Authors: Renato Vieira dos Santos
We introduce and define the phenomenological parameter $kappa$, defined by $Delta a/g = kappa , Delta(q/m)$, to quantify potential linear coupling between electric charge and gravitational acceleration. A synthesis of existing precision equivalence principle experiments yields the first quantitative estimate of the effective sensitivity to this coupling: $|kappa| < 2.1 times 10^{-4}~si{kilogrampercoulomb}$ at 95% confidence level. This constraint is approximately 11 orders of magnitude less stringent than corresponding bounds on composition-dependent violations, revealing that the electromagnetic axis remains a largely underexplored frontier in empirical gravity. We connect $kappa$ to established frameworks---the Standard-Model Extension and the $THepsilonmu$ formalism---showing that it occupies a region of parameter space untouched by existing high-precision tests. An effective field theory analysis shows that dimension-six operators that couple curvature directly to the electromagnetic field strength are suppressed by the minuscule terrestrial spacetime curvature ($G_N ho_oplus sim 10^{-55}~text{GeV}^2$) and are therefore phenomenologically irrelevant. Consequently, a future measurement of $kappa$ at an accessible level would not probe minimal geometric couplings but would signal physics beyond minimal gravitational EFT, such as mediation by light scalar fields as in Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton theory. We examine the Schiff-Barnhill effect, the primary systematic background for any such measurement, and show how it can be separated from a genuine signal. We outline the necessary experimental strategy, focused on maximizing charge-to-mass ratio differences, to transform this overlooked axis into a targeted probe for new physics.
Comments: 15 Pages. Published in PRD: https://doi.org/10.1103/frfk-vp26
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