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[16] viXra:2006.0281 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-30 20:43:20
Authors: Andrei Lucian Dragoi
Comments: 19 Pages. Editor(s): (1) Dr. Lei Zhang, Winston-Salem State University, USA. (2) Dr. Roberto Oscar Aquilano, National University of Rosario, Argentina; Reviewers: (1) Narendrasinh B. Desai, (2) Andrew Walcott Beckwith, (3) U.V.S. Seshavatharam, (4) Ila Joshi
This paper brings into attention a possible logarithmic connection between Einstein's constant and the fine-structure constant, based on a hypothetical electro-gravitational resistivity of vacuum: we also propose a zero-energy hypothesis (ZEH) which is essentially a conservation principle applied on zero-energy that mainly states a general quadratic equation having a pair of conjugate mass solutions for each set of coefficients, thus predicting a new type of mass "symmetry" called here "mass conjugation" between elementary particles (EPs) which predicts the zero/non-zero rest masses of all known/unknown EPs to be conjugated in boson-fermion pairs; ZEH proposes a general formula for all the rest masses of all EPs from Standard model, also indicating a possible bijective connection between the three types of neutrinos and the massless bosons (photon, gluon and the hypothetical graviton), between the electron/positron and the W boson and predicting two distinct types of neutral massless fermions (modelled as conjugates of the Higgs boson and Z boson respectively) which are plausible candidates for dark energy and dark matter. ZEH also offers a new interpretation of Planck length as the approximate length threshold above which the rest masses of all known elementary particles have real number values (with mass units) instead of complex/imaginary number values (as predicted by the unique quadratic equation proposed by ZEH). Main sources: http://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/article/view/30191 http://www.journalpsij.com/index.php/PSIJ/article/view/30191/56646 http://sdiarticle4.com/review-history/57825 (open peer-review history)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[15] viXra:2006.0261 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-29 10:47:56
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement and spacetime is discrete, with a fractal structure based on random walk and a non-commutative geometry. When random walk is combined with maximal particle generations, exponential expansion can automatically takes place. Away from maximal generation or in an already concretized spacetime, random walk accounts for a constant or slowing down expansion. Meanwhile, the multi-fold mechanisms also implies a constant expansion potential, adding a force to the expansion of the universe, thanks to uncertainties. It explain the constant acceleration of the universe expansion with a cosmological constant that is not the vacuum energy density but can be way smaller.
It may contribute to addressing problems like the absence of any explanation of dark energy, the embarrassing orders of magnitude of discrepancies between vacuum energy and the cosmological constant predicted by conventional Physics; issues that are among Today’s biggest mysteries of the universe. These explanations do not require New Physics beyond the Standard Model and the Standard Cosmology Model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[14] viXra:2006.0234 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-22 23:29:07
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 3 Pages.
Robert R. Caldwell, Marc Kamionkowski, and Nevin N. Weinberg, wrote a paper Phantom Energy and Cosmic Doomsday (1). They wrote an equation for the expiration date of the universe and used an example where the expiration date of the universe is 22 billion years.
In spinning sphere theory, matter is created by imperfections forming in the universe. The imperfections are absence defects similar to Shottky defects in material science.(2) It is proposed that repulsive gravity pushes on these defects out to the edge of the universe. During that time of travel to the edge of the universe, stars, galaxies, and galaxy clusters are formed and age. Over 22 billion years, the edge of the universe is reached and all matter goes into non-existence. New matter is continually formed on the interior of the universe. Old matter is destroyed at the edge of the universe. The following paper shows the equation for calculating the amount of time it takes for matter to be pushed out of the universe by repulsive gravity. In spinning sphere theory, the universe is about 3.018 billion light years in radius
As matter reaches the edge of the universe, black holes will also reach the edge of the universe. In fact, many stars will actually turn into black holes as they accumulate more matter from the energetic collisions that other matter has when it is traveling closer to the speed of light. There should be a sudden darkening of the universe as many of these stars turn into black holes. As these black holes are destroyed at the edge of the universe, we may see their destruction as streaks in the cosmic neutrino background. It should be interesting to see the cosmic neutrino background.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[13] viXra:2006.0229 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-25 14:06:22
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 8 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
Multi-fold universes and LQG have a lot in common as well as complementarities. A priori, both models are compatible with each other. The present paper analyses these touch points and suggests ways forward both in terms of multi-fold universes and of LQG. Also, considering the relationships between multi-fold universes results and superstring theories, there are many ways that the three approaches could use lessons learned or mechanisms from each other, in order to fill gaps or improve some of their own models. Maybe they could even converge towards new and more encompassing combined frameworks. We conclude with a call for such a collaboration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[12] viXra:2006.0211 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-22 21:50:00
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 5 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
In this paper, we start from conventional GUTs and ToEs and discuss their challenges due not only to the lack of observations of proton decays and magnetic monopoles, but also to the fact that when gravity is considered, especially with mechanisms à la multi-folds, where gravity emerges from entanglement, both these phenomena are expected to not exist. With only a few exception, ToEs are badly hurt, including many superstrings, and most GUTs are knocked out.
Because of the massive gravity at small scale contributed by entanglement in a multi-fold universe, we encounter new lifecycles for charged black holes and discover that, at small scales, gravity is no more the weakest interaction. In fact, sources and carriers of all interactions democratically carry gravity along with their interaction the same way and all interactions have similar strength. It becomes a new symmetric state with an Ultimate Unification of all the forces, but without the hierarchies of symmetry groups typically involved in GUTs, and without intermediate GUTs not involving gravity from the get-go. These results are obtained in a multi-fold universe, but with discussions of what can be said about our real universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[11] viXra:2006.0190 [pdf] replaced on 2022-08-22 05:41:43
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 6 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
In this paper, we argue that gravity breaks the symmetry between electric and magnetic equations (without sources) within the Standard Model. As a result, the motivation for introducing magnetic monopoles disappears (without affecting charge quantization): magnetic monopole probably do not exist in the presence or gravity. It is consistent with the absence of observation of magnetic monopoles and resolves the magnetic monopole cosmology problem. This result could have serious implications for supersymmetry, supergravity, GUTs and ToEs, including in particular superstrings. Some of these implications, and possible ways forward, are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[10] viXra:2006.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-18 15:07:49
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 12 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
Superstrings seem to somehow appear in multi-folds universes. We compare the results and models of superstrings with the multi-fold mechanisms associated to EPR entanglement and discover that such multi-fold mechanism in a multi-fold universe: i) explain or clarify many superstring results, ii) provide analogies to superstring results that often change conjectures (e.g. AdS/CFT correspondence, ER=EPR, GR=QM) to facts or theorems in a multi-fold universe iii) position superstrings with respect to our spacetime iv) illustrates differences and v) makes suggestions on how to evolve superstrings theories and M-Theory, according to the multi-fold universe proposal and observations in the real universe, so far. We conclude with a call for collaboration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[9] viXra:2006.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-16 21:38:05
Authors: Stephane H Maes
Comments: 3 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
Proving and constructing viable Yang Mills Gauge is a key concern for the Standard Model and an open problem. It has only be solved on lattices. Yet, gravity is not modeled in the Standard Model. We discuss that in a multi-fold universe where gravity emerges from entanglement effects, the spacetime is discrete (fractal with fractional dimensions, noncommutative and still Lorentz invariant). For any Lorentz invariant discrete spacetime, the lattice proofs and their lattice cell size independence completes the proof of the mass gap for Yang Mills Gauge theories. Continuous spacetime may or may not have a mass gap; but it does not matter if the real universe is discrete and Lorentz invariant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[8] viXra:2006.0151 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-16 12:44:49
Authors: Ilija Barukčić
Comments: 34 Pages. (C) Ilija Barukčić, 2020, Jever, Germany. All rights reserved. Published: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3902634 or http://www.ijmttjournal.org/archive/ijmtt-v66i6p515
Objective. Reconciling locality and non-locality in accordance with Einstein’s general theory of relativity appears to be more than only a hopeless endeavor. Theoretically this seems almost impossible.
Methods.
The usual tensor calculus rules were used.
Results.
Einstein’s field equations were simply reformulated in terms of Weyl’s curvature tensor without any contradiction, without changing Einstein’s field equations at all and without adding anything new to Einstein’s field equations.
Conclusions.
Weyl’s curvature tensor is not completely identical with a tensor of non-locality.
Keywords: principium identitatis, principium contradictionis, theory of relativity, Unified field theory, causality
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[7] viXra:2006.0140 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-16 05:01:35
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 4 Pages.
The Big Bang theory basically states that the universe is expanding and that there is point that there could be a critical density at which the universe could go on expanding forever or crunch. The theory of a rotating universe can also have a critical density is different for rotating universe. To contrast with the big bang theory, a rotating universe would have an equilibrium density. In fact, the particular rotating universe that this theory deals with is that our universe may be in equilibrium with neither contraction or expansion but with kinetic and potential energy.
In Sphere Theory of the Universe, the universe is rotating. This rotating universe has mass where parts of it are moving at familiar velocities and some are moving at relativistic velocities. Size itself is confused, in that nothing really travels in a straight line, and therefore we are trying to weed out these problems in calculating the size of the universe. It appears that light itself travels in a spiral, which is controlled by gravitational forces. The observed quantities of particles are further complicated in that the relativistic velocities make the quantities of particles look higher. The concentrations of particles are highest at the center of the sphere, but the rotation imparts energy that makes things look like the concentration is mostly uniform. This paper tries to sort out these problems and present a Mass, Size, and Equilibrium Density of the Universe. The mass of the universe, which would include matter, dark matter, and dark energy.
There is still some work to figure exactly what is going on the potential and kinetic energy. The equilibrium appears to be about 8.01*10^-25 kilograms per meter cubed. The spinning universe iuch denser than an expanding universe. The radius of the spinning universe is much smaller than an expanding universe at 3.1 billion light years, but light gets bent as it travels out to the edge of the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[6] viXra:2006.0130 [pdf] replaced on 2020-07-02 05:30:08
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 23 Pages.
In Quantum FFF Theory, there are different levitation systems possible observed in Big Basin UFOs. Two systems (1,2) are assumed to use a new physics magnetic field effect called “Anti Maxwell Dip” effect dependent of the conductor diameter around each current in a wire without an equal reaction force. According to Quantum FFF Theory.
The third system (EMEC) is a new physics centrifugal effect based on Electron Muon conversion in a torus shape, also without reaction force. (3)
1e, The Dual different diameter electric conductor based solenoidal or Dual Diameter Solenoidal Effect (DDSE) B=0 effect and Lorentz levitation effect.
2e, The Triple Different Diameter Electric wire Lorentz levitation effect. (TDDE)
3e, The EMEC : Electron- Muon-Electron Conversion centrifugal effect.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[5] viXra:2006.0128 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-14 19:07:44
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 4 Pages. This submission grants viXra.org a non-exclusive license to distribute the article. I certify that the submitter has the right to grant this license. Revocability would be only if preprint removal were a condition for final publication.
Gravity is not modeled in the Standard Model. The Proton decay, predicted by many GUTs, TOEs, supersymmetry, supergravity theories and superstrings, is forbidden in the Standard Model because the proton is the lightest baryon and the conservation of the lepton and baryon numbers would be violated. In New Physics beyond the Standard Model, such violations could be tolerated because the baryon and lepton number symmetries have chirality anomalies. We discuss that in a multi-fold universe, where gravity emerges from entanglement effects, or in a universe where gravity is strong enough to cause chirality flips of fermions, these anomalies are smeared so that the baryon and lepton symmetries could be no more anomalous, and conservation of the baryon and lepton numbers could be seen as stricter. As a result, proton decay could remain forbidden, except when gravity is extreme. It has significant consequences for theories predicting proton decay but matches the total lack of any proton decay observation so far.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[4] viXra:2006.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2020-06-13 20:22:25
Authors: Michael John Sarnowski
Comments: 11 Pages.
Granular Spacetime Sphere Theory predicts that our universe is a sphere made of spheres. These spheres made of spheres are fractals from level to level. This theory is taken down to its roots and shows that the universe starts with what could be labeled a quasi-point particle and builds it up to a multiverse. The theory can now be used to predict a gravitational constant of $G=6.674379282299*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$This is in line with the low sigma measurements of $6.674184 *10^{-11}$ [6]$6.674484*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$[6] $6.67433*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$[7] and the UZur-06 measurement of $6.67425*10^{-11}\frac{m^3}{kg*s^2}$
This value obtained in this paper affirms the values shown in the Nature Article “Measurements of the gravitational constant using two independent methods” and it affirms that there really was no big bang and the universe is actually rotating and the size is limited by the outer edge not being able to move faster than the speed of light.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[3] viXra:2006.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2022-11-09 23:12:19
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 84 Pages. Paper accepted for publication HIJ, Vol 2, No 4, pp 136-219, Dec 2022. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
We start from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_MF, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multifold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) "spooky actions at distance" to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_MF, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements. Besides providing a new perspective on quantum gravity, when added to the Standard Model as (SM_G), with non-negligible affects at its scales, and to the Standard Cosmology, U_MF can contribute explanations of several open questions and challenges. It also clarifies some relationships and challenges met by other quantum gravity models and Theories of Everything. It leads to suggestions for these works. We also reconstruct the spacetime of U_MF, starting from the random walks of particles in an early spacetime. U_MF now appears as a noncommutative, discrete, yet Lorentz symmetric, spacetime that behaves roughly 2-Dimensional at Planck scales, when it is a graph of microscopic Planck size black holes on a random walk fractal structure left by particles that can also appear as microscopic black holes. Of course, at larger scales, spacetime appears 4-D, where we are able to explain curvature and recover Einstein’s General Relativity. We also discover an entanglement gravity-like contributions and massive gravity at very small scales. This is remarkable considering that no Hilbert Einstein action, or variations expressing area invariance, were introduced. Our model also explains why semi classical approaches can work till way smaller scale than usually expected and present a new view on an Ultimate Unification of all forces, at very small scales. We also explore opportunities for falsifiability and validation of our model, as well as ideas for futuristic applications, that may be worth considering, if U_MF was a suitable model for our universe U_real.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2006.0071 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-10 15:25:27
Authors: Leo Vuyk
Comments: 15 Pages.
This new physics Dual Centrifugal Synchrotron Thruster is based on a new physics compound Rigid String Theory called Quantum Function Follow Form Theory.
In physics, it is well known that the three simplest Fermions differ in actual mass.
From lightweight to heavy, they are called Electron, Muon and Tau particles.
The Q-FFF Theory these propeller shaped particles are assumed to be spinning by collision with the local oscillating vacuum vector field called Axion-Higgs field with a torus shaped form.
(figure 2)
An electron is assumed to be equipped with 2 additional compound Photon/Gluons to form a Muon particle, which are heavier than the Electron.
The measured mass ratio between Electrons and Muons are 1: 200 or about 0.5 MeV: 100MeV.
( figure 1.)
Title: Electron- Muon- Electron string Conversion for Space flight (EMEC)
The craft is equipped with two concentric storage tube rings with mutual electric radiation lasers based ring change channels producing Centrifugal Force for spaceflight.
EMEC means Electron Muon Electron conversion. The mass difference between Electrons and Muon are supposed to be able by mutual laser conversion and ring changing to produce a centrifugal force strong enough to accelerate the Craft everywhere in space. (Figure 3)
Together with additional Free vacuum Electricity production inside the craft, this system will be able to independently operate for space transportation. (Fig 12)
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1] viXra:2006.0026 [pdf] replaced on 2020-06-30 20:35:25
Authors: Andrew Beckwith
Comments: 24 Pages. equations re organized and reformatted for convenience in typesetting for JHEPGC
Using the Klauder enhanced quantization as a way to specify the cosmological constant as a baseline for the mass of a graviton, we eventually come up and then we will go to the relationship of a Planck Length to a De Broglie length in order to link how we construct a massive graviton mass, with cosmological constant and to interface that with entropy in the early universe. We then close with a reference to the possible quantum origins of e folding and inflation. This objective once achieved is connected with a possible mechanism for the creation of voids, in the later universe, using a construction of shock fronts from J. P Onstriker, 1991 and followed up afterwards with Mukhanov’s physical foundations to Cosmology book section as to indicate how variable input into self reproduction of the Universe structures may lead to void formation in the present era. A connection with Wesson’s 5 dimensional cosmology is brought up in terms of a generalized uncertainty principle which may lead to variations of varying energy input into self reproducing cosmological structures which could enable non uniform structure formation and hence voids. One of the stunning results is that the figure of number of gravitons, about 10^58 , early on, is commensurate with a need for negative pressure, (middle of manuscript) which is a stunning result, partly based on Volovik and weakly interacting Bose gas model for pressure, which is completely unexpected. Note that in quantum physics, the idea statistically is that at large quantum numbers,
we have an approach to classical physics results. We will do the same as to our cosmological work. This means that the quantum number n −
, in our last set of equations, which as we indicate has the surprise condition that for Pre
– Planckian space-time that a very large value for initial Pre Planckian dimensions dim d which is the dimensional input into the Pre Planckian state, prior to emergence into Planckian cosmology conditions. We conclude by stating the following question. Can extra dimensions come from a Multiverse feed in to PrePlanckian space-time? See Theorem at the end of this publication. Our answer is in the affirmative, and it with Black hole physics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
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