Classical Physics

Proof that the Center of Buoyancy is Equal to the Center of Hydrostatic Pressure (Part 2:) Semi-Submerged Circular Cylinder and Triangular Prism

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 27 Pages. 4 Figures, 65 Equations, 60 References.

Published in the Bulletin of Nagasaki Institute of Applied Science in Japan, 2023 (December), Vol.63, No.2, Research Notes in Mathematical and Physical Science, pp.117~143.

We prove that " the center of buoyancy of floating bodies is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. Then we thought that the reason why the vertical position of the center of pressure could not be determined was that the horizontal force would be zero due to equilibrium in the upright state.

As a breakthrough, we dared to assume the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the floating bodies with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero in order to make it upright state, it can be proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface.

As noted above, we have already proved this problem for rectangular and arbitrarily shaped cross-sections, and published them here on viXra.org in English. Although the case of a semi-submerged circular cylinder and a triangular prism are also included in the proof of arbitrary shapes, we prove for each shape separately in this 2nd report, since they are two typical cross-sectional shapes along with rectangles. However, there is an essential difference in the proof between the two shapes. The reason is why the former does not change its underwater shape when inclined laterally, while the latter, like the rectangle, changes its cross-sectional shape when inclined. The present paper provides clear proofs for both shapes.
Category: Classical Physics

The Circular Current Loop as a Model of Fundamental Particles

Authors: Günther Landvogt
Comments: 26 Pages.

The presented circular current loop model reveals that charged fundamental particles such as the electron consist essentially of electric and magnetic energy. The magnetic properties have the same order of magnitude as the electric ones. The electromagnetic field energy is the origin of the inertial mass. The Higgs boson, existing or not, is not needed to "explain" particle mass. The magnetic moment of fundamental particles is not anomalous! The "anomaly" indicates the existence of a small additional amount of kinetic energy. Thus, fundamental particles are not purely field-like such as photons and not (essentially) mass-like such as atoms, they represent a special kind of matter in between. Their kinetic energy is obviously not due to any relativistic effect but is related to an independent physical law that provides, together with the magnetic energy, the angular momentum exactly to be . Fundamental particles are (at least) two-dimensional. In the simplest case their core consists of two concentric, nearly identical current loops. Their relative design details, the "anomaly" factor, and the rotational velocity of the uniformly distributed elementary charge follow from the stability condition, i.e. electric and magnetic force balance, and do not depend on the particle’s rest mass! Fundamental particles are objects of classical physics. Their magnetic forces are the true origin of the weak and strong nuclear interactions. For their explanation bosons and gluons are not needed.
Category: Classical Physics

Observation Theory: Wave Propagation and Apparent Velocity of Object Motion

Authors: Canlun Yuan
Comments: 12 Pages. In Chinese

This paper deepens and develops Galileo's principle of relativity of motion, and summarizes the Laws of relativity and superposition of motion or wave (light). The essence of light is analyzed. Analyze the characteristics of various waves (sound waves, water waves, electromagnetic waves or light waves, etc.) and their relationship with the motion speed of objects (wave sources). Wave acts as a messenger for people to know things, and uses wave (light) as a signal to receive, perceive and know things far away. The observation of an object is an observation perspective effect, not the real motion of the object. The real motion of the wave source can exceed the wave speed, and the observed speed of the object moving at the super wave (light) speed can be much lower than the wave (light) speed in some visual angles, while the observed speed of the object moving below the wave (light) speed will be much higher than the Apollo speed in some visual angles. Objects moving at super wave (light) speed will produce special phenomena when observed from some angles. Superwave velocity (including superlight velocity) of real motion of objects and inversion of observation time sequence are common phenomena. Finally, the superluminal phenomenon of quasars and the technical application prospect of observation angle effect are discussed. This theory is widely used in remote sensing, astronomical observation, microscopic detection, satellite navigation, weather forecast, microscopic observation, medical detection, dynamic identification and so on. All of them are calibrated by the formula of observation angle effect derived in this paper, which can improve the accuracy of observation results. Especially in the observation technology of high-speed moving objects such as high-energy collider, cosmic ray, cosmic radiation and nuclear reaction, the application effect is more remarkable, and more real and accurate results are achieved.
Category: Classical Physics

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone_ENG+ITA

Authors: Leonardo Rubino
Comments: 12 Pages.

Lifeguard, Snell's Law, Fermat's Principle and Brachistochrone.
Category: Classical Physics

A Note on the Laws of Newtonian Mechanics.

Authors: Jeremy Dunning-Davies
Comments: 2 Pages.

Here attention is drawn to the assumptions behind some very elementary results of Newtonian mechanics. It is noted that incorrect conclusions may be drawn if these are not remembered when applying or criticising these laws.
Category: Classical Physics

Control of Altitude and Acceleration in Direction of Gravity for Ehd and Electrostatic Propulsion Devices

Authors: Taku Saiki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Electro hydro dynamic (EHD) and electrostatic propulsion devices has no moving parts and, in the air, operates on electrical energy. It is expected to develop electric propulsion systems without future moving parts of airplanes and helicopters propellers in the future. I had succeeded in hovering EHD device in an arbitrary space for the first time. It means that we can control height at floating in the air. Also, I had succeeded in controlling the speed and acceleration of the EHD device and decreased to a significantly low level. I considered a theory for hovering EHD device. Here, high output voltage of small Tesla coil was modulated at a low repetition frequency, and output voltage of Cock-Walton circuit was controlled in a rectangular pulse shape temporally. Furthermore, I analyzed position, velocity, and acceleration of EHD device for levitation and descent using the optical-flow method. I confirmed that the velocity and acceleration were significantly lower than when a high DC voltage was applied.
Category: Classical Physics

Gradual Rise and Growth Versus the Sudden Inflation of the Cosmic Globe

Authors: Jaswant Rai Mahajan
Comments: 10 Pages. constructive feedback is welcome

According to the present investigation, the energy (Mc2) of the Cosmic Globe is a kinetic expression of its Potential Energy (P. E.) in the Vacuum Field (V-Field). It is above the Zero Point Energy (ZPE) of the Vo-Field and due to its dynamic nature expands isotropically in the surrounding Vacuum, increasing the size of the Cosmic Globe. But the progress of Centrifugal Expansion is opposed by the Centripetal drag of the G-Field, which brings the expansion to a halt when the P.E. in the V-Field and the Kinetic Energy (K.E.) of the Cosmic Globe exhaust themself at Rc = Mc2 x G/c4. Instead, the G-Field P.E. attains its maximum value Rc x c4 /G = Mc2 = total mass-energy of the Cosmic Globe - which triggers the Contraction phase. Thus, Rc is the delimiting non-crossable boundary for the mass-energy expanding inside the Cosmic Globe - marking a sharp contrast with the Schwarzschild radius (Rs), which delimits the no-return boundary of the mass-energy collapsing under its g-forces! And, during the G-compression, the contracting globe squeezes out the voids and discharges its energy into the V-Field to attain its ZPE state. At the Maximum Contraction (Ro), the G-Field P.E. equals zero, while the P.E. with respect to the V-Field attains its maximum value - which initiates the Expansion Cycle. In short, the Cosmic Globe perpetuates its expansion and contraction cycle by recycling its total energy through the periodic and gradual interconversion into the P.E. of the V-Field and G-Field.
Category: Classical Physics

New Consideration of Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs. Maxwell's Equation

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages.

Based on theoretical analysis and experimental verification, this study proves that the electromotive force truly expressed by Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is the open-circuit electromotive force of a metal loop. Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction should be revised to Faraday's law of open-circuit electromagnetic induction. The electromotive force of a closed metal loop is equal to zero, that is, the line integral of the electric field intensity along a closed metal loop must be equal to zero. Therefore, Maxwell's mathematical expression of electromagnetic induction is inconsistent with Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction. This study further proposes a symmetrical metal closed loop - an equipotential metal current ring. The charges in the equipotential metal current ring are not affected by an electric field force, and are only affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Theoretical and experimental verification prove that the electric potential and electric field intensity in an equipotential metal current ring are equal to zero everywhere, and a changing magnetic field cannot induce an electric field in the equipotential metal current ring. Expanding the equipotential metal current ring to the vacuum, it can be concluded that in the vacuum, a changing magnetic field cannot induce an electric field, which is a great challenge to Maxwell's "electromagnetic waves" theory.
Category: Classical Physics