Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Condensate of Spacetime Quanta

Authors: Alireza Jamali
Comments: 8 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. Comments and objections are welcome.

Assuming quanta of spacetime to be spin-2 particles, after developing a statistical theory that has no reference to Boltzmann constant, it is argued that below a certain critical pressure of vacuum, quanta of spacetime form a condensate. The possibility of explanation of Sonoluminescence as a quantum-gravitational effect is also envisaged.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Fabric of Space as an Electron-Positron Lattice and Its Implications for GRT

Authors: R Guy Grantham
Comments: 5 pages, PIRTXII 10_13 September 2010

A solid lattice structure of the vacuum as bound electrons and positrons, analogous to a polycrystalline ionic salt, was proposed and termed the „epola‟ by Menahem Simhony in 1973 and argument is provided for validity of this model. Application of the model leads to a physical interpretation of the bending of space detailed by GRT and provides explanations for gravitation and inertia as electromagnetic effects of the lattice with justification for de Broglie waves.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Implications of an Electron-Positron-Lattice Model of Space for em Waves and a Possible Reconciliation of QM with RT.

Authors: R Guy Grantham, Ian G Montgomery
Comments: 6 pages, PIRTXII 10_13 September 2010

The spectrum of electromagnetic waves in vacuum space is discussed as a function of the vibrations of an elastic electron-positron-lattice (the epola model of 1973 by M. Simhony). It is shown how wave propagation is subject to a finite velocity by an extension to the model for quantum substructure of the electron responsible for spin interactions stabilising the lattice in a frustrated magnetic system. An implicit cut-off frequency for EM waves leads to the structure of mesons and potential reconciliation of Quantum Mechanics with Relativity Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Die Weltformel - Eine Menschheit auf Irrwegen (The World Formula - A Human Race on the Wrong Track)

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 47 Pages. Added chapter "5.10 Experimental Proof" and updated Chapter 6.

Es befindet sich die “Welt” scheinbar an einem Wendepunkt. Überbevölkerung, Klimakatastrophe(n) (und Pandemien) sollen die Notwendigkeit einer Transformation der Gesellschaften zu einem “neuen Normal” begründen, einem Normal, in dem die “nachhaltige” Überlebensfähigkeit des Planeten Erde und der Menschheit im Fokus steht. Lösungen soll “die Wissenschaft” bereithalten. Kann diese angedachte Transformation gelingen? Kann die “Wissenschaft” sich anmaßen Lösungen für “globale” Probleme anzubieten, wenn auch nach über 2000 jähriger “Suche”, nicht einmal eine Antwort auf die Frage nach der “Weltformel” gefunden wurde. Der bekannte Physiker Stephen Hawkins schrieb in seinem populärwissenschaftlichen Buch “A brief history of time” : “Wenn wir eine vollständige Theorie entdecken, sollte sie mit der Zeit im Großen und Ganzen für jeden verständlich sein. Dann werden wir alle, Philosophen, Wissenschaftler und ganz normale Menschen, in der Lage sein, an der Diskussion darüber teilzunehmen, warum wir und das Universum existieren.“. Doch weder die Quantentheorie noch die allgemeine Relativitätstheorie sind für jeden verständlich, noch existiert eine vollständige Theorie. So soll dieser Beitrag zur Erörterung der „Weltformel“ sich nicht nur an Wissenschaftler richten, sondern an „ganz normale“ Menschen, die die Frage nach der Weltformel, dem Sinn unserer Existenz und der Machbarkeit einer Rettung des Planeten und des Überlebens der Menschheit stellen. Im Ergebnis wird festgestellt, dass die Weltformel „die Wissenschaft“ zurückwirft auf ihren ursprünglich zentralen Kernbereich: der Frage nach dem freien Willen, nach dem Sinn des Lebens, die Frage nach Gott und die Frage nach dessen Willen.

The “world” is apparently at a turning point. Overpopulation, climate catastrophe (s) (and pandemics) should justify the necessity of a transformation of societies to a “new normal”, a normal in which the “sustainable” survivability of planet earth and humanity is in focus. "Science" should provide solutions. Can this envisaged transformation succeed? Can “science” presume to offer solutions to “global” problems, even if after more than 2000 years of “search”, not even an answer to the question of the “world formula” has been found. Well-known physicist Stephen Hawkins wrote in his popular science book “A brief history of time”: “When we discover a complete theory, in time it should, by and large, be intelligible to everyone. Then all of us, philosophers, scientists and ordinary people, will be able to participate in the discussion about why we and the universe exist. " But neither quantum theory nor general relativity are understandable for everyone, nor does a complete theory exist. This contribution to the discussion of the “world formula” should not only be aimed at scientists, but at “completely normal” people who ask the question of the world formula, the meaning of our existence and the feasibility of saving the planet and the survival of mankind. The result is that the world formula “science” throws back on its originally central core area: the question of free will, the meaning of life, the question of God and the question of his will.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Multi-fold Theory: A Synopsis

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 30 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with scholarly norm]

This paper provides a synopsis and review of the multi-fold theory in preparation for more detailed reviews lectures and books. In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles that they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hints at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Among the multi-fold SMG discoveries, the apparition of an-always in-flight, and hence non-interacting, right-handed neutrinos, coupled to the Higgs boson is quite notable. It is supposedly always around right-handed neutrinos, due to chirality flips by gravity of the massless Weyl fermions, induced by 7D space time matter models and hidden behind the Higgs boson or field at the entry points and exit points of the multi-folds. Massless Higgs bosons modeled as minimal microscopic black holes mark concretized spacetime location. They can condensate into Dirac Kerr-Newman soliton Qballs to produce massive and charged particles, thereby providing a microscopic explanation for a Higgs driven inflation, the electroweak symmetry breaking, the Higgs mechanism, the mass acquisition and the chirality of fermions and spacetime; all resulting from the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. The multi-fold theory has also concrete implications on New Physics. We see this paper as a draft to collect comment and feedback as we evolve it towards a fuller publication. It is the End of 2021 version.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of Everything: the Geometric Mean as an Alternative to Newton's Law of Gravitation

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: Further calculations are on my homepage www.toe-photon.de

Newton's law of gravity gives very precise results for the radii r and velocities v of an orbit. But they give no indication of the diameter of celestial bodies. In this respect, it is fundamental to rethink the general formula for distance laws F prop e_1 e_2 /r^2. A system requires at least 2 objects and an observer. With the torques and a corresponding formula for the time or frequencies N_B /w_B = N_1/ w_1 = N_2/ w_2, all forces can be summarized. This gives the TOE with only one type of particle. All constants result from the specifications of the earth's radius and the orbital period of one day. 4/(2pi) / c 6378,626^2 km^2 = 1 day Examples are calculations of the proton mass, as well as the diameter and orbit of Mercury.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of Everything Relation to the Theory of Relativity and Quantum Theory

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: 14 Pages.

Newton's law of gravitation gives very accurate results for the radii r and velocities v of an orbit, but they do not give any indication of the diameter of celestial bodies or the masses of elementary particles. In contrast, the TOE is based on the simplest possible law for the energy E= 2^r i^t and the torque for an observer and two objects. A common constant can be derived from h, G and c. hGc^5 s^8/m^10 sqrt(pi^4 - pi^2 - 1/pi - 1/pi^3) = 0.999991 For the system of sun, earth and moon, a formula for c results from the radius of the earth and day alone: r = sqrt (pi/2 c m Tag ) = 6378626 m Numerous calculations on the planetary system, hydrogen atom and elementary particles are given. For example, the exact calculation of the proton mass in relation to the electron mass. m_proton = (2pi)^4+(2pi)^3+(2pi)^2-(2pi)^1 - 1 -2 - 2/pi - 2/pi^6 + 4/pi^8+ 4/pi^10 + 4/pi^12 + 8/pi^13 - 1/pi^14) The TOE gives the result 1836.15267343 me With the TOE, the energies of objects are determined directly. QM, QFT and ART are committee methods using the Euler-Lagrange formula. The vacuum is considered to be an essential part of the universe, filled with virtual particles. This can be represented as an equation: All = TOE + Vakuum = TOE + QFT + ART
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

The Planck Scale in SST

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

In the Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST), we define the Planck Scale as the limit/boundary of the applicability of the Equivalence Principle (i.e. equality of inertial mass and gravitational mass). Surface of the core of the lightest neutrinos is such a boundary so we relate Planck values to it - it is a limit of the (h-bar)Gc physics. The internal dynamics of such neutrinos is beyond the Gc physics. Near the Planck surface, the quantum effects of gravity dominate so there appears the SST Higgs potential for neutrinos.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Two-Point Momentless: Space and Time in the Context of Quantum Entanglement.

Authors: Lama Tenzin Rahula Rinpoche, Gemma F. Lopez
Comments: 8 Pages.

In this paper, a cause for the lack of unification between quantum field theory and general relativity is identified. It is shown that the description of spacetime in current theoretical models assumes energy to be unchanging at small units of time on the quantum scale. As a means of counteraction, a condition is established for quantum gravity theories and the concept of ’two-point momentless’ is presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theoretical Ratio of the Gravitational Force to the Electromagnetic Force Between Two Electrons

Authors: Richard L. Marker
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper develops the theoretical ratio of the gravitational force to electromagnetic force between two electrons. I refer to this ratio as the ggee ratio. The ggee_theory ratio equals the product of a factor multiplied by alpha².

The factor portion of the calculation comes from an unusual source. An underlying model posits a metaphysical structure of space and of the electron. A rational number solution to the geometry of the model leads directly to the factor. This solution emerges completely independently from the ggee ratio it produces. The rational factor seems to be an exact solution.

The precision of ggee normally depends on the precision of G. The precision of ggee developed depends on the precision of alpha². Using Codata values for 2018, ggee_codata = 2.400610(54)E-43 and ggee_theory = 2.40071068266(72)E-43. The theoretical value is 1.85 sigma greater than the Codata derived value.

The gravitational constant, G, has a history of disparate value ranges. A deviation of 1.85 sigma may fall into an acceptable range more so than would normally be the case.

A Stringy Model of Pointlike Particles

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 13 Pages. Published version: NPB (2022). Table 1 slightly clarified.

A previous supersymmetric preon scenario for visible matter particles is extended to the dark sector. In addition, the scenario is reformulated as a Double Field Theory (DFT) with four extra dimensions, to avoid a singular Big Bang in cosmology. T-duality and doubled local Lorentz symmetry of the model are genuine stringy properties. It is proposed that DFT preons may be an approximate pointlike projection of string theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Origin of the Excess and No Excess of Electron-Neutrinos in MiniBooNE and MicroBooNE, Respectively

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

The atom-like structure of baryons, creation of virtual pairs, and different target-detector distances explain why, unlike the MiniBooNE data, the MicroBooNE results show no excess of electron-neutrinos and electron-antineutrinos. Our result, i.e. excess = 414.4 +- 59.0, is consistent with the MiniBooNE data.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Theory of Everything the Coriolis Force Results in the Quantum Theory

Authors: Helmut Schmidt
Comments: You can find more articles on the TOE and results on the QT, the planetary system and the cosmos on my homepage www.toe-photon.de

All physical laws relating to natural forces are based on the same principle F=e1 e2/r^a. The TOE, on the other hand, uses ratios. Nature is simple, with a single kind of particle, one dimension, the simplest possible law of energy E = 2^n i^t and the world is fractal. If one denotes r as the large radius, xy as the small radius and z as the deviation, there are only ratios. The polynomial rObjekt = r + (2pi) xy+(2pi)^2 z is the summary of the 3 dimensions of an object. The energy is not required for calculations with the TOE. The number of particles N and torques r, xy, z and w are sufficient. These relationships apply to 2 objects and one observer: NB / wB = N1 / w1 = N2 / w2 and NB / wB = N1 / w1 = N2 / w2 Using the Compton effect, c, h and G-factor were all calculated solely from the rotation of the earth, the equatorial earth radius and the polar earth radius. The G factor was calculated c = 4/(2pi) 6378,626^2 km^2 / day with an difference of 489 the equatorial radius of 6378.137 km. The G -factor was calculated as 2.002241 with an error of 2.002241 / G-factor = 0.999961. Masses of the proton, muon, and tauon were calculated. Proton:(2pi)^4+(2pi)^3+(2pi)^2-(2pi)^1 - 2 -1 - 2/pi - 2/pi^6 (1 - 2/pi^2- 2/pi^4 - 2/pi^6 (1+1/pi^2 (2pi - 1/4) ) )
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Mass Spectrum in General Models

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 4 Pages. [Corrections made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirements on the Submission Form]

Within the framework of the technology of axioms of dynamic space-matter, it is possible to calculate the mass spectrum of elementary particles and the spectrum of atomic models in a single mathematical truth.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory