Quantum Physics

Energy Path Theory

Authors: Ahmet Dinç
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by ai.viXra.org Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)

Energy Path Theory proposes that mass is not a fundamental property but emerges from the centripetal force produced when a photon is confined into a helical energy path. A photon folding onto itself forms two opposite-phase helices corresponding to the electron and positron. The required centripetal force—generated by the vacuum electric field—stabilizes the helical motion and defines the particle’s effective mass. This geometric mechanism naturally explains spin-½, the electron’s nonzero minimum motion, Lorentz behavior, and the mass hierarchy of leptons.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics as Real Geometry: Curvature, Torsion, and Holonomy

Authors: Se Kyun Kwon
Comments: 15 Pages. (DOI): https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17699147 (Note by viXra Admin: For the last time, please cite listed scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

While the complex formalism of quantum mechanics has been extraordinarily successful, the fundamental geometric origin of its core elements—the imaginary unit, operator non-commutativity, quantum phase, and the intrinsic geometry with quantum spin—has remained unresolved for more than a century.Here we resolve these foundational questions by deriving an exact and physically equivalent formulation of the Schroedinger equation as a Real Geometric Flow—a moving-frame evolution on a 2��-dimensional real state space.In this restored framework, the global imaginary unit �� fully decomposes into a set of local skew-symmetric generators that drive planar rotations in real space, revealing that the traditional complex formalism is a compressed representation of an intrinsicrotational geometry.Within the real geometric flow, energy eigenvalues appear as the Curvatures of the state trajectory, energy gaps correspond to Torsions that couple internal planes—naturally generating the geometry of quantum spin—and quantum phase emergesnaturally as the Holonomy of the real moving frame.This formulation preserves the full empirical content of quantum mechanics while exposing the geometric mechanisms hidden beneath its notation, providing the first coherent explanation of curvature, torsion, non-commutativity, spin behavior, andquantum phase within a single framework.By demonstrating that the algebraic postulates of quantum mechanics arise from a deeper geometric order—one that stands alongside curvature-based theories such as General Relativity—this work establishes a unified differential-geometric foundation forquantum dynamics.It opens new directions for quantum control, quantum information, and fundamental physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Why Zero Angular Momentum in the First Bohr Orbit?

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 1 Page. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite listed scientific references)

In classical mechanics, the first Bohr orbit has angular momentum 1(ℏ) but ‘0’ angular momentum in quantum mechanics. The geometric/logical reason for this is that a single DeBroglie wavelength (amplitude) when squared has only two possible places for an electron to be. The number of places must be more than two to determine angular momentum.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Mechanics - Ontology Meets Epistemology

Authors: Joseph Palazzo
Comments: 3 Pages.

At issue: the nature of reality (ontology) and the pursuit of knowledge (epistemology). At quantum scale, ontology meets epistemology. What is proposed in this paper is an alternative interpretation of quantum behavior.A starting point different than the historical demystify certain concepts in QM.
Category: Quantum Physics

Green Function in the Constant Magnetic Field

Authors: Miroslav pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. Original article

We derive the propagator of the spin 1/2 particle in a constant external magnetic field using the specic mathematical techniques by Schwinger, Wu yang Tsai and others.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Imaginary Is Real: The Geometric Foundation of Physics

Authors: Se Kyun Kwon
Comments: Pages.

The imaginary unit i has long been regarded as a formal artifact—mathematically convenient yet physically void.Here we demonstrate that i is not merely a symbol, but a real geometric entity—the generator of rotation in space, denoted by J. This recognition unifies algebra, geometry, and physics, resolving long-standing inconsistencies in quantum mechanics and revealing the geometric foundation of relativity.Crucially, J defines an experimentally accessible boundary condition—the measurable orientation of rotation or phase holonomy—that the symbolic i alone cannot, transforming the discussion from philosophical speculation to physical verification. The imaginary is not imaginary—it is the signature of geometric order itself.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quanta Exchange and Unified Phenomena: From Quantum to Cosmic

Authors: Min Min Oo
Comments: 26 Pages.

This paper is a revised and extended version of the paper previously posted at https://vixra.org/abs/2511.0061 under the title "Virtual Carrier Particle Quantumnization and Unified Phenomena: From Quantum to Cosmic." This paper proposes a unified theoretical framework, referred to as the Quanta Exchange Theory (QET), intended to describe natural interactions in a consistent manner from the quantum scale to the cosmic scale. Within this framework, fundamental interactions are not treated as independent forces but are instead interpreted as arising from the mutual emission and absorption of virtual carrier particles (VCPs) exchanged between physical systems. These exchange processes are taken to represent a common mechanism for the transfer of energy and momentum. The theory introduces an Isolation Principle of Quanta, which characterizes interaction processes in terms of discrete exchange events and constrains the propagation behavior of virtual carriers. The effective velocity and exchange frequency of these carriers are modeled as functions of system acceleration and coupling parameters. In this way, interaction strength is related to both kinematic and interaction properties within a unified description. As an illustrative application, observational data from the LIGO/Virgo neutron star merger event GW170817 are used to estimate parameters associated with gravitational interaction within the proposed framework. The inferred propagation speed of the corresponding gravitational carrier particles is found to be of the order of the speed of light, within the uncertainties of the observational data and the assumptions of the model. This example demonstrates how astrophysical observations may be employed to constrain or test elements of the QET formulation. The paper further develops a potential decomposition method, in which the total interaction potential is expressed as a sum of an action potential and a perturbation potential. Based on this decomposition, unified expressions for kinetic energy and total energy of interacting systems are constructed. This formalism allows for the calculation of binding energies in atomic-scale systems. The resulting expressions are shown to reproduce, and in appropriate limits extend, results consistent with those obtained from the Bohr model, Dirac theory, and available experimental data. Although different interactions may involve carrier particles with distinct properties, the underlying mechanism of energy exchange through virtual carriers is treated as common to all cases within the QET framework. Consequently, the theory emphasizes shared exchange processes rather than separate force categories, providing a unified perspective on interaction phenomena. This approach offers a possible conceptual bridge between classical and quantum descriptions of physical interactions and establishes a basis for further theoretical refinement and empirical examination.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Nature of Gravity and Quants

Authors: Reinhard Kronberger
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper i will show a extended picture of the nature of gravity.I will show that curvature of spacetime is only one side of the medal.The floating of spacetime is the other side.Furthermore i will show that quants can be described by finit group theory.
Category: Quantum Physics

Spin-Mediated Consciousness: Theory, Experimental Studies, Further Development & Related Topics

Authors: Huping Hu, Maoxin Wu
Comments: 92 Pages. There is an independent AI commentary at https://youtu.be/KpEznX8BcWM?si=ZiCKml5gHU5zaEko

We postulate that consciousness is intrinsically connected to quantum spin since the latter is the origin of quantum effects in both Bohm and Hestenes quantum formulisms and a fundamental quantum process associated with the structure of space-time. Applying these ideas to the particular structures and dynamics of the brain, we have developed a detailed model of quantum consciousness. We have also carried out experiments from the perspective of our theory to test the possibility of quantum-entangling the quantum entities inside the brain with those of an external chemical substance. We found that applying magnetic pulses to the brain when an anaesthetic was placed in between caused the brain to feel the effect of said anaesthetic as if the test subject had actually inhaled the same. We further found that drinking water exposed to magnetic pulses, laser light or microwave when an anaesthetic was placed in between also causes brain effects in various degrees. Additional experiments indicate that the said brain effect is indeed the consequence of quantum entanglement. Recently we have studied non-local effects in simple physics systems. We have found that the pH value, temperature and gravity of a liquid in the detecting reservoirs can be non-locally affected through manipulating another liquid in a remote reservoir quantum-entangled with the former. In particular, the pH value changes in the same direction as that being manipulated; the temperature can change against that of local environment; and the gravity can change against local gravity. We suggest that they are mediated by quantum entanglement between nuclear and/or electron spins in treated liquid and discuss the profound implications of these results. This paper now also includes materials on further development of the theory and related topics.

(Note: This preprint is a repost of arXiv:quant-ph/0208068v5 posted in 2007 at https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0208068)
Category: Quantum Physics

Relativistic Schrodinger Equation with a Scalar Potential

Authors: Jouni Puuronen
Comments: 35 Pages.

We discover that it is possible to write a Schrodinger equation for a relativistic point particle experiencing a scalar potential, and that if the potential is weak, the equation can be approximated with a series. We find a paradox that according to the equation the effect from the potential is non-local.
Category: Quantum Physics

Event-Driven Simulation of Frustrated Interference with a Local Model.

Authors: Pierre Leroy
Comments: 7 pages + source code

The paper presents a local event-driven simulation method of an interference experiment that generates a violation of Bell's inequality while demonstrating the absence of quantum entanglement. It describes a mechanism based on the assumption of non-interacting states of light (or 'dark states') and the modulation of these states by interference when photon wave packets overlap. The simulation shows that this mechanism can produce non-classical visibility, cosine coincidences, and a CHSH violation consistent with experimental results.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Clean 2D Floquet Logical Qubit from a Purely Imaginary Phase Drive

Authors: Cinque McFarlane - Blake
Comments: IEEE QCNC2026 Camera Ready (https://www.ieee-qcnc.org/2026/accepted-papers.php), 6 Pages. Zenodo DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15108309 (full source code, Qiskit circuits)

I present a disorder-free, two-dimensional Floquet stabilization mechanism that maintains a clean periodic orbit for more than 5000 cycles on a $30times30$ square lattice. The drive consists of a global transverse field and a purely imaginary nearest-neighbor interaction with a slow spiral phase profile of maximum amplitude $pi/512$. Mean-field product-state simulations (size $1800$, fourth-order Runge--Kutta, 200 steps per period) show that this imaginary phase twist passively suppresses Floquet heating for thousands of periods without disorder, feedback, or long-range couplings. A hardware test on a $3times3$ patch of an IBM superconducting device (50 periods, approximately $10^6$ physical gates) produced no detectable subharmonic response, consistent with the expected sensitivity of the mechanism to global coherence and the destructive effect of individual addressing. To verify that the stabilized orbit encodes an effective logical manifold, I applied a global logical-$X$ operation across three qualitatively distinct initial states (polarized, N'eel, and random). In all cases the sign of the logical magnetization $Z_L$ inverts while the magnitude remains small ($sim 10^{-3}$), indicating that the operation acts as a symmetry of the Floquet orbit rather than a state-preparation artifact. The resulting drive maps directly to a single global radio-frequency field plus a static magnetic-field gradient on current two-dimensional trapped-ion platforms, suggesting a route toward robust low-frequency logical qubits and potential applications in isotope- or chirality-selective sensing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Geometric Law of Quantum Mechanics and the Imaginary Unit

Authors: Se Kyun Kwon
Comments: 5 Pages.

Mathematically, the imaginary unit i has long been regarded as an algebraic generator extending the real numbers to the complex field.Yet a century after the birth of quantum mechanics (1925—2025), the answer to its oldest question is now clear: quantum mechanics is not merely a mathematical structure—it is a physical reality, and all quantities appearing in its non-commutative relations are physical.Therefore, i is not a mere algebraic extension but the universal operator demanded by the geometric completeness of non-commutative reality between position and momentum.The imaginary unit is a physical reality.The canonical relation [x, p] = i hbar is not merely algebraic—it is a geometric law, showing that the complex structure of quantum mechanics arises inevitably from physical reality itself.It stands without contradiction, without complexity. This is nature.In the (x, p) plane, i represents a 90 degree rotation and hbar quantizes the curvature of that rotation.Complex numbers thus arise as the natural geometric language of non-commutative physics, providing a geometric resolution to the century-old question of physical completeness first raised by Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen (1935).
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Wave Probability Derive Thermodynamic Distribution

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 11 Pages.

Using the concept of quantum wave probability, combined with the identity principle, we can derive the Boltzmann distribution, Fermi distribution, and Bose distribution. Different distributions correspond to different conditions. The Boltzmann condition corresponds to the Boltzmann distribution. The Fermi condition corresponds to the Fermi distribution. The Bose condition corresponds to the Bose distribution. This demonstrates that the foundation of these three statistical distributions is quantum wave probability, all originating from quantum mechanics. The Boltzmann distribution is also an independent quantum distribution and is not simply a sparse limit of the Fermi or Bose distributions. The essence of the Boltzmann distribution is a uniform distribution. The Fermi and Bose distributions are deviations from the uniform distribution. Particles that follow the Boltzmann distribution can be called Boltzmannons. Boltzmann entropy based on the quantum wave probability can resolve the Gibbs paradox. We need to rethink the fundamentals of statistical mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Giving Quantum Mechanics Wings of 'force'

Authors: Runsheng Tu
Comments: 16 Pages.

There have been no reports on the operators of force and the equations of wave mechanics containing force, as well as the representation of Newton's second law and the law of conservation of momentum using wave mechanics methods. It is necessary to explore the method of describing the action of force using wave mechanics. By carefully analyzing the composition, structure, and function of the Schrödinger equation (SC), it was found that it is a product of the organic combination of classical mechanical laws and wave functions. Starting from F=ma, SC can be derived. F=ma can be precipitated from SC. The operators for physical quantities, such as mass, force, potential energy, etc., can be derived from SC. The wave equation with force has also been established. The law of conservation of momentum, Newton's second law, and Viry's theorem can also be expressed by the wave equation. According to SC, it can also be demonstrated the quantitative relationship between the wave and particle properties of moving particles. Through the experiment of "magnetic field and light interfering with electron diffraction", it can also be observed that moving particles undergo diffraction while complying with Newton's second law. The conclusion is that "quantum" and "classical" can be combined: quantum mechanics allows classical mechanics to be compatible with itself and can describe forces in the microscopic world.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Emergence of Reality: A Path Integral Interpretation of the Many Unreal Worlds

Authors: Bhushan Poojary
Comments: 15 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

The standard interpretations of quantum mechanics, particularly the Copenhagen and Many-Worlds (MWI) views, fail to provide a satisfactory, physically localized mechanism for wave function collapse or the appearance of a single classical reality. This paper proposes the Emergent Universe from Many Unreal World Interpretation (MUWI), a novel framework that integrates concepts from the Feynman Path Integral Formulation (PIF), the Holographic Principle, and the concept of quantized spacetime [1,2].MUWI posits that reality emerges from a finite, pre-existent set of Unreal Spacetime Fabrics, each corresponding to a potential quantum state, or "address." We establish a formal equivalence between these unreal fabrics and the "sum over histories" in the Path Integral Formulation (PIF). The particle’s quantum state ψ is the propagator, calculated as the collective interference of all potential states (shadows) across these fabrics.The critical distinction lies in the collapse mechanism: Measurement is not a branching event, but an irreversible, informational event—an "address change"—triggered by the interaction of a true particle with a shadow. This interaction enforces a new boundary condition, instantaneously collapsing the PIF to a single history (the observed outcome) and transferring the particle's quantum information across a non-local holographic plane. This approach provides a localized, geometric mechanism for wave function collapse, resolves the paradox of retrocausality in delayed-choice experiments, and offers a fundamental link between the quantum wave and the emergent geometry of spacetime.
Category: Quantum Physics