Quantum Physics

A Geometric Model of the Photon

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 8 Pages.

There is no adequate geometric model of the photon in the Standard Model. The reason for this deficit is that there are so any constraints on such models that science in general has given up geometry in favor of mathematics. Unfortunately, mathematics is only the paint by which the artist depicts the external world u2026 not the thing itself. The true world to be depicted is logic instantiated in geometry. The universe is presented to us in the form and function of geometry which is the set of quals by and through which logical principles are realized. Hence, any proposed "understanding" without an objective 3-dimensional geometric base is incomplete. Here, a new model is proposed u2026 devised from the ground up.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Lorentz-Invariant Model of Time Irreversibility and Superweak Quantum Measurements for Its Verification

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores the development of Penrose’s hypothesis regarding the time asymmetry of the most general physical laws. A description of quantum phenomena is proposed using Lorentz-invariant differential equations with derivatives of infinite order. It is shown that such equations lead to an explicit time irreversibility—even at the level of quantum processes. To test this model, a modified version of the double-slit experiment is proposed. If the hypothesis is correct, the experimental results will contradict the predictions of standard quantum mechanics
Category: Quantum Physics

The Magnetic Mass Operator of Electron

Authors: Miroslav Pardy
Comments: 10 Pages. Original article

Using the knowledge of the Green function of an electron in the homogenous magnetic field and the photon propagator, which form together the mathematical object known as the mass operator, we derive it in the explicit form. The physical meaning of this object is the emission and absorption of a photon by the electron in magnetic field. It means that an electron is not the Hawking radiating black hole. The contact terms are also determined from the appropriate conditions.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Proposed Experiment to Reveal A New Aspect of Entanglement

Authors: Eric Louis Beaubien
Comments: 3 Pages.

We understand without question that the universe is somehow an exhibit of logical rules applied to matter and energy u2026 and that those rules constitute a hierarchy of importance that allows some actions while disallowing others u2026 leading to the observable manifestation we call ‘universe’. An experiment is proposed to show that entanglement is related to the definition of identity as it is instantiated in the observable (objective) universe. Does the logic of physics define a difference between complex and primary unitary objects u2026 a large rock or an electron?
Category: Quantum Physics

A Noetherian Inversion: From Einsteinian Geometry to Emergent Symmetry

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose a geometric reinterpretation of Noether’s theorem in which conservation laws arise not from externally imposed symmetries, but from the intrinsic closed time-phase geometry of quantum systems. We extend our previous geometric studies of internal time-phase structures in quantum systems, proposing a new interpretation of conservation laws arising from intrinsic closed time-phase geometry within the 0-sphere model. Based on the 0-Sphere model, this approach aligns with Einstein’s vision of deriving physical laws from spacetime structure itself. Within this model, conservation of energy and spin emerge as geometric necessities, while symmetries such as time-translation or rotation arise secondarily as emergent, large-scale features of internal dynamics. This inversion—geometry giving rise to conservation, which in turn yields symmetry—offers a new foundation for unifying quantum and relativistic physics.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Fourth Direction

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper is about the importance in physics of an extra direction axis, on top of the three direction axes of space. Such a direction can occur in different shapes: time, scale, object, surface or spin axis. All directions need a point of reference (the origin in a coordinate system). From that point a perspective has to be chosen: a direction to look in. From this obliged choice the Principle of Perspective is born, which is explained in this paper.
Category: Quantum Physics

On the Mechanism in Bell-test Experiments

Authors: Gerard van der Ham
Comments: 10 Pages. 4 figures, 3 diagrams

This paper is about the mechanism in Bell-test experiments: why it must exist, what it is and how it is discovered.
Category: Quantum Physics

Dimensional Bias in Quantum Path Integrals: A Causal Model of Bell Correlations

Authors: Frank Lombard
Comments: 35 Pages. Updates that disclose assumptions and derivations of why entanglement enforces the probability amplitudes for the hyper-dimension path.

Bell test experiments - which have culminated in the Nobel-winning work of Clauser, Aspect, and Zeilinger - have definitively closed loopholes for all classical hidden-variable models operating in (3+1)D spacetime. These results compel us to reconsider the dimensional assumptions of causal structure. We propose a hypothesis in which an informational bias field, $phi(x)$, emerges through higher-dimensional path integrals.This framework introduces a dynamical informational bias field $phi(x)$, sourced by entropy gradients via information geometry, and incorporated into a modified Feynman path integral formalism. The field induces a conserved topological charge $phi(x)$ that links entangled particles through shared hyper-dimensional structure, restoring classical causality in an expanded manifold. Typically, such hyper-dimensional paths cancel through destructive interference, but under entanglement constraints, the hyper-path amplitude is constructively reinforced—preserving coherence and restoring classical causality in the full configuration space. This is the fundamental hypothesis of this paper.Simulations show that this bias produces testable shifts in Bell-type correlations and ghost imaging patterns, while preserving unitarity and no-signaling. The model offers a falsifiable geometric alternative to hidden-variable theories, unifying entanglement and information through bias curvature in extended configuration space.
Category: Quantum Physics

Yoshio Koide Law, Antimatter and Locality

Authors: Dominique Mareau
Comments: 12 Pages.

Yoshio Koide's formula [1] shows a common link between the three leptons: electron, muon and tauon. The accuracy of this formula was improved by a factor of 100 in 2016 [2] by expressing the masses of the particles in the unit "undressed whole electron". The unit "electron" is universal, as it is not based on the arbitrary units [kg, m, s] of the SI system. Without violating the cosmological principle, which states that all localities are equivalent, the results of the paper [2] are interpreted as the possibility of having a duality of locality. This paper suggests that there is an original non-locality caused by inflation. Thus the original electron-positron pairs are different from those extracted with fermion status, in all potential localities. If the locally extracted pairs annihilate immediately in gamma rays, the original pairs, causally separated, are able to condense into composite particles. It is shown that this paradigm immediately resolves: 1) the enigma of antimatter; 2) the enigma of the proton mass; 3) the enigma of the muon mass; 4) the proton spin crisis; 5) the enigma of the equality between the charge of the proton and that of the positron. The concept of antimatter is based only on local experimentation. There is no "elected" matter.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Computers as Hardware Accelerators for Parallel Processing: a Perspective

Authors: Renju Rajan
Comments: 13 Pages.

Quantum computers are inherently parallel processing devices by nature of theirdesign. In this era of parallel processing and artificial intelligence, quantum computers need to be widely adopted. Towards this goal, quantum computers need to be reoriented as a hardware accelerator for parallel processing. By adoptinghybrid physical systems that contains atomic and optical components, and with further miniaturization, quantum computers are marching towards the goal of becoming part of mainstream computing.
Category: Quantum Physics

No-Hidden-Variable Theorem Based on a Single Projection Operator

Authors: Koji Nagata, Tadao Nakamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

We propose no-hidden-variable theorem for the quantum measurement outcomes by measuring an observable that is obtained through a single projection operator. We are in the inconsistency within hidden-variable theories when the first predetermined hidden result is $+1$ by measuring a single projection operator $|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|$ in the quantum state $|uparrowangle$, the second predetermined hidden result is the same $+1$ asby measuring the same projection operator $|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|$ in the same quantum state $|uparrowangle$, and then we consider the existence of only the following proposition $[|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|,|uparrowanglelangleuparrow|] = 0$and we assign the value ``1'' for the commutator. It turns out that we cannot assign the predetermined hidden result for quantum measurement outcome as $+1$ when measuring a single projection operator. Based on the argumentations, we propose an experimental accessible hidden-variable inconsistency in terms of the imperfect source and detector.
Category: Quantum Physics

Do Quantified Flavor Neutrino Masses Exist?

Authors: Jacob Biemond
Comments: 11 Pages, including 5 tables and 2 figures

Mass-squared differences and neutrino mixing angles can be determined from neutrino oscillations. Three neutrino masses m_i (i = 1, 2, 3) corresponding to three mass eigenstates can all be calculated, when one additional relation is available. The so-called geometric mean mass relation may serve as such.

Alternatively, when the neutrino mass m_1> is known, the other two masses can be calculated from measured mass-squared differences. As an example, a mass m₁ of 1.530 meV/c² has previously been obtained by combination of the magnetic moment of a massive Dirac neutrino deduced in the context of the electroweak interaction at the one-loop level and the so-called Wilson-Blackett law. Curiously, about the same result for m₁ is found from the geometric mean mass relation.

Furthermore, the existence of neutrino masses m_α (α = e, μ, τ) corresponding to the flavor eigenstates will be conjectured. They are defined by the product of the unitary PMNS mixing matrix and the column vector with masses m_i as components. For a zero Dirac CP phase δ the masses m_α appear to be approximately quantized, where the ratio of the three masses is equal to: m_e : m_μ : m_τ = 1.00 : 3.02 : 2.03. The mass set m_α appears to possess a higher total energy than the mass set m_i.

Finally, the toroidal model of neutrinos is applied to all neutrino masses. It appears that neutrinos with masses m_i (i = 2, 3) and m_α (α = e, μ, τ) can all be described by the same spindle torus model. In addition, expressions for the radii and angular momenta of all neutrinos are deduced. The obtained parameters all depend on simple functions of the toroidal factor N.

Category: Quantum Physics

Testable Quantum Graph Theory the Universe

Authors: Sergej Materov
Comments: 30 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We’re excited to present the final, revised version of our paper on the discrete‑quantum graph theory of spacetime. Initial emulations and numerical checks (see our GitHub repository) qualitatively validate the model, but true confirmation requires experiments on real quantum hardware—experiments that can already be performed using the protocol detailed in the article. In earlier drafts, we did not derive the Hamiltonian explicitly, limiting predictions to inaccessible regimes. Here, the Hamiltonian serves as a bridge to established physics and will be reworked once positive experimental results arrive. We show that today’s quantum processors can unambiguously reveal noise signatures, and in Appendix C we derive the discrete quantum‑graph equation. Appendix D then demonstrates how this model reproduces Newton’s law, Maxwell’s equations, and Einstein’s field equations. Our numerical‑checks repository confirms that RG flow exponents, Regge action scaling, and discrete U(1) curvature precisely match analytic predictions. If experiments validate these results, it will strongly support a fundamentally discrete spacetime and challenge the continuum foundations of general relativity. Next steps are clear: we now await data testing our predictions for Tc, γ-dim_s, scaling laws, and ΛUB signatures. We’ve also added Appendix E, which outlines an experimental protocol for topology‑driven microwave anomalies (Δtan⁡δ>10^−4) in quantum paraelectrics at sub‑mK temperatures, testable on existing cryogenic microwave platforms.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum-Classical Conversion Calculator: Bridging Quantum Correlations and Cosmological Parameters

Authors: Jacob Woods
Comments: 4 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific reference and submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

This paper presents a computational framework for modeling quantum and classical correlations in a cosmological context, integrating quantum information theory with cosmological parameters. Utilizing Qiskit, a quantum computing library, we simulate a multi-qubit Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) state to compute quantum correlation parameters and compare them with their classical counterparts. The model incorporates cosmological effects, such as redshift and dark matter density, to explore potential quantum-classical analogies in an expanding universe. We derive key formulas for quantum and classical correlations, cosmological time scales, and density matrix scaling, and analyze their interrelations. The results demonstrate how quantum entanglement measures can be contextualized within cosmologicalframeworks, offering insights into the interplay between quantum mechanics and cosmology.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Binary Scalar Symbolic Field Yields Elementary Particles Consistent With General Relativity

Authors: Michael Hirsch Tomasson
Comments: 87 Pages. 8 figures, 173 equations

The Standard Model and Quantum Field Theory (QFT) describe the microscopic world with remarkable precision, while General Relativity (GR) provides an apparently accurate account of spacetime and gravity. Yet fundamental gaps remain. These range from the measurement problem to unresolved discrepancies such as the muon ( g{-}2 ) anomaly and the vacuum energy density. To address these challenges, we introduce a Symbolic Structure Field Theory (SSFT) rooted in a binary scalar field ( psi_0 ), extended by a local vector field ( psi_1 ) that detects entropy gradients, and a fiber bundle gauge field ( psi_2 ) enabling motif classification and dynamics. Strikingly, 14 unique-under-manifold-roation 8-bit (2{times}2{times}2) motifs in ( psi_0 ) yield a clean physical correspondence with the elementary particles of QFT. The framework also encodes geodesic curvature from motif structure, obviating the need for a cosmological constant. Furthermore, while the $C_8$ formalism is proved un-computable, higher n bitmotifs such as $C_{17}$ admit computability. Using a symbolic Turing machine, an observer is defined within SSFT. This formalism is not intended to displace existing QFT predictive structures, but to provide generative reframing.
Category: Quantum Physics

Thermal Geodesics in the 0-Sphere Model: Extending General Relativity Through Internal Thermodynamic Structure

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper proposes a geometric extension of general relativity by introducing thermal geodesics within the 0-Sphere model. In this framework, each elementary particle is treated as a thermodynamic system composed of two internal energy kernels and a mediating photon shell. Internal energy flows cyclically between these kernels, generating oscillatory dynamics that follow temperature-dependent paths of minimal thermodynamic action, called thermal geodesics. These internal geodesics contribute to the external curvature of spacetime through a thermal stress-energy tensor, providing a natural coupling between quantum internal motion and relativistic geometry. Time is reinterpreted as a quantity emerging from internal phase evolution, which ceases as temperature approaches absolute zero. Zitterbewegung is described as subluminal thermal oscillation, not as a quantum artifact. This approach maintains the formal structure of Einstein’s field equations while incorporating internal thermodynamic structure. It suggests that spacetime geometry and quantum effects may be unified through internal energy dynamics, without the need for quantized gravity or additional dimensions.
Category: Quantum Physics

Planck Motion Theory

Authors: Andrew Vida
Comments: 52 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

Planck Motion Theory (PMT) proposes that motion, time, and energy are emergent phenomena arising from the discrete actions of massless, structureless units called Planck Objects (POs). These units occupy a fixed cubic lattice at Planck-scale resolution and transition between adjacent cells in discrete time steps. This abstract substrate dispenses with the continuum assumptions of classical physics and replacesthem with a minimal, self-contained, and discrete causal structure. Tier 1 of PMTestablishes the foundational geometry and temporal rules of this substrate, introducesthe principle of Planck Motion, and formulates a completeness theorem ensuring that all valid dynamics occur entirely within the closed lattice without invoking classical convergence. This tier provides the axiomatic groundwork upon which all higher-order behavior—including mass, inertia, and wavefront propagation—emerges.PMT aims to unify quantum mechanics and relativity through a discrete causalstructure, offering testable predictions at Planck scales.
Category: Quantum Physics

The Quantum Geometry of Spacetime

Authors: Xavier Aupí
Comments: 45 Pages.

This article forms the second part of the study entitled textit{The Fundamental Cycle: A Harmonic Reinterpretation of Relativity and Its Cosmological Implications}. Whereas the first part focused on macroscopic systems, the present work applies the same universal framework at the microscopic level. We begin by emphasizing the wave-like nature of relativity. Subsequently, we provide a geometric derivation of the de Broglie and Planck-Einstein relations. This derivation leads to a representation of particles as sets of rotating elements in spacetime. Next, we derive the uncertainty principle within the relativistic framework, contingent upon the following experimentally testable conjecture: there exist specific momentum values for which a particle becomes unobservable.We then introduce discrete time, which refines the earlier conception of particles as sets of continuously rotating elements into a model of discrete rotation. In this model, the elements undergo a collective cyclic exchange along the vertices of a regular polygon---or, more generally, a regular star polygon---in synchrony with the tick of proper time. This structure provides the foundation for defining spin as an intrinsic property emerging from the cyclic symmetry of the particle’s internal dynamics within discrete spacetime.Once spin is established, we derive the fundamental relation ( hf_o = m_o c^2 ). Finally, a quantum-level expression for gravity is obtained.
Category: Quantum Physics

On a Modified Double-Slit Experiment to Test the Hypothesis of Interference as a Result of Space-Time Nonlocality Described by Equations with Infinite-Order Derivatives

Authors: R. K. Salimov
Comments: 2 Pages.

A modified version of Young’s experiment is proposed to test the hypothesis that doubleslit interference arises from space-time nonlocality, described by Lorentz-invariant equations with derivatives of infinite order. If this hypothesis is correct, the experimental results would differ from the predictions of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

From Zero-Sphere to Emergent Spacetime: A Minimalist Background-Independent Framework for Temporal and Spatial Genesis

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 8 Pages.

We propose a minimalist framework for background-independent quantum theory based on the 0-sphere (S^0), the simplest nontrivial topological space consisting of two disconnected points. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on a fixed spacetime geometry or manifold structure, our model introduces relational dynamics between the two points as the sole source of structure. Proper time, spatial separation, and causality emerge from sequences of internal transformations without reference to an external background. This framework yields physically significant features, including internal spinor oscillations, subluminal Zitterbewegung with a characteristic velocity approximately equal to 0.04 times the speed of light, and effective gauge-like symmetries. These phenomena arise solely from the algebra of binary transitions and demonstrate the model's capacity to simulate spacetime behavior from a pre-geometric seed. We compare this approach with established background-independent theories such as loop quantum gravity and causal set theory, highlighting both compatibility and conceptual novelty. The 0-sphere model offers a potentially unifying substrate from which complex spacetime structures may emerge, with implications for experimental and theoretical developments in quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Born’s Rule and the L_2 Norm from Pythagorean Geometry: A Deterministic Foundation via Global Phase Dynamics

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 6 Pages. 1 figure

This paper develops a deterministic foundation for quantum measurement based on the Hidden Deterministic Interpretation (HDI), which avoids probabilistic postulates and wavefunction collapse at the level of individual particles. HDI introduces two principles: the Phase Consistency Criterion, which fixes the global phase of the Heisenberg-picture wavefunction via initial conditions, and the Quantum Hamilton's Principle, which selects the actual trajectory by extremizing accumulated quantum phase. Applied to an ensemble of particles, this framework yields detection statistics that reproduce the Born rule without assuming it. We show that the squared amplitudes associated with measurement outcomes follow directly from orthogonal projections governed by the Pythagorean theorem. As a consequence, the (L_2) norm of Hilbert space emerges naturally---not as an imposed structure, but as a mathematically inevitable result of the deterministic phase dynamics. Thus, both Born's rule and the underlying geometry of quantum state space are derived from the first principles, offering a coherent, deterministic, and geometrically grounded alternative to the standard axioms of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Physics

Hidden Determinism in Quantum Measurement: Interaction-Free Detection and Counterfactual Reality

Authors: N. Gurappa
Comments: 11 pages, 4 figures

Interaction-free measurement, counterfactual communication, and Young’s double-slit experiment reveal how quantum systems exhibit effects from events that do not physically occur. In this paper, we reinterpret such phenomena through the Hidden Deterministic Interpretation (HDI), which introduces a physically fixed global phase as a hidden variable. HDI employs two principles—the Phase Consistency Criterion (PCC) and the Quantum Hamilton’s Principle (QHP)—to determine the particle’s definite trajectory within a physically real wavefunction of Heisenberg's picture. Even paths not taken influence outcomes through interference, as seen in the double-slit experiment. Detection ends the particle's trajectory, naturally rendering the prior wavefunction obsolete without invoking stochastic collapse or many-worlds branching. HDI thus provides a unified, deterministic account of quantum counterfactuality within a realist, single-world framework.
Category: Quantum Physics

A Discussion on the Quantization of Diffraction Phenomena

Authors: Jiankun Lai
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: The abstract on the submission form should be same as the one in the article; please cite and list scientific references - Future non-compliant submission will not be accepted!))

In the development of modern physics, the quantum properties of the microcosm have been conclusively verified by important theories and practices such as Planck's blackbody radiation theory, Einstein's photoelectric effect theory, and Compton scattering experiments. However, the current theoretical system used to explain diffraction phenomena is essentially a wave theory that took shape before the birth of quantization theory and relativity. Although the wave theory can effectively explain most diffraction phenomena at the present stage, it is undeniable that the physical processes described by this theory show continuous characteristics, which is in sharp contradiction with the quantized nature of the microcosm. This incompatibility at the level of theoretical foundations means that the wave theory has not accurately touched the physical reality of the microcosm, thus becoming a key obstacle to the construction of a unified theory. This leads to a profound question: Can the stripes formed by diffraction phenomena only be explained by the principle of wave interference? Is there a new interpretive perspective that is more consistent with the quantum properties of the microcosm?
Category: Quantum Physics

Toward the Experimental Study of Indefinite Causal Order Phenomenon

Authors: V. A. Kuzmenko
Comments: 3 Pages.

The so-called phenomenon of indefinite causal order has long been studied theoretically and experimentally. Even earlier, the phenomenon of broken causal order (when the effect precedes the cause) was experimentally observed. Both phenomena obviously have a common physical basis. This physical basis is simple and convenient to study experimentally precisely in the broken causal order variant.
Category: Quantum Physics

Gravitational Redshift of Internal Quantum Clocks: A Zitterbewegung-Based Model

Authors: Satoshi Hanamura
Comments: 6 Pages.

This paper reinterprets Zitterbewegung as a physically real internal oscillation of the electron, rather than a mathematical artifact of the Dirac equation. Within this framework, the internal motion is confined to a photonic shell structure governed by the electron's Compton wavelength and evolves according to proper time. Building on previous work, the author derives a special relativistic estimate for the internal velocity v_e,SR = 0.040472c, subsequently refined to v_e,SR+GR = 0.040374c at Earth's surface by incorporating general relativistic effects including geodetic precession. A key prediction is that this velocity is subject to gravitational modulation, similar to GPS satellite clock corrections. The study predicts that Zitterbewegung frequency at satellite altitude would exceed that at Earth's surface by approximately 2.64 times 10^9 Hz due to gravitational redshift effects, representing a fractional frequency change of 5.29 times 10^-10. This demonstrates that electrons could function as relativistic quantum clocks sensitive to gravitational potentials. If verified experimentally, this would provide a novel connection between quantum internal dynamics and spacetime geometry, supporting the physical reality of Zitterbewegung and offering a new quantum-scale probe for exploring the intersection of quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Category: Quantum Physics

Quantum Graph Theory the Universe

Authors: Sergej Materov
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please submit article written with AI assistance to ai.viXra.org)

We propose a fundamentally discrete spacetime model based on a finite directed quantum graph (vertices: Planck-scale cells, edges: causal links). Unlike previous graph-based approaches, this model yields five concrete, experimentally testable predictions.
Category: Quantum Physics