Classical Physics

Theoretical Hydrostatics of Floating Bodies: New Developments on the Center of Buoyancy, the Metacentric Radius and the Hydrostatic Stability

Authors: Tsutomu Hori, Manami Hori
Comments: 104 Pages, 26 Figures, 261 Equations, 80 References, 7 Appendices.

This paper presents new developments in the fundamental theory for the hydrostatics of floating bodies, such as a ship. In it, we show that a proof that the center of buoyancy is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure, a new derivation of the metacenter radius, and theoretical treatments of the hydrostatic stability of floating bodies based on the above two new theories.

In Chapter 1, we prove that " the center of buoyancy of a ship is equal to the center of hydrostatic pressure ". This subject is an unsolved problem in physics and naval architecture, even though the buoyancy taught by Archimedes' principle can be obtained clearly by the surface integral of hydrostatic pressure. As a breakthrough, we dared to create the left-right asymmetric pressure field by inclining the ship with heel angle. In that state, the force and moment due to hydrostatic pressure were calculated correctly with respect to the tilted coordinate system fixed to the floating body. By doing so, we succeeded in determining the center of pressure for the shape of rectangular and arbitrary cross-sections. Then, by setting the heel angle to zero, it was proved that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy, i.e., the centroid of the cross-sectional area under the water surface in the upright state. Furthermore, we showed an extension to the center of buoyancy for a 3-D floating body.

In Chapter 2, we develop a new theory on the derivation of the transverse metacentric radius which governs the stability of ships. As a new development in its derivation process, it was shown that the direction of movement of the center of buoyancy due to lateral inclination of ship is the direction of the half angle of the heel angle. By finding it, we were able to derive a metacentric radius worthy of its name by showing that the metacentric radius correctly represents the radius centered on the metacenter, which is the center of inclination.

In Chapters 3 and 4, theoretical treatments on the hydrostatic stability of ships are presented. As the simplest hull form, a columnar ship with rectangular cross-section, which is made of homogeneous squared timber with arbitrary breadth and arbitrary material, is chosen. In Chapter 3, the conditions under which the ship is stable in the upright state with horizontal deck are analyzed by means of ship's hydrostatics. And in Chapter 4, the stable attitude in an inclined state of the ship, which is not stable in the upright state with horizontal deck, is analyzed. By doing so, the dependence of the stable conditions and of the inclined attitude on the breadth and material of the ship will be clarified.

In Appendices, we prove that the center of hydrostatic pressure is equal to the well-known center of buoyancy for four shapes separately which are a triangular prism and a semi-submerged circular cylinder as floating bodies, and a submerged circular cylinder and an arbitrary shaped submerged body as submerged bodies.
Category: Classical Physics

Naturally Synthesized Polar Waves and Logic Puzzles

Authors: Guanju Wu
Comments: 13 Pages. This is what I found in my experiment, and hopefully someone will study it.

This paper first introduces a set of devices and methods for synthesizing polar waves, using a special magnetic circuit hidden pole motor to produce two stable fundamental waves, one is similar to harmonics, the other is polar waves with great difference in positive and negative amplitudes, which are natural synthetic waves, non-electronic tuning, different topologies have different phases and shapes. Using a pair of coils with opposite winding directions can make the motor output these two fundamental waves and their inverse waves at the same time. By selecting different wiring methods, four conjugated electromotive forces can be synthesized and exist at the same time, that is, the change of topology is like a logical operation, which can cause the observation results to become multiple equivalent images. If the motor has a pair of mirrored windings and is short-circuited to one of them, then even if the topology is no longer changed, only the direction of motion is changed, the output waveform of the motor in the reciprocal direction will also be significantly different, it does not have formal symmetry: one direction is the same amplitude, the opposite direction is the polar wave with a huge difference between the positive and negative amplitudes, and this difference increases with the increase of the number of turns of the two sets of coils. This means that the observation of natural results may also be affected by logical selection.
Category: Classical Physics

Interstellar Matter is the Main Cause of Hubble Redshift and the Testing Method of Hubble's Law

Authors: Xiaotao Peng
Comments: 24 Pages.

The article "Eight Magnifiers Relay to Take a Picture of Dark Matter Halo" published by science and technology hall, China on September 3, 2020 introduced the situation of taking pictures of dark matter, and posted relevant photos. So what is the so-called dark matter halo in these photos made of? What are their physical meanings? These so-called dark matter should only be normal matter with low temperature and little visible light, which we can call interstellar matter.The existence of interstellar matter directly excludes the possibility that Hubble redshift is Doppler effect, and at the same time, the existence of interstellar matter will cause astronomical observers on earth to actually observe only the secondary light produced by interstellar matter, rather than the primary light produced by celestial bodies. In the process of producing secondary light, the frequency of interstellar matter will decrease slightly every time it is regenerated. Therefore, when interstellar matter is regarded as macroscopic isotropic and basically uniform, the frequency of starlight will decrease in direct proportion to the distance, which is called Hubble redshift. This is the mechanism and truth of Hubble redshift.Since Hubble discovered in 1929 that the redshift of celestial bodies is proportional to the distance between celestial bodies and the earth, it is believed that the redshift of celestial bodies is the Doppler effect caused by the retrogression of celestial bodies, and then the redshift of celestial bodies is directly converted into the retrogressive velocity of celestial bodies and Hubble's law is deduced, in which the coefficient is called Hubble constant. But up to now, the values of Hubble constant measured by different methods are not completely the same. The emergence of this phenomenon may indicate that there is a fundamental error in Hubble's law: the fact that the redshift of celestial bodies is proportional to the distance is not the Doppler effect caused by the retrogression of celestial bodies, but the result of interstellar matter. This paper puts forward some analysis and discussion on this, which can be used for reference by interested friends.
Category: Classical Physics

Poynting's Theorem and Undecidability of The Logic of Causality in Light of EPR Completeness Condition

Authors: Abhishek Majhi
Comments: 13 Pages.

The most elementary empirical truth associated with any experiment involving light (electromagnetic radiation) propagation is the distinction between the source (region of cause) and the detector (region of effect), i.e. ``cause/effect'' distinction, based on which one can speak of ``distance between source and detector'', ``propagation from source to detector'' and, therefore, ``action at a distance'', ``velocity of propagation''. According to EPR's completeness condition, ``cause/effect'' distinction should be taken into account in a theory that is supposed to provide explanations for such an experiment, the simplest one being the Hertz experiment. Then, in principle, one can decide whether ``cause before effect'' or ``cause after effect'' i.e. the logic of causality remains decidable. I show that, working with Maxwell's equations and ``cause/effect'' distinction to explain Hertz experiment, Poynting's theorem is unprovable. It is provable if and only if ``cause/effect'' distinction is erased by choice through an act of free will, but the logic of causality becomes undecidable. The current theoretical foundation behind the hypothesis of `light propagation' comes into question as theoretical optics is founded upon Maxwell's equations and Poynting's theorem. A revisit to the foundations of electrodynamics, with an emphasis on the interplay among logic, language and operation, seems necessary and motivated.
Category: Classical Physics

Математический анализ дроидов's Method for Proving Lorentz Transformations

Authors: Haijun Liu
Comments: 15 Pages.

This paper introduces the derivation process of Einstein's two methods of proving Lorentz transformation, the simple method and the coordinate method. It is pointed out that the main problem of the simple method is that the original condition is the only zero solution, that is, x, t, x', t'are all 0, in order to conform to the equations set by Einstein. Such an operation has no mathematical or physical meaning. The simple method of proof is not valid. The main problem with the coordinate method is that the partial differential equations listed by Einstein cannot be deduced at all. Of course, the latter calculus doesn't make any sense. The proof method of coordinate method is also not valid. It is pointed out that the main problem of Математический анализ дроидов's proof of Lorentz transformation is that the space-time interval invariance is derived from Lorentz transformation and cannot be applied as a condition. The origin coordinates of the moving system belong to time-like space-time, so the origin coordinates of the moving system (0, t') and the implicated velocity v cannot be solved in the linear equations.
Category: Classical Physics

Lachesis: Optimization of a Handheld Line Launcher of for Microgravity Utility and Rescue Tasks

Authors: John LaRocco
Comments: 17 Pages. This is more an engineering paper, but one with classical physics as our main method of improvement.

Line launchers are devices that have been used for centuries for maritime rescue operations. The typical implementation is the use of a gun, rocket, or mechanical launcher to hurl a grappling hook or flotation buoy for stranded ships and overboard sailors. Microgravity offers analogous use cases, ranging from microsatellite operations to space debris interception. As such, the Lachesis line launcher is a handheld device that is purpose-built for microgravity applications. After the user pulls the trigger, a laser ignites a smoothbore rocket-propelled projectile which carries a nylon line behind it. Angled threads in the barrel provide the spin and stability that is typically only achieved by conventional rifling. To reduce weight, most components are 3D-printed out of polylactic acid (PLA), a biodegradable and light plastic. With a total weight of 68 g and a projectile kinetic energy of 0.127 J, the Lachesis line launcher presents an effective, potential option, even with contemporary operational constraints. The design combines several proven principles to demonstrate the viability and use case for an updated line launcher in orbital operations.
Category: Classical Physics

Phenomenon Caused by the Relative Velocity Between the Observer and the Light Source

Authors: TaekJin Kim, JaeHyeok Chang
Comments: 329 Pages.

This study aims to experimentally verify the principle of constant velocity of light and Galilean relativity. Special relativity states that the velocity of light is constant to all observers, but there has been no study that had experimentally verified the principle of constant velocity of light as the velocity of the light source increases with respect to the observer. This paper aims to experimentally verify the principle of a constant velocity of light by using the velocity of the image data signal sent by Voyager 1 to Earth. The experiment is performed by dividing the distance of the light path between Voyager 1 and Earth by the delay time for the signal from Voyager 1 to reach Earth. If the principle of the velocity of light is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the same as the velocity of light in the vacuum. But if Galilean relativity is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the velocity of light subtracting the velocity of Voyager 1. In this study analyzing the velocity of the signal shows that the velocity of the signal does not match the velocity of light in the vacuum. Furthermore, the velocity of the signal decreases in inverse proportion to the increase in the velocity of Voyager 1, suggesting that the velocity of Voyager 1 affects the velocity of light. This phenomenon can be an example of Galilean relativity being applied to the velocity of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Phenomenon Caused by the Relative Velocity Between the Observer and the Light Source

Authors: TeakJin Kim, JaeHyeok Chang
Comments: 330 Pages.

This study aims to experimentally verify the principle of constant velocity of light and Galilean relativity. Special relativity states that the velocity of light is constant to all observers, but there has been no study that had experimentally verified the principle of constant velocity of light as the velocity of the light source increases with respect to the observer. This paper aims to experimentally verify the principle of a constant velocity of light by using the velocity of the image data signal sent by Voyager 1 to Earth. The experiment is performed by dividing the distance of the light path between Voyager 1 and Earth by the delay time for the signal from Voyager 1 to reach Earth. If the principle of the velocity of light is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the same as the velocity of light in the vacuum. But if Galilean relativity is correct, the velocity of the signal will be the velocity of light subtracting the velocity of Voyager 1. In this study analyzing the velocity of the signal shows that the velocity of the signal does not match the velocity of light in the vacuum. Furthermore, the velocity of the signal decreases in inverse proportion to the increase in the velocity of Voyager 1, suggesting that the velocity of Voyager 1 affects the velocity of light. This phenomenon can be an example of Galilean relativity being applied to the velocity of light.
Category: Classical Physics

Implications of Positive Charge Carriers for Electric Currents, Covalent Bonds and Radioactive Decay

Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 7 Pages.

Although an explanation of electric current in terms of the one-way movement of electrons is widely accepted, and represents a reassuringly simple model, there are several problems when it comes to explaining phenomena such as the Hall Effect, electrical currents within semiconductor circuitry and the generation of electric and magnetic fields by electric currents. This article overviews the implications of the existence of real rather than pseudo positive charge carriers to explaining electric currents and related electromagnetic phenomena, and some unexpected implications for covalent bonds and radioactive decay.
Category: Classical Physics

Study on Classical Electrodynamics Spin

Authors: Radi I. Khrapko
Comments: 28 Pages. A chapter the book "Research Trends and Challenges in Physical Science Vol. 1"

There are two mutually exclusive concepts of the electrodynamics spin. According to the widespread concept, the spin density is proportional to the gradient of the electromagnetic energy density. Therefore, an unlimited plane wave of circular polarization does not contain spin, and a real wave, limited in space, carries all spin at its boundary, separately from energy. In contrast with the gradient theory, according to the original theory, the spin density is proportional to the energy density, and the spin of plane waves is not related to the existence of the boundaries. Within the framework of this theory, we explain the Beth experiment, we calculate: the spin fluxes of plane waves in various situations, a previously unnoticed spin flux in the dipole radiation. The reason for the transition from the initial theory to the gradient theory is discussed.
Category: Classical Physics

Generation Mechanism for the Sun's Poloidal Magnetic Field

Authors: Dmitry G. Kiryan, George V. Kiryan
Comments: 16 Pages. 10 Figures, 2 Tables

There was established a sequence of physical processes forming the cause-and-effect relationship between the observed alternating poloidal magnetic field of the Sun and a non-electromagnetic factor external to the Sun. It has been shown that nonuniformity of the Sun's orbital motion about the Solar system barycenter promotes emergence inside the Sun of the conditions for generation of the alternating poloidal component of the Sun's magnetosphere having a period of about 20 years. Keywords: Sun's poloidal magnetic field, inversion, flip, Jupiter, Saturn.
Category: Classical Physics

Optimal Leg Height of Landing Legs to Reduce Risk of Damage from Regolith Ejecta by Retrorocket Exhausts

Authors: Johan J. Karukayil
Comments: 8 Pages.

Over the past decade, there has been a rapid increase in rocket launches. 2022 was a record-breaking year for the aerospace industry, with 180 successful rocket launches into orbit, 44 more than the previous year.[2] Reducing as many risks as possible is essential as interplanetary rocket launches and reusable booster landings become more frequent. One such risk occurs when a rocket/booster lands. During the landing process, the retrorockets spray debris from the loose ground, which may damage the rocket/landing module. Retrorockets are rocket engines that provide a thrust opposing the spacecraft’s motion, causing it to decelerate. This paper studies the effect of landing leg height on ejecta velocity, the volume of debris ejected, and ground surface temperature change. Four landing leg heights were tested with an Estes® E-16 consumer model rocket motor: 0 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, and 100 mm. The experiment suggests that the optimal height above the ground’s surface for a simulated landing module based on the volume and velocity of the ejecta is 50 mm. Landing legs that elevate a model rocket this height create an average crater volume of 610.5 mL and a max crater diameter of 10.34 cm. After determining the optimal height, a landing leg system was developed. This system was attached to an Aerodactyl TS® model rocket and utilized landing legs that elevated the rocket to a height of 50 mm above the ground at landing.
Category: Classical Physics