Classical Physics

New Consideration of Electromagnetic Induction - Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction vs. Lorentz’s Magnetic Field Force Theorem

Authors: Hongyuan Ye
Comments: 12 Pages.

Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction reveals that the induction electromotive force generated in a metal coil is proportional to the change rate of the magnetic flux passing through the coil. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem reveals that an electric charge moving in a magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force. Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem is the microscopic physical essence of the induction electromotive force. An induction electromotive force will be generated between the two ends of a metal wire moving in a magnetic field. In this study, calculation formulas of the electromotive force of metal wires were separately derived based on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem. When a metal wire moves at a uniform speed in a magnetic field, the calculation formulas derived from both of them are the same. When a metal wire moves back and forth sinusoidally in a magnetic field, the electromotive forces of the wire derived from Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction and Lorentz's magnetic field force theorem are different. Lorentz's magnetic force theorem is a universal fundamental electromagnetic theorem. Therefore, Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula. This study proposes the electron motion resistance force theorem: When an electron moves in the metal wire, it will be affected by the motion resistance force, and the electron motion resistance force is proportional to the speed of the electron. An electric charge moving in a uniform magnetic field is affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical essence of the motional electromotive force. An electric charge at rest in a changing magnetic field wave is also affected by the Lorentz magnetic field force, which is the microscopic physical essence of the induced electromotive force. The electromotive force in metal wires and coils is essentially the result of the counter-potential movement of electric charges under the action of the Lorentz magnetic field force. This study reveals that Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction is an engineering approximation formula, which is a great challenge for Maxwell's equations and the fundamental electromagnetic theorems.
Category: Classical Physics

Inertial Mass and the Inertial Reaction Force Revisited

Authors: Richard A. Peters
Comments: 22 Pages.

The inertial mass of an object is a property of the object linking the acceleration of the object relative to a field in space that I will term the temporal inertial (TI) field. This linkage resists the acceleration of the object relative to the TI field. While inertial mass is a property of the object, it is the TI field, not the object, that asserts the force that resists the acceleration of the object relative to the TI field. This force is termed the inertial reaction force and it is a real, not a fictitious force. The inertial reaction force is a physical force between an object and the TI field. It is not a force derived from a change in a frame of reference. In one instance, the inertial reaction force manifests as the weight of an object at rest on the surface of a gravitational body, such as Earth. It derives from the acceleration of the TI field at the object and toward the center of mass of Earth. This interaction occurs because the TI field is directly subject to gravity and matter objects are not. Accordingly, the TI field is accelerated toward the center of mass of Earth. Absent air resistance, a free falling object is accelerated at the same rate as the TI field toward the center of mass of Earth. It is the acceleration of the TI field toward Earth that determines that all objects, regardless of mass, accelerate toward Earth at the same rate, at the same rate as the TI field! Ever wonder what the acceleration of gravity means? It is the acceleration of the TI field in response to gravity. The roles of inertial mass and the inertial reaction force are examined in five different scenarios to illustrate their interaction.
Category: Classical Physics

Equilibrio Electrogravitatorio (Electro-Gravitational Balance)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chippini
Comments: 6 Pages. In Spanish email: carloschiappini@gmail.com

Los casos ideales sirven para analizar abstractamente la estructura teórica de la física.Permiten, por ejemplo, evaluar la coherencia individual y mutua de las leyes. Una ventaja delos casos ideales es poner en evidencia detalles que pueden motivar investigaciones futuras.En el desarrollo de este documento, el objetivo es plantear el equilibrio entre la repulsióneléctrica coulombiana y la atracción gravitatoria newtoniana en condiciones ideales, parasimplificar toto lo posible la tarea matemática. Los objetos ideales que participan son dosnubes de átomos positronios que no son neutras. Cada una tiene un exceso de electrones muypequeño. Entonces se repelen mutuamente equilibrando a la fuerza gravitatoria.Cada nube posee individualmente un equilibrio dinámico que permite soportar el exceso deelectrones sin dispersión de la nube. El análisis termodinámico pone en evidencia la relaciónexplícita entre el número de electrones en exceso y el número total de positroniosconstituyentes de la nube.El número de grados de libertad queda determinado. En consecuencia, queda determinado elnúmero mínimo de electrones en exceso imprescindible para posibilitar el equilibrio. Por larelación mencionada previamente, queda determinado el número total mínimo de partículasintegrantes de la nube.Sucede algo no planeado. El número total mínimo coincide muy bien con el número deAvogadro. Este detalle reclama investigación.Lo mostrado en este documento es simplemente un juego abstracto referido a condicionesideales, que sería útil si pudiese motivar investigaciones futuras.

Ideal cases serve to abstractly analyze the theoretical structure of physics.They allow, forexample, to evaluate the individual and mutual coherence of the laws. An advantage of theideal cases is to reveal details that can motivate future investigations.In the development of this document, the objective is to establish the balance between theCoulomb electrical repulsion and the Newtonian gravitational attraction in ideal conditions,to simplify the mathematical task as much as possible. The ideal objects involved are twoclouds of positronium atoms that are not neutral. Each has a very small excess of electrons.So they repel each other balancing the gravitational force.Each cloud individually has a dynamic equilibrium that allows the excess of electrons to besupported without scattering from the cloud. The thermodynamic analysis reveals theexplicit relationship between the number of excess electrons and the total number ofpositronium constituents of the cloud.The number of degrees of freedom is determined. Consequently, it is determined minimum1number of excess electrons essential to enable equilibrium. Then, by the previously mentionedrelationship, the minimum total number of particles forming the clouds is determined.Something unplanned happens. The minimum total number agrees very well with Avogadro'snumber. Can this be random? A detail to investigate.What is shown in this document is simply an abstract game referring to ideal conditions,which would be useful if it could motivate future research.
Category: Classical Physics

Problem with the Derivation of Navier-Stokes Equations

Authors: Dmitri Martila
Comments: 2 Pages.

The English idiom "Where there’s a will, there’s a way" means that if someone really wants to do something, she or he will find a way to do it.
Category: Classical Physics

Rutherford Cross Section in the Laboratory Frame-Part III

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this pedagogical article, we elucidate on the direct derivation of the classical non-relativistic Rutherford scattering cross section, differential, in the laboratory frame, of two electrons, a la relativistic quantum mechanics as presented in the book of Bjorken and Drell.
Category: Classical Physics

Stoe Plenum is Real

Authors: John Hodge
Comments: 6 Pages.

The ``plenum'' in the Scalar Theory of Everything (STOE) is the component of the universe that is a continuous medium that interacts with matter particles. Because a medium is not directly detected in instruments, the question of its reality is controversial. This is linked with the question of whether quantum waves are real waves in the plenum or merely probability waves. The experiment to demonstrate the reality of the plenum as a component of the universe has been done. The conclusion is that the plenum is a real component of the universe.
Category: Classical Physics

Bajo Electrico - Experimento (Electric Bass - Experiment)

Authors: Carlos Alejandro Chiappini
Comments: 4 Pages. carloschiappini@gmail.com

Solamente por curiosidad, arrollé alambre envainado sobre la carcaza de cada pastilla. Denomino pastilla al dispositivo sensible que capta en forma electromagnética las vibraciones de las cuerdas. El bajo tiene dos pastillas y ambas carcazas están envueltas por el mismo alambre, sin ser cortado. Esto equivale a construir sobre cada carcaza un bobinado individual y después conectarlos en serie. Después de envolver ambas carcazas quedan libres los dos extremos del alambre. Antes de conectar algo entre ellos probé el instrumento y noté un cambio en el sonido. Es decir que sin colocar algo material para cerrar el circuito se verifica una acción efectiva, audible aunque no es intensa. Después construí una bobina y la puse en serie con un capacitor. Conectando esta serie entre ambos extremos libres del alambre que envuelve a las pastillas cerré el circuito. Modificando iterativamente la bobina y probando capacitores de valores distintos llegué a una condición que exhibió una acción muy evidente, que optimizó el comportamiento del bajo. Los detalles están en el desarrollo de este documento.

Just out of curiosity, I wrapped sheathed wire over the housing of each pickup. This is the name given to the sensitive device that electromagnetically captures the vibrations of the strings. The bass has two pickups and both cases are wrapped by the same wire, without being cut. This is equivalent to building an individual winding on each case and then connecting them in series. After wrapping both casings, the two ends of the wire remain free. Before connecting anything between them I tested the instrumentand noticed a change in sound. That is to say that without placing something material to close the circuit, an effective action is verified, audible although it is not intense. Then I built a coil and put it in series with a capacitor. Connecting this series between both free ends of the wire that surrounds the pickups I closed the circuit. Iteratively modifying the coil and trying capacitors of different values, I arrived at a condition that exhibited a very evident action, which optimized the behavior of the bass. The details are in the development of this document.
Category: Classical Physics