang flouts. We exhibit a transformation of the Robertson-Walker metric form to Einstein coordinates, and we study in detail the radial evolution, in respectively Friedmann and Einstein coordinates, of the very simplest expanding-dust-sphere cosmology model. The deceleration of cosmic expansion in Friedmann coordinates is changed in Einstein coordinates to its acceleration, and the Big Bang in Friedmann coordinates is swapped in Einstein coordinates for a peak in that inflation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4904] viXra:2409.0102 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-19 02:48:55
Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 7 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4903] viXra:2409.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-18 13:54:08
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-39 and Italian, pages 40-79
In 1887 the Michelson-Morley experiment was performed, which was supposed to detect the motion of the Earth relative to the ether, i.e., the medium in which light would manifest itself, and therefore the only one relative to which its speed could be truly isotropic.But the experiment found that the speed of light is isotropic relative to the Earth too, and therefore did not detect any motion relative to the ether.In order to justify this negative result, Lorentz hypothesized that all objects that move in the ether undergo a slowing down of time and a length contraction in the direction of motion, thus making the speed of light appear isotropic, while in reality it is not.Instead, Einstein justified this result by arguing that light propagates in a vacuum and that its speed is isotropic in all reference frame, regardless of the motion between them, specifying however that this is a stipulation and, therefore, an apparent but not real phenomenon. But later he considered this isotropy as real. And this is how relativists still consider it, overbearingly, since they do not accept discussions on this statement.In truth, it is precisely thanks to the real slowing down of time and the real contraction of matter that the speed of light appears isotropic. And it is a very useful appearance, because considering it as real has allowed the development of the law of gravitation of General Relativity (which is also apparent) and, above all, to make the GPS system work. Which cannot work according to reality, because the precise speed of the Earth relative to the ether is not known and, therefore, not even the real speed of light relative to the Earth, which would be needed to make the GPS work according to reality.But, as I will demonstrate in this article, this appearance does not allow us to calculate the speeds and distances of celestial objects, too. So, using it anyway, relativists have obtained a complicated and incompatible with observation model of Universe, whose expansion is accelerating.So I developed a theory, which I called Space Quanta in Expansion, which considers the appearance useful for gravitation and GPS, but not for calculating distances and velocities of distant celestial objects, where it uses its own formulas. And so I obtained a model of Universe that is reasonable and compatible with observations and quantum mechanics, whose expansion results in deceleration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4902] viXra:2409.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-15 23:46:29
Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages.
Dark matter remains a conundrum within the field of cosmology. While the behavior is wellunderstood, the underlying cause remains mysterious. Many models have been proposed to explain the phenomenon, whether it be new particles or modifications to the law of gravity. This document attempts to explain dark matter through the effect of relativistic mass and the effect of a relativistic gravitational field. The goal is that this model might be able to fit with observations of dark matter as well as Modified Newtonian Gravity (MOND) within galactic orbits.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4901] viXra:2409.0089 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 01:36:47
Authors: Eric Edward Albers
Comments: 14 Pages.
This paper presents a novel interpretation of cosmological redshift within the framework of the Spacetime Superfluid Hypothesis (SSH). We revisit the concept of "tired light" in the context of a superfluid spacetime, proposing a mechanism for photon energy loss during propagation through the cosmic medium. Our model provides a physical basis for redshift without invoking universal expansion, potentially offering new insights into longstanding cosmological puzzles. We derive the fundamental equations governing light propagation in superfluid spacetime, present predictions for observational tests, and discuss the implications for our understanding of the cosmos.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4900] viXra:2409.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-17 00:10:46
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 19 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
A recent paper suggests that MOND would better explain the difference in the distribution of rotation curves inside versus at the outer edges of galaxies. It would be due to the External Field Effect (EFE) encounter with MOND for galaxies in a uniform external field due to surrounding systems. ΛCDM, based on General Relativity (GR), respects the (strong) equivalence principle. Accordingly, for ΛCDM, such differences are not directly explainable. As the observed difference is argued to be statistically significant, something still to be confirmed, it could be a convincing argument in favor of MOND.The paper explains how the multi-fold dark matter effects explain qualitatively the observed differences: inner entanglement is more disrupted by the rest of the galaxy content, before creating a halo effect. With this we can argue that MOND is not necessarily the only answer to the observations. In previous papers, we argued that the multi-fold theory at large enough scale recovers GR, and that it is compatible with the equivalence principle. The paper therefore explains that these can be multi-fold gravity results. The multi-fold dark matter effects result from entangled real systems, which are extra contribution to gravity, which results only from virtual particles. There are therefore no inconsistencies: the equivalence principle can be respected while rotation differences may exist. To that effect, we show that while multi-fold gravity follows the (strong) equivalence principle, multi-fold dark matter effects can bring in an EFE effect without any contradiction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4899] viXra:2409.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 15:39:05
Authors: Karl De Paepe
Comments: 4 Pages.
For a system of a static charged sphere we make gauge and coordinate transformations so that the electromagnetic vector potential has a unit time component and zero space components. Beginning with a spherically symmetric metric in standard form and electromagnetic vector potential having this special form we solve the Einstein field equations outside the sphere. We show the solution has charge outside the sphere.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4898] viXra:2409.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-16 23:53:08
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.
Light trajectories near a static point mass have been calculated for two cases: the first is the usual black-hole solution in general relativitythat results from using Schwarzschild coordinates to determine the curvature of spacetime, and the second is for a model described in a previous paper, viXra:2409.0030, in which spacetime is completely regular with no event horizon.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4897] viXra:2409.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-15 04:45:38
Authors: Anival Barca
Comments: 11 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley (MM) experiment, foundational in challenging classical understandings of light propagation, played a crucial role in the development of special relativity. This paper re-examines this pivotal experiment from a new perspective, investigating the equivalence between optical and audio interferometry. By generalising the events within a MM interferometer, the study proposes a method to test if audio waves exhibit relativistic properties or not. This exploration of optical and acoustic analogy aims to deepen our understanding of wave mechanics and relativity, offering novel insights into relativistic experimental physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4896] viXra:2409.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-13 21:04:52
Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Author name should be after the article title, the abbstract should be labeled as such, & please cite and list scientific references)
Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4895] viXra:2409.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-13 20:57:39
Authors: Jeffrey P. Baugher
Comments: 35 Pages.
The conundrum of Dark Matter coupled with the discovery in 1998 that the universe is paradoxically accelerating its expansion has led some cosmologists to question the correctness of the non-Euclidean geometric theory of gravity, General Relativity. In the 17th century, there was also a great paradox between two views for the geometric constituents of a line, heterogeneous (made of points) versus homogeneous (made of infinitesimal segments). Evangelista Torricelli, a protege of Galileo, elucidated his logical reasoning on why lines must be made of segments and not points and created one particular fundamental example among many. In this paper, I produce unknown corollaries to Torricelli's argument allowing me to falsify the relationship between infinitesimals and the Archimedean axiom, resolve L'Hopital's paradox, rewrite the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus and derive Gaussian curvature. I hypothesize that the intractability of Dark Energy and Dark Matter is due to the points of coordinate systems within General Relativity actually being a logically flawed heterogeneous interpretation with basis vectors as a stand-in for the properties of homogeneous infinitesimals. I propose a novel but geometrically logical model for gravity based on the changing area of ``surfaces" that suffers from no Cosmological Constant but can model red-shift of light. I present hypothetical arguments to demonstrate that there is sufficient compelling similarities to support the investigation of rewriting Euclidean/non-Euclidean geometry, the Calculus and all the laws of physics with axiomatic homogeneous infinitesimals of three components that each follow the theory of proportionality. They are relative cardinality, homogeneous infinitesimal and lastly their sum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4894] viXra:2409.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-09 18:27:28
Authors: Andrey Smirnov
Comments: 35 Pages.
An axiomatic deterministic theory of physics based on a unified field is proposed.In the model of the theory, time is absent and dynamics are absent at the fundamental level. It is shown how space-time with matter and fields arise in such a model. It is shown that the anthropic principle arises as a consequence of the theory. The principle of causality is derived. Mass, energy and other concepts of mechanics are obtained. The Schrödinger equation is derived. Lorentz transformations and the special theory of relativity are obtained without using the postulates of STR. It is shown that the speed of light and the maximum speed of interactions are exactly equal. The special theory of relativity with all its equations is obtained. It is shown that the standard model does not contradict the proposed theory. The nature of gravity is considered. The principle of equivalence of gravity and acceleration is proved, all the assumptions on which the general theory of relativity is based are proven. Based on this, it can be argued that the equations of the general theory of relativity satisfy the theory of emergent space-time-matter. It is shown that gravity cannot have quanta. Thus, this theory states that no theory of quantum gravity can exist. An explanation of the origin of the Universe is proposed. An explanation of the nature of dark energy and dark matter is proposed. The physical foundations of mathematics are considered.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4893] viXra:2409.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:40:17
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 11 Pages.
This paper contains reflections on how Newton's classical inverse-square law of gravitation corresponds to both Einstein's theory of special relativity adapted for an accelerated object, as well as Einstein's theory of general relativity for the free-fall of an object in a curved spacetime. Using a model described in detail in a related paper, viXra:2409.0004, it is shown that space and time are regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematicalartefacts. In addition, since gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approach each other, there is no singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4892] viXra:2409.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:39:31
Authors: Greg P. Proper
Comments: 6 Pages. Published in OSP Journal of Physics and Astronomy 4: JPA-4-151.
This brief paper demonstrates that a mathematical solution to Einstein's field equations exists that features a sign change in what proves to be the analog to the Friedmann 2 (acceleration) equation. The purpose here is not to physically challenge the FLRW (Friedmann Lemaitre Robertson-Walker) solution, but to demonstrate that this sign change is mathematically possible. In order to achieve this result, the metric is modified so that the temporal increment is affected by the expansion in the same manner as the spatial increments. Unlike the Schwarzschild, there is no theorem that states that the R-W is mathematically unique. Therefore, from a purely mathematical perspective there is no prohibition on the exploration of other alternatives to the R-W. In this particular instance the four principal equations of cosmology reduce to two mathematically consistent equations and total energy is conserved.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4891] viXra:2409.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:38:06
Authors: G. V. Sharlanov
Comments: 29 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics: 2024; 7(1):1-29.
This article reveals the essence of the special theory of relativity. To date, there have been no scientific arguments against the proofs presented at the 3rd Annual International Conference on Physics in 2015 in Athens, Greece. The "Introduction" presents the foundation of the real explanation of all "unexpected" and "inexplicable" results of the experiments related to the measurement of the speed of light in our time-spatial region "near the Earth’s surface". Subsequent factual analyses of the most famousexperiments related to the velocity of light behaviour prove that the speed of light differs in different directions from the local constant "speed of light in vacuum". The exception is only the experiments that use the "Michelson-type" interferometer. These interferometers use perfectly the same paths in two opposite directions for each light beam, which is why the difference between the speeds of light in the two opposite directionsof each light beam is completely compensated. The analysis of the article "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" shows exactly where and how the claim "the speed of light is the same for all inertial frames of reference" is applied. Einstein’s conclusion that "we cannot give anyabsolute meaning to the concept of simultaneous" is unfounded and absurd and is shown to be based solely on this erroneous claim. At the end of the article, the essence of the so-called "fundamental tests" of the special theory of relativity is presented too.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4890] viXra:2409.0026 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-07 03:33:49
Authors: S. G. Sharlanov
Comments: 8 Pages. Published in the Journal of Modern and Applied Physics, 2024; 7(1):1-8.
The cause of the hypotheses of the existence of "dark matter" and "dark energy" is a consequence of the second biggest blunder in physics of the 20th century: "the accelerating expansion of the Universe". This is undoubtedly a big problem in physics because it is illogical for the Universe to expand, despite the existing and undeniably proven universal attraction (Newton’s law of universal gravitation). Modern physics tries to explain this delusion by the existence of an illogically high percentage of some unknown type of "dark matter" in the Universe (which, if it existed, should have been discovered by now), as well as by the inexplicable myth of "dark energy" (the nature of which is inexplicable even to modern cosmologists themselves)!The root cause of this delusion is based mainly on the unproven claim that the redshift of the spectral lines of the emitted electromagnetic radiation from remote galaxies is due to the Doppler Effect. Throughout his life, Hubble did not support Vesto Slipher’s supposition that the"redshift" is a "velocity-like displacement" (as a result of the Doppler Effect). The Doppler Effect is an effect of the mechanical waves, but not of the electromagnetic waves. The real explanation of the incorrectly called "Doppler radar" with Schrödinger’s dynamic interpretation is presented in the article.According to the assistant and successor of Hubble, Allan Sandage, Hubble believed that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature".The main contribution of this paper is the presentation of this "unrecognized principle of nature"— that is the "energy-spatial relationship" existing in the energy-space-time continuum of the Universe, that the so-called "empty space" between the celestial bodies and between the particles of matter is actually a "soup" of energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4889] viXra:2409.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-04 20:03:35
Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 32 Pages.
In the paper, with the help of various models, the thesis on the fundamental nature of the field form of matter in physics is considered. In the first chapter a model of special relativity is constructed, on the basis of which the priority of the massless form of matter is revealed. In the second chapter, a field model of inert and heavy mass is constructed and on this basis the mechanism of inertia and gravity of weighty bodies is revealed. In the third chapter, the example of geons shows the fundamental nature of a massless form of matter on the Planck scale. The three-dimensionality of the observable space is substantiated. In the fourth chapter, we consider a variant of solving the problem of singularities in general relativity using the example of multidimensional spaces. The last chapter examines the author's approach to quantum gravity, and establishes the basic equation of quantum gravity. The conclusions do not contradict the main thesis of the paper on the fundamental nature of the massless form of matter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4888] viXra:2409.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-02 07:21:33
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Newtonian formula for the relationship between linear motion and rotational motion is not suitable for application in the theory of relativity. Therefore, the relativistic relationship between linear speed and angular speed must be derived. This can be done by taking advantage of the rules of summing speeds in special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4887] viXra:2409.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2024-09-01 19:49:04
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.
By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold as in Einstein'sgeneral theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass,and that a black hole and event horizon are mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur and that gravity does not diverge to infinity as masses approacheach other, which also removes the singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4886] viXra:2408.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-29 20:30:47
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 54 Pages.
The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in 2001. Although the idea of the warp dive as a spacetime distortion that allows a spaceship to travel faster than light predated the Natario work by 7 years Natario introduced in 2001 the new concept of a propulsion vector to define or to generate a warp drive spacetime. Natario defined a warp drive vector for constant speeds in Polar Coordinates but remember that a real warp drive must accelerate or de-accelerate in order to be accepted as a physical valid model so it must possesses variable speeds.We developed the extension for the original Natariowarp drive vector that encompasses variable speeds.Also Polar Coordinates uses only two dimensions and we know that a real spaceship is a 3D object inserted inside a 3D warp bubble that must be defined in real 3D Spherical Coordinates.In this work we present the new warp drive vector in 3D Spherical Coordinates for both constant or variable speeds.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4885] viXra:2408.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-27 20:22:24
Authors: David L. Berkahn, James M. Chappell, Derek Abbott
Comments: 9 Pages.
Starting from first principles, we point out an apparent contradiction in the behavior of light in the metric space of a stationary frame in gravity. We show that the issue is resolved provided an independent moving ’dual space’ exists along side the metric space of general relativity (GR). In this dual space clocks run at equal rates to first order but coincide with the time dilation of metric space, due rather to different light path lengths. We find its mathematical properties coincide with the Gullstrand—Painleve coordinates, however the interpretation dictated by this model requiressome different concepts to that of the standard river model. Objects fall at equal rate in this space not because of equality of gravitational and inertial mass but because they are stationary in the dual space which itself is falling. The space behaves more Galilean than one might expect. We explore how escape velocity is modelled in this moving spacetime and address how the dual space re-interprets gravitational redshift to unify it with doppler and Hubble and as well as perhaps dark energy. natural aplications for mass variation and radiating charges stationery in gravity are also presented as a logical result of adopting the framework. We then touch on how the dual space can be modelled as a vector field in geometric algebra.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4884] viXra:2408.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-26 20:35:59
Authors: Chandru Iyer, G. M. Prabhu
Comments: 19 Pages.
The theory of special relativity is developed with two stipulations that any propagating electromagnetic wave travels at the same constant speed c, with respect to all inertial reference frames irrespective of their relative velocities and any IRF shall synchronize its spatially separated clocks by the assumption or convention that the one way speed of light within that IRF is constant and equal to c in all directions. The mathematical development of these concepts lead us to the principle of the relativity of simultaneity, the space-time continuum and the block universe that implies the existence of past, present, and future in a four-dimensional space-time continuum. The principle of relativity of simultaneity essentially means that the tenses, past, present, and future, are an illusion. Time order of events are subjective and thus all events in the universe exist together on the continuum. We show that the characteristics of light propagation are the same whether we use the Lorentz Transformation (LT) or the Galilean Transformation (GT) in the sense that the amplitude of the propagating wave at any space-time location remains the same in both the transformations. We argue that the space and time coordinates assigned to any space-time point are different in LT and GT but the identity of a space-time point is not compromised. The different numbers of space and time coordinates assigned to a space-time point by LT and GT arise out of calibration differences and do not indicate any altered reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4883] viXra:2408.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-19 02:13:03
Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 75 Pages.
This paper extends the Gödelian Index Theorem from smooth manifolds to discrete structures, an advancement crucial for applications in quantum physics. By developing a unified framework applicable across scales—from quantum to cosmic—this work aims to bridge the gap between relativity and quantum mechanics. We hypothesize that the geometry of spacetime encodes logical complexity, potentially incorporating topos-theoretic data, and explore how this complexity manifests in discrete geometric settings.Mathematical innovations in this paper include the introduction of discrete analogs of significant concepts such as the Gödelian Chern character and Todd class. Additionally, we establish a discrete version of the Gödelian McKean-Singer formula, leveraging spectral graph theory to analyze the Gödelian index in these settings. Our framework offers new insights into the quantum-to-classical transition and contributes to a deeper understanding of the nature of spacetime.Finally, this work connects with our previous analysis of Baryon Acoustic Oscillation data, linking Gödelian complexity to early cosmic evolution, and further solidifying the relevance of logical complexity in the geometry of spacetime.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4882] viXra:2408.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-18 21:51:39
Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 79 Pages.
This paper extends the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem by incorporating logical complexity into geometric and topological structures through the development of the Gödelian Index Theorem. Building upon previous work on Gödelian categories, this novel theorem introduces Gödelian manifolds, which are equipped with a Gödelian structure function that quantifies logical complexity, and explores the implications of Gödelian-Ricci flow, where logical flow evolves alongside the metric. Our approach synthesizes differential geometry, geometric flow techniques, and logical structures, drawing inspiration from Perelman's work on the Poincaré conjecture.Applying this mathematical framework, we improve predictions of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) in cosmological data. However, the model reveals an unexpected result: a negative Gödelian index (G), which reflects the logical complexity embedded in the manifold. This finding has profound implications for our understanding of dark energy and the early cosmos, suggesting that the interplay between logical complexity and geometric structures could be key to re-evaluating current cosmological theories.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4881] viXra:2408.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-17 23:12:07
Authors: Rayd Al-Shammari
Comments: 33 Pages.
[This paper] investigate[s] the mathematical and physical applications of relative non-locality in general relativity and using it to bridge the gap between general relativity and quantum mechanics without the need for a new unifying theory, in fact both theories are compatible when we put the relative non-locality in perspective, it's first introduced by Einstein in 1911, the relative non-locality is the illusion of superluminal speed phenomena due to the difference in spacetime gravity potential between two points in space, this illusion of superluminal speed is a direct indicator of spacetime curvature difference between two intervals in space such that the conditions of curvature difference is the key element to solve the compatibility problem between general relativity and quantum mechanics, then by following this line of work I found that Einstein field equation is compatible with uncertainty principle in a way that the stress energy tensor could be extract from the momentum uncertainty in the uncertainty principle, this happened only when we have a quantum entangled system of collective masses of bigger than or equal to half Planck-mass as minimum requirements to bend spacetime, then by using quantum entangled system with a rest mass of half Planck mass or more and then by using this knowledge I put the requirements for an experiment to generate artificial gravitational singularities in particle accelerators as a good way to test this paper and its very promising way for both nuclear fusion and superluminal space travel.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4880] viXra:2408.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-15 23:24:09
Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 19 Pages.
Recent precision measurements of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) by surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) have revealed tensions with predictions from the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. This paper presents a novel approach to addressing these discrepancies by incorporating geometric flow concepts inspired by Perelman’s work on Ricci flow. We introduce a modified Friedmann equation that includes a Ricci flow term, providing a geometric framework for understanding potential deviations from standard cosmology. Our model shows significant improvement in fitting DESI BAO measurements across a wide range of redshifts, suggesting a possible geometric origin for observed cosmic expansion anomalies. Parameter space analysis reveals subtle interplay between logarithmic and power-law contributions to the expansion history, potentially offering new insights into the nature of dark energy or modifications to general relativity on cosmological scales.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4879] viXra:2408.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-09 17:31:01
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-15 and Italian, pages 16-30
In a video that I found online, to justify certain observations of the WEBB telescope, it is stated that "It is also possible that our interpretations of the redshift of light are wrong and that for decades we have measured incorrect distances within the Cosmos ".But this is precisely what I have been stating for years in my articles, so I thought I would write one with the main objective of demonstrating that the cosmological redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, as the scientific community claims, but the speed at which the Earth moves away from the emitter.This incorrect interpretation of the cosmological redshift, among other things, has had the consequence that the scientific community claims that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, while in reality it is decelerating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4878] viXra:2408.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-10 01:43:11
Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalise the geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive at a geometry that merges the perspectives of the rest and moving frames within a common stationary circle in space. Further we show that this theoretical approach leads us into spherical trigonometry that supplies a simple solution of the Michelson-Morley problem that is compatible with Einstein’s paradigm.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4877] viXra:2408.0013 [pdf] submitted on 2024-08-04 19:38:59
Authors: Ramzi Suleiman
Comments: 44 Pages.
In this study, we extend previously established results of relativized Newtonian dynamics—originally derived for inertial rectilinear motion—to the context of a uniformly rotating disk. Our findings reveal the presence of a nonluminous component coexisting with the luminous component, with the ratio of their radial densities being solely dependent on the rotation velocity.We apply these results to investigate the dynamics of both luminous and nonluminous matter in a diverse sample of 52 galaxies from the Spitzer Photometry & Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) dataset. For each galaxy, we calculate the radial density distributions of both matter components using only the measured rotation curves. The predicted radial density profiles of the nonluminous components closely trace the observed rotation curves for all tested galaxies.Our analysis indicates that the nonluminous component begins to dominate over the luminous component at rotation velocity of approximately V_flat/3. At rotation velocities approaching V_flat, the luminous component nearly vanishes, with the majority of the matter being nonluminous. The nonluminous component is expected to strongly dominate in all tested galaxies, with a fraction (0.757 ≤ f_NLM ≤ 0.990, σ_(f_NLM )= 0.0137).Moreover, consistent with the Radial Acceleration Relation (RAR), the correlations between the estimated total masses of the luminous and nonluminous components, and between the luminous component and the total dynamical mass, are very strong (r = 0.947 and 0.954, respectively). Additionally, in agreement with the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation (BTFR), the correlation between the total luminous mass and V_flat is also substantial (r = 0.626).These results suggest that key features typically attributed to exotic dark matter particles in galactic halos can be accounted for by simple relativistic considerations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4876] viXra:2407.0171 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-29 15:38:14
Authors: Piscedda Giampaolo
Comments: 1 Page.
It has been observed that the rotational velocity of Galaxies does not depend on r, but remains constant as r varies; this has led to the hypothesis of the existence of dark matter. In this Theory we show that we can explain the constancy of this velocity with the use of quantum mechanical principles. This does not rule out the existence of dark matter and dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4875] viXra:2407.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-28 23:03:40
Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 104 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: AI assisted/generated contents/results are in general not acceptable)
This paper presents a novel approach to quantum gravity based on an extension of Perelman's Ricci flow techniques to Lorentzian manifolds and gauge theories. We develop a unified geometric framework that bridges concepts from differential geometry, topology, and quantum field theory, offering new perspectives on fundamental problems in theoretical physics. Our core contribution is the formulation of a modified Ricci flow equation suitable for Lorentzian manifolds, which incorporates gauge fields and establishes a connection with Chern-Simons theory. We explore the implications of this framework for black hole physics, cosmology, and particle physics, and propose experimental tests. The paper is structured with a main text providing an accessible overview, while Appendix A contains the rigorous mathematical foundations of our approach.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4874] viXra:2407.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-27 05:24:38
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 21 Pages.
Twenty-six years ago, a small committee report built upon earlier studies to articulate a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy. This vision called for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least four meters. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people brought this vision to life as the 6.5-meter James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The telescope is working perfectly, delivering much better image quality than expected [1].JWST is one hundred times more powerful than the Hubble Space Telescope and has already captured spectacular images of the distant universe. A view of a tiny part of the sky reveals many well-formed spiral galaxies, some over thirteen billion light-years away. These observations challenge the standard Big Bang Model (BBM), which posits that early galaxies should be small and lack well-formed spiral structures. JWST's findings are prompting scientists to reconsider the BBM in its current form. Throughout the history of science, technological advancements have led to new results that challenge established theories, sometimes necessitating their modification or even abandonment. This happened with the geocentric model four centuries ago, and the BBM may face a similar reevaluation as JWST provides more images of the distant universe.In 1937, P. Dirac proposed the Large Number Hypothesis and the Hypothesis of Variable Gravitational Constant, later incorporating the concept of Continuous Creation of Matter in the universe. The Hypersphere World-Universe Model (WUM) builds on these ideas, introducing a distinct mechanism for matter creation. WUM is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing BBM. Its main advantage is the elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," offering explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. WUM is presented as a natural extension of Classical Physics with the potential to catalyze a paradigm shift in both Cosmology and Classical Physics. Considering JWST's discoveries, WUM's successes, and 87 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is high time to initiate a paradigm shift in Astronomy, Cosmology, and Classical Physics.The present paper is a continuation of the published article "JWST Discoveries—Confirmation of World-Universe Model Predictions" [2] and a summary of the paper "Hypersphere World-Universe Model: Digest of Presentations John Chappell Natural Philosophy Society" [3]. Many results obtained there are quoted in the current work without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to view the referenced papers for detailed explanations.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4873] viXra:2407.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-26 20:55:51
Authors: Ken Gonder
Comments: 22 Pages, 0 Diagrams
Relativity is believed by most to be a seminal moment in scientific achievement. It continues to form the basis of our entire cosmology, including the big bang. Even so, many of its declarations are manifestly contradictory and metaphysical. Its lingering discrepancies, inconsistencies, and seemingly unresolvable conflicts elicit a myriad of questions that have up to the present been more ignored and rationalized by conditioned beliefs than soberly confronted and rationally explained through rigorous objective logic. For the dissenting, this casts further doubt on its veracity and arouses even more skepticism while faith-based adherents remain dismissive, complacent, and preemptively unswayable. Bridging the growing divide and arriving at a workable consensus does not appear possible any time soon. With relativity permeating popular culture and firmly entrenched in academia's pervasive obligatory groupthink, uncompromising independent investigation that maturely and realistically explores the tenability of its many conspicuous incongruities seems the only practical way forward for those seriously pursuing reality.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4872] viXra:2407.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-26 19:22:20
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Sagnac effect demonstrates an anisotropy of light speed as a first-order effect on the scale of Earth's rotation, but not for higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the CMB. Following logic reason, experiments investigating the second-order effect should also exhibit this deviation due to Earth's own rotation, but not for higher velocities. Specifically, interferometer experiments with optical resonators would be capable of verifying this matter. This paper shows that none of the existing experiments provide a statement on this issue. The detection of such a second-order effect from Earth's own rotation would provide clues to new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4871] viXra:2407.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-24 20:18:24
Authors: Sergio de Azevedo Melo
Comments: 14 Pages. In Portuguese
The metric tensor defines the geometry of spacetime in General Relativity. Although it satisfies the field equations, the tensor obtained by Application of the Newtonian limit to the vacuum Schwarzschild solutionpresents discontinuity in the mapping of the metric by the gravitational field, resulting in undefined points. Considering the uperimposition of the kinematic effect on the gravitational field in the Lorentz factor and a transformed Lagrangian function is presented in the study of total energy. The function caters for relativistic speeds in energy expressions andavoids low speed limitation. Extrapolation of the weak field condition is addressed by mapping the rest energy. A regular metric tensor in spacetime is obtained for the conditionof a stationary universe, and it is pointed out how it differs from the Schwarzschild resolution and the resulting metric by Newtonian approximation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4870] viXra:2407.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-22 20:52:20
Authors: Réjean Plamondon
Comments: 6 Pages. A chapter of the book: Quantum Theory and Symmetries
In this paper, we speculate on a possible connection between the Bayes’s law and the Einstein’s general relativity equation to support the use of a metric based on an erfc gravitational potential that has been recently proposed to provide some cues to open problems in the solar systems. Starting from a basic interdependence premise, an analogy between Einstein’s equation and Bayes’s law is used to analyze the linear case of a weak field static symmetric massive object, providing a probabilistic context that takes into account the probability of presence of a given energy density in its corresponding 4D curved space-time manifold. Using the Central Limit Theorem to model globally the very slow process of star formation and mathematically express the corresponding probability density, the new framework provides a rationale for the emergence of a weighted Newton’s law of gravitation. One key feature of this modified gravity model is that it relies on the existence of an intrinsic emergent physical constant (sigma), a star-specific proper length that scales all its surroundings.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4869] viXra:2407.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-15 07:01:17
Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 17 Pages.
How can the author assess whether Einstein, a scientific supernova on the planet, was right or wrong without fully exposing Einstein’s conception of the universe compared to objective reality? G. B. Shaw once noted that only a few have shaped our understanding of the universe, including Ptolemy, Newton, and Einstein. In 1930, Shaw remarked: "Einstein has made a universe, and I can’t tell you how long that will last." However, the author asserts in 2024 that Einstein’s universe is fundamentally flawed. The author has debunked it using the objective reality approach that recently helped him discover two new conceptual universes: the erring universe and the whole universe. In this paper, the author details the scientific advancements these two new universes offer compared to those of Newton and Einstein. He addresses and resolves three shortcomings in Newton’s and Einstein’s frameworks. The erring universe unveils the principle of cosmic structure, while the whole universe reveals the principle of cosmic design. Together, they represent the pinnacle of scientific progress, providing the ultimate frame of reference and underpinning natural laws and causal explanations in the universe. This synthesis suggests that religion, based on the concept of a divine creator, and science, through the lens of objective reality, may differ from existing cosmological models in their joint quest to understand the universe’s grand design. For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—his eternal power and divine nature— have been clearly seen, being understood from what has been made, so that men are without excuse (Romans 1:20, NIV). The artificial truth of Einstein’s universe seems as illusory as "The Emperor’s New Clothes"—a profound misdirection that has distorted objective reality and caused incalculable harm to scientific understanding.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4868] viXra:2407.0072 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-10 23:39:35
Authors: Blair D. Macdonald
Comments: 3 Pages.
There is a crisis with the standard model of cosmology at its outer limits. Why are well-developed galaxies, observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, existing only 300 million years from the beginning of the observable universe? A solution to the problem is offered that evokes the principles laid down in Albert Einstein's 1905 special relativity, time dilation. Are we looking at a wall where time stops? Special relativity states that time slows down if you’re moving — relative to an observer. As a body approaches the speed of light, time will appear to slow on the moving /travelling body. At the speed of light time will appear to stop to the observer. The solution is we are the observers and the galaxies (relative to us) at the outer edge of the universe— right about the place of the said Big Bang beginning — are expanding away from us at the speed of light and faster. We are observing a wall where time stops, a barrier, that we cannot see through. This would suggest the universe can be much older and we may never know how old because of this barrier. Special relativity also says that bodies appear smaller from the perspective of the observer. This may further distort our perception of the accelerating universe; the universe may be even larger than thought.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4867] viXra:2407.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-10 11:00:29
Authors: Gianluca Perniciano
Comments: 5 Pages.
In this article, considering the work referenced in that allows for emulation motion up to ¼ of the speed of light, appropriate modifications have been considered where by classes of metamaterials or ordinary magneto-electric materials can be used for an emulation Alcubierre drive that permits superluminal motion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4866] viXra:2407.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-09 11:58:21
Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativityform a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper we examine and generalisethe geometry of the sequence of events within a standard MM interferometer to arrive ata simple, yet curious geometry that compels deeper exploration.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4865] viXra:2407.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-09 21:31:34
Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 3 Pages.
A Riemannian manifold possesses two fundamental properties: curvature and torsion. GeneralRelativity uses curvature to explain gravity. We suggest that torsion can explain magnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4864] viXra:2407.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-09 21:30:22
Authors: Werner Lange
Comments: 14 Pages. In German
This article traces the worldlines of comoving objects that were located on some selected light cones shortly after the Big Bang or alternatively at the time of the emission of cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4863] viXra:2407.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-06 17:57:01
Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 16 Pages.
General relativity can be difficult for undergraduate students to comprehend, partly because the math is difficult and partly because it is not based on a simple physical model. However, in many situations general relativity can be interpreted as ordinary wave refraction in a non-uniform medium, with the refractive index (or wave speed) derived from only two independent components of a spatially isotropic diagonal spacetime metric. This work utilizes an elastic solid model of the vacuum to explain how the presence of wave energy would modify a medium to produce the metric variations of general relativity in a quasi-static environment. This analysis provides model-based explanations for many predictions of general relativity, including curved space, black holes, gravitational waves, and the different accelerations of light and massive objects.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4862] viXra:2407.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-06 18:12:08
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 117 Pages.
Today, a growing number of researchers share a sense of stagnation in the field of Physics. In many ways, this situation is reminiscent of the late 19th century when it was widely believed that the body of Physics was nearly complete. It may be an opportune moment to propose new fundamental models that are not only simpler than the current state of the art but also open up new areas of research. Several ideas presented in this Digest are not new, and I do not claim credit for them. In fact, many of these ideas, originally proposed by classical scientists, are revisited here with fresh insights. This Digest aims to describe the World by unifying and simplifying existing models and results in Cosmology into a single coherent picture.Hypersphere World—Universe Model (WUM) is proposed as an alternative to the prevailing Big Bang Model. The main advantage of WUM is its elimination of the "Initial Singularity" and "Inflation," providing explanations for many unresolved problems in Cosmology. This Digest offers an overview of WUM covering the period from 2013 to 2024 (detailed in Part 2 and the referenced materials) and explores various themes of the World (Presentations 1 — 8). It concludes a series of articles published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology [3]-[39]. Many results obtained in those articles are referenced here without full justification; interested readers are encouraged to consult the referenced articles (Part 2) for more details. WUM is a classical model and should be described using classical notions, which define emergent phenomena. An Emergent Phenomenon is a property that is a result of simple interactions that work cooperatively to create a more complex interaction. These simple interactions occur at the microscopic level, while their collective outcomes can be observed at the macroscopic level. WUM introduces classical notions from the moment the first ensemble of particles was created ≅10^(-18) s. Classical Physics is dealing with ensembles of quantum objects!
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4861] viXra:2407.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-06 23:47:16
Authors: Robert A. Close
Comments: 6 Pages.
Recent experimental and theoretical work has shown that classical wave processes can produce phenomena previously thought to be beyond the scope of classical physics. We describe how a simple hand-held model can be used to demonstrate the connection between classical waves and modern physics. The model consists of illustrations of two sets of wave crests. A stationary particle is modeled by wave crests propagating in circles. A moving particle is modeled by rotating the orientation of the wave crests so that they would propagate along helical paths rather than circular paths. An internal clock is assumed to tick each time a wave completes a full revolution around the cylinder common to both wave packets. These two model wave packets demonstrate relativistic frequency shift, time dilation, length contraction, and the de Broglie wavelength.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4860] viXra:2407.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2024-07-04 21:14:41
Authors: Fernando Loup
Comments: 43 Pages.
The Natario warp drive appeared for the first time in $2001$.Natario defined a warp drive vector $nX=vs*(dx)$ where $vs$ is the constant speed of the warp bubble and $*(dx)$ is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion inPolar Coordinates.We compute the Natario warp drive vector for variable velocities.Also we introduced a new warp drive vector $nX=vs*(dx)$ where $vs$ is the constant speed of the warp bubble and $*(dx)$ is the Hodge Star taken over the x-axis of motion in Cylindrical coordinates.We also compute the cylindrical warp drive vector for variable velocities.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4859] viXra:2406.0189 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-30 05:49:13
Authors: Mohd. Javed Khilji
Comments: 17 Pages.
The 2022 study’s experimental investigations prove that relative velocities from Einstein's first postulate significantly violate kinetic energy conservation, whereas complex relative velocities show zero error. This paper reveals a hidden variable creating contrasting realms, real and imaginary, similar to rest and motion, allowing seamless transition in the complex domain through an optical process. It also establishes inertial frame criteria based on Newton's first law. The traditional setup of velocities v and -v, summing to 2v in magnitude but zero as a vector, fails to meet inertial frame criteria, which require the sum of magnitudes' absolute values to equal their vector sum, only achieved when frames are at rest or follow Newton's first law. Consequently, this setup cannot support a seamless transition between electric and magnetic fields or account for z-axis phenomena. The author introduces a new setup involving v (motion) and iv (rest), with previous works (2011, 2017, 2022) defining complex relative motion as a combination of real and imaginary motions. The Modified Transformation Laws of Coordinates (2017), later included as a book chapter (2022), now known as jk Transformation Laws, show vectors with symmetry while scalars with asymmetry. This paper explores variation in mass, time, and length at varying velocity via complex transformations. A 2004 study shows decrease results from increase, demonstrating antimatter's emergence and transforming infinity into energetic photons at c, providing insights into gamma rays and GRBs. Stationary lengths contract and moving lengths elongate, validated by a Russian Physicist V. N. Streltsov in 1974. Our analysis of Persistence of vision is empirical justification by a burning incense stick rotating at 16 rounds per second, appearing as a red circle. Fast muons travel extra distances, and jet exhausts appear as straight lines. moving photons appear in ray. Moving clocks run faster, resting time stretches. Unlike, time dilation, lightning fades instantly while thunder lingers, supporting the paper's conclusions. Waves within rays are preserved by flexible acceleration, The inverse results, similar to those of qubits, predict entangled particles and their resolution when opposing states coexist with interconnectedness. The unique outcomes without reciprocity revolutionize physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4858] viXra:2406.0183 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-29 12:37:38
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 2 Pages.
In this short communication a new formula is given which shows that the Universe has its own Quantum of action as an analog of Planck's constant. The value of the Quantum of action of the Universe is obtained with an accuracy close to that of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The Quantum of action of the Universe is derived from new cosmological equations obtained from the coincidence of large numbers on the previously unknown scales 10^140 , 10^160 and 10^180 .
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4857] viXra:2406.0167 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-28 20:45:54
Authors: Azzam Almosallami
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
In this paper we shall study the constancy of the speed of light in special relativity basis on Lorentz transformation and the relativity of simultaneity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4856] viXra:2406.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-25 05:42:41
Authors: En Okada
Comments: 17 Pages.
We propose a novel theoretical paradigm in which all physical realities can be concretely defined by the degree of symmetry breaking in a binary field, providing an alternative interpretation of the Higgs mechanism with vivid physical images. Together with a newly proposed hypothesis that the Planck constant evolves with the cosmic scale factor, which drives an evolution of the mass and electric charge of elementary particles, our model could solve a bunch of hierarchy problems in theoretical physics at one shot, demystifying all the four fundamental interactions as different aspects of a singular consistent story.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4855] viXra:2406.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-24 10:54:36
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.
Anisotropy of the luminous intensity of distant astronomical objects of expanding Universe in intrinsic space of the observer is shown. The relativistic distance-luminosity relation, by which radial coordinate of astronomical object is being determined taking into account Hubble anisotropy of its luminous intensity, is received. As it follows from this relation, values of radial coordinates of distant astronomical objects in intrinsic space of the observer are much smaller than values of their coordinates, calculated by classical distance-luminosity relation. This makes the presence of such hypothetical components of the Universe as dark matter and dark energy unnecessary in principle.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4854] viXra:2406.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-24 11:01:45
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.
Gravitational-optical gradient lens, comoving with radiation, is formed in observer’s frame of reference of time and spatial coordinates (FR) due to evolutional decrease of average density of matter in the Universe as well as due to evolutional decrease of refraction index of interstellar medium. This diverging lens and Hubble gravitational lens together form virtual image of all infinitely far points of Euclidean background space of FR, comoving with expanding Universe, on its focal surface, which is the imaginary observer horizon. Events that take place in different points but simultaneous in observer’s FR are nonsimultaneous in cosmological time of FR, commoving with Universe, due to Universe expansion. Therefore world point of imaginary Big Bang is present in observer’s intrinsic space at every moment of his proper time. This point and observer’s dislocation point are the opposite poles of four-dimensional hypersurface of observer’s space. When gradient lens is not taken into account one may come to a conclusion that Hubble lens forms the horizon of cosmological past (imaginary observer horizon) in vacuum external solutions of equations of gravitational field when cosmological constant is nonzero. This also leads to spatial homogeneity of the negative power of global gravitational lens and, consequently, this leads to a linear dependence of red shift of radiation spectrum of astronomical objects on the distance to those objects. However, when gradient lens is taken into account this dependence becomes nonlinear and corresponds to accelerated expansion of the Universe, while imaginary observer horizon of cosmological past degenerates into point of imaginary Big Bang of the Universe. This is similar to degeneration of the imaginary horizon of cosmological future (Schwarzschild sphere) in internal solution of equations of gravitational field.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4853] viXra:2406.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-24 11:05:04
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 24 Pages.
The possibility to avoid physical realizability of cosmological singularity (singularity of Big Bang of the Universe) directly in the orthodoxal general theory of relativity (GR) is substantiated. This can take place in the case of counting of cosmological time in frame of reference of coordinates and time (FR) not co-moving with matter, in which by the Weyl hypothesis galaxies of the expanding Universe are motionless. The absence of any limitations of the value of mass of astronomical body, which self-contracts in Weyl FR, when it has hollow topological form in the space of Weyl FR and mirror symmetry of its intrinsic space, is shown. Because of this symmetry, both external and internal boundary surfaces of body are observed as convex. At that, in the "turned inside out" internal part of the intrinsic space (in the Fuller-Wheeler lost antiworld) unlike external part, instead of the phenomenon of expansion phenomenon of contraction of "internal universe" is observed. And there is antimatter instead of matter in this internal part of the space. Inevitability of self-organization in physical vacuum of spiral-wave structural elements, which correspond to elementary particles, and universal electromagnetic nature of all nonfictive particles are substantiated. Ultrahigh luminosity of quasars and certain types of supernovas is caused by annihilation of matter and antimatter.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4852] viXra:2406.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-24 11:09:00
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 80 Pages. Collection of articles
It is shown, that special and general relativities reflect the gauge of effect on matter of, correspondingly, motion and gravity. This doesn’t allow us to observe in intrinsic space and time of the matter any changes, appeared because of this effect. The solution of gravitational field equations that corresponds to astronomical objects, alternative to black holes, is found. The eternity of Universe existence both in the future and in the past is shown.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4851] viXra:2406.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 09:20:33
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 5 Pages.
It was shown that Etherington’s identity is paralogism. Etherington’s identity is based on the imaginary relativistic dilation of intrinsic time of the galaxy by (1+z) times, but the presence of a relativistic anisotropy of luminosity of stars quickly moving away from it is ignored in the frame of reference of spatial coordinates and time (FR) of the observer. Etherington did not take into account the fact that the Universe is homogeneous only in the comoving FR in the expanding Universe, and recklessly made a "mix" of the phenomena and features inherent in two different FRs. It is shown that, according to General Relativity (GR), only the transverse metric distances — the transverse comoving distance and the angular diameter distance similar to it — can obey the Hubble linear dependence. The transverse comoving distance belongs to the comoving FR in the ex-panding Universe and is determined by the redshift z of the emission wavelength. The angular diameter distance belongs to the FR of observer of an expanding Universe and is deter-mined by the redshift of the frequency of the emission wave. The luminosity distance is not the transverse metric distance and therefore its dependence on redshift is nonlinear. It is taken into account that the Hubble constant, like the length standards and the constant of the velocity of light, is a fun-damentally unchangeable quantity in the rigid FRs. Its exact value is empirically found.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4850] viXra:2406.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 09:27:19
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 6 Pages.
The general solution of the equations of the gravitational field of the galaxy with an additional variable parameter n is found. The additional variable parameter n determines in GR the distribution of the average mass density mainly in the friable galactic nucleus. The velocity of the orbital motion of stars is close to Kepler only for n>2^25. At n<2^15, it is slightly less than the highest possible velocity even at the edge of the galaxy. The maximum allowable value of the average mass density of a substance outside the friable galactic nucleus negligibly weakly depends on the parameter n in GR. If the energy-momentum tensor is formed not on the basis of external thermodynamic parameters, but on the basis of intranuclear gravithermodynamic parameters of the substance, then the dependence of the average mass of the substance on the value of the parameter n becomes very significant. The permissible value of the average mass density of matter outside the friable galactic nucleus is determined by the value of the parameter, which is responsible for the curvature of space. And it can be arbitrarily small. Therefore, in relativistic gravithermodynamics, in contrast to GR, there can be no shortage of baryonic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4849] viXra:2406.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 01:48:31
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 12 Pages.
A mathematical method for obtaining the value of the cosmological constant Ʌ from the cosmological equations of the Universe has been found. The method is based on the revealed connection of the cosmological constant Ʌ with fundamental physical constants. The new large scale numbers 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180 obtained from the scaling law allowed us to obtain cosmological equations linking the cosmological constant Ʌ with the fine structure constant "alpha", Planck's constant, the speed of light and the electron constants. The approximate Eddington equation Ʌ≈[(me/αћ)^4][(2Gmp/π)^2] is refined to an exact equation. A large number of new cosmological equations are derived, which include the cosmological constant Ʌ. The value of the constant Ʌ is obtained by different methods: from the finalized Eddington equations; from the coincidence of large numbers; from the cosmological equations of the universe and the speed of light; from the cosmological equations of the universe and Planck's constant; from the experimental value of the Pioneer anomaly; from the Kepler relation for the universe. All methods give the same value of the cosmological constant Ʌ (Ʌ = 1.36285...x 10^(-52) m^(-2) ). The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers predicts a value of the constant Ʌ close to the experimental one. The accuracy of the calculated value of Ʌ is close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The reason for the large number of equivalent equations that include the cosmological constant Ʌ remains a mystery.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4848] viXra:2406.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 02:10:05
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.
A mathematical method for obtaining the parameters of the Universe is found. New cosmological equations linking the parameters of the Universe with the fine structure constant "alpha" are derived. The appearance of the constant "alpha" in cosmological equations opens new possibilities in cosmology. In this paper, we investigate the phenomenon of the appearance of the microcosm constant "alpha" in cosmological equations. Cosmological equations are combined into systems of cosmological equations. This makes it possible to obtain the parameters of the universe as the solution of the system of algebraic equations of the universe. The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers allows us to obtain the parameters of the observed Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. It is shown that all the main parameters of the Universe and large numbers of scales 10^20 - 10^180 are composite quantities and include the fine structure constant "alpha". The fine structure constant "alpha" shows itself not only as a fundamental constant of the microworld, but also as the main constant of cosmology. The "alpha" constant makes it possible to obtain the values of the parameters of the Universe by a mathematical method from the electron constants. The fundamental connection between the parameters of the Universe and electron constants is revealed.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4847] viXra:2406.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 02:11:20
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 9 Pages.
Measurements of the parameters of the observed Universe is a very difficult task and does not give the necessary accuracy. A mathematical method for obtaining the parameters of the Universe has been found. The method is based on the revealed relationship between the parameters of the Universe and the dependence of their values on the fundamental physical constants. New large numbers on the previously unknown scales 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180 were derived. The new large numbers allowed us to obtain new cosmological equations linking the parameters of the Universe with fundamental physical constants. The number of new cosmological equations and their constituent parmeters was sufficient to unite the equations into a system of cosmological equations. This made it possible to form a system of algebraic equations containing all parameters of the Universe. As a result, it became possible to obtain the parameters of the Universe by mathematical method. The parameters of the Universe are the roots of the system of algebraic equations of the Universe. The theory based on the law of scaling of large numbers allows us to obtain the parameters of the observed Universe with an accuracy close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. The results obtained show that the Universe is tuned with high mathematical accuracy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4846] viXra:2406.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 02:12:03
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 8 Pages.
From the coincidence of large numbers on a scale of 10^180, an unusual equation is obtained that combines the parameters of the Universe in the form of Kepler's Third Law. The equation combines 4 parameters of the universe: mass, radius, time and Newtonian constant of gravitation G. Instead of the parameters of the planet orbit, the equation includes the parameters of the universe in the form of Kepler ratio R^3/T^2. From the coincidence of large numbers on scales of 10^160, 10^120, 10^40, an equation is obtained that combines the parameters of the electron in the form of Kepler's Third Law. The equation unifies the 4 parameters of the electron: mass, classical radius, time, and electric charge. These equations show that the limits of applicability of Kepler's Third Law extend far beyond the mechanics of planets. The description of the mechanism of planetary motion is only a special case of the application of Kepler's law. Kepler's Third Law in the cosmological equation and Kepler's Third Law in the equation of electromagnetism reveal the universal character of this law. Kepler's Law applies not only to the planets, but also to the universe and even to the electron. Kepler's Third Law acquires the status of the most important law of physics and cosmology. Full disclosure of its role and place in electromagnetism and cosmology will provide answers to many unsolved problems of physics and cosmology. Kepler's Third Law is a major contender for a basic law for the new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4845] viXra:2406.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-21 07:41:48
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 6 Pages.
At different times, famous scientists have proposed equations that demonstrate the relationship between cosmological parameters and fundamental physical constants. Some equations are approximate and the coincidences in them are estimated only by order of magnitude. The new large numbers on scales 10^140, 10^160, and 10^180 derived from the scaling law allow us to bring the approximate cosmological equations to exact equations. The approximate Dirac, Teller, Eddington-Weinberg, and Rice equations are reduced to exact equations. The exact equations are obtained from the coincidence of large numbers on the scale 10^60 and on the previously unknown scales 10^140, 10^160 and 10^180.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4844] viXra:2406.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 02:12:55
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 10 Pages.
The paper demonstrates a new method of obtaining values of the Universe parameters. The method is based on the revealed relationship between the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants. New ratios of the dimensional parameters of the observable Universe are derived, which give the fine structure constant alpha. This is an unexpected result, since the fine structure constant refers to the microcosm, but not to the Universe. There are many of these equations. They have no explanation. There is no answer as to why, on such enormous scales, the ratios of the dimensional parameters of the universe give the alpha constant. Despite the lack of explanation, the new equations open up new possibilities in cosmology. The constant "alpha" and the parameters of the Universe are present together in one equation. This makes it possible to use the high precision of the alpha constant to calculate the values of the parameters of the observable Universe. This provides a high accuracy of the parameters of the observable Universe close to the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. New cosmological equations are derived, from which the value of the cosmological acceleration is obtained. This result allows us to solve the long-standing Pioneer-anomaly problem.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4843] viXra:2406.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 02:13:55
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 4 Pages.
Many relations of the parameters of the Universe equal to Planck's constant are revealed. The equations show that Planck's constant and the parameters of the Universe are related. The results obtained have no explanation. There is no answer why the equations, along with the parameters of the observable Universe, include the constants of the microcosm. A large number of cosmological equations have been revealed, in which constants very distant in physical meaning are combined. Despite the lack of explanation, such equations open new possibilities in cosmology. It is possible to use the high precision of Planck's constant to calculate the values of the parameters of the observable Universe with an accuracy close to that of the Newtonian constant of gravitation G. This is an important result for practice, since experimental methods for determining the parameters of the observable Universe are very complicated and do not give sufficient accuracy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4842] viXra:2406.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-22 02:14:50
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 24 Pages.
The paper solves the problem of mathematical inference of large numbers, which was formulated in 1985 by P. C. W. Davies [1]. The law of scaling of large numbers is derived. The law of scaling gives a new method of obtaining large numbers from dimensionless constants. It complements the known method based on relations of dimensional physical quantities. The law of scaling of large numbers shows that large numbers of scale 10^39, 10^40, 10^61, 10^122 are only part of the complete family of large numbers. The large numbers are supplemented by new large numbers of scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180, which are naturally derived from the fundamental parameters of the observable Universe. New coincidences of relations of dimensional quantities on scales 10^140, 10^160, 10^180 are found. It is shown that large numbers of different scales are functionally related to each other. The primary large number D20 =(αDo)^(1/2) = 1.74349...x 10^20, from which large numbers of other scales are formed according to a uniform law, is chosen on the scale of 10^20. The primary large number D20 = 1.74349...x 10^20 consists of two dimensionless constants: the fine structure constant alpha and the Weyl number Do = 4.16561...x 10^42. The coincidences of the relations of the dimensional quantities with large numbers on scales 10^160 and 10^180 allowed us to derive simple and beautiful formulas for calculating the Hubble constant H and the cosmological constant Ʌ. An equation is derived which shows that the constants H and Ʌ are related. The origin of H and Ʌ from the fundamental physical constants of the electron is proved. The law of scaling of large numbers makes it possible to calculate analytically the parameters of the observable Universe with high accuracy.A new equation is derived, which unites the 5 most important parameters of the observable Universe: MuRuGɅ^2 = H^2.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4841] viXra:2406.0101 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-20 05:00:50
Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 15 Pages.
In this article we pay tribute to Herbert Dingle for his early call to re-assess special relativity from philosophical and logical perspectives. However, we disagree with Dingle about a number of issues particularly his failure to distinguish between the scientific essence of special relativity (as represented by the experimentally-supported Lorentz transformations and their formal implications and consequences which we call "the mechanics of Lorentz transformations") and the logically inconsistent interpretation of Einstein (which is largely based on the philosophical and epistemological views of Poincare). We also disagree with him about his manner and attitude which he adopted in his campaign against special relativity although we generally agree with him about the necessity of impartiality of the scientific community and the scientific press towards scientific theories and opinions as well as the necessity of total respect to the ethics of science and the rules of moral conduct in general.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4840] viXra:2406.0099 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-20 17:09:14
Authors: Mykola Kosinov
Comments: 14 Pages.
The connection between the parameters of the Universe and fundamental physical constants is disclosed. It is shown that three constants G, c, Ʌ are sufficient to obtain all the parameters of the Universe. The parameters of the Universe and the parameters of the electron are mathematically precisely related to each other by scale transformations. The scaling factors are formed by the large Weyl number and the fine structure constant "alpha". The scaling factors are derived from the law of scaling of large numbers. The appearance of the fine structure constant "alpha" and electron constants in the cosmological equations is evidence of the fundamental connection between microphysics and cosmology. The disclosure of the origin of the parameters of the Universe from the fundamental physical constants of the electron provides new possibilities. By studying the electron, one can unravel the mysteries of the Universe.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4839] viXra:2406.0097 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-21 03:40:09
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 105 Pages.
This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths, with halo radii approximately proportional to cosmic time. They have spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The ratio of (massive graviton mass plus baryonic mass) / (baryonic mass) is proportional to the Hubble flow horizon velocity, and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4838] viXra:2406.0096 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-21 03:38:33
Authors: Tai Cho Lai
Comments: 69 Pages.
This paper explores the basic principles of the special theory of relativity, formulated and developed mainly by physicists including but not only Albert Einstein, Hendrik Lorentz, Hermann Minkowski, and Henri Poincaré. Concepts such as Galilean transformations, Lorentz transformations, time dilation, length contraction, and tensors will be explored. This paper also discusses Maxwell’s equations and their implications for special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4837] viXra:2406.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-17 19:56:33
Authors: James R. Arnold
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please remove line numbers)
A model of the universe is offered that can derive the Hubble Constant independent of empirical measurement, using just a midline estimate of the age of the universe and simple arithmetic calculations. It can explain the JWST discoveries of apparent anomalous early galaxy formations without need of substantial revisions to established astrophysical theories, as the new findings have seemed to require. Concepts of "Dark energy", cosmic flatness, cosmic inflation, and an accelerating expansion of the universe are rendered unnecessary or at least partly misinterpreted.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4836] viXra:2406.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-16 00:08:26
Authors: Ralph B. Hill
Comments: 39 Pages.
I introduce the discovery of ultimate reality of an invisible fundamental realm I refer to as the Present Space Universe. The discovery of the Present Space Universe (PSU) has unprecedented transformational consequences for fundamental physical sciences and humanity. The PSU is the realm of a universal present. The mysterious nature of the present time is the phenomenon of its existence. The new understanding of Present Space Reality (PSR) provides unprecedented scientific insight into hidden structure, mechanisms, and the stunning nature of ultimate reality from one principle. The fundamental principle works as a logical lens through which answers for an abundance of our most fundamental questions in science suddenly emerge. It provides stunningly direct insights into who we are and what our existence in our apparent physical universe is about. The fundamental principle is shown as the direct logical consequence of the two fundamentally distinct ways in which our physical universe presents itself to us. They are propagation of physical effects under the cosmic speed limit and simultaneous effects in quantum phenomena. I demonstrate how PSR leads to solutions for an abundance of our most fundamental questions of quantum physics, cosmology, thermodynamics, biology, consciousness and beyond. As the PSU is ultimate reality, our apparent physical universe is not. It is an effective but ultimately virtual projection. PSR identifies the fundamental nature of consciousness in its specific physical context. Our fundamental conscious existence is part of the ultimate reality of the PSU. Continuation of consciousness beyond our physical lifetimes is a natural logical consequence. PSR identifies a mechanism in Present Space Causality (PSC) for the generation of laws of physics and the origin of our apparent physical universe. The presence of a higher order entity of consciousness is identified. PSR identifies an operational mechanism for select differentiation of undifferentiated states in the simultaneously evolving PSC. The quantum measurement problem is resolved. Characteristics of quantum behavior finally make and reveal sense. Their functional relationship with classical behavior is determined. Mechanisms of differentiation and undifferentiation project phenomena we associate with randomness and entropy in thermodynamics. PSR suggests a black hole shell model that removes paradoxes arising in central singularity models. It points to real-world relevance of AdS/CFT correspondence. The universal pathway for answers for seemingly unrelated ultimate questions is extraordinary evidence for a crucially missing keystone in prior scientific understanding. Profoundly meaningful insights for all of humanity extend to questions of purpose.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4835] viXra:2406.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-13 14:18:54
Authors: Aswan Korula
Comments: 11 Pages.
The Michelson-Morley experiment and its resolution by the special theory of relativity form a foundational truth in modern physics. In this paper I propose an equivalent relativistic experiment involving a single-source interferometer having infinite arms. Further, we debate the possible outcomes from such an experiment and in doing so uncover a conflict between special relativity and the symmetry of nature. I demonstrate this conflictby the method of reductio ad absurdum.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4834] viXra:2406.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-13 20:51:51
Authors: Michael Prince
Comments: 7 Pages.
This model postulates that the origin of the big bang’ singularity is as a result of the collision of quantum fluctuations. In the beginning, from eternity, the have always been quantum vacuum (A place seeming to be nothing but it’s actually not nothing but a stateof minimum energy where quantum fields still exist and fluctuate). At a point in time, quantum fluctuations acting photon-like (massless) popped out of this quantum vacuum travelling at the speed of light from oppositedirections and with extreme force collided together releasing an enormous amount of energy that potentially created a highly energetic and dense point. The energy density was so high that it lead to gravitational collapse making space-time curve infinitely, leading to the formation of the big bang’ singularity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4833] viXra:2406.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-12 20:44:12
Authors: Vladimir S. Netchitailo
Comments: 59 Pages.
Hypersphere World-Universe Model is consistent with all Concepts of the World. The Model successfully describes primary cosmological parameters and their relationships. WUM allows for precise calculation of values that were only measured experimentally earlier and makes verifiable predictions. The remarkable agreement of calculated values with the observational data gives us considerable confidence in the Model. Great experimental results and observations achieved by Astronomy in last decades should be analyzed through the prism of WUM. Considering the JWST discoveries, successes of WUM, and 86 years of Dirac’s proposals, it is high time to make a Paradigm Shift for Cosmology and Classical Physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[4832] viXra:2406.0022 [pdf] submitted on 2024-06-06 18:19:30
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 119 Pages.
The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. It was proved that total energy of matter of inertially moving body is equal in all global gravithermodynamic frames of references of spatial coordinates and time (GT-FR) that are also inertially moving relatively to matter. Conformal relativistic transformations of increments of metrical spatial segments and metrical temporal intervals (instead of increments of coordinates and coordinate time of SR) were received. Exactly this fact allows avoid not only the twins paradox when twins are inertially moving but also the necessity of the dark energy in the Universe. Clocks that fall free are inertially moving and, therefore, continue to count time at the same rate as when they were in the state of rest. Similarly, the rate of time of astronomical body is not changed in the process of its motion in elliptical orbit. The dilatation of intrinsic time of distant galaxies is also absent. For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of several wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The quantum equation of gravitational field have been found, the solutions of which set the spatial distribution of gravitational radius of matter in its every new gravithermodynamic state with the polynomial function with the next more high degree. That is why the process of cooling down matter is the quantum process that is caused by its spontaneous transition to the function with more degree and, therefore, to the next quantum collective state.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3190] viXra:2412.0101 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-21 13:19:53
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 21 Pages.
We recently pointed out that, under suitably defined conditions, the Schrödingerequation represents a limit case of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equation (CGLE). Asgeneric prototype of complex dynamics, CGLE is naturally tied to dimensional fluctuationsconjectured to develop far above the electroweak scale. The goal of this work is to uncoveran unforeseen connection between CGLE and the equation of geodesic deviation in GeneralRelativity (GR). This connection is likely to come into play in primordial cosmology,where strongly fluctuating gravitational fields evolve in far-from-equilibrium conditions.Our findings unveil the duality between primordial gravitation and Kolmogorov entropyand suggest a potential gateway towards field unification outside Lagrangian theory
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3189] viXra:2411.0049 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-09 13:30:37
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 151 Pages.
This paper presents a novel cosmological framework interpreting the vacuum as a system of harmonic oscillators, resonating at relativistic scales and manifesting properties that unify aspects of quantum mechanics and general relativity. By modeling the vacuum through an equivalent RLC circuit, fundamental constants, including the speed of light, gravitational constant, and fine-structure constant, are derived as emergent properties of this oscillatory vacuum structure, revealing a dynamic structure within the vacuum, and linking oscillatory vacuum states to the emergence of gravitational and electromagnetic phenomena.Based on this framework, they are postulated explanations for the cosmological constant, observable gravitational phenomena, and large-scale structure, proposing a resonance-based expansion model of the universe consistent with current cosmological observations. By re-envisioning the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, this model offers a unified theoretical basis that could integrate quantum mechanics, relativity, and cosmology, with implications for both fundamental theory and potential observational validation. Finally, the model further explores energy exchange across a hypothesized matter-antimatter boundary, conceptualized as a "quantum black hole" network, which would induce spacetime curvature and give rise to gravitational and electromagnetic interactions, postulating itself as a significant step toward a complete and consistent "Theory of everything".
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3188] viXra:2411.0049 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-12 11:00:53
Authors: Juan Moreno Borrallo
Comments: 111 Pages.
This paper introduces a novel cosmological framework that interprets the vacuum as a dynamicsystem of harmonic oscillators, expanding at relativistic velocities and interacting with an antimatteranti-universe. By modeling the vacuum as an RLC circuit, it is proposed that the vacuum itselfbehaves as a resonant system of harmonic oscillators. Within this framework, they are derivednew relationships between fundamental constants—including the speed of light c, gravitationalconstant G, and fine-structure constant α— showing that these constants arise from the vacuum’sintrinsic properties and oscillatory dynamics.Based on the relationships derived within this framework, it is proposed a novel mechanism ofenergy exchange across the boundary between matter and antimatter domains, through quantumgaps conceptualized as a "Quantum "black" hole" network. These "holes" in the boundary facilitateenergy transfer, generating local spacetime deformations that we perceive as gravitationaland electromagnetic interactions. It is showed that spacetime curvature and force interactions areemergent phenomena, stemming from quantum fluctuations within the vacuum as it oscillates andexpands. By reinterpreting the vacuum as an active, resonant medium, it is offered a cohesiveframework that may unify quantum mechanics and general relativity while aligning with observedcosmological expansion.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3187] viXra:2411.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-05 21:03:41
Authors: Gerald Malczewski
Comments: 31 Pages.
Based on a method to calculate the deflection of light near the Sun based on General Relativity, a formula is derived which expresses the light path as a function of the radial distance r from a gravitating central body. This method, based on the General Relativity (GR) geodesic equation applied to the Schwarzschild metric, uses an infinite Taylor series expansion. This requires a ‘finite cutoff’ of the series be taken to compute the polar angle of a light path coordinate for a given radial distance. We take the light path to be a trajectory of a photon or light packet originating at radial infinity and then departing to radial infinity after reaching its point of closest approach to the central body. Constraints are found that limit the discussion to central bodies of mass M which obey M/R < 1/3 where R is the turning point, the point of closet approach. A comparison is then made with a different approach previously published using Jacobian elliptic functions which yields a closed expression for the light path equation. It is shown that the two approaches are equivalent if a finite cutoff is not taken for the Taylor series. If the cutoff is taken, then computationally the two methods yield approximately the same result for light path locations near the point of closest approach to the central body. The elliptic function method has the advantage that the method can be applied to the case where M/R >= 1/3, including calculating light paths inside a black hole horizon. This case is outside the scope of this paper.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3186] viXra:2411.0025 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-05 21:30:35
Authors: Tadeusz Pastuszek
Comments: 20 Pages.
The increasing incorporation of speculative constructs such as dark matter, the Higgs field, and cosmic inflation within modern physics indicates a shift towards metaphysical frameworks, potentially compromising the empirical rigor traditionally upheld in physical sciences. This article critically evaluates the foundational paradigms in quantum mechanics and cosmology, asserting that constructs like the Big Bang theory and baryogenesis introduce elements that lack experimental validation and challenge established physical principles. By examining the epistemic and methodological implications of these paradigms, the author argues that theoretical physics must resist the encroachment of metaphysical assumptions and prioritize models grounded in measurable, observable phenomena. The article proposes a recalibration of the discipline, advocating for a return to empirically verifiable principles and logically cohesive theories that align with classical physics. Through this approach, theauthor suggests, physics can maintain its empirical integrity, ensuring that theoretical advancements remain anchored in experimentally testable reality and do not drift into speculative abstraction.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3185] viXra:2411.0010 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-13 21:53:45
Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.
Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3184] viXra:2411.0010 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-08 01:07:22
Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 4 Pages.
Recent advances in deterministic models of quantum cosmology of the RH=c tH type have paved the way for the possible appearance of Planck power in the ΛCDM model as a constant, beyond the Planck era, thanks to Joule heating applied to cosmology.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3183] viXra:2410.0168 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-02 18:32:04
Authors: Tomáš Ajdari
Comments: 3 Pages.
In previous work, we have looked at the product of the 26 sporadic groups. We've observed specific distances and masses related to the observable universe at the moment of "maximum expansion". It appears that the energy released by the fusion of hydrogen (protium) into iron-56 (or the iron group) is just enough to allow the resulting nuclei to enter a "MOND-stable" orbit around the baryonic mass of the local Hubble volume, i.e. at the orbit defined by the global Hubble radius. This energy is just about half of the energy of a proton accelerated at the critical acceleration a0 (Milgrom's constant) for the duration of Hubble time (global), with the resulting Planck-diameter channel having the volume of a proton. Links to the masses of the quarks might arise.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3182] viXra:2410.0124 [pdf] replaced on 2024-12-10 22:18:08
Authors: Jonathan J. Dickau, Steven K. Kauffmann, Stanley L. Robertson
Comments: 6 Pages.
Physical phenomena, sometimes with the exception of gravity, are usually assumed to be described by Lorentz transformation covariant theories, and the validity of the Lorentz transformation has been empirically verified to very high accuracy. The Einstein equation of gravity theory, however, has an infinite set of metric solutions, an infinite subset of which aren't Lorentz covariant, and one of the latter might be taken as valid, e.g., the Robertson-Walker metric for cosmology. But if all of nongravitational physics is in fact Lorentz covariant, it would almost certainly be physically inconsistent for gravity theory not to be Lorentz covariant as well. The solution ambiguity of the Einstein equation is a consequence of its important symmetry of general coordinate transformation covariance. However the four-vector potential form of electromagnetic theory has an analogous solution ambiguity as a consequence of its important symmetry of gauge transformation invariance, but in that case it is standard practice to break this symmetry by imposing the retarded Lorentz gauge condition, the simplest gauge condition which is Lorentz covariant and causal. Here we show that both gauge transformation invariance in electromagnetic theory and general coordinate transformation covariance in gravity theory arise spontaneously from fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions. These subsidiary dynamic symmetries crucially affect the structure of the equations of their respective theories, but any solutions they happen to admit which aren't fully Lorentz covariant are ipso facto excluded by the fully Lorentz covariant initial assumptions.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3181] viXra:2410.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-16 23:10:18
Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 15 Pages.
This work is based on idea of extending Einstein field equations leading to more general statement about gravity field, this leads to new field equations and new idea about gravity field. Gravity field is now directly connected to matter field. From it follows that matter field in given point of space is responsible for spacetime curvature in that point so matter field can't vanish in any point of space. Field equations now become fourth order equations and include Riemann tensor Ricci tensor and metric tensors with Ricci scalar, same goes for stress-momentum tensor that is now composed out of stress-momentum tensor,metric tensors and its trace.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3180] viXra:2410.0052 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-13 16:27:19
Authors: Ervin Goldfain
Comments: 17 Pages.
Critical phenomena describe continuous phase transitions characterized by power-law divergences, universality of scaling exponents and ergodicity breaking. Scaling exponents depend on the dimension of the underlying spacetime (d) and, in many cases, also on the dimension of variables defining criticality (D) . Recent studies suggest that both dimensions (d and D) run with the observation scale and, as a result, determine the rate of divergence near critical points. Building on these observations, the goal of this report is to close the gap between critical behavior in continuous dimensions and the anomalous findings of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3179] viXra:2409.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-14 02:16:24
Authors: John Hogarth
Comments: 5 Pages. Edits were made to add citations and conform with format guidelines given by admin
Schwarzschild’s gravitational time dilation expression is derived assuming a ~flat Minkowski spacetime. This time dilation effect is spherically symmetric, occurring in all radial directions for a gravitational source. A way to derive Schwarzschild’s expression is with a model that assumes a mass starting from rest at some distance from a gravitational field source (such as Earth). One can use Newtonian Kinetic Energy and Gravitational Potential Energy to create an energy balance. This is then used to derive escape velocity: the mass steadily starts moving through the gravitational potential field, gaining speed until it hits escape velocity upon reaching the gravitational field source. This document explores the derivation using escape velocity. Moreover, this document modifies the approach by using relativistic mass to derive a slightly different expression for gravitational time dilation. Finally, alternative interpretation of gravitational time dilation is also explored, using the concept of relativistic mass.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3178] viXra:2409.0008 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-07 22:24:56
Authors: Mueiz Gafer KamalEldeen
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Newtonian formula for the relationship between linear motion and rotational motion is not suitable for application in the theory of relativity. Therefore, the relativistic relationship between linear speed and angular speed must be derived. This can be done by taking advantage of the rules of summing speeds in special relativity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3177] viXra:2409.0004 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-05 20:38:57
Authors: A. J. Owen
Comments: 9 Pages.
By recognising that Newtonian gravity is a manifestation of the time curvature in a curved four-dimensional Lorentzian manifold such asin Einstein's general theory of relativity(GR), it can be shown that space and time are completely regular in the neighbourhood of a static point mass, and therefore a black hole and event horizon are just mathematical artefacts. In addition, this also leads to the conclusion that superluminal velocities do not occur in reality and that gravity does notdiverge to infinity as masses approach each other, which also removes the non-physical singularity at the coordinate origin.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3176] viXra:2408.0034 [pdf] replaced on 2024-10-05 21:15:22
Authors: Dino Bruniera
Comments: English, pages 1-15 and Italian, pages 16-30
In a video that I found online, to justify certain observations of the WEBB telescope, it is stated that "It is also possible that our interpretations of the redshift of light are wrong and that for decades we have measured incorrect distances within the Cosmos ".But this is precisely what I have been stating for years in my articles, so I thought I would write one with the main objective of demonstrating that the cosmological redshift does not indicate the scale factor of the expansion of the Universe, as the scientific community claims, but the speed at which the Earth moves away from the source of light.This incorrect interpretation of the cosmological redshift, among other things, has had the consequence that the scientific community claims that the expansion of the Universe is accelerating, while in reality it is decelerating.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3175] viXra:2407.0165 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-06 20:46:07
Authors: Paul Chun-Kit Lee
Comments: 70 Pages.
This paper presents a novel approach to quantum gravity, extending Perelman’s Ricci flow techniques to Lorentzian manifolds and developing a unified geometric framework that bridges concepts from differential geometry, topology, and quantum field theory. This offers fresh perspectives on fundamental problems in theoretical physics. Our core contribution lies in the formulation of a modified Ricci flowequation tailored for Lorentzian manifolds. This new equation incorporates gauge fields and establishesmeaningful connections with quantum mechanics.In exploring the implications of our framework, we examine singularity analysis in geometric flows and spacetime, proposing a new classification scheme for spacetime singularities. We also delve into thedevelopment of entropy functionals, highlighting their monotonicity properties in Lorentzian contexts. Furthermore, we introduce a "no local collapsing" theorem vital for understanding the long-term behavior of geometric flows, complemented by studies on the long-time existence and convergence results forLorentzian Ricci flow with surgery. The classification of gradient shrinking solitons is explored as models for singularity formation. Additionally, we discuss the framework’s connections to physics, which couldprovide new insights into black hole thermodynamics, cosmic evolution, and the application of quantum field theory in curved spacetime. The paper establishes rigorous mathematical foundations for these concepts and includes detailed proofs and analyses in the appendices. We propose experimental tests and observational strategies tovalidate our theoretical predictions. While this work is highly theoretical, it suggests innovative approaches to longstanding problems in quantum gravity and cosmology, offering a geometric perspective on quantum phenomena and proposing mechanisms for singularity resolution and the emergence of classical spacetime from quantum geometry. Although some aspects of our discussion remain speculative, we emphasize the need for further theoretical development and experimental validation. This frameworkequips researchers with a novel mathematical toolkit to explore the interface between gravity and quantum mechanics, potentially paving new avenues in the quest for a theory of quantum gravity.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3174] viXra:2407.0151 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-20 10:05:46
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 5 Pages.
The Sagnac effect can be interpreted as evidence of anisotropy in light speed as a first-order effect (proportional to the ratio of v to c) at the scale of Earth's rotation, but not at higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). Logically, one would expect that Michelson interferometer-type experiments, which investigate second-order effects (proportional to the ratio of v^2 to c^2), would yield analogous results across different speeds, albeit on a much smaller scale due to squaring. That is, null results would be expected at the CMB and orbital speeds, while a non-null result would emerge at the scale of Earth's rotation. Specifically, interferometer experiments using optical resonators should possess sufficient resolution to verify this. This paper demonstrates that, contrary to expectations, none of the existing experiments account for Earth's rotation, as the data analysis systematically factors it out. A non-null result in first-order experiments, which involve non-inertial reference frames, can be explained by General Relativity. However, second-order experiments are conducted in inertial reference frames, where Special Relativity fails to explain a non-null result. Thus, detecting a second-order effect due to Earth's rotation could provide insights into new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3173] viXra:2407.0151 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-13 10:37:58
Authors: Florian Michael Schmitt
Comments: 3 Pages.
The Sagnac effect can be interpreted to demonstrate an anisotropy of light speed as a first-order effect on the scale of Earth's own rotation, but not for higher velocities such as Earth's orbital speed or its speed relative to the CMB. Following logic reason, experiments investigating the second-order effect should also exhibit this deviation due to Earth's own rotation, but not for higher velocities. Specifically, interferometer experiments with optical resonators would be capable of verifying this matter. This paper shows that none of the existing experiments provide a statement on this issue. The detection of such a second-order effect from Earth's own rotation would provide clues to new physics.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3172] viXra:2407.0060 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-17 13:35:53
Authors: Carlton Frederick
Comments: 3 Pages.
A Riemannian manifold possesses two fundamental properties: curvature and torsion.[4]. Relativity uses curvatureto explain gravity. We suggest that torsion can explain magnetism.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3171] viXra:2406.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2024-11-15 16:46:44
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 107 Pages.
This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. However, while this is true now, when matter was forming and the cosmic radius was much smaller, infinitesimal masses were much larger, and they produced asymmetry. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era are similar to Lanbda CDM cosmology, and in the current era consistent with CMB temperatures. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion. This is consistent with deceleration measurements, and with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3170] viXra:2406.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2024-09-05 20:37:40
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 109 Pages.
This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. However, while this is true now, when matter was forming and the cosmic radius was much smaller, infinitesimal masses were much larger, and they produced asymmetry. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era are similar to Lanbda CDM cosmology, and in the current era consistent with CMB temperatures. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion. This is consistent with deceleration measurements, and with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3169] viXra:2406.0097 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-19 21:42:06
Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 108 Pages.
This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass, always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. However, while this is true now, when matter was forming and the cosmic radius was much smaller, infinitesimal masses were much larger, and therefore producing asymmetry. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. In order to maintain the invariance of kmin action density, the metric undergoes changes around mass concentrations, consistent with Einstein’s equations. However, infinitesimal differences arise when the mass density of intergalactic voids falls below the cosmic average. This results in these voids exhibiting negative space-time curvature, contrasting with the positive curvature observed in galactic filaments. Gravitational binding only occurs in galactic filaments and the opposite in voids. Over large regions of space this difference also makes the values of the Einstein tensor components that the Freidman equation is derived from average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed MOND-like behviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion with no need for dark energy.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3168] viXra:2406.0060 [pdf] replaced on 2024-06-18 21:07:41
Authors: Michael Prince
Comments: 14 Pages.
For [a long time], scientists and philosophers have grappled with the enigma of the Big Bang’s singularity, seeking to understand the primordial trigger that ignited the universe’s explosive expansion. Despite significant advances in cosmology, the origins of this singularity remain shrouded in mystery, fueling ongoing debate and research. We all learn that the Big Bang marked the birth of our observable universe from an ultra-hot, ultra-dense singularity of infinite density and zero volume. But if we follow the logic rigorously, this conventional picture turns out to be incomplete and inconsistent with some fundamental premises. For any volumetric increase or growth to occur, there must be pre-existing available space or "room" to expand into initially. This intuitive - things simply cannot begin increasing in size if there is no space to expand into. Now consider the conventional model of the Big Bang - our entire observable universe emerged from an initial state of infinite density called the "singularity" which had zero volume. Zero volume means no dimensions, no space whatsoever. Here’s the key point - if the singularity truly started with zero volume, and yet it expanded rapidly in all directions producing the vast volumes we see today, then there logically had to be some pre-existing space surrounding that singularity to allow for that expansion. Total zero volume couldn’t just grow spontaneously into something with dimension - that violates the premise. But there’s more. In our current understanding, the concepts of space and time are inseparably interlinked through Einstein’s theories. Space and time are woven together into the fabric of spacetime. So if there was pre-existing space before the ingularity, basic logic demands there must also have been some form of pre-existing time dimension as well. I know this may seem contradictory to the standard idea that space and time themselves emerged from the Big Bang event. But follow the logic clearly — if there was room for the expansion, and space implies time, then some sort of primordial space-time must have pre-dated the singularity itself. This doesn’t negate or deny the Big Bang paradigm. The initial inflation could still have propelled the singularity outwards rapidly creating the spacetime we experience today. But it shows that the Big Bang wasn’t the beginning of all existence - some earlier form of space and time had to have preceded and allowed for that expansion in the first place.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
[3167] viXra:2406.0022 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-20 23:55:52
Authors: Pavlo Danylchenko
Comments: 119 Pages.
The cardinal difference between relativistic gravithermodynamics (RGTD) and general relativity (GR) is that in RGTD the extranuclear thermodynamic characteristics of matter are used in the tensor of energy-momentum to describe only its quasi-equilibrium motion. For the description of the inertial motion in RGTD only the hypothetical intranuclear gravithermodynamic characteristics of matter are used. Exactly this fact allows avoid the necessity of nonbarionic dark matter in the Universe in principle. It is shown that equations of the gravitational field of GR should be considered as equations of spatially inhomogeneous gravithermodynamic state of only utterly cooled down matter. This matter can only be the hypothetical substances such as ideal gas, ideal liquid and the matter of absolutely solid body. The real matter will be inevitably cooling down for infinite time and never will reach the state that is described by the equations of gravitational field of the GR. It was proved that total energy of matter of inertially moving body is equal in all global gravithermodynamic frames of references of spatial coordinates and time (GT-FR) that are also inertially moving relatively to matter. Conformal relativistic transformations of increments of metrical spatial segments and metrical temporal intervals (instead of increments of coordinates and coordinate time of SR) were received. Exactly this fact allows avoid not only the twins paradox when twins are inertially moving but also the necessity of the dark energy in the Universe. Clocks that fall free are inertially moving and, therefore, continue to count time at the same rate as when they were in the state of rest. Similarly, the rate of time of astronomical body is not changed in the process of its motion in elliptical orbit. The dilatation of intrinsic time of distant galaxies is also absent. For the collective gravithermodynamic Gibbs microstates the connection between all thermodynamic potentials and parameters of matter have been found. This connection is realized with the help of several wave functions that can take arbitrary values with certain probability. The quantum equation of gravitational field have been found, the solutions of which set the spatial distribution of gravitational radius of matter in its every new gravithermodynamic state with the polynomial function with the next more high degree. That is why the process of cooling down matter is the quantum process that is caused by its spontaneous transition to the function with more degree and, therefore, to the next quantum collective state.
Category: Relativity and Cosmology
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