[27] viXra:1405.0337 [pdf] replaced on 2014-07-23 06:58:00
Authors: Ricardo Alvira
Comments: Pages.
"This text is chapter 2.3 of the book 'A unified Theory of Complexity'. It briefly explains the four complexity measures proposed in the theory, and reviews different currently existing Complexity conceptualizations and measures. From the revision, we draw conclusions that support the proposed theory which conceptualizes Complexity from four perspectives: Organization, Emergence, Meaning and Logic. The text does not try to be 'exhaustive' but to concisely explain the reviewed issues, support the proposed perspective and set the basis for the mathematical formulation of Complexity that is developed later in the text [Chapter 3]"
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[26] viXra:1405.0275 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-20 13:00:08
Authors: Alan M. Kadin
Comments: 10 Pages. Submitted for FQXi 2014 Essay Contest on "How Should Humanity Steer the Future?"
Our modern civilization is built on cheap energy from fossil fuels, which produces carbon dioxide, which produces global warming. The only way to avoid catastrophe is to shift away from fossil fuels to solar and nuclear energy, well before all fossil fuel reserves have been burned. But this transition cannot be achieved with a projected global population of 10 billion (10B); we need to return to a level of 100 to 200 years ago, when the population was ~1-2B. A peaceful transition is possible only if humanity collectively takes ownership of the problem.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[25] viXra:1405.0271 [pdf] replaced on 2014-11-10 05:10:43
Authors: Ricardo Alvira
Comments: 32 Pages.
This text is chapter 2.1 of the book 'A mathematical Theory of sustainability and Sustainable Development'. It reviews and conceptualizes sustainability/sustainable development from six different theories: Systems Theory, Complexity Theory [as both 'organization' and 'emergence']; Coevolution; Ecology; Chaos Theory and Adaptive Systems Theory
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[24] viXra:1405.0150 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:51:40
Authors: A. Q. Jakhrani, S. R. Samo, Z. A. Siyal, Habibur Rahman Sobuz, Md. Alhaz Uddin, M. J. Ahsan, Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan
Comments: 9 Pages.
The steady movement salts swept from the earth’s crust by
multiplicity of sources drained towards sea. Finally the evaporation of seawater
to the atmosphere makes the ocean salty. Gaseous and solid discharges from
volcanic activity, suspended solids run-off, and dissolving of materials from
deposition of sediments on the oceanic floor also contribute the high salt
concentration in the seawater. The quantity of total dissolved salts is reduced as
a result of precipitation, surface water run-off or melting of ice caps over the
sea. This study was conducted to investigate the amount of dissolved salt
present in seawater in the vicinity of Karachi. For this purpose six locations
were selected around the city; such as, Lyari River, Sand Pits, Karachi Port
Trust, Kiyamari, Manhora and PRC Towers. It was found that the amount of
total dissolved salt in seawater was more or less similar at five locations except
one place at the joining point of Lyari River. The chlorides, sodium, sulfates,
potassium, magnesium and conductivity were found 22, 18, 13, 06, 09 and 13
times lower at Lyari among other places. It is concluded that fresh water from
Lyari drain reduced the dissolved salt content near the joining point of fresh
water with seawater.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[23] viXra:1405.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:52:33
Authors: Rama Mohan Rao, P Ravi Chandra. A
Comments: 6 Pages.
In this paper steel and palm fibres (natural fibres) was used as hybrid fibre volume fractions with class C fly ash as cement
replacement material has been studied. This study aims the optimization of volume faction of steel and palm fibre content in class C fly
ash concrete. In this study the percentage of total volume fraction of hybrid fibre is limited to 1.0 and the replacement level of class C
fly ash in binder was maintained at 40%. In total five different concrete mixes was used. For each mix standard sizes of cubes,
cylinders and prisms were cast as per Indian standards and tested for the mechanical properties such as compressive strength, split tensile
strength, flexural strength , modulus of elasticity at age of 28 and 90 days. Compare the experimental results of different hybrid volume
fractions of reinforced concrete with 1.0% volume fraction of steel fibre reinforced concrete mix. The test results showed that hybrid
fibres (steel + palm) were most effective in improving the mechanical strength characteristics particularly comparable with concrete
mix without fibres.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[22] viXra:1405.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:53:51
Authors: Amin Chegenizadeh, Hamid Nikraz
Comments: 9 Pages.
Geosynthetic fibres are an established family of geomaterials used in
a wide variety of civil engineering applications such as pavement systems. In
pavement design, CBR ratio count as an important parameter. This study aims
to investigate effect of fibre inclusion on CBR ratio. A series of laboratory
investigation were carried out to evaluate effects of reinforcing the sub grade
soil in pavement system with randomly distributed plastic fibres. In this study,
one type of soil (i.e silty sand) and two type of fibre were used. CBR test were
conducted on unreinforced samples as well as reinforced ones at different fibre
contents (i.e. 0.1%, 0.3%) and different fibre length (i.e. 10mm , 20 mm and
40mm).The results of CBR test showed that the CBR ratio for reinforced silty
sand increased even more than two times in some cases as fibre content and
fibre length increased. The results proved that application of short randomly
distributed fibre is a good method to apply in practical projects.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[21] viXra:1405.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:54:51
Authors: Kushal Ghosh, Partha Ghosh
Comments: 11 Pages.
The objectives of the present research is to appreciate the effect of
synthesizing parameters on engineering properties of Geopolymer composites
manufactured using locally available low calcium fly ash . Fly ash used are
lignite coal based and falls under class F category. The current research utilizes
low calcium fly ash obtained from a thermal power plant located near Kolkata,
India. The broad areas of present research include: Manufacturing of
Geopolymer and a comprehensive study on the effect of synthesizing
parameters on compressive strength of Geopolymer paste. The effect of
synthesizing parameters such as Alkali content (Na2O/Al2O3), Silica content
(SiO2/Al2O3) and Water to Geopolymer binder ratio have been studied and
arrived at certain level of understanding regarding manufacturing and
compressive strength, which will be useful to the researchers and manufacturers.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[20] viXra:1405.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:55:58
Authors: S.Kumaravel, S.Thirugnanasambandam
Comments: 7 Pages.
The production of Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) causes pollution to the
environment, due to the emission of CO2. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is an
alternate material for OPC. Low calcium fly ash, a by-product from the coal
industry is widely available in the world. Silicate and alumina are rich in fly ash
and hence reacts with alkaline solution to produce alumina silicate gel that
binds the aggregate to produce a good concrete. The designed compressive
strength of concrete is 50 N/mm2. A total of four beams is cast over an effective
span of 3000 mm and tested up to failure under static loads. The flexural
behaviour of GPC beams and OPC beams are examined. The load displacement
response of those beams are obtained and compared with the theoretical results.
The deflections at different stages including service load and ultimate load
stage are higher and exhibit increased flexural strength for GPC beams.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[19] viXra:1405.0122 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 02:13:16
Authors: A.Srinivas, S. Venkataiah
Comments: 12 Pages.
A simple mathematical model for estimating energy transfer in a solar hot water tank
fitted with thermosyphon heat exchanger and operating in a thermosyphon loop is developed.
The model is used for evaluating the effectiveness of the heat exchanger operating under
different mass flow rates. An experimental test facility for the heat exchanger is fabricated in
which an electric geyser is used for hot water supply. Comparison of experimental results with
the theoretical results yielded the effectiveness of the heat exchanger. It is found to vary
between 0.7 to 1.0 for the normal range of flow rates encountered in a thermosphon solar water
heating system.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[18] viXra:1405.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 02:14:27
Authors: Viktor Tittel, Ľuboš Bernadič
Comments: 15 Pages.
Slug pulling occurs if a slug is caught to the punch face and
afterward the punch pulls the slug up from the die. Slug pulling is a cause of
problems. The aim is to give an answer which of methods is more effective than
the others. Researched holes were cut by using a press with various cutting
tools. Slug pulling rate was observed by an indirect method of slug pulling rate
measurement. The method is based on observation of indentations on
workpieces caused by pulled slugs. It was found that a slug is most often pulled
by common punch while on the other hand usage of ejector punches and special
dies with grooves is more effective with no pulled slug. A surprise is that
efficiency of the aeration punch has been higher than expectation. The shear
ground punch and the stepped punch are placed in the middle of the chart.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[17] viXra:1405.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 02:15:58
Authors: Dharmpal Deepak, Ripandeep Singh Sidhu, V.K Gupta
Comments: 11 Pages.
In this study, surface composite based on 5083Al matrix reinforced with nano-sized silicon
carbide particles has been fabricated by Friction stir processing (FSP). Microstructure, hardness and
wear behavior of the surface composite have been investigated and compared with those of 5083Al
alloy. It is observed that the friction stir processed (FSPed) sample possess higher hardness, especially
in the nugget zone, as compared to 5083Al. The tribological studies showed that wear resistance of the
surface composite is observed to be significantly inferior to that observed for 5083Al, as a result of
high coefficient of friction and higher friction force developed during the course of sliding wear. This
leads to detachment of hard SiC particles from the surface of FSPed sample. Microstructural analyses
of worn track and wear debris reveal that the primary wear mode in FSPed is abrasive whereas in
5083Al both abrasive and adhesive wear modes are operative.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[16] viXra:1405.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:29:10
Authors: Arshad Mehmood, Ahmad Ali Khan, Ayaz Mehmood
Comments: 15 Pages.
This paper gives an insight on the suspension dynamics of the two most widely used models for
vehicle dynamics with their complete state space analysis, simulated by using Mat Lab
platform. In this paper we investigate the responses of the quarter car and a half car model as
the vehicle ride performance is generally assessed at the design stage by simulating the vehicle
response to road excitation. This requires the development of a vehicle model to analysis its
responses. The time responses and frequency responses of the sprung and unsprung masses
have been studied. The optimal solution here is the damping, which has been optimized with
the given set of fixed parameters.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[15] viXra:1405.0118 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:31:19
Authors: Nouby M. Ghazaly, Mostafa M. Makrahy, K. R. Mahmoud, k. A. Abd El-Gwwad, Ali M. Abd-El-Tawwab
Comments: 13 Pages.
The main objective of the present study is to optimize the
geometric parameters of wedge disc brake for improving brake
performance by applying the Taguchi method with orthogonal array
robust design. The experimental tests using brake dynamometers are
integrated with Taguchi method to find out the significant contributions
of different types of geometric parameters for effective increasing of the
brake performance. From Taguchi method results, the effective
geometric parameters to improve the performance of wedge brake are
obtained. Results of this work show that the most significant geometric
parameters on wedge brake performance can be achieved through
combination of the friction material thickness and friction material
length.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[14] viXra:1405.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:33:26
Authors: S.S.Jamkar, M.J.Deshmukh, N.A. Vidhate
Comments: 7 Pages.
Casting is a age old production technique wherein cavities are formed
by a pattern into a porous and refractive material, usually sand, and then liquid metal
is poured into the cavity so that it takes up the shape of the cavity, thus forming the
required metal product. Green sand casting process involves many process parameters
which affect the quality of the casting produced. The objective of this review paper is
to optimize green sand casting process parameter by Design of Experiment method
such as Taguchi method. The Taguchi Method is a powerful problem solving
technique for improving process performance, yield and productivity. Using Taguchi
analysis the effect of various process parameters at different levels on casting quality
can analyze and optimal setting of the various parameters can obtained.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[13] viXra:1405.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:34:21
Authors: N.A.Dukare, R.M. Metkar, N.A. Vidhate, S.D.Hiwase
Comments: 7 Pages.
Casting as a manufacturing process to make complex shapes of metal materials in mass
production may experience many different defects such as porosity and incomplete filling.
Gating/riser system design is critical to improving casting quality. The objective of this review
paper is to optimize gating/riser systems based on CAD and simulation technology with the goal
of improving casting quality such as reducing incomplete filling area, decreasing large porosity
and increasing yield. Therefore in this paper, an optimization framework is presented based on
CAD and simulation technology.Prepare a CAD model of part design and after converting to a
casting model, it is the first step to evaluate castability of the casting design. Then the runner and
risers are represented parametrically, and CAD models generated by varying parameters can be
used in the simulation. After analyzing simulation results, the gating/riser system design is
optimized to improve casting quality.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[12] viXra:1405.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:35:25
Authors: Arshad Mehmood, Ayaz Mehmood
Comments: 15 Pages.
In hot and humid region, air-conditioning is increasingly used to attain thermal comfort.
Air-conditioning is highly energy intensive and it is desirable to develop alternative low-
energy means to achieve comfort.
A comparison of overall cost reduction in providing thermal comfort in a building by the use
of (i) Wetted roof surface and (ii) Painted roof, against bare roof surface .For this purpose
M.R reading hall of M.A Library A.M.U Aligarh is chosen as the subject building and the
mathematical model available in the literature have been used for prediction of roof outside
surface temperature and consequent heat transmission in the building through the roof.
Calculations were carried out for a typical summer day of May for Aligarh (India).
The difference between the wetted & bare roof and painted & bare roof is compared to
conclude that wetted roof surface cooling technique is much better than the painted roof
surface.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[11] viXra:1405.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:41:02
Authors: Arivalagan. S
Comments: 10 Pages.
Results of an investigation conducted to study the flexural strength of steel slag reinforced concrete (SSRC)
containing steel slags of mixed aspect ratio are presented. Approximately ten beam specimens of size 150 mm x 150
mm x 900 mm were tested under four-point static flexural loading in order to obtain the flexural performace lives of
SSRC at different stress levels. The specimens incorporated 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% volume fraction of steel slag fibres.
From the experimental investigation it has been observed that the moment capacity of SSRC beams was higher than
NWC beams. Thus, the SSRC beams showed a ductile failure, giving amble warning before failure happened. SSRC
beams also exhibited a lot of cracking thus the crack width and crack spacing was small. The other advantage for SSRC
beams was deflection. The SSRC beams exhibited higher deflection under constant load until failure, compared to
NWC beams that failed in brittle manner without warning.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[10] viXra:1405.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:41:45
Authors: Arivalagan. S
Comments: 7 Pages.
This paper deals with an experimental study on the properties of concrete containing fly ash .The flexural
behaviour of fly ash concrete beams with and without reinforcement was conducted in this study. The addition of fly
ash content used was 10% and 20% of mass basis. All beams had the same dimensions tested under two point load.
The experiment results showed that addition of fly ash into Portland cement improves the tensile strength and
improves the cracking behaviour in terms of significant increase in first crack load and the formation of large
number of finer cracks. However, only marginal improvement was observed in the case of ultimate load.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[9] viXra:1405.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:42:30
Authors: Chee-Ming Chan
Comments: 11 Pages.
Oedometer cells are commonly used in geotechnical engineering
laboratory to determine the one-dimensional deformation of soil samples. The
cell is simply a short open-ended cylinder, capped with a pair of porous discs,
for containing the soil. Load is applied on the sample with a lever arm
mechanism, which transfers the load from weights placed on a hanger
suspended away from the oedometer cell. In the laterally-confined test
condition, simultaneous measurement of radial stress of the soil sample under
vertical load is understandably desirable, to obtain a more comprehensive
picture of the soil’s behaviour at-rest. Direct measurement of the soil body is
almost impossible in an oedometer cell, but radial stress can be indirectly
gauged by instrumentation of the cell wall. This paper describes the design and
building of an instrumented floating type oedometer cell, which concurrently
measures vertical deformation as well as radial stress of stabilized soils. Based
on fundamental hoop strain principles, 2 pairs of micro-strain foil gauges,
perpendicularly arranged and affixed on opposite sides of the cell’s outer wall,
were connected in a Wheatstone full-bridge circuit for maximum voltage
output. The design, construction and installation procedure as well as
calibration methods are detailed in this paper to illustrate feasibility of the
instrumentation adopted. The technique can be easily duplicated for similar
rigid type cells and provide an economical means of monitoring hoop strain,
and hence redial stress of soils under loading.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[8] viXra:1405.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:43:17
Authors: J.S.Sudarsan, Renganathan.K
Comments: 6 Pages.
The inadequacy of protected water supplies in urban centre is a growing problem. In recent years, as communities resort to buy
water from vendors, bubble top cans and bottled water became major sources of drinking water in the households and at work.
This study is conducted in Chennai city to assess the physiochemical and bacteriological quality of packaged water sold in
several key locations of study area. The three main source of packaged water includes bottled water, sachet and Bubble top cans.
At the time of study 40 key locations were identified in study area. From each location samples were collected from various
vendors and subjected to physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis. World Health Organization (WHO) standards were
adopted for calculation of Water Quality Index (WQI). WQI provides an easy and rapid method of monitoring of water quality.
Water quality indices revealed that drinking water of Bubble top cans and Sachet were found to be contaminated, comparing to
bottled drinking water, so they needs some degree of more treatment before consumption.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[7] viXra:1405.0110 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:44:15
Authors: Mohammad Nazim Uddin, Md. Munsur Rahman
Comments: 21 Pages.
Different types bank protection works have been
constructed along the both banks of the braided Jamuna River. Some
of the structures are constructed in the main channel and some of
them are in the secondary channel of the Jamuna River. The
structures constructed either in the main channel or in the secondary
channel are affected by failure problems. Among them two
Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) spurs (Betil and Enayetpur)
constructed in the secondary channel are selected for the present
study. Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP) is used to measure
the hydraulic data around the Betil and Enayetpur spurs. It is found
from the hydraulic data analysis that the oblique flow, strong parallel
flow and flow circulation normal to the earthen shank and the
belmouth are generated around the spurs. The generated shear
velocity near the earthen shank is five times higher than the critical
shear velocity. Due to above types of flow and higher shear velocity
near the earthen shank and belmouth deep channel is developed
adjacent to the earthen shank. As a result the Betil and Enayetpur
spurs frequently damaged when the flood flow comes.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[6] viXra:1405.0109 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:44:53
Authors: R. Sathish Kumar
Comments: 11 Pages.
Jaipur, the symphony in pink, is the land of superlatives, where breathtaking beauty and rich & culture
blend superbly. The present situation of traffic scenario in Jaipur city is quite alarming with lot of congestion, parking
problems, accidents, air and noise pollution etc. The situation is going to be more critical in the coming year and hence
a comprehensive and integrated approach to traffic and transport management is the need of the hour. The accidental
and environmental problem in Jaipur city is primarily due to high growth of personalized vehicle and private owned
public transport vehicles, so in that case metro will be one of the best option of mass transits system which will help in
reducing accidental and environmental problems.. The Socio Economic Impact of Jaipur Metro is very important issue
for people residing along metro corridors. In the present study an attempt is made to study the socio economic impact
of the proposed metro project with respect to transportation issues, business issues, tourism, health and education with
the help of Questionnaires and opinion surveys. Jaipur city represent the cities of developing countries in true sense,
hence the outcome of the present study can very well be implemented in other similar cities of the developing
countries.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[5] viXra:1405.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:46:06
Authors: Peiman Abbasi, Javad Ahadiyan
Comments: 17 Pages.
A dense jet stream is used in discharging of wastewater and
concentrated currents into the acceptor water source. Wastewater is discharged
through the medium of the jet causes mixture between the discharged and
receptive fluid to reduce the destructive impact on the environment. Using
neural networks and artificial BP and CP intelligence algorithms, this study
aimed at investigating the influence of a dense jet fluid density which was
extended by means of trajectory curve. In this regard, the hydraulic jet data,
environmental parameters, and geometric parameters which affect submerged
circular jet stream, was collected and introduced to neural network. In that
model, data were gathered from a physical model, various tests on geometry
and different viscous flow. The performed physical tests consisting five
variables in the environmental, geometric, and hydraulic parameters. Also,
presented data to the network, was the coordinates of the (x,y) and was the
curves trajectory. The employed data were obtained from 215 Experiments,
which consisted of 1995 coordinate data for trajectory curve. Network training
data with 60% of them, test with 20% and data validation with 20% of the data
were performed. Artificial neural network algorithms were used from
propagation of error (BPNN) and (CPNN) types with different structures. In
this respect, neural networks in terms of structure and function of the transfer
function test for the up and down trajectory and suitable network is selected,
Generally 4 inputs for the neural network were defined. The interesting results
were one hidden layer with 7 neurons and two layers. The network structure of
the compound (1-7-4) was calculated. The RMSE error for the test network
with 20 % of the data in this case was 0/1425 and R2 was calculated 0/8982.
Simulation results indicated that the network is able to estimate trajectory
submerged jet which is in congruent with physical model results.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[4] viXra:1405.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:47:00
Authors: Jelena Kiurski, Ljubo Nedović, Savka Adamović, Ivana Oros, Jelena Krstić, Lidija Čomić
Comments: 8 Pages.
The presence of formaldehyde in indoor air samples has been
detected in five screen printing facilities of Novi Sad, Serbia. Air was sampled
five times during one working week for each screen printing facility. The
sampling was conducted continuously during 4 hours. The concentrations of
formaldehyde were determined by UV-VIS spectrometry at 580 nm. The
average concentrations of formaldehyde were in the range from 0.413 to 0.836
ppm. Comparison of the detected concentration levels with the permissible
exposure limit of 0.75 ppm (the OSHA standard) and 0.016 (the NIOSH
standard) indicated that the average formaldehyde concentration in facility 5
was 1.11 and 52.25 times higher than prescribed values, respectively.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[3] viXra:1405.0106 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:47:59
Authors: Mohammad Ali Ghorbani, Hossein Jabbari Khamnei, Hakimeh Asadi, Peyman Yousefi
Comments: 9 Pages.
Nowadays, prediction of runoff is very important in water resources
management and their permanent development. Along with scientific advances
in recent years, various intelligent methods and regression and mathematical
methods have been presented to estimate the runoff. In this paper, Two different
methods are used, Chaos analysis and genetic programming. The performances
of models are analyzed and result showed that runoff have had chaotic
behavior. Application of genetic programming models in estimating the runoff
is also studied in this paper. The data that has been used has chaotic behavior
and a mathematical model of genetic programming with rainfall and runoff as
model inputs was result.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[2] viXra:1405.0105 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:48:57
Authors: Vijay Kumar, Kumar Venkatesh, Yeetendra Kumar
Comments: 19 Pages.
In this paper, assessment of liquefaction of soils by various
approaches have been reviewed and presented in chronological order. The study
focuses on procedural requirements and assessment for conventional and
computational methods. Simplified method given by Seed, Tokimatsu-Yoshimi
(T-Y) and Idriss & Boulanger methods of liquefaction assessmenthave been
analyzed. Computational methods like artificial neural network (ANN) and
neuro-fuzzy technique (NF) is also discussed as capable in liquefaction
assessment using database either from SPT or CPT results. Feed forward
network with back propagation learningalgorithm for ANN and TSK reliant NF
has been evaluated. Conventional methods with extended application using
concept of correction factors were induced in the analysis. Taking on familiarity
from past literatures all methods were critically reviewed and measures are
established.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[1] viXra:1405.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2014-05-08 03:50:10
Authors: A. Q. Jakhrani, S. R. Samo, Z. A. Siyal, Habibur Rahman Sobuz, Md. Alhaz Uddin, Noor Md. Sadiqul Hasan
Comments: 7 Pages.
It is believed that groundwater is naturally protected from the
pollutants. However, it gets contaminated from percolation of dissolved salts
and heavy metals associated with wastewater from the surface of the earth. The
main purpose of the study was to assess the concentration of dissolved salts and
heavy metals present in the groundwater. The amount of sodium and potassium
was determined by flame photometer. Titration method is applied for the
examination of other dissolved salts. Heavy metals were investigated by
Atomic Absorbance Spectrophotometer. It was found from the analyses that the
concentration of chlorides in the groundwater samples was five times higher
than European Union guidelines values. The values of sodium, potassium,
magnesium, calcium and sulfates were 5, 3, 2, 2 and 1 times higher than the
standards respectively. The amount of heavy metals was low except cadmium,
lead and nickel. Their results were 3.5, 2.5, and 1.1 times higher than World
Health Organization Standards respectively. It was concluded that the
groundwater quality was deteriorated by the percolation of dissolved salts and
by two heavy metals namely cadmium and lead.
Category: General Science and Philosophy