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[14] viXra:2312.0147 [pdf] replaced on 2024-08-20 03:42:22
Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 5 Pages.
The fine-structure constant is an important dimensionless constant in physics. Several well-known physical interpretations of this phenomenon have been presented. In this study, we propose a new physical interpretation that connects the elementary charge and the Planck mass.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[13] viXra:2312.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-28 02:57:51
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 38 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
The multi-fold theory describes the evolution of black holes, their evaporation and entropy. It recovers the correct Page curve, and resolves the black hole information paradox. It encounters a quantum extremal surface, as proposed by others using the conventional approach of the island and replica trick. In a subsequent paper, we show that the definitions of the quantum extremal surfaces coincide, while our physical interpretation are rather radically different: an horizon for the multi-folds attached to virtual particles in the multi-fold universe, versus an island à la Wheeler’s bag of gold for the conventional replica trick. We dispute a widely held view that Wheeler’s bag of gold could isolate most of their content from the parent universe. Others have questioned the replica trick with its use of JT gravity, and shown that it implies massive gravity, which might not correspond to a universe where General Relativity (GR) reigns. We show, in multi-fold scenarios, that the inability for multi-folds to escape the quantum extremal surface implies massive gravity effects, while remaining able to recover GR. Therefore, we can provide microscopic mechanisms to explain how massless gravity becomes massive. We also justify relying on JT gravity, by the 2D massless Higgs bosons dilaton random walks. In an asymptotic AdS universe, the replica trick requires the introduction of a reservoir for the evaporated particles, beyond the boundary of AdS. We provide new microscopic interpretations to these scenarios, explaining away these issues, and dealing with the encounter of quantum extremal surface outside the black hole in the presence of a thermal bath. Doing so, we confirm the better suitability of the multi-fold interpretation of the quantum extrema surface, and island, while supporting the replica trick and island formula approach, and resolving the black hole information paradox.The multi-fold analysis applies to our real universe, and the paper provides a microscopic interpretation of quantum extremal surfaces, the correct page curve, the resolution of the black hole information paradox, and the apparition of massive gravity associated to quantum extremal surfaces.From the island formula and replica trick at low masses, we encounter hints of our past proposal for new life cycles of black holes (small extremal black holes splitting into another extremal black hole and an evaporating black hole), which invalidate the strict Weak Gravity Conjecture, and justify the Ultimate Unification (UU) proposal. It is quite a confirmation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[12] viXra:2312.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-21 10:39:28
Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 10 Pages.
In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the foundation of such an approach is given. Here in part 2 it will be shown how particle physics follows. In part 3 gravitational physics will be derived. In part 4 open fundamental questions of actual physics are answered and the concept of a new cosmology is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[11] viXra:2312.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-18 21:51:20
Authors: Augustin Rousselet
Comments: 43 Pages. In French
Currently modern physics considers space-time in 4 dimensions (3 spatial, 1 temporal) and is facing the problem of unifying the two major theories: quantum theory and general relativity.To circumvent the obstacles to this unification, we propose to think of a space with 5 Dimensions (3 spatial, 2 temporal). We thus make the hypothesis of a decomposable time in a two-dimensional orthonormal space, just like a distance is decomposable in a 3-dimensional space:- The first dimension: the classical time Tc that we know, that of mass in the sense of intuitive perception, but in fact that of matter, or "corpuscular" time and therefore our reference time in our perceived reality. In our thought experiment, this will be the time T of the macroscopic observer - Second dimension: quantum time Tq Which is imperceptible to us and only intervenes at the microscopic level.The time of any system is therefore the time ��̇ which is the component of its two temporal dimensions Tc and Tq. The proper time of any system is then defined by ��̇ = sqrt(Tc^2+Tq^2)We will show in this work that this conception of time makes it possible to integrate the mathematical models of Quantum Physics and General Relativity into a broader theoretical framework which retains the results of each of them when applied in their field of validity. We will first verify that the formalism of these two major theories is compatible with the framework that is proposed, then that the interpretation of quantum phenomena is also consistent with the results, with in particular the role of measurement. Then we will verify that the major open questions of current physics (dark matter, dark energy, preponderance of matter over antimatter, the vacuum catastrophe) also find an answer or possible answers in this new theoretical framework.Finally, specific fields of physics such as superconductivity or superfluidity and even the big bang are approached to open a new look at these phenomena in this new theoretical framework.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[10] viXra:2312.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-16 23:55:11
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation will not be accepted!)
The multi-fold theory provides microscopic interpretations to the universe accelerated expansion, inflation mechanisms and dark energy. From the beginning, the multi-fold dark matter main mechanisms have been identified as being stronger in the presence of matter, or energy increasing spacetime curvature. One could therefore naively expect that these mechanisms will also be globally time-dependent, when it comes to the early epochs of the universe. Indeed, during these eras, including pre-CMB, different matter densities and curvatures reigned. Each would lead to a different global average cosmological constant. Such a reasoning would predict a Hubble constant that is larger for early time than late time observations.Proposing a time-varying dark energy density can obviously be a simple way to address the Hubble constant tension: early time estimates would correspond to such a different value, and no Hubble constant tension would exist. However, in our naïve initial analysis above, obtaining larger pre-CMB values could a priori go in the wrong direction when it comes to observations: one would expect a larger Hubble constant at early times.Considering the multi-fold dark energy mechanisms, in all the early stages of the universe, which led to the CMB, plasma, dominated by electromagnetic and possibly other interactions, occupied the whole concretized spacetime. Multi-fold dark energy effects were partially countered by more dominant interactions, and the resulting accelerations of expansion were reduced. It can explain why current early time estimates for the Hubble constant would differ from late time results, and lead to a smaller Hubble constant value at early time However, note that recent papers show that a short term increase of the dark energy (5% for redshift z > 5000), can resolve the tension, by pushing up the CMB inferred Hubble constant, i.e. early time estimates, and better match overall the ΛCDM. Combining the two considerations above, our paper shows that multi-fold dark energy mechanisms intrinsically, and microscopically, justify such a behavior that can resolve the Hubble tension. It is another hint in favor of the multi-fold mechanisms, to add to several others. There is also a range where a multi-fold universe appear fractal, which may result into scaling of the cosmological constant, and reducing its value, during this period; again a move in the right direction.The result extends to the real universe, if it is multi-fold, as hinted by past results.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[9] viXra:2312.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-15 01:09:10
Authors: Stephen J. Kennedy
Comments: 21 Pages. This article explains relationship between gravity and electromagnetism
Maxwell wrote that he wanted to "leaven" his Treatise on Electromagnetism with Quaternions. Maxwell died before doing this. Silberstein and Conway accomplished this partially.This presentation claims the Lorentz condition field is the gravitational potential. Resulting in a Gravitic-Electromagnetic unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[8] viXra:2312.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 00:58:01
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 27 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
The multi-fold original paper, in its spacetime reconstruction phase, attributes spacetime to the locations concretized by the random walks, and creation, of (massless) particles, resulting into a discrete, (multi-)fractal spacetime that is non-commutative and yet Lorentz symmetric. The fractal or multi-fractal was inferred from the random walks, but it was actually the only part not explicitly derived. Multi-fold universe are expected to probably have a Cantor-like ��-infinity fractal spacetime.In this paper, we resume these discussions, but now, we provide microscopic interpretations for spatial and temporal, and so spacetime, (multi-) fractal properties of the multi-fold universe, and their observability, only within a range of cosmological scales, as observed in our real universe. We also relate discreteness of spacetime to the complex scalar field of the Higgs boson, and encounter further corroboration of the fundamental role of the massless Higgs boson.Fractal state space plays a role in interpreting experiments about the Bell theorem, and related hidden variables. The paper discusses two models, which do not imply that the result of Bell experiments would forbid local hidden variables. The Bell Theorem, and handling of EPR entanglements, was the motivation for proposing the multi-fold mechanisms, which implement non-locality with local Physics. Interestingly, with discrete spacetime, the multi-fold W-type hypothesis, massless Higgs boson random walks, and fractal properties, multi-fold universes can support all these models: local physics and hidden variables seem to be reconcilable with the Bell experiments, as was the original intent for the multi-fold theory. And there is no need to give in to super determinism, retro-causality, or to lose free will.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[7] viXra:2312.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 20:30:50
Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 12 Pages.
As in spite to intense search at present apparently there is no approach leading to a theory including the standard model of particle physics and general relativity, it is discussed whether such a theory is possible at all. In the following is shown that a ToE is possible if the either/or condition of current unification theories for background-dependent or -independent is replaced by a both/and. In this part 1, the foundation of such a theory is presented. In the following parts 2 and 3 particle and gravitational physics are derived from this foundation and in part 4 fundamental open fundamental questions of actual physics are answered by a new interpretation of physical quantities and an outline of a new cosmology is given.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[6] viXra:2312.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 06:54:36
Authors: Anatoly Parfyonov
Comments: 5 Pages.
The main problem, the solution of which will lead to the creation of the Unified Field Theory, is the difference in the methods of mathematical description of the charges of elementary particles - electric and color. This article provides a solution to this problem and its result - the Unified Field Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[5] viXra:2312.0039 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-26 22:59:37
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 60 Pages.
In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). This way, we will obtain an expression similar to the Dirac equation, but with a slight change in one of the terms. This variation is produced and depends on the curvature of the space where the particle lies in (the Ricci scalar). In a similar manner, we will find variations in the equation for the energy of a particle and in the Einstein gravitational equation that will depend again on the value of the Ricci scalar (the curvature of the space where the particle lies in). An important outcome will be an equation that limits the value of the Ricci scalar depending on the value of the mass that provokes it (the value of the mass not the mass density) highly reducing the possibilities of arriving to singularities. In fact, the value of this R has been found to be equal to the cosmological constant (both in the order of 1E-52) making it a perfect candidate for the dark energy. Also, the magnetic-like effects of gravitation coming from the equations are sufficient to explain the rotation of the galaxies (NGC 1560, NGC 3198 and NGC 3115) without the need of dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[4] viXra:2312.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-06 10:32:12
Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 6 Pages.
Masses of the six quarks were calculated by layer based on the boson-field theory. Most of the values are close to them of the standard model, however, the values in 4D field are vastly different from them of the model even if the error is taken into account. It suggeststhat there is something more in 4D field. The theoretical mass of an up-quark is about three times larger than the actual figure. On the other hand, the actual mass of a down-quark is about two times larger than thetheoretical one. This means that the mass of an up-quark may be under pressure to moveto the down-quark. According to the boson-field theory, there is the mechanism that makesit possible. That is, dark matters are able to play such a role. In the process, dark matters interact with an anti-neutron or an anti-proton, and a graviton is exchanged between the two darks as well. The mass of ordinary matters continues to move step by step to the dark side in the process. Really, the theoretical sum of an up and a down quark is slightly larger than the actual one. The lack of mass strongly supports the hypothesis.For now, the only place is considered as a black hole where an ordinary and a dark matter can encounter. If the black hole itself does not let its mass from the dark side out, ordinarymatters will continue to disappear in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[3] viXra:2312.0033 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-08 03:12:48
Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 240 Pages.
The Theory of Observational Relativity, the theory of OR for short, is a new discovery and a new theory, which has revealed the root and essence of relativity: All relativistic effects or relativistic phenomena are observational effects and apparent phenomena rather than the objective and true physical reality. In particular, the whole theoretical system of OR has generalized and unified Newton’s mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, integrating such two great theories in physics into the identical theoretical system under the identical axiom system. The theory of OR is divided into two parts: the theory of inertially observational relativity (IOR); the theory of gravitationally observational relativity (GOR). The theory of IOR takes the definition of time as the most basic logical premise and theoretically deduces the spacetime transformation of IOR, so-called the general Lorentz transformation, which has generalized and unified the Galilean transformation and the Lorentz transformation. The theory of IOR has proved an important theorem: the invariance of information-wave speeds. It suggests that the invariance of light speed is only a special case of the invariance of information-wave speeds. Actually, Einstein’s invariance of light speed can only be valid when light acts as the observation medium for transmitting observed information to observers. So, the speed of light is not really invariant. Based on the invariance of information-wave speeds, the author has established the whole theoretical system of IOR which has generalized and unified Newton’s inertial mechanics and Einstein’s special relativity, and moreover, integrated de Broglie’s theory of matter waves into the theory of IOR, marching towards the unification of relativity theory and quantum theory. The theory of IOR is logically consistent not only with Einstein’s special relativity but also with Newton’s inertial mechanics. Such logical consistency and strict correspondence show that the theory of IOR is logically self-consistent, and from one aspect, confirm the logical rationality and theoretical validity of the theory of IOR. In particular, the theory of IOR is supported by observations and experiments, including the Michelson-Morley experiment.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2312.0031 [pdf] replaced on 2025-01-08 03:16:06
Authors: Xiaogang Ruan
Comments: 406 Pages.
The Theory of Observational Relativity, the theory of OR for short, is a new discovery and a new theory, which has revealed the root and essence of relativity: All relativistic effects or relativistic phenomena are observational effects and apparent phenomena rather than the objective and true physical reality. In particular, the whole theoretical system of OR has generalized and unified Newton’s mechanics and Einstein’s theory of relativity, integrating such two great theories in physics into the identical theoretical system under the identical axiom system. The theory of OR is divided into two parts: the theory of inertially observational relativity (IOR); the theory of gravitationally observational relativity (GOR). The theory of GOR takes the three principles of GOR as its axiom system: (1) the principle of GOR equivalence; (2) The Principle of GOR covariance; (3) the principle of the invariance of information-wave speeds. Based on the three principles of GOR, by following or by analogizing the logic of Einstein’s general relativity, the author has established the whole theoretical system of GOR, including the field equation of GOR and the motion equation of GOR. GOR’s field equation has generalized and unified Einstein’s field equation and Newton’s field equation (i.e., the Poisson equation form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation). GOR’s motion equation has generalized and unified Einstein’s motion equation and Newton’s motion equation (i.e., the second law form of Newton’s law of universal gravitation). The theory of GOR has proved an important theorem: the theorem of Cartesian spacetime which suggests that the objectively real spacetime could never be curved. So, spacetime is not really curved. Finally, the theoretical system of GOR has generalized and unified Newton’s theory of universal gravitation and Einstein’s theory of general relativity. It suggests that the theory of GOR is logically consistent not only with Einstein’s theory of general relativity but also with Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. Such logical consistency and strict correspondence show that the theory of GOR is logically self-consistent, and confirm the logical rationality and theoretical validity of the theory of GOR.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1] viXra:2312.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-26 06:45:46
Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 7 Pages.
The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to "dark energy" and "dark matter".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
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