Quantum Gravity and String Theory

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Recent submissions

Any replacements are listed farther down

[2115] viXra:2403.0061 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-14 21:07:05

On Quantum Spacetime-Line Element with Scalar Curvature from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-line element of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2114] viXra:2403.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:36:11

Multiverse Supersymmetry (SUSY) and Paradoxical MOND Inertia

Authors: David Brown
Comments: 2 Pages.

In July 2017 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Nima Arkani-Hamed gave a lecture entitled "Where in the World are SUSY & WIMPS?" — is it possible that evidence for SUSY occurs not in the form of particles, but in the form of paradoxical MOND inertia caused by multiverse boundary conditions? Can MOND-string theory explain MOND’s empirical successes?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2113] viXra:2403.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-11 20:14:40

On Deterministic Quantum Gravity from Linear Cosmology

Authors: Stéphane Wojnow
Comments: 3 Pages.

Recent advances in linear cosmology have led us to a deterministic approach to quantum gravity based on the Planck force in a flat universe. In this context, we propose generalizing the Planck force equation from linear cosmology to the entirety of deterministic quantum gravity. We try to extend the notion of force in relativity to a quantum context.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2112] viXra:2403.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 22:11:27

Derivation of the Mass Due to the Elementary Electric Charge and Newton’s Constant from the Uncertainty Principle Extended to 26 Dimensions

Authors: Angel Garces Doz
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use a shorter/concise title and avoid repetition/regurgitation))

The first string theory was a purely 26-dimensional bosonic theory. He did not implement fermions. But there is a notable empirical fact that seems to indicate that these twenty-six dimensions could refer to the number of elementary particles of the standard model on the energy scale of the Higgs vacuum. Or maybe that there really are 26 dimensions, 22of them compacted into circles. Perhaps there is some ingredient that can convert the original 26-dimensional purely bosonic string theory intoa string theory with bosons and fermions. A mass that could be either the scale of the unification energy or even the mass of gravitino, and even that of the magnetic monopole. We do not know. In this work we obtainthe value of a mass in the way indicated in the title of this article. The Gaussian system of units is used to obtain the dimensions of the electric charge as a function of mass, length and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2111] viXra:2402.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-27 21:15:56

Hypothèse Sur la Lumière (Hypothesis About Light)

Authors: Karim Bourébi
Comments: 82 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)

L'hypothèse proposée explore une vision interdisciplinaire et novatrice de la cosmologie, en intégrant des notions de la cinquième dimension, de la "lumière sombre", et des interactions dynamiques entre notre univers et un anti-univers. Cette théorie ambitieuse vise à unifier et à expliquer une variété de phénomènes cosmologiques et quantiques encore inexpliqués par les modèles standards, tels que l'expansion accélérée de l'univers, la nature et les propriétés de l'énergie sombre et de la matière noire, ainsi que les principes de superposition et d'intrication quantiques.Au cœur de cette hypothèse se trouve l'idée d'une cinquième dimension qui transcende l'espace-temps à quatre dimensions connu, agissant comme un médiateur non seulement entre l'univers visible et un potentiel anti-univers mais aussi comme une source de la mystérieuse "lumière sombre", conceptualisée ici comme une forme d'énergie sombre. Cette dimension supplémentaire offrirait un nouveau cadre pour comprendre les interactions fondamentales de la nature, en proposant que les forces et phénomènes observés dans notre univers pourraient être influencés ou directement issus de cette dimension omniprésente.L'objectif de cette hypothèse est de jeter les bases d'une théorie unifiée qui pourrait potentiellement combler les lacunes des théories actuelles en offrant de nouvelles perspectives sur la structure et la dynamique de l'univers, tout en ouvrant la voie à des avancées technologiques révolutionnaires en matière de communication, de propulsion spatiale, de génération d'énergie, et au-delà. En envisageant une interaction complexe et multidimensionnelle entre la lumière visible, la lumière sombre, et les forces fondamentales à travers une cinquième dimension, cette théorie aspire à révolutionner notre compréhension de l'univers, sa formation, son expansion, et les lois fondamentales qui le régissent.

The proposed hypothesis explores an interdisciplinary and innovative vision of cosmology, integrating notions of the fifth dimension, "dark light", and dynamic interactions between our universe and an anti-universe. This ambitious theory aims to unify and explain a variety of cosmological and quantum phenomena still unexplained by standard models, such as the accelerated expansion of the universe, the nature and properties of dark energy and dark matter, as well as the principles of quantum superposition and entanglement. At the heart of this hypothesis is the idea of u200bu200ba fifth dimension that transcends the known four-dimensional space-time, acting as a mediator not only between the visible universe and a potential anti-universe but also as a source of the mysterious "dark light", conceptualized here as a form of dark energy. This additional dimension would offer a new framework for understanding the fundamental interactions of nature, proposing that the forces and phenomena observed in our universe could be influenced or directly derived from this omnipresent dimension. The goal of this hypothesis is to lay the foundation for a unified theory that could potentially fill gaps in current theories by providing new insights into the structure and dynamics of the universe, while paving the way for technological advances revolutionaries in communications, space propulsion, energy generation, and beyond. By envisioning a complex and multidimensional interaction between visible light, dark light, and fundamental forces across a fifth dimension, this theory aspires to revolutionize our understanding of the universe, its formation, its expansion, and the fundamental laws that govern it.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2110] viXra:2402.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 22:54:50

Derivation of Weinberg Angle, Quark Mixing Matrix Angles and Neutrino Oscillation Matrix Angles

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 9 Pages.

Following the path of our previous articles on the masses of charged leptons and quarks, in this paper we derive in a theoretical way the Weinberg angle and in a heuristic-empirical way the angles of the mixing matrices of quarks and neutrinos.Except for the CP violation angle of the neutrino mixing matrix which has a large indeterminacy.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2109] viXra:2402.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-26 03:42:18

Comparison of the Dimensionless Toe of S. Pellis and S. Jarvis with the Dimensioned Toe of the Author

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. (Correction to title made by viXra Admin)

In 2019, the author postulated "12 π c3 =1" as a framework for a final ToE (Theory of Everything) and worked this out over the years until 2024 into the world formula "Space / Time = 12 π3". Here, the competing approaches of Stergios Pellis and Stephen Jarvis, both of whom present a dimensionless number theory as ToE, will be briefly compared and placed in an overall picture. Finally, it will be briefly discussed whether and in what form natural constants can exist and what distinguishes a dimensionless world formula from a dimensional world formula.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2108] viXra:2402.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 21:05:36

Einstein's Spacetime Curvature Claim Belied By One Second Loophole Of His Own Perihelion Precession Equation

Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 25 Pages. (Correction made by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org))

I have potentially discovered a loophole inside Einstein's two equations for perihelion precession, known as:ε = 24π3 a2 / T2 c2 (1-e2)ε = 6πGM / c2 (1-e2) aand two ultra-simple alternative equations thereto, defined as:ε = 6π x (v/c)2 / (1-e2) (d0.0)ε = (6π / Dc2) / (1-e2)All these discoveries appear to demonstrate that Einstein's spacetime curvature claim from Mercury's perihelion precession is contradictory in its own mathematical principle:Einstein's spacetime curvature claim was braced with the entire orbit of Mercury, as curvature (of spacetime) must logically imply the full orbital period, but his equations were braced with one second-based sampling without repetition thereof.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2107] viXra:2402.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-25 03:31:22

Planck Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Xiao Lin Li
Comments: 15 Pages.

Particles do not have rest mass in 5-dimensional space-time. Different kinds of particles in 4-dimensional space-time can be unified into a single particle field in 5-dimensional space-time. Particles have the property of a quantized intrinsic length. This intrinsic length can be identified using the Planck length. This phenomenon can be called length quantization. This intrinsic length of a particle, which originates from quantization, is invariant in all frames of reference, much like physical quantities such as charge, spin, and zero-point energy. Based on the propagator and intrinsic length of particle fields, a pure quantum gravity theory can be derived using the methods of quantum field theory. Gravitational force is only an additional effect of the particle field, and there is no independent gravitational field. The commutators that transmit the gravitational force are the particles themselves, and there is no independent graviton. Gravitons do not exist. In other words, gravitons are the particles themselves. There is an unknown mapping between 5-dimensional space-time and 4-dimensional space-time. Through this mapping, the intrinsic length of particles in 5-dimensional space-time is divided into two physical quantities in 4-dimensional space-time, one is the Compton wavelength of the particle and the other is the gravitational radius of the particle. The particle's Compton wavelength and gravitational radius form a dual relationship, and the product of the two is equal to Planck length squared. This unknown mapping brings two results in 4-dimensional space-time. The first result is the rest mass of the particle in 4-dimensional space-time, and the second is the gravitational effect in 4-dimensional space-time. The gravitational force in 4-dimensional space-time is the mapping result of the gravitational force in 5-dimensional space-time. The gravitational effect of the particle field limits the maximum energy of the virtual particle, preventing the divergence of the integrals of propagators. Gravitational properties are an indispensable part of quantum field theory, and only quantum field theory that includes gravitational effects can be formed into a complete theoretical framework. The gravitational potential and the Coulomb potential have similar inverse distance properties, and the phenomenon has a common origin, both of which are the result of quantum field theory propagators. In 4-dimensional space-time, gravity has a special property of spatial background field, which can be treated as a space-time structure. Gravity imposes a limitation on coordinate transformations, which do not eliminate the intrinsic length of particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2106] viXra:2402.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-23 16:57:15

Fundamental Force Coupling Constants Are Wavenumbers

Authors: Brian Beverly
Comments: 8 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submission!)

This started as a [trial] derivation for force coupling constants but it is the simplest derivation of alpha, the fine structure constant, using Coulomb's law and the Planck-Einstein relations. The derivation shows that coupling constants are wavenumbers. Another derivation using Newton's law of gravity also provides the coupling constant for the gravitational force. I argue that alpha and the coupling constants represents the minimum uncertainty between wavenumber and radial distance. This is like the uncertainty between momentum (wavelength) and position. Wavenumber is defined as the inverse of the wavelength per unit distance. This is equivalent to saying that alpha is about 137 wavelengths per unit distance of radius. I go on to show this provides the correct ionization wavelengths of light for the hydrogen atom. Using whole integers, n number of energy levels, allowed me to derive the Rydberg formula. Alpha is nearly an integer number because we are using a wavenumber. This derivation is equivalent to that of the Bohr model but without needing to use classical ideas of electrons in orbit around the nucleus like planets in orbit around the sun.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2105] viXra:2402.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-24 02:29:41

Towards an Intuitive Theory of Quantum Gravity

Authors: James Bonnar
Comments: 18 Pages.

The successful development of a mathematical theory of quantum gravity remains an elusive goal despite decades of intense research. The mathematics involved with string theory is far out of reach for most scientists but perhaps an intuitive theory of quantum gravity could grant them an understanding of the phenomenon. This article moves in that direction and approaches quantum gravity from the angle of an easy-to-understand theory of relativistic quantum spacetime. In the process, a new theory of mass is discovered and several suggestions are made for further development of an intuitive model.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2104] viXra:2402.0117 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-21 06:38:22

The Time-Neutral Exterior Schwarzschild Metric in Polynomial Form

Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 4 Pages.

The time-neutral metric is discussed, and the neutral exterior Schwarzschild metric is converted to polynomial form in r and M. The resulting polynomials are both of degree three, which allows exact solutions using standard cubic solving techniques.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2103] viXra:2402.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-21 18:24:39

On the Origin and Unification of Electromagnetism, Gravitation, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ingo D. Mane
Comments: 59 Pages.

Physical action is a spacetime bivector. Based on this single assumption, this paper argues that spacetime itself is responsible for much of physics. The properties of its elements and their derivatives, especially the transformations of special relativity, allow us to successively derive and confirm major empirically found laws and equations. We exemplary derive equations for electromagnetism including: Biot-Savart Law, Electrostatic Force, Lorentz Force, Maxwell’s Equations including charges, and also constants like the fine-structure constant, electric per- mittivity, and even additional terms that are related to spin. In strict analogy, we gain very similar equations for gravitation which, e.g., include Poisson’s equation for gravity. A further derivation of these equations of gravitation leads to field equations which are comparable to the field equations of general relativity. Electromagnetism and gravitation unite into one set of equations. The fact that bivectors can be written as wave equations also unify classical physics with wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2102] viXra:2402.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-20 21:27:04

The Masses of the Quarks, Parameters of the Standard Model and the Non-Trivial Zeros of the Riemann Zeta Function

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 5 Pages.

This empirical heuristic work on the masses of quarks is a continuation of our previous work on the masses of electrically charged leptons.Onceagain the first four non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function appear very clearly. Parameters from the standard model are also used.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2101] viXra:2402.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-19 21:41:31

Diverse Use of Smoothed Asymptotics in Quantum Field Theory That Help to Additionally Provide Rigorous Proofs for Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 84 Pages.

We validly ignore even prime number 2. Based on all arbitrarily large number of even prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes fully comply with Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions. With this condition being satisfied by all Odd Primes, we argue that Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when these conjectures are treated as Incompletely Predictable Problems. In so doing [and with Riemann hypothesis being a special case], this action also support the generalized Riemann hypothesis formulated for Dirichlet L-function. By broadly applying Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture to Dirichlet eta function (which acts as proxy function for Riemann zeta function), Riemann hypothesis is separately proven to be true when this hypothesis is treated as Incompletely Predictable Problem. We highlight crucial connections between these Incompletely Predictable Problems in Number theory and Quantum field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2100] viXra:2402.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-17 22:15:00

The Connection of the Imaginary Parts of the Non-Trivial Zeros (Second, Third and Fourth) of the Riemann Zeta Function with the Masses of the Leptons

Authors: Angel Garcés Doz
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this work the connection of the non-trivial zeros of the Riemann zeta function and a unification theory appears again. From this hypothetical theory yet to be developed, we obtain equations that connect these nontrivaial zeros with the masses of the electron, tau and muon leptons. In this case the imaginary parts of the second, third and fourth non-trivial zeros are used.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2099] viXra:2402.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-14 21:45:24

Quantum and Relativistic Physics as Theories of an Internal Observer

Authors: A. V. Kaminsky
Comments: 13 Pages.

We discuss the hypothesis that the special theory of relativity (STR) and quantum mechanics (QM) are descriptions of physical reality from the perspective of an observer who is part of a finite deterministic system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2098] viXra:2402.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2024-02-03 22:22:23

String Theory and the Grid Dimension

Authors: Eran Sinbar
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please list scientific references in future submissions)

In string theory energy comes in the form of Planck length sized strings vibrating at different frequencies. The questions that arise from this model are: why is the Planck length so unique? How can this model explain the non-locality of quantum mechanics? This paper will show another approach to string theory where the strings are made from quantized local spacetime units and an extra non-local grid like dimension (the grid dimension). This approach can enable a visualization of the non-locality behavior of quantum mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2097] viXra:2401.0136 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-25 23:45:03

An Intuitive Theory of Gravitic Light and Articulated Quantum Gravity

Authors: Justine McQueen
Comments: 15 Pages. justine.mcqueen3@yahoo.co.uk

The concept of elastic spacetime to describe the nature of gravitational fields is an idea strongly supported by observations such as gravitational lensing. A spacetime that is elastic for cosmological bodies is not a different spacetime for fundamental material particles, nor for light. At every scale, particles and massive bodies alike occupy the same experiential universe we observe within the same three spatial, plus time, dimensions. If spacetime is elastic on the cosmological scale, then it is elastic on all scales, including at the fundamental quantum level. A theory of quantum gravity is presented in which the gravitational and electromagnetic fields are not disparate fields in need of unifying but rather they are identical, fully integral manifestations of the same elastic spacetime source-field. By applying essentially classical wave mechanical principles to a novel superfluid quantized spacetime as an elastic and compressible matrix, the electromagnetic oscillation becomes an electromagnetic distortion, a deformation in which incumbent energy both stretches and compresses the matrix transversely, resulting in photons that describe gravity-antigravity oscillations with vortical geometry. From this energy-field architecture a mechanism for light-to-matter energy confinement naturally emerges through concentric wave interference to yield a stable concentric wave singularity as toroidal structured light locked into an intrinsic poloidal oscillation with signature spin, charge, magnetic dipole and discrete mass. The ideas developed in this theory are drawn from a series of thought experiments based on spacetime as a singular source-field and light energy as the harmonic wave oscillations of that field. These thought experiments explored the potentialities of a quantized elastic and compressible spacetime on quantum mechanical systems from which the theory subsequently derived. The concept develops geometric continuity between vortical photon and toroidal matter-wave and encompasses a physical explanation of spin, the origin of the magnetic dipole moment, the nature of charge and the meaning of mass and mass-energy equivalence, with a derivation of quantized inertial mass emerging from the curved geometry of elementary confined energy as articulated quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2096] viXra:2401.0133 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-26 18:13:04

Anthropocosmos: Quantum Total Physics and Solanthropic Perfect Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 55 Pages. In French (Correction made by viXra Admin - Future nonconforming submission or replacement will not be accepted!)!)

The Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws induces the quantum Planck constant and a return to steady-state cosmology. The basic Holographic Principle 2D-1D introduces the Cosmos and proves the criticity, but the Planck wall is reduced by a factor 10^61, which explains at last the enormous vacuum energy, by introducing a tachyonic celerity ratio C/c in the Cosmos/Universe radius ratio. The Universe appears as the last gauge boson in the cosmos, rehabilitating the tachyonic bosonic string theory. The relations with the Earth and solar system are so tight that the solanthropic Principle is verified : we are alone in the Universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2095] viXra:2401.0112 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-22 09:49:25

A New Approach to Unification Part 4: Answers to Open Questions of Actual Physics

Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 19 Pages.

In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the foundationis given. In part 2 and 3 particle and gravitational physics are derived. In this 4th part openquestions of actual physics will be answered based on new interpretations becoming possibleby the approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2094] viXra:2401.0098 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-20 01:58:05

The Structure of Black Holes and the Expansion of Space

Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 4 Pages.

The interior of a black hole cannot be directly observed, however, the structure of it ispredictable through the order of the array of fields based on the boson-field theory. The array refers to the circulation system of matters of the previous paper. (The Mechanism of Matter and Anti-Matter, Dark Matter and Graviton) Huge celestial bodies are formed by the bending of such fields, according to the way they are bent, there are a total of fivecelestial objects. Matter black holes, antimatter black holes, neutron stars, anti-neutronstars, and dark matter stars. Of course, because the round celestial bodies are formed by the bending of their fields, most of the lighter spherical objects than them in the universeare also made that way. Matter black holes and neutron stars are currently observed in ouruniverse in the five huge celestial bodies. It is supposed that the issue has to do with the direction an electron moves between the fields and has to do with the stable maintaining of space. An electron around a proton is in its negatively field and the field is curved toward the proton. So the electron gets closer to the proton and moves away like waves.This concept can also be applied to antimatter black holes. It is supposed that negatively charged particles around the black hole move like waves and make the ring of light in such a shape.The actual mass of charm or top quarks in 5d or 6d are quite consistent with the average values of the mass associated with the superposition and the mass associated with theentanglement according to the boson-field theory. It is a very important clue to understand the relationship between fields and space. In the minimum state of length which is no longer reduced, the average value of any two lengths means either of the two should bestretched. At this time, the one that stretches will be in a state of superposition in part orin its entirety. A particle in a state of superposition is capable of retaining its information regardless of its length. It is in its superposition field and the field curves toward the mean value. The one which does not bend remains a boundary, it makes the system a closedspace. That is, a closed space and the curved superposition field in it are not separable, the curved superposition field makes its space. Black holes or neutron stars are examples where such a bending occurs to the extreme. A series of fields connected with the super- position fields are also strongly curved because the curvature of superposition fields is very large under the influence of enormous gravity of them. It is supposed that the bending of fields creates space continuously.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2093] viXra:2401.0073 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-16 01:14:48

2D Random Walks of Massless Higgs Bosons

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 36 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Further regurgitation will not be accepted!)

Renormalization, or asymptotic safety, of QFTs, and other models, are mathematical techniques to ensure not only the absence of divergences and regularity of the models, but also suitable stabilized UV and IR behaviors. In general, there are not always clear microscopic interpretations of what leads to renormalizability, or asymptotic safety. In this paper, and based on the multi-fold theory, we give a physical interpretation to renormalization and asymptotic safety as the result of 2D random walks of particles, multi-fold emergence of gravity effects, and multi-fold 7D space time matter induction and scattering of solitons in condensate Qballs, or in random walk patterns: at spatial scales below the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking scales, i.e. at high energies, massless Higgs bosons are (roughly) free massless bosons propagating as CFTs, or dilatons, just as in JT or Liouville gravity, the latter being a CFT version of Einstein gravity in 2D, which is renormalizable.Particles are not point particles. Within and outside the solitons or patterns, charges/colors, resulting from the symmetries of the solitons, fade away, so that fields and matter couplings are tamed and constant: everything becomes CFTs. Therefore, gravity remains asymptotically safe in the presence of the Standard Model (SM). And it is really gravity based on General relativity (GR), and the SM, i.e., Yang Mills and Maxwell theories, which are asymptotically safe, something confirmed by all their 2D versions (JT/Liouville 2D dilaton gravity, 2D QED and 2D QCD). It microscopically motivates these interactions, including 2D gravity, and why the Ultimate Unification (UU) reigns, as only "unification", and how the SM is an effective theory. Overall, only 2D physics matters! It also show that our universe must be closed.The paper argues that the embedding 7D is built by massless Higgs, which provides microscopic interpretations and motivation for multiple properties of multi-fold, as well as why GR reigns in the 7D spacetime, and spacetime induction works. In fact, we confirm this by explaining how non-commutative spacetime can recover the SM and neutrino mixing via algebra doubling.With random walks, we can explain inflation, expansion of spacetime, a complex/imaginary Higgs field pre electroweak symmetry breaking, and we can guarantee unitarity of Physics, even if it may sometimes statistically appear rather non-unitary, but Hermitian or isometric, or with non-Hermitian pseudo Hamiltonians, especially in an universe with a strictly positive cosmological constant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2092] viXra:2401.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-09 10:52:34

On Real Flat Quantum Spacetime Linelement from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 6 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2091] viXra:2401.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-05 09:36:03

A New Approach to Unification Part 3: Deducting Gravity Physics

Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 25 Pages.

In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the founda-tion of such an approach is given. In part 2 it was shown how particle physics follows. Inthis 3rd part gravitational physics will be derived. In part 4 open fundamental questionsof actual physics are answered and the concept of a new cosmology is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2090] viXra:2401.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-05 21:58:57

What Is Time? On the Construction of the World Formula

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 7 Pages.

In the previous works "Unified Principles of Nature: Solution to the Problem of Time", " Solution to the Problem of Time II +III", "Search for the World Formula", etc. A way was shown how a fundamental misconception in contemporary science can be uncovered by an investigation of the concept of "time" and how a world formula can still be constructed by correcting fundamental misconceptions and fallacies of Einstein and Planck. The main results of the author's work in recent years are to be summarized here and the world formula is to be formulated tentative - according to the current state of research.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2089] viXra:2401.0015 [pdf] submitted on 2024-01-04 00:14:32

Physics Recombined

Authors: Martin Mayer
Comments: 31 Pages.

Modern physics is no longer comprehensible to most people. This book explores the question of whether it is possible to develop a simpler and more intuitive physics. For this purpose, many ignored and overlooked physics relations are presented, which cannot be found in any textbook. These relations allow to develop a more holistic physics, which also builds a bridge to information theory and philosophy. Specifically, the book investigates, among other things, whether space consists of a structure of smallest elements, whether our universe is fractal, i.e. self-similar, whether we live in a black hole, what hidden commonalities there are in the fundamental forces, whether fundamental particles and hydrogen can be meaningfully described without quantum physics, whether black holes and fundamental particles are related, whether the formalism of special relativity really makes sense, whether particle spin can be explained classically, how gravity and quantum physics might be brought together and what the Sommerfeld constant is all about. To shed light on these questions, also parts of the works of Horst Thieme, Nassim Haramein, Dr. Randell Mills and Erik Verlinde are presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2088] viXra:2312.0159 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 22:43:31

Energy-Momentum Relation in Curved Space-Time

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, we will obtain a variation of the energy-momentum relation: E2=m2c4+p2c2 To: E2=m2c4+p2c2-Rℏ2c2 where the R corresponds to the Ricci scalar curvature. In very small gravitational fields, the last element is almost neglectable. Anyhow, we will check the consequences of this in big gravitational fields and in the mass at rest, Klein-Gordon and Dirac equations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2087] viXra:2312.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-28 00:13:44

Uncover a New Scenario for Fine-Structure Constant

Authors: Tong Wang
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future submission without scientific references will not be accepted!)

The fine-structure constant is an important constant in physics. It has already had several well-known physical interpretations. In this study we wish to propose another interpretation, which connects the Planck mass and the elementary charge.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2086] viXra:2312.0146 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-28 02:57:51

A Better Quantum Extremal Surface and Island Interpretation that Explains the Associated Massive Gravity

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 38 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The multi-fold theory describes the evolution of black holes, their evaporation and entropy. It recovers the correct Page curve, and resolves the black hole information paradox. It encounters a quantum extremal surface, as proposed by others using the conventional approach of the island and replica trick. In a subsequent paper, we show that the definitions of the quantum extremal surfaces coincide, while our physical interpretation are rather radically different: an horizon for the multi-folds attached to virtual particles in the multi-fold universe, versus an island à la Wheeler’s bag of gold for the conventional replica trick. We dispute a widely held view that Wheeler’s bag of gold could isolate most of their content from the parent universe. Others have questioned the replica trick with its use of JT gravity, and shown that it implies massive gravity, which might not correspond to a universe where General Relativity (GR) reigns. We show, in multi-fold scenarios, that the inability for multi-folds to escape the quantum extremal surface implies massive gravity effects, while remaining able to recover GR. Therefore, we can provide microscopic mechanisms to explain how massless gravity becomes massive. We also justify relying on JT gravity, by the 2D massless Higgs bosons dilaton random walks. In an asymptotic AdS universe, the replica trick requires the introduction of a reservoir for the evaporated particles, beyond the boundary of AdS. We provide new microscopic interpretations to these scenarios, explaining away these issues, and dealing with the encounter of quantum extremal surface outside the black hole in the presence of a thermal bath. Doing so, we confirm the better suitability of the multi-fold interpretation of the quantum extrema surface, and island, while supporting the replica trick and island formula approach, and resolving the black hole information paradox.The multi-fold analysis applies to our real universe, and the paper provides a microscopic interpretation of quantum extremal surfaces, the correct page curve, the resolution of the black hole information paradox, and the apparition of massive gravity associated to quantum extremal surfaces.From the island formula and replica trick at low masses, we encounter hints of our past proposal for new life cycles of black holes (small extremal black holes splitting into another extremal black hole and an evaporating black hole), which invalidate the strict Weak Gravity Conjecture, and justify the Ultimate Unification (UU) proposal. It is quite a confirmation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2085] viXra:2312.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-21 10:39:28

A New Approach to Unification Part 2: Deducting Particle Physics

Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 10 Pages.

In a series of 4 papers an approach to a unified physics is presented. In part 1 the foundation of such an approach is given. Here in part 2 it will be shown how particle physics follows. In part 3 gravitational physics will be derived. In part 4 open fundamental questions of actual physics are answered and the concept of a new cosmology is introduced.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2084] viXra:2312.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-18 21:51:20

A Two-dimensional Time to Reconcile Quantum Theory and General Relativity

Authors: Augustin Rousselet
Comments: 43 Pages. In French

Currently modern physics considers space-time in 4 dimensions (3 spatial, 1 temporal) and is facing the problem of unifying the two major theories: quantum theory and general relativity.To circumvent the obstacles to this unification, we propose to think of a space with 5 Dimensions (3 spatial, 2 temporal). We thus make the hypothesis of a decomposable time in a two-dimensional orthonormal space, just like a distance is decomposable in a 3-dimensional space:- The first dimension: the classical time Tc that we know, that of mass in the sense of intuitive perception, but in fact that of matter, or "corpuscular" time and therefore our reference time in our perceived reality. In our thought experiment, this will be the time T of the macroscopic observer - Second dimension: quantum time Tq Which is imperceptible to us and only intervenes at the microscopic level.The time of any system is therefore the time ��̇ which is the component of its two temporal dimensions Tc and Tq. The proper time of any system is then defined by ��̇ = sqrt(Tc^2+Tq^2)We will show in this work that this conception of time makes it possible to integrate the mathematical models of Quantum Physics and General Relativity into a broader theoretical framework which retains the results of each of them when applied in their field of validity. We will first verify that the formalism of these two major theories is compatible with the framework that is proposed, then that the interpretation of quantum phenomena is also consistent with the results, with in particular the role of measurement. Then we will verify that the major open questions of current physics (dark matter, dark energy, preponderance of matter over antimatter, the vacuum catastrophe) also find an answer or possible answers in this new theoretical framework.Finally, specific fields of physics such as superconductivity or superfluidity and even the big bang are approached to open a new look at these phenomena in this new theoretical framework.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2083] viXra:2312.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-16 23:55:11

The Possibility of a Multi-fold Time-Varying Hubble Constant

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation will not be accepted!)

The multi-fold theory provides microscopic interpretations to the universe accelerated expansion, inflation mechanisms and dark energy. From the beginning, the multi-fold dark matter main mechanisms have been identified as being stronger in the presence of matter, or energy increasing spacetime curvature. One could therefore naively expect that these mechanisms will also be globally time-dependent, when it comes to the early epochs of the universe. Indeed, during these eras, including pre-CMB, different matter densities and curvatures reigned. Each would lead to a different global average cosmological constant. Such a reasoning would predict a Hubble constant that is larger for early time than late time observations.Proposing a time-varying dark energy density can obviously be a simple way to address the Hubble constant tension: early time estimates would correspond to such a different value, and no Hubble constant tension would exist. However, in our naïve initial analysis above, obtaining larger pre-CMB values could a priori go in the wrong direction when it comes to observations: one would expect a larger Hubble constant at early times.Considering the multi-fold dark energy mechanisms, in all the early stages of the universe, which led to the CMB, plasma, dominated by electromagnetic and possibly other interactions, occupied the whole concretized spacetime. Multi-fold dark energy effects were partially countered by more dominant interactions, and the resulting accelerations of expansion were reduced. It can explain why current early time estimates for the Hubble constant would differ from late time results, and lead to a smaller Hubble constant value at early time However, note that recent papers show that a short term increase of the dark energy (5% for redshift z > 5000), can resolve the tension, by pushing up the CMB inferred Hubble constant, i.e. early time estimates, and better match overall the ΛCDM. Combining the two considerations above, our paper shows that multi-fold dark energy mechanisms intrinsically, and microscopically, justify such a behavior that can resolve the Hubble tension. It is another hint in favor of the multi-fold mechanisms, to add to several others. There is also a range where a multi-fold universe appear fractal, which may result into scaling of the cosmological constant, and reducing its value, during this period; again a move in the right direction.The result extends to the real universe, if it is multi-fold, as hinted by past results.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2082] viXra:2312.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-15 01:09:10

Unification of Gravity and Electromagnetism

Authors: Stephen J. Kennedy
Comments: 21 Pages. This article explains relationship between gravity and electromagnetism

Maxwell wrote that he wanted to "leaven" his Treatise on Electromagnetism with Quaternions. Maxwell died before doing this. Silberstein and Conway accomplished this partially.This presentation claims the Lorentz condition field is the gravitational potential. Resulting in a Gravitic-Electromagnetic unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2081] viXra:2312.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 00:58:01

Multi-fold Discrete Fractal Spacetime, and the Viability of Local vs. Non-Local Hidden Variables

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 27 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The multi-fold original paper, in its spacetime reconstruction phase, attributes spacetime to the locations concretized by the random walks, and creation, of (massless) particles, resulting into a discrete, (multi-)fractal spacetime that is non-commutative and yet Lorentz symmetric. The fractal or multi-fractal was inferred from the random walks, but it was actually the only part not explicitly derived. Multi-fold universe are expected to probably have a Cantor-like ��-infinity fractal spacetime.In this paper, we resume these discussions, but now, we provide microscopic interpretations for spatial and temporal, and so spacetime, (multi-) fractal properties of the multi-fold universe, and their observability, only within a range of cosmological scales, as observed in our real universe. We also relate discreteness of spacetime to the complex scalar field of the Higgs boson, and encounter further corroboration of the fundamental role of the massless Higgs boson.Fractal state space plays a role in interpreting experiments about the Bell theorem, and related hidden variables. The paper discusses two models, which do not imply that the result of Bell experiments would forbid local hidden variables. The Bell Theorem, and handling of EPR entanglements, was the motivation for proposing the multi-fold mechanisms, which implement non-locality with local Physics. Interestingly, with discrete spacetime, the multi-fold W-type hypothesis, massless Higgs boson random walks, and fractal properties, multi-fold universes can support all these models: local physics and hidden variables seem to be reconcilable with the Bell experiments, as was the original intent for the multi-fold theory. And there is no need to give in to super determinism, retro-causality, or to lose free will.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2080] viXra:2312.0062 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-11 20:30:50

A New Approach to Unification Part 1: How a Toe is Possible

Authors: Jürgen Kässer
Comments: 12 Pages.

As in spite to intense search at present apparently there is no approach leading to a theory including the standard model of particle physics and general relativity, it is discussed whether such a theory is possible at all. In the following is shown that a ToE is possible if the either/or condition of current unification theories for background-dependent or -independent is replaced by a both/and. In this part 1, the foundation of such a theory is presented. In the following parts 2 and 3 particle and gravitational physics are derived from this foundation and in part 4 fundamental open fundamental questions of actual physics are answered by a new interpretation of physical quantities and an outline of a new cosmology is given.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2079] viXra:2312.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 06:54:36

Unified Field Theory

Authors: Anatoly Parfyonov
Comments: 5 Pages.

The main problem, the solution of which will lead to the creation of the Unified Field Theory, is the difference in the methods of mathematical description of the charges of elementary particles - electric and color. This article provides a solution to this problem and its result - the Unified Field Theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2078] viXra:2312.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 17:39:40

Embedding the Einstein Tensor in the Klein-Gordon Equation Using Geometric Algebra Cl(3,0)

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 39 Pages.

In this paper we will use Geometric Algebra to be able to embed the Klein-Gordon equation for a particle in a non-Euclidean field (gravitational field). We will obtain different equations that can be solvable using Geometric Algebra. The most important point is that we will get an equation for the energy of a particle that takes into account the curvature of the space where it lies in.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2077] viXra:2312.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-06 10:32:12

The Mechanism of Matter and Anti-Matter, Dark Matter and Graviton

Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 6 Pages.

Masses of the six quarks were calculated by layer based on the boson-field theory. Most of the values are close to them of the standard model, however, the values in 4D field are vastly different from them of the model even if the error is taken into account. It suggeststhat there is something more in 4D field. The theoretical mass of an up-quark is about three times larger than the actual figure. On the other hand, the actual mass of a down-quark is about two times larger than thetheoretical one. This means that the mass of an up-quark may be under pressure to moveto the down-quark. According to the boson-field theory, there is the mechanism that makesit possible. That is, dark matters are able to play such a role. In the process, dark matters interact with an anti-neutron or an anti-proton, and a graviton is exchanged between the two darks as well. The mass of ordinary matters continues to move step by step to the dark side in the process. Really, the theoretical sum of an up and a down quark is slightly larger than the actual one. The lack of mass strongly supports the hypothesis.For now, the only place is considered as a black hole where an ordinary and a dark matter can encounter. If the black hole itself does not let its mass from the dark side out, ordinarymatters will continue to disappear in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2076] viXra:2312.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-02 15:54:14

The Nature of Vacuum Energy

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 6 Pages.

The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to "dark energy" and "dark matter".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2075] viXra:2311.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-28 23:03:18

The Replica Trick, Wormholes, Island Formula, and Quantum Extremal Surfaces

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 46 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

The multi-fold theory factually encounters the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. On the other hand, the conventional AdS/CFT conjecture can also be understood as a mathematical duality, where the CFT spacetime is not necessarily physically tangent to AdS(5) (+u2026). It can be justified as a particular case of the holographic principle. Therefore, the paper revisits, and derives the holographic principle, in a multi-fold universe. As General relativity (GR) encounters multi-folds at Planck scales, the proof applies to GR-based universes. We also debunk the use of Wheeler’s bag of gold as a counter example to the holographic principle.Trying to resolve the black hole information paradox, different teams have been able to recover the black hole Page curve, by relying on the replica trick with generalized semi-classical gravitational path integrals, in asymptotic AdS, with arbitrary topologies, including spacetime (Euclidian) wormholes in between replicas, to justifies paths in between the replicas. The approach also relies on the island formula for the von Neuman entropy as fine-grained entropy. One knows that the Page curve had to be recovered one way or another as with the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, the unitarity of CFTs implies unitarity of gravity. The quantum extremal surface that appears in the process, bounding the island, leads to proposed physical interpretations of a black hole interior, that, in our opinion creates confusions than answers. In the multi-fold theory, we have already encountered an equivalent surface, with a much cleaner microscopic interpretation. The paper discusses the differences between the two interpretations. A few recent papers reused the approach to study two entangled gravitating universes, with one possibly without gravity. This paper provides multi-fold inspired interpretations of the quantum extremal surfaces appearing among the disjoint universes.Interpreting the replica trick, and its wormholes, one can see that the role played by the wormholes between different replicas amounts to the multi-fold mechanisms.. This is further reinforced by considerations on global symmetry in the presence of gravity or wormholes. The islands associated to the different entangled universe use cases also imply that, in universes with gravity, entanglement implies gravity effects, which is also known as the E/G conjecture. It means that the M-theory encounters multi-folds. The multi-fold theory could have predicted such an outcome from the link between the Hilbert Einstein action and superstring action, and the fact that we already had GR encounter multi-folds at Planck scales.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2074] viXra:2311.0083 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-19 03:01:05

3D Space Bosons in Their Symmetrical 5D Field [and General Relativity]

Authors: GuiHyeon Hwang
Comments: 8 Pages.

3-dimensional space bosons in their symmetrical five-dimensional field is the bending of four-dimensional space-time. 3D space bosons in their 5D field is in a stable state of energy. However, by the principle of time-energy uncertainty, their time become unstable.That explains Einstein's field equations in quantum mechanics. Because, the 5D field is ina state of flux, it's able to ascend to a higher dimension or to descend to a lower dimension.The dimensions are relatively asymmetrical. Therefore, their space bosons are relativelyin a stable state of time. This means that the probability of converting energy into matterincreases in space.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2073] viXra:2311.0082 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-18 02:09:40

Thirteen Hypotheses on Quantizig Gravity

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages.

Since the 1930‘s, when at first Goldstein tried to quantize the gravity-field of a light-beam and failed because he got infinities in his solution, the problem of non-renomalization in quantizing gravity occured. In the mean time till today many intelligent tryings are made to quantize gravity in a successful way. Some Supergravity-theories failed also. The most promising tryings nowadays are superstringtheories and loop-gravity but with some strange results. So here are some qualitative thoughts about quantizing gravity. There are then thirteen possibilities (may be more) respectively thirteen commandments.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2072] viXra:2311.0058 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-10 16:53:27

A Quantum Theory of Spacetime Events Yielding a Gravitized Standard Model Inherent to 4D, with Disruption Beyond

Authors: Alexandre Harvey-Tremblay
Comments: 25 Pages.

We present a comprehensive quantum theory of spacetime events. These events serve as a nexus where probabilities and spacetime geometry coalesce, representing perhaps the most fundamental entities that embody this synthesis. At the heart of our theory lies the 'Prescribed Measurement Problem,' an algorithm that extends the entropy maximization problem of statistical physics into the quantum and geometric domains. Employing this algorithm, we systematically extrapolate a generalized quantum theory of gravity from the measurement entropy of spacetime events, from which general relativity and the Standard Model naturally emanate as inherent outcomes. Interestingly, the theory maintains coherence exclusively within four-dimensional spacetime and encounters intrinsic disruptions beyond this dimension, highlighting a quantum-geometric justification for the four-dimensionality of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2071] viXra:2311.0046 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-08 14:59:21

Exploring Dark Energy Through Gravity and Its Relationship with Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Yeomyung Lee
Comments: 32 Pages.

Modern physics requires a new gravity theory to explain relationship about gravity and quantum effects. However, quantum mechanics have an unsolved problem about the interpretation. Also, theory of relativity cannot explain dark energy. Currently, there is no theory that can comprehensively solve these problems. Here, as a result of reinterpreting the concept of reduced mass, this paper shows that quantum superposition is a collection of spacetimes for quanta according to gravitational potential. Spacetime which is absolute in relativity theory is relative in this theory, and it can be explained why the speed of light is independent from the inertial system. Additionally, because the classical mechanical energy conservation law is relative, as in the Casimir effect, a new conservation law for a quantum version is proposed. Dark energy can be explained by the theory that rest mass changes according to gravitational potential. Dark energy is an action along the dimension of gravitational potential, and its size increases as that of rest energy decreases. Dark energy affects quantum superposition and the asymptotic freedom of strong interaction can be explained similarly.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2070] viXra:2311.0043 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-07 05:17:33

A Novel Derivation of the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman Black Hole Entropy from truly Charge Spinning Point Mass Sources

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 12 Pages.

Recently we have shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy in all dimensions emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature R involving the Dirac delta distribution in the computation of the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature beta as the length of the circle S^1_beta obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, i t = tau, to imaginary time. In this work we extend our novel procedure to evaluate both the Reissner-Nordstrom and Kerr-Newman black hole entropy from truly charge spinning point mass sources.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2069] viXra:2311.0018 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-04 14:34:04

Multi-fold Dark Matter and Energy Effects Fit The Ratios to Normal Matter in the Universe

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces, or with the standard cosmological model (ΛCDM) in terms of dark matter and dark energy. The present paper provides estimates for the ratios of normal matter to multi-fold dark matter effects (~ 1 to 5) and to dark energy (~ 1 to 14). These ratios match the estimates for our real universe, in particular the Λ-CDM model. Such results increase the relevance of multi-fold theory. To our knowledge, being able to predict such ratios, ab initio, i.e., solely based on the underlying microscopic mechanisms is not a small feat, and the reasonings presented in this paper, would not be applicable to ratio estimates from the other mainstream theories. It is a strong validation of the multi-fold theory, and its potential applicability to our real universe and its cosmology. It also validates the E/G conjecture with its proposal that entanglement creates gravity like effects.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2068] viXra:2311.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-04 00:19:43

Ultra-high Frequency Gravitational Waves

Authors: Pastushenko Vladimir Alexandrovich
Comments: 3 Pages.

There is a goal of the Ultra-High Frequency Gravitational Wave Research Initiative: "Gravitational waves at frequencies above 10 kHz inevitably arise from something outside the physics of the Standard Model, such as exotic astrophysical objects or cosmological events in the early Universe." A very interesting goal, but with vagueideas about the causes of the appearance and properties of gravitational waves. Yes, there is a fact and experiments in detecting gravitational waves, in this case, astrophysical objects. But what is a gravitational wave in this case? There is an understanding that this is a periodic superimposition of "gaps" in space, in the direction of the source of such gravitational waves, that is, the rotation of two connected massive astrophysical objects, neutron stars, "black holes". It is even possible to build mathematical models of the rotation ofmassive spheres with a certain frequency, within the framework of certain equations. But mathematics answers the question HOW? And physics answers the question WHY? In the framework of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity, we are talking about the curvature of space-time near a source of energy-momentum, massive spheres in this case.And here many questions arise.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2067] viXra:2311.0009 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-02 19:01:18

Quantum Gravity

Authors: Alexander P. Klimets
Comments: 39 Pages. (Abstract moved by viXra Admin to conform with the requirement of viXra.org

In the Collection "Quantum Gravity" the first article presents a new method for constructingquantum gravity, based on the equations of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. It is shown that the natural space-time boundary is the Planck length. A new uncertainty relation between the gravitational radius of a particle and its position has been found. The basic equation of quantum gravity has been stablished. The inevitable nature of the three-imensionality of space is shown. A hypothesis has been put forward about the nature of the singularities of black holes and the Metagalaxy. The second article establishes Bohr’s general principle of complementarity, its extension to other areas of reality and its philosophical significance. The last article builds a visual model of special relativity and shows its role in scientific knowledge.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2066] viXra:2311.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2023-11-01 13:44:36

Multi-folds for Entanglement and EPR

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 20 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper clarifies section 4.1 of the original paper on gravity emergence from entanglement, distinguishing between examples and actual expectation for EPR entanglement of isolated EPR entangled particles. In that paper we started from a hypothetical multi-fold universe U_MF, where the propagation of everything is slower or equal to the speed of light and where entanglement extends the set of paths available to Path Integrals. This multifold mechanism enables EPR (Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen) "spooky actions at distance" to result from local interactions in the resulting folds. It produces gravity-like attractive effective potentials in the spacetime, between entangled entities, that are caused by the curvature of the folds. When quantized, multi-folds correspond to gravitons and they are enablers of EPR entanglement. Gravity emerges non-perturbative and covariant from EPR entanglement between virtual particles surrounding an entity. In U_MF, we encounter mechanisms that predict gravity fluctuations when entanglement is present, including in macroscopic entanglements.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2065] viXra:2310.0148 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-30 06:55:12

Calculation of Jupiter's Size and Saturn's Size by Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 9 Pages.

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B in a many-body system. In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration. This paper shows that Jupiter's size and Saturn's size are the consequences of the interference of the generalized matter waves. In this calculation, Jupiter's radius is determined as 7.1491e+7m with a relative error of 5.05%; Saturn's radius is determined as 5.80057e+7m with a relative error of 3.75%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of Halo ring and main ring for Jupiter, ring A, B, C and D for Saturn.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2064] viXra:2310.0134 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-28 09:47:13

A Novel Derivation of Black Hole Entropy in all Dimensions from truly Point Mass Sources

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 9 Pages.

It is explicitly shown how the Schwarzschild Black Hole Entropy (in all dimensions) emerges from truly point mass sources at r = 0 due to a non-vanishing scalar curvature involving the Dirac delta distribution. It is the density and anisotropic pressure components associated with the point mass delta function source at the origin r = 0 which furnish the Schwarzschild black hole entropy in all dimensions $ D ge 4$ after evaluating the Euclidean Einstein-Hilbert action. As usual, it is required to take the inverse Hawking temperature $beta_H$ as the length of the circle $S^1_beta$ obtained from a compactification of the Euclidean time in thermal field theory which results after a Wick rotation, $ i t = tau $, to imaginary time. The appealing and salient result is that there is $no$ need to introduce the Gibbons-Hawking-York boundary term in order to arrive at the black hole entropy because in our case one has that $ {cal R } ot= 0$. Furthermore, there is no need to introduce a complex integration contour to $avoid$ the singularity as shown by Gibbons and Hawking. On the contrary, the source of the black hole entropy stems entirely from the scalar curvature $singularity$ at the origin $ r = 0$. We conclude by explaining how to generalize our construction to the Kerr-Newman metric by exploiting the Newman-Janis algorithm. The physical implications of this finding warrants further investigation since it suggests a profound connection between the notion of gravitational entropy and spacetime singularities.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2063] viXra:2310.0125 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-26 20:31:48

A Brief Note on Space-Time Spin

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 3 Pages. Version 1

Space-time signature can be derived via a simple sort spin-formalism.This formalism is described in a short comment. It comes from a simple Boole-algebra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2062] viXra:2310.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-18 20:55:33

Calculation of Earth's Geomagnetic Field by Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 10 Pages. (Note by vXra Admin: Future repetition/regurgitation will not be accepted!)

In analogy with the ultimate speed c, there is an ultimate acceleration B, nobody's acceleration can exceed this limit B, in the solar system, B=2.956391e+10(m/s2). Because this ultimate acceleration is a large number, any effect connecting to B will become easy to test, including quantum gravity tests. In this paper, an approach is put forward to connect the ultimate acceleration with quantum theory. As an application, the quantum gravity theory with the ultimate acceleration provides a mechanism to explain and calculate the geomagnetic field, the earth's geomagnetic field is calculated to be -0.6Gauss at the north pole.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2061] viXra:2310.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-15 03:02:13

The Density Interpretation of Wave Function

Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 5 Pages.

General relativity and quantum mechanics are two very important theories in modern physics, but they have incompatibilities when describing the laws of nature. We have found a way to solve this problem --- using density to explain the wave function, and replacing probability with density. It can explain some problems in quantum mechanics, such as wave-particle duality, uncertainty principle, quantum entanglement, and so on. It can also explain gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2060] viXra:2310.0060 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-12 07:16:54

Black Hols in Light of New Field Theory

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this short paper I will present new calculations of black holes that could solve many problems in modern cosmology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2059] viXra:2310.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-09 19:00:11

Justifying the Standard Model U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) Symmetry in a Multi-fold Universe

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 31 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Group theory is a good way to study Particle Physics, when all the details are not known. U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) is a good example as the symmetry group of the Standard Model (SM). It is well established, yet it is still a mystery why these symmetries, and why not a different or bigger group. The paper starts with an analysis of multi-fold aspects inspired from the Geometric Unity (GU). The first stages of the GU approach are contrasted with the multi-fold space time matter induction approach. It leads to different ways to characterize the symmetries of the 4D spacetime in the embedding space: Two unoriented 7D space time, tagged to cover a left and a right chirality, undefined in 7D, and therefore a Spin(7,7) symmetry. Spin (7,7) can be reduced by symmetry breaking to Sl(2,ℂ) x U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3), via a whole bunch of different paths and possible interim symmetries. The first term corresponds to General Relativity (GR) in 4D with Lorentz symmetries, while the rest are the SM symmetries associated to Quantum Physics. This 7D space, with chiral labels, is a local 7D ε neighborhood seen from the 4D spacetime, through multi-fold entry, exit or mapping points, locally embedding it, without Physics in it and implementing space time matter induction and scattering in the 4D multi-fold spacetime, ensuring U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) for the SM, and induction of the SM particles. Indeed, the doubling of the spacetime sharing time as 7D embedding space explains the algebra doubling on non-commutative geometry in 4D that also predicts the SM particles. Revisiting the multi-fold mechanisms, we explicitly detail why a multi-fold spacetime carries U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) symmetries, in addition to Lorentz symmetry. Also, GR reigns in the embedding space, Ricci flat or Einsteinian. It allows us to revisit aspects of wormhole traversability.Explaining why SM has the symmetry that it has is quite unique. So far, the GUTs failures to provide such an explanation, made U(1) x SU(2) x SU(3) even more puzzling. Furthermore, supersymmetry is not physical/A consequence of this paper is that GR, or the Hilbert Einstein action contains fully the Standard, and that there is no need to invoke fine-tuning or multiverses to explain our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2058] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-05 14:12:06

Extended Einstein Field Equations for Complex Spacetime

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 4 Pages.

In paper on EEFE cite{1} - that is Extended Einstein Field equations i will explore in short mathematical model behind quantazation of physical field.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2057] viXra:2310.0001 [pdf] submitted on 2023-10-01 20:57:08

A New View of Particle Physics with Gravity and Accelerating Expansion as Emergent Properties of Quantum Mechanics and Massive Spin 2 Gravitons as Dark Matter Giving Galaxies Their Mond-Like Behaviour

Authors: Julian Williams
Comments: 100 Pages.

This paper explores ideas for new physics at both quantum and cosmological levels. It begins with proposals for building the fundamental particles from infinite superpositions that fit the SM, apart from infinitesimal differences, with possibly profound consequences including the possibility of both massive and infinitesimal mass spin 2 gravitons. All fundamental particles have at least an infinitesimal mass always proportional to the inverse horizon radius times the the Hubble flow velocity. The symmetry breaking of the SM remains essentially valid because, with masses almost zero and nearly light velocity, helicity is virtually fixed. Cosmic wavelength (kmin) gravitons vastly outnumber all other particles and the invariant action they require comes from the expansion of space inside the horizon. When mass is distributed evenly as dust, gravitons have uniform spatial density. To maintain kmin action density invariance, the metric changes around mass concentrations in agreement with Einstein’s equations, apart from infinitesimal differences at small cosmic radii, becoming very significant at large radii. Over large regions of space this difference makes the values of the Einstein tensor components in the Freidman equations average zero. Space is always flat, and Quantum Mechanics (QM) controls the expansion of space regardless of Omega, with or without inflation. The scale factors in the radiation era, and the start of the matter era, are similar to Lambda-CDM cosmology. Massive spin 2 gravitons have galactic radii Compton wavelengths and spherically symmetric wavefunctions with inverse radius squared mass density, just as the proposed dark matter properties that give galaxies their observed behaviour. The rate at which massive gravitons form inside the cosmic horizon is related to the clustering of matter into galaxies and controls both the scale factor and accelerating space expansion.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2056] viXra:2309.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-25 03:14:11

Exploring the Potential Shifts in Our Understanding of Space and Time Through Quantum Gravity

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, I tried to provide an overview of how various quantum gravity approachesprompt us to reconsider our understanding of space and time. The primary focus hasbeen on two prominent contenders: string theory and loop quantum gravity. However,it’s important to bear in mind that these theories remain unverified and lack a universallyaccepted consensus.As we navigate through these ideas, it becomes evident that our conventional notionsof space and time might necessitate a fundamental shift. The very fabric of spacetimecould reveal intricacies that challenge our prior assumptions. Moreover, our explorationwill encompass diverse viewpoints on the nature of time within the realm of quantumgravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2055] viXra:2309.0124 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-25 19:39:13

Some Speculations on Black Hole Evaporation and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Randolph L. Gerl
Comments: 41 Pages.

A possible way to understand the preservation of information during black hole evaporation is explored and a new approach to quantizing General Relativity is considered. Black holes, like all physical objects, are subject to the energy-time uncertainty principle which means their spacetime characteristics must have quantum uncertainty. It is conjectured that this quantum uncertainty is what permits the escape of energy and information from black holes. It is further conjectured that spacetime and mass-energy can be quantized together (here termed metric quanta) by replacing spaces based on the real number line with a quantum information state. Eigenvalues of operators that act on the information state characterize the metric quanta and this means that differential equations do not ultimately describe nature. A formulation of General Relativity is explored that uses a quantization procedure which replaces the basis vectors for curvilinear coordinate systems with operators that act on the information state of the cosmos. This paper concludes with the possibility that these ideas can eventually be made into a workable theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2054] viXra:2309.0071 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-14 12:29:13

Quantum Gravity from Dimensional Analysis of the Planck Scale

Authors: Thiago Campos Araújo
Comments: 125 Pages.

This article is proposed to demonstrate in an informal and conceptual way that the equations of Quantum Mechanics are derived from the dimensional analysis of Planck units, this gives the possibility of extracting the equations of Quantum Gravity through the same process of reverse engineering, although it seems something simple this is extremely powerful for visualizing the possibility of a unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2053] viXra:2309.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-13 21:56:28

A Proposal for Pilot Experiments on Gravitational Levitation

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this proposal is the disentanglement between tangential and radial energy stored around a gravitational source. Due to the disentanglement the attraction to a pilot mass is destroyed in the sense of quantum mechanical exchange between radial and tangential pseudo vector clusters. In other words the pilot mass levitates or hovers, no air involved, above the surface of Earth. Some precursor experiments are needed before the gravitational levitation is possible. Firstly the propagation of the electromagnetic power through all kind materials has to be researched. After this and understanding the power loss process then g-levitation is just a matter increasing the power cross section to the impact of the Earth surface.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2052] viXra:2309.0054 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-10 05:22:10

Why Einstein Was Right About Unified Field Theory?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 9 Pages.

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2051] viXra:2309.0044 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-08 20:21:05

Close-Orbiting Black Hole Pairs Are Macroscopic Quantum-Gravitational Systems

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 7 Pages.

Close-orbiting pairs of near-equal black holes (M≈m) are a new kind of macroscopic quantum object because they have inherent mass-uncertainty ΔMtotal⪆0.0013(M+m). These are the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found, and the first physical system ever thought of which plausibly requires quantum gravity for an accurate description, and which plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity via direct observation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2050] viXra:2309.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2023-09-01 20:41:59

Unruh Effects, Hawking Black Hole Evaporation, Quantum Corrected Larmor Formula, Numbers of Particles in Curved Spacetime: "Same-Same, But Just a Bit Different"

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 29 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper explains the origin of the Unruh Temperature, in terms of disagreements, on the number of particles encountered between accelerated and inertial observers, and relates it to the conventional approach of Unruh accelerated detectors. It is not a new explanation.However, we argue that the same explanation applies to justify why (massive) accelerated charged particles radiate, leading to the Larmor formula, including its QED versions. We contend that not just the quantum corrections, but also the classical part, are just equivalent to the Unruh effects. It also explains why Hawking black hole radiation includes contributions both from particles escaping on the black hole horizon, and from particles created, by spacetime curvature changes, between the horizon and the asymptotic infinite away from the black hole. It is also why observers can’t agree on the number of particles present in a curved spacetime. The use of these phenomena to explain the full Larmor radiation formula, and the Hawking radiation derivation options may not be widely known. In fact, at the difference of recently published popular science articles about alleged first observation of Unruh radiations, the present paper argues that Unruh radiations have been observed from a long time: whenever an accelerated (massive) charged particle radiates, like for example in a radio source, antenna, or oscillator. In fact, the Larmor radiation can be extended to any Yang Mills interactions for accelerated massive particles, based on the Unruh effect. It has consequences on particle decays, with now the possibility for example that an "accelerated proton" decays due to the Unruh effect. We ruled out such decays in an inertial frame, but when accelerated, it is possible, and it still does not support GUTs.The paper also introduces the notion of Larmor gravitation radiation, that it exemplifies with frame dragging General Relativity (GR) effects, and the universe spacetime memory. It is then extended also to all the other interactions: QED, QCD, Electroweak. As a digression, we conclude that radiation when electron jump down to a lower level of energy in an atom are also Larmor radiations. Similarly, we present some considerations on the Schwinger effects and its relation to all this.We conclude with some multi-fold universe considerations, based on the microscopic composition of the spacetime of multi-fold universes (massless Higgs boson, including why gravity and entanglement break the Reeh-Schielder theorem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2049] viXra:2308.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-29 14:07:51

Exploring Parallels Between String Theory and the Dark Energy Ether Hypothesis

Authors: Kris M. McKenna
Comments: 12 Pages.

This paper investigates potential unification between string theory and the dark energy ether hypothesis for gravity. String theory proposes vibrating one-dimensional strings as fundamental elements comprising the universe. Meanwhile, the ether hypothesis envisions a ubiquitous cosmic medium, the ether, which interacts with matter to create pressure gradients generating gravitational effects. Despite arising in different contexts, these two theories exhibit captivating parallels that could reveal deeper connections between the quantum and cosmological scales.The analysis explores several intriguing conceptual alignments between strings and the ether. Both theories propose an omnipresent substrate underlying physical phenomena — the higher-dimensional arena for vibrating strings or the cosmic ether medium respectively. Additionally, they both posit the interactions and disturbances of these substrates give rise to observable phenomena like forces and particles. The introduction of extra dimensions in string theory also finds resonance with the ether hypothesis, suggesting the ether inhabits a higher-dimensional space influencing our perceived 3D world. Most profoundly, the shared notion of disturbance creating observable effects hints at a deeper unity.Mathematically, potential avenues for unification include translating between the vibrations of strings and the proposed disturbances propagating through the ether. Equations describing string interactions could connect to those depicting matter displacing the ether and inducing pressure gradients. Identifying shared mathematical symmetries or structures may reveal foundational links. Geometrically modeling ether displacement in the extra dimensions of string theory could yield insights.By proposing concrete mechanisms grounded in the interplay between ether, strings, and higher dimensions, this conceptual synthesis aims to weave together gravity, quantum phenomena, and the cosmos through compatible dynamical frameworks. The resulting unified theory could reshape our understanding of spacetime, gravitation, and the forces permeating our universe. While challenges remain in empirically testing these ideas, the mathematical and conceptual resonances compel further exploration.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2048] viXra:2308.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-26 23:25:56

On the Nature and Origin of Matter, Dark Matter and Dark Energy (Part 1): Fundamentals

Authors: Paul S. Gee
Comments: 54 Pages. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.

A theoretical model (Model OMG, Ongoing Mass Genesis) is presented that explains the nature and origin of matter, dark matter and dark energy and calculates energy densities matching the Planck mission data. The model is based on the FLRW cosmology but with continuing creation of equal amounts of positive and negative matter in a Null universe. Dark Energy is gravitational repulsion caused by negative matter, Dark matter is non-normal positive matter, including antimatter, in bosonic form but gravitationally attractive to normal matterThe model proposes a unified description of gravity and electric potential calculated using Bessel functions for the natural masses and electric charges of fermions, with mass quantisation correct to 2-4 significant figures. Apart from the mass of the electron there are no free parameters used in the theory which is essentially geometric. Matter is generated in a "chronoverse" containing eight orthogonal time-like directions, three describe the non-neutrino leptons residing on the surface of a unit radius "chronosphere", and encode mass, gravity, charge and an electroweak force. The fourth dimension governs the strong force and defines the quarks. Photons and neutrinos involve an 8D chronoverse. Each "chronotype" of particle is the same matter, differing only in chronosphere coordinates, possibly representing background-independent, intrinsic timelike quantum signatures. The gravitational behaviour of matter is attributed to a preon-like quark-constituent of mass 0.5766 MeV. The Planck fine structure constant is calculated and evidences the tritoelectron and tritopreon. Quarks have a substructure of constituent preons each consisting of three tritopreons creating a superposition of a greater number of virtual preons. The Model embodies a descriptive unification of the 4 forces in an overall 11-D spacetime. The continuing creation of matter proceeds from tritopreons via compound bosons dubbed Careyons and is statistically-controlled. The mass creation model is supported by correct prediction of the primordial H:helium-4 ratio.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2047] viXra:2308.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-24 20:08:26

Dodecahedron as an Encoder of the Theory of Everything

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 4 Pages.

The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) is the lacking main part of the Theory of Everything (TOE). Here we show that the Gallo-Roman dodecahedron encodes the fundamental ideas on which the SST is based. It suggests contacts between earthly civilizations and representatives of advanced cosmic civilizations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2046] viXra:2308.0142 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-23 03:17:12

Generalized Relativistic Transformations in Clifford Spaces and Their Physical Implications

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 18 Pages.

A brief introduction of the Extended Relativity Theory in Clifford Spaces (C-space) paves the way to the explicit construction of the generalized relativistic transformations of the Clifford multivector-valued coordinates in C-spaces. The most general transformations furnish a full mixing of the grades of the multivector-valued coordinates. The transformations of the multivector-valued momenta follow leading to an invariant generalized mass M in C-spaces which differs from m. No longer the proper mass appearing in the relativistic dispersion relation E^2 - p^2 = m^2 remains invariant under the generalized relativistic transformations. It is argued how this finding might shed some light into the cosmological constant problem, dark energy, and dark matter. We finalize with some concluding remarks about extending these transformations to phase spaces and about Born reciprocal relativity. An appendix is included with the most general (anti) commutators of the Clifford algebra multivector generators.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2045] viXra:2308.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-14 23:45:27

Dark Matter and Quantum Entanglement

Authors: ShengLi Zhang
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper explores the possibility of unifying the four fundamental forces with dark matter and quantum entanglement. It was found that when dark matter has quantum entanglement, the dark matter vortex forms and the dark matter outside the vortex will expand. This will slow down the matter and dark matter being involved in the vortex. The dark matter inside the vortex will also expand under the effect of the rotating compression force . The expansion force is proportional to the internal rotation speed of the vortex. From the edge to the core, the expansion force increases with the increase of the rotational compression force, and the dark matter at the core expands the most. A compression force forms under the effect of the spin of the matter after it enters the center with the vortex. The gravitational layer forms because the core dark matter is subject to the spin compression force of matter and the compression force of vortex rotation. The expansion force of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer will increase with the increase of the rotating compression force of the matter at the core of the vortex. The much the core matter and the faster the vortex center rotate, the greater the density of dark matter in the gravitational layer, and the smaller the density of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer. In this case, three spheres will form at the vortex where microscopic particles and macroscopic objects are located, which are gravitational layer, expansion compression zone, and expansion zone outside the vortex from the core to the outside of the vortex. The smallest particle has no expansion compression zone. The largest vortex is the universe and there is no expansion zone outside the universe. The expansion compression zone is composed of high expansion zone and low expansion zone. The diameter of the former is the same as the radius of the gravitational layer, and the remaining part is a low expansion zone, which is most obvious when the core is a black hole. The density of the gravitational layer and the expansion zone outside the vortex can be controlled by controlling the rotation speed of the dark matter vortex. This principle can also be used to create dark matter vortexes and control nuclear fission and fusion and thus create aircraft. In addition, it can also be applied to control and make celestial bodies and black holes. Four basic forces can be explained and quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity can be unified by combining dark matters and quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2044] viXra:2308.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-13 23:59:23

Genesis Explained: Reasoned Scientifically Due to Monster Symmetry

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 10 Pages.

Genesis, the creation of our cosmos in six times 24 hours with one day rest by super massive black holes, white radiators having a crossing time for the light speed over the event horizon of about 24 hours, can be derived by group symmetric considerations based on Monster symmetry. These scaling exercises were self consistent and prove the weak gravity initial condition for the universes. The alpha condition or the inflationary period of our cosmos for pseudo vector barons is confirmed by the scalar theory of conformal gravities by M.A. Thomas. The onset in opposing time symmetries confirms the Big Bang initial state of the group symmetry Monster number decomposing into 6.7 nano seconds, a compacted state for neutrons having an imaginary macro mass in the order of Jupiter with event horizon of one metre. The sequence of six days or 144 hrs arises from six time axes in an enclosed pyramid frame for coherent photon energy caused by gravity generation per universe maintaining these super massive black holes imbedded by Monster symmetry and ending the alpha condition in somewhat less than thousand years a long time ago. The omega condition is treated step wise which involved three topics, the scaling for the best choice matched to the calculations in ref1 for the initial black hole condition, M40 of about ten times solar, then the internal condition of the hollow super massive state adapted to the generalized concept of gravity generation by the ultra fast and ultra light mediating medium and as last the determination of the range of super massive black holes. All this is a strong possibility that explains these super massive entities as remnants of the galaxies in the twelve congruent universes of which the matter distribution is due to the group symmetric properties of dark matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2043] viXra:2308.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:07:14

Quantum Gravity Framework: 1.0. A Framework of Principles for Quantum General Relativity with Time and Measurement

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 36 Pages.

The purpose of this article is to outline a framework of concepts and principles to combine quantum mechanics and general relativity so that time and measurement (reduction) are present as integral parts of the basic foundations. First, the problem of time in quantum gravity and the measurement problem in quantum mechanics are briefly reviewed and the popular proposals to tackle these two problems are briefly discussed. Next, on the already known foundations of quantum mechanics, a framework of principles of dynamics is built: 1) Self-Time Evolution - Newtons first law is reinterpreted to define time, 2) Local Measurement by Local Reduction - Quantum diffusion theory is adapted, and 3) Global Evolution by Global Reduction. Ideas on how to apply the framework to study quantum general relativistic physics are discussed. Further, more general and modified forms of some of these principles are also discussed. The theoretical elements in the framework to be made concrete by further theoretical and experimental investigations are listed. Revision information is included.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2042] viXra:2308.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:06:16

Quantum Graviy Framework 2.0: A Complete Dynamical Framework of Principles for Quantization of General Relativity

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 40 Pages. First Published on Researchgate https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301835572_Quantum_Gravity_Framework_20_A_Complete_Dynamical_Framework_of_Principles_for_Quantization_of_General_Relativity

Developing Planck scale physics requires addressing problem of time, quantum reduction, determinism and continuum limit. In this article on the already known foundations of quantum mechanics, a set of proposals of dynamics is built on fully constrained discrete models: 1) Self- Evolution - Flow of time in the phase space in a single point system, 2) Local Measurement by Local Reduction through quantum diffusion theory, quantum diffusion equation is rederived with different assumptions, 3) Evolution of a multipoint discrete manifold of Systems through a foliation chosen dynamically, and 4) Continuum limit, and determinism are enforced by adding terms and averaging to the action. The proposals are applied to the various physical scenarios such as: 1) Minisuperspace reduced cosmology of isotropic and homogenous universe with scalar field, 2) Expanding universe with perturbation, and 3) Newtonian Universe. Ways to experimentally test the theory is discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2041] viXra:2308.0066 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:05:35

Quantum Gravity Framework 3: Relative Time Formulation and Simple Applications to Derive Conventional Hamiltonians

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 22 Pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.28466.32960 Published on June 2021

In this paper we discuss quantum gravity framework 3.0, where we discuss relative time formulations. Applications of relative time formulations are discussed. The conventional Hamiltonian of bulk matter is derived from quantum gravity Hamiltonian. The derivation of Hamiltonians in the contexts of fields is briefly discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2040] viXra:2308.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 23:04:57

Quantum Gravity Framework 4: Fully Path Integral Framework, Structure Formation and Consciousness in the Universe

Authors: Suresh K. Maran
Comments: 22 Pages. First Publish on researchgate http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.15044.55688/1

In this paper I give a major update of quantum gravity framework project. The heuristic conceptual framework proposed in previous versions is expanded to include structure formation and consciousness in the universe. A Path Integral version of decoherence in curved space-time is introduced as major update. Then we discuss the philosophical insights into structure formation in the universe and consciousness. We introduce various mathematical concepts to describe structure formation in the universe and consciousness.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2039] viXra:2308.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-05 00:36:58

From Energy to Physical Phenomena

Authors: Shanshan Zhao
Comments: 7 Pages.

Through observation and summary, the operating principle of energy was reasonably inferred, and on this basis, potential field theory was developed. Through the explanation and explanation of the basic concepts of potential field theory, the nature of temperature, wave—particle duality, electromagnetism, mass and motion, gravity and other phenomena is reasonably inferred. The main conclusion is that the existence of energy gradients is the fundamental cause of all phenomena. Some speculations: dark matter is energy with low energy intensity; when the coupling of energy in the flow will generate fluctuations (electromagnetic waves), that is, quantum fluctuation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2038] viXra:2307.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-31 17:38:01

Superstring Phenomenology by Preon Models

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages.

We analyze supersymmetric preon models and compare their global symmetries with the heterotic E_8 x E_8$ superstring theory. We compare Pati's supergravity based preon model and our supersymmetric, topological preon model with symmetries of superstring theory. Based on symmetries and phenomenological results we conclude that the fundamental particles are preons rather than standard model particles, in concord with the heterotic superstring theory. Chern-Simons theory based preon models may provide useful tools for studying superstring theory and phenomenology.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2037] viXra:2307.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-26 22:16:51

A Quantum Gravity Gedanken Experiment and Its Consequences

Authors: Shantikumar Nair
Comments: 18 Pages.

A simple gedanken experiment was proposed that imagines an observer shrinking down and entering the inner space of the atom. This led to five postulates which was justified mathematically using a quantum potential-modified spacetime structure within the atom. The new spacetime structure demonstrated that space was expanded within the atom, time was slowed down and inertial mass was increased. The paper also demonstrated that the uncertainty principle may have its origins in the modification of spacetime within the atom. Application of general relativity to the intraatomic space showed that charge emerges in a natural way from the changes in the spacetime structure. Within the atom, the term 8πG could be replaced with (2(e/m)^2)/ϵ_0 in the gravitational field equation. The absence of nuclear radiations could be attributed to the presence of a black-hole-like horizon around the nucleus, which also could explain the extraordinary stability of the electron within the atom that contains a positively charged nucleus. The spacetime transformation would appear to make the atomic world self-similar to, or symmetric with, the macroscopic world. The product of the space and time intervals in spacetime was invariant, which is in effect a law of conservation of spacetime. Thus, it appeared that spacetime may not be just a field of coordinate points, but a real entity that could be associated with both mass and energy. Inertial mass could be directly related to the proportion of space and time within spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2036] viXra:2307.0141 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-26 22:12:55

Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravity by Correction of [i]ll Defined Speed of Light []

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far, it has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time and the speed of light in vacuum only represents the Diameter of planet earth and the rotation duration of one revolution of planet earth around its own axis (a day), because in 1793 the "meter" of length in space was defined to represent the circumference of planet earth, while the "second" of time was defined to represent 24 hours 60 minutes and 60 seconds (a day). The author tries to explain here how, on the basis of these findings, the system of units would have to be reformed in order to complete the connection found by Einstein and thus dissolve all natural constants (which only represent planet Earth) and to understand gravitation and electromagnetism as a unified interaction and to reinterpret quantum theory: God does not play dice.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2035] viXra:2307.0119 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-23 15:21:36

A Conjecture: no Dark Matter Will be Discovered at LHC, or Elsewhere

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 17 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

CERN restarted the upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC), third run, with among its objectives the hope to detect "Dark Matter". With this paper, based on the multi-fold theory, and its encounter in General Relativity (GR) and Yang Mills theory, we apply the Occam’s razor principle to expect that no dark matter, including axions, will the detected at LHC or elsewhere, just as we also predicted that no supersymmetric partners will ever be encountered. The Multi-fold-derived Ultimate Unification (UU) furthers hints at no other fundamental particle above the (gravity) electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale, unless if UU had its own particles, something not likely, or if new and unknown interactions, non-supersymmetric, were to exist. The latter is something that may not be that likely either, especially as we have separately argued that the multi-fold theory predicts the Standard Model (SM) symmetries and can be seen as a quasi TOE that predicts most of its properties. Of course, these predictions do not include the massless Higgs boson, the particle responsible for the random walk, and spacetime location concretization.Interestingly, the paper also provides a random walk explanation for the absence of supersymmetry in a universe with a positive cosmological constant 4D , or lower dimensions, spacetime, while they exist at higher dimensions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2034] viXra:2307.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-22 14:35:05

The Fate of Supersymmetry in Topological Quantum Field Theories

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 18 Pages.

We analyze the role of supersymmetry in nature. We extend our previous model of particles and cosmology beyond its critical energy scale at about $10^{16}$ Gev. We assume that there are three main phases in the evolving universe. The first is topological gravity phase, the second a brief Chern-Simons phase, and the third the standard model (SM) gauge phase. In our scenario supersymmetry (SUSY) appears in all phases but in the third phase confined in topological preons, which form quarks and leptons. The confined SUSY (cSUSY) is supported by the lack of observation of squarks and sleptons. cSUSY also provides a natural mechanism for matter-antimatter asymmetry. The possible relationship of this tentative scenario to quantum gravity and the role of UV-completeness are disclosed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2033] viXra:2307.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-15 19:45:49

Gravity Extensions Equation and Complex Spacetime

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 25 Pages.

In this hypothesis, a possible extension of Einstein's field equations will be presented which is reduced to his field equation by contractions. Basic concepts such as the description of the inertial system or the definition of a physical observer are discussed. The field equation predicts the existence of exactly four-dimensional space-time, as only in four-dimensional space-time does this equation have an equal number of unknowns for each term of the equation. The equation itself can be written in two mixed and fully covariant forms.This model relates the field of matter to the curvature of space-time in a direct way, if matter is not present at a given point in space, it is simply flat space-time, which makes it a requirement that the momentum energy tensor does not equal zero in the presence of space-time curvature. In this work, i not give the exact solutions of the equations, only their derivation and their form in a particular case. This paper is in two parts, first is classical part, second one is quantum part that uses a complex spacetime to make sense of probability in field equations. It turns field equation into complex field equation and then from it it creates a scalar that represents probability of finding particle in spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2032] viXra:2307.0047 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-09 19:49:14

Biological, Quantum, and Gravitational Holomovement

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 4 Pages.

The biological wave-like holomovement is compared to the quantum and gravitational holomovement created by the arrow of Time. We need a new theory of quantum gravity and gravitational radiation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2031] viXra:2307.0032 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-07 03:47:15

Aether - Aatheron Theory

Authors: Aaron Choi Ramos
Comments: 10 Pages.

This paper presents Aatheron Theory, a novel framework that proposes a fundamental understanding of the universe based on the concept of aatherons. Aatherons are postulated as the elementary constituents of aether, a fundamental medium that permeates all of spacetime. The theory suggests that aether and spacetime are intricately linked, with aether being the substrate for all physical phenomena.In Aatheron Theory, aatherons exhibit pulsing wave-like behavior, and their collective interactions give rise to the fundamental forces and particles observed in nature. The theory provides an explanation for the generation and mediation of electromagnetic fields, the behavior of charged particles, the strong and weak nuclear forces, and the nature of gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2030] viXra:2307.0029 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-05 08:04:37

Traversable Wormholes in (2+1) Dimensions and Gravity’s Rainbow

Authors: Tatsuyuki Sugawa
Comments: 19 Pages.

We investigate the traversable wormholes in (2 + 1) dimensions in the context of Gravity’s Rainbow which may be one of the approaches to quantum gravity. The cases in the presence of cosmological constant and Casimir energy are studied.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2029] viXra:2307.0012 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-03 20:21:25

A Micro Interpretation for the Generation of Gravity: The Consistent Spin Direction of Clustered Quarks in Two Objects

Authors: Wei Guo
Comments: 11 Pages.

Today, although two main physical theories of Newton gravity law and General Relativity could mathematically measure gravity, the scientific community has still not figured out how gravity is generated at the micro perspective. Instead of seeking some particle that serves as the medium to spread the gravity, we argue the underlying mechanism of gravity is similar to another contactless force of magnetic force. The difference lies in the fact that the key particle which plays the dominant role in generating gravity is the spin direction of clustered quarks rather than electrons.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2028] viXra:2307.0007 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-02 04:36:07

No Singularities in Schwarzschild Black Hole and Big Bang

Authors: Yong Bao
Comments: 5 Pages.

We prove no singularities in Schwarzschild black hole (SBH) and Big Bang considering the quantum effect. We find the equation of gravitational energy density inside SBH; derive that the gravitational energy density is proportional to the square effective temperature far from the event horizon in SBH interior, whether the gravitational fields of SBH are Coulomb-like or wave-like; obtain their entropic density is direct proportion with the effective temperature. Then we assume that the center of SBH and Big Bang being in the minimum entropy state, which value is equal to the Boltzmann constant; propose the SBH uncertainty relation (UR) and Big Bang UR by the generalized relational expression (GRE)and prove them, which suggest no singularity in them.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2027] viXra:2306.0165 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-29 14:25:03

Einsteinian Science Versus the Unified Theory Approach: a Theory of the Universe

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 14 Pages.

Recently, we defined two scientific discoveries using Einsteinian science: the success/failure system and cosmic inertia. In this zenith of our work on Einsteinian science, we demonstrate through two analyses that Einsteinian science is a complete science to a theory of the universe, which can approach the true picture of the universe. First, we analyse archive materials to reveal scientific events we term Einstein’s paradoxes between Einsteinian science and unified field theory. Second, we analyse only two approaches to a theory of the universe: Einsteinian science and the unified theory approach. We demonstrate that Einsteinian science, philosophically and methodically, is a complete science, which contrasts with the Unified theory approach only practised in physics and mathematics and thus insufficient for a theory of the universe. Physicists face a potential turning point. Does Einsteinian science immediately arouse feelings and actions in physicists? Will Einstein’s paradoxes between Einsteinian science and unified field theory persist in physics forever? Science is still in its infancy in 2023, still as Einstein claimed in 1954!
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2026] viXra:2306.0079 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-14 03:39:53

Dimensional Physics

Authors: Christian Kosmak
Comments: 43 Pages.

Dimensional physics (DP) is a theory that unites general relativity (GR) with quantum field theory (QFT). The QFT results, via a common basis in spacetime, from the GR as a correspondence principle. This requires assumptions about the structure of spacetime. There are different spacetimes and each is continuous. The number of space dimensions separates them from each other. The "dimensionaltransition" creates the quantisation. Any form of energy or mass is a spacetime density directly in spacetime. Gravity is a spacetime strain directly in spacetime. A density creates a stretch. Therefore, all "objects and forces" are changes in spacetime itself. There are no separate objects using spacetime as a "stage". Different spacetimes are not only a dynamic stage, they are the only actors. The various manifestations of the elementary particles of the Standard Model, are a combination of low-dimensional spacetime densities. The proposed solution in the DP is thus a geometric approach.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2025] viXra:2306.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-11 01:17:03

[An Attempt at an] Final Theory for Graviton (English)

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages. This option does not require the graviton concept.

Existing theories for the transmission of gravitational force have considered thegraviton particle and predicted that this particle moves with maximum speed. When somephenomena and events in nature are examined with the mentality of "continuity from thebeginning", it can be comprehended that these hypotheses are unnecessary.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2024] viXra:2306.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-10 16:12:41

How Quantum is Quantum Gravity

Authors: Koustubh Kabe
Comments: 6 Pages. The paper asserts that the force associated with Planck scale is non-quantum and evaluates some of the consequences.

Nature does not compartmentalize its happenings into different theories or disciplines. The theories are put forth by us to approximately understand the finer workings of nature. All theories are mere mathematical models built to understand nature. Any or all of them can be superseded by a better model or combination of models. The current paper analyses the formulation of Planck scale quantities, the workings of the temporal gauge, the concept of time other related fundamental issues. In particular, the paper points out that the force at the Planck scale is non-quantum.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2023] viXra:2306.0040 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-09 18:07:08

[an Attempt at a] Final Theory of Graviton

Authors: Özgen Ersan
Comments: 2 Pages. In Turkish (The concept of continuity from the beginning)

Kütle çekim kuvvetinin iletilmesi için mevcut teoriler graviton parçacığını dikkate almış ve bu parçanın üst limit olan ışık hızıyla hareket ettiği tahmin edilmişti. Doğada bazı olgu ve olaylar "başlangıçtan itibaren süreklilik" bilgisi eşliğinde incelendiğinde bu hipotezlerin gereksiz kaldığı idrak edilebilir.

Existing theories for the transmission of gravitational force have taken into account the graviton particle and predicted that this particle moves with the speed of light, which is the upper limit. When some phenomena and events in nature are examined with the knowledge of "continuity from the beginning", it can be realized that these hypotheses are unnecessary.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2022] viXra:2306.0020 [pdf] submitted on 2023-06-03 23:51:41

We Live in Eight Dimensions [and] They Are not Hidden

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 18 Pages.

In this paper, we will show how Geometric Algebra expand the three spatial dimensions into entities of 8 degrees of freedom. It is also explained that one of these degrees of freedom (the trivector) can be considered to be the time (so no ad-hoc extra dimension is necessary). The square of the trivector is negative, solving this way the issue of the negative signature of the time (not necessary any ad-hoc metric indicating this, it is a property of time that appear naturally).Also, we will show that we can try to prove this experimentally looking for the electromagnetic trivector, an entity that should exist according to GA. Also, some comments regarding the similarities with E8 theory are given. Mainly that E8 theory considers 8 dimensions, exactly the same, emerging naturally in this paper. But not only that, also some similarities regarding how gravity can be understood and others are presented.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2021] viXra:2305.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-24 01:17:26

Exploring the Potential Connection Between Fermat's Last Theorem and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Wen-Xiang Chen
Comments: 3 Pages.

This paper investigates the potential connection between Fermat's Last Theorem and quantum gravity, aiming to bridge the gap between seemingly unrelated fields of mathematics and physics. Fermat's Last Theorem, formulated by Pierre de Fermat in the 17th century, states that no non-trivial solutions exist for the equation $x^n + y^n = z^n$, where n > 2 and x, y, z are integers. Its proof was established by Andrew Wiles in 1995. On the other hand, quantum gravity seeks to unify general relativity and quantum mechanics, describing gravity as a curvature of spacetime and the fundamental particles and forces that constitute the universe, respectively.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2020] viXra:2305.0145 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-22 16:33:57

Quantum Geometry of a Planck-Scale Black Hole

Authors: Christian Lembke
Comments: 7 Pages.

The size of the Planck area can be determined indirectly via the measured value of the gravitational constant. Its size is thus subject to the measurement accuracy of the gravitational constant. In this work, the Planck area is derived from the quantum geometry of theoretical black holes in the Planck scale range and will be calculated exactly as a physical constant.The exact value of the Planck area makes it possible to calculate the gravitational constant with the two known natural constants, reduced Planck constant and the speed of light.From the quantum geometric description of black holes, the radius to the surface of a black hole can be calculated.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2019] viXra:2305.0143 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-21 10:36:28

Observational Evidence of the Axis of Evil Having Electron Orbital Shapes and Its Possible Link with Quantum Gravity

Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 20 Pages.

The anomalous ecliptic aligned Quadrupole and Octopole in the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation has symmetries with the shapes of electron orbitals. Since electron orbitals are a quantum phenomena, the Axis of Evil may be revealing a relation with Quantum Gravity. The Axis of Evil may be local to the Solar System which would explain its anomalous alignment and may have a purpose rather than seeming Evil. The Quadrupole has a doughnut shape with two lobes similar to the 3d electron orbital and may be revealing one of the gravity causing particle clouds of either the Sun or the Earth. Gravity is excluded from the Weak Force, the Strong Force and the Electromagnetic Force currently. Quantum Gravity may operate using these three forces resulting in a full unification of forces where baryonic matter accelerates from higher potentials to lower potentials within the gravity causing particle clouds of the Sun via Electrostatic forces and possibly Van Der Waals forces upon baryonic particles. The negatively charged portion of these gravity causing particle clouds may be observed through the Axis of Evil. We may have been asking the wrong questions. Perhaps General Relativity was a correct approximation analogously via curvature and indirectly describes the other three forces on larger scales yet curvature may not be the real cause of Gravity thus impossible to unify. Instead we should have asked how can gravity work using the three forces within Quantum Field Theory. By using known science at smaller scales and applying it to larger scales especially where we have observational evidence of its manifestation at larger scales such as in the Axis of Evil, we can unify Gravity with the Weak force, Strong force and Electromagnetic force when they operate at larger scales.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2018] viXra:2305.0138 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-20 22:57:22

A Non-perturbative Proof of the Asymptotic Safety of 4D Einstein Gravity, With or Without Matter

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 33 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Today, two distinct camps exist in the Physics community: those who believe in the asymptotic safe gravity program for gravity, and those who don’t. Not many physicists are undecided, even if those who claim not to care. It is a polarizing topic, and nobody seems to ever be really convinced by the arguments of the others. Add to this, the existential threat potentially posed by asymptotic safety to the physicality of supersymmetry, supergravity, superstrings, M-Theory, and many of the popular GUTs and TOEs out there, and one can understand why the question of asymptotic safety of gravity is often either viewed as critical, or dismissed as irrelevant. Yet, the asymptotic safety program has claimed indications that gravity may be asymptotically safe. So far, none are definitive, and most are derided by the other camp.In the context of the multi-fold theory, we have shown that multi-fold gravity is asymptotically safe. Using arguments, that gravity is 2D at small scales, something agreed upon by most consistent theories of quantum gravity, we inferred that gravity is most probably asymptotically safe, even in non-muti-fold universes, and yet, we could manage to save superstrings as relevant around that 2D regime, while (mathematically) living in a tangent dual space.More recent results reinterpret the double copy duality and behavior of Yang Mills scattering to i) defined new AdS/CFT dualities, ii) encounter gravity as part of Yang Mills theory, iii) and encounter the multi-fold theory in both Yang Mills Actions, and in M-theory, through the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture. Part of these previous works led us to announce that the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture implies that General Relativity (GR) — based gravity is indeed asymptotically safe in a 4D spacetime. In the present paper, we detail such a non-perturbative derivation for GR-based gravity, and for GR-based gravity with. It does not require faith into evolution of time series, 2D processes, nor a priori multi-fold assumptions. In other words, the proof applies to Einstein gravity, in general, for conventional Physics, as well as for multi-fold universes.The paper also discusses considerations on why arguments, presented so far, against the asymptotic safety of gravity program would have been flawed, and, in particular, it shows how our proof is not affected by the Gribov ambiguity concerns, which does not apply to gravity + SM or SMG matter. Also supersymmetric matter are not asymptotically safe in 4D. Higher dimensions are also confirmed incompatible.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2017] viXra:2305.0123 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-17 07:49:29

Einsteinian Science: Reconciling Religion and Science with Two New Scientific Discoveries

Authors: Dong-Yih Bau
Comments: 11 Pages.

Einstein elevated objective science that strived for the highest good of humanity. He initiated an inter-realm reconciliation of religion and science. Following his work, we have defined two new scientific discoveries: cosmic inertia and the success/failure system. In this paper, we attempt to establish two reconciliations between religion and science: the coexistence of gods and cosmic inertia, and the agreement of the Bible with the success/failure system. The results of these reconciliations are that (1) gods of all religious traditions are without conflict and have the same empirical reference, that is, cosmic inertia, and (2) the Bible aligns with the goal created by the success/failure system. Einsteinian science supremely regards the true picture of the universe, which approaches the highest good of humanity. The ultimate absurdity of science is that the scientific community, including Nobel prize winners, can never fathom Einsteinian science nor reconcile religion and science; thus, science is stagnating! Notes on disseminating Einsteinian science with our work are provided.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2016] viXra:2305.0091 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-12 00:05:57

Calculation of the Rest Masses of Neutron and Proton by Polynomials with Base π in Relation to the Electron

Authors: Helmut Christian Schmidt
Comments: 16 Pages.

Nature can be understood as a set of rational numbers, Q. This is to be distinguished from how we see the world, a 3-dimensional space with time. Observations and Physics is the subset Q+. As described in the general relativity, 10 independent equations are required. The micro world also requires these ten parameters in quanta. This allows the description and simulation of nature as a polynomial of ten parameters P(2) Imagining a space with revolutions of 2π provides the basis for polynomials at P(2π). E.g.mneutron / me=(2π)4 +(2π)3+(2π)2-(2π)1-(2π)0-(2π)-1+2(2π)-2+2(2π)-4-2(2π)-6 +6(2π)-8 = 1838.6836611 measured: 1838.68366173(89) meThe charge operator for all particles is:C = -π+2π-1- π-3+2π-5-7-9- π-12 Together with the neutron mass, the result for the proton is:mproton=mneutron + C me= 1836.15267363 meFor an observer and two objects, from the torque and angular momentum alone, a common constant of h, G, and c can be derived, giving a ratio of meters and seconds:h G c5s8 /m10 √ (π42 -1/π-1/π3) = 1.00000 Fine structure constant: 1/α= π 4+ π 3+ π 2-1- π-1 + π-2-3 + π-7 - π-9- 2π-10-2π-11-2π-12 = 137.035999107The ratios of energies are raw natural data. The length and time are derived values. The calculations go beyond quantum theory and general relativity. E.g.2 π c m day = (Earth's diameter) 2Mond/(RErde + RMond) = 2^3/(2 π) rel. Fehler = 1,0001$Merkur:rApoapsis = 696342 km sqrt((2 π)^5 / 2 - (2 π)^4 /2 + (2 π)^3) = 46006512 km rel. Fehler = 1,0001 rPeriapsis /= 696342 km sqrt(2 π)^5 - 0*(2 π)^4 + (2 π) ^3) = 69775692 km rel. Fehler = 1,0005 rVenus / rMerkur = 6123,80 / 2448,57 = 2,5009
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2015] viXra:2305.0080 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-10 00:38:16

Steady State Scaling for Dark Matter Radii of Sun, Planets and Moon

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 13 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

In ref 1 the ground rules were derived which made it possible to calculate the dark matter radii other gravity exchange situations other than the one of the sun. The exchange balance for momentum between radial exchange due to the gravity at the gravity boundary and angular momentum for a time interval of the square root of the event horizon of a macro mass determines the radius of the dark matter rigid rotor maintained by magnetic flux in coherence. The physics of calculated dark matter radius is in fact a layer of group clusters at the outward boundary making the inner part of dark matter distribution like a hollow sphere without dark matter of which the dimension of the coherent cluster layer is equal to the rigid rotor radius. This radius is related in fact the echo distance as a fixed constant to the mass rotation of the macro body, planet moon or star maintaining the transfer of echo angular momentum to the equilibrium of the mass rotation. These calculations are done for Sun, Earth, Moon, Venus, Mercury and Jupiter giving a different insight than already guessed of how the dark matter medium influenced the formation of our planetary system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2014] viXra:2305.0078 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-09 01:15:06

[o]n Dark Matter Mediation for the Solar Parameters

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 6 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Future regurgitation/repetition will not be accepted)

The magnetic flux constant CH based on Hartree potential of the H atom is converted to the mediating mass of dark matter, is used to determine the momentary magnetic energy balance of the sun in which all atoms of the Sun’s macro mass are contributing in to Lamb’s shift parameters of Δλ = 5.1 10-7 m at a quantum step of 5.87 10-7 eV. The result of the balance gives a discrepancy of the summed input energy of all the atoms to the output one magnetic coherent energy of the magnetic strings of 21 cm suggesting the discrepancy to be a ratio of 4/3 = (√4/3)2. In the sense of physics it means that the angular momentum in coherence of the atoms to the dark matter medium complies to ½ c effective due to the pseudo cell maximum acceleration up to ½√2c. The other relativistic part of (m/mo) = √4/3 is apparently needed to maintain the coherent magnetic state.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2013] viXra:2305.0077 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-08 12:48:24

Quantum Transitions in GEONs

Authors: Wim Vegt
Comments: 61 Pages. Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confinement of Light in Quantum Transitions

Albert Einstein has introduced a new understanding of light by introducing the concept of the "photon". This concept originated (1905) in Albert Einstein’s explanation of the photoelectric effect, in which he proposed the existence of discrete energy packets during the transmission of light. Because photons propagate with the speed of light, it is a necessary requirement that the rest-mass of photons equals zero. Recently experiments have resulted in the observation that the rest mass of a photon does not equal zero. [10]. Einstein’s solution to explain the interaction between gravity and light (particles with rest-mass zero, photons) was a curved space-time continuum. A Space-Time continuum curved due to a gravitational field. The assumption of the zero-mass of photons had been based on Maxwell’s assumption that electromagnetic waves do not carry mass and do not generate a gravitational field.This article describes a New Electromagnetic Field Theory. The foundation of this new theory is a 4-dimensional equilibrium in the Minkowski space, expressed by the Stress-Energy Tensor: in which expresses the density of the Electromagnetic Force 4-vector in the Minkowski Space (equation 45) and "a" varies from 1 until 4.Based on the 4-dimensional equilibrium in the Minkowski space (expressed by the Stress-Energy Tensor = ), Newton’s Classical Dynamics will be unified with Maxwell’s Electrodynamics, the 4-Dimensional Relativistic Dirac Equation (which is the foundation of Relativistic Quantum Physics) represents the classical relativistic Dirac Equation (54.1) and equals the 4th component of the density of the Force 4-vector in the Minkowski Space and Einstein’s General Relativity. Extending Newton’s 3-dimensional Equilibrium in Classical Mechanics into a model of confined electromagnetic energy within a 4-dimensional Equilibrium will unify Classical Mechanics with Relativistic Quantum Physics (4-dimensional Dirac Equation) and represents the mathematical solutions (equation 31) for the in 1955 by J. A. Wheeler already announced concept of Gravitational-Electromagnetic Confined GEONs. [1]The research has been focussed to unify the four fundamental theories in physics. Isaac Newton’s Classical Mechanics, James Clerk Maxwell’s Electrodynamics, Quantum Physics (Niels Bohr, Paul Dirac, Werner Heisenberg) and Albert Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity. These four fundamental theories also mark the different periods when they have been created and a fundamentally different way of thinking at those times. To unify these four principles of Physics, it is necessary to link electromagnetism and gravitation. Here it is proposed that the 2-dimensional confinement of electromagnetic radiation (a beam of light) creates its own gravitational field, and that field will interact with other gravitational fields. To illustrate the utility of this theory, an example has been discussed with regard to the measured gravitational redshift associated with Earth’s gravity. This Theory has been called "Quantum Light Theory". Theories which unify Quantum Physics and General Relativity, like "String Theory", predict the non-constancy of natural constants. Accurate observations of the NASA Messenger [11] observe in time a value for the gravitational constant "G" which constrains until ( /G to be < 4u2009×u200910-14 per year) . One of the characteristics of the New Theory is the "Constant Value" in time for the Gravitational Constant "G". A second experiment to test the New Theory is the effect of "Gravitational RedShift" [2].The "Gravitational RedShift" between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according "General Relativity": The "Gravitational RedShift" between an observatory on Earth (Radius = 6 106 [m]) and a Satellite in a Galileo Orbit (Radius = 23222 103 [m]) according "The Proposed Theory":
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2012] viXra:2305.0065 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-08 02:53:11

The "Axis of Evil" Multipoles Have the Same Shape as Electron Cloud Orbitals and Are the Space Time Particle Clouds of the Sun or the Earth. Dark Matter Via Lensing Are the Space Time Particle Clouds of Clusters and Also Have Electron Cloud Shapes.

Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 69 Pages.

Planets, stars, galaxies and galaxy clusters have their own massive particle clouds which have the same shapes as electron orbital clouds however at cosmic scales and are the cause of gravity. We will refer to these particle clouds as space time particle clouds. Large scale space time particle clouds can be seen indirectly through gravitational lensing. Dark Matter observations through lensing are actually the measurements of these space time particle cloud which have electron orbital cloud shapes. These space time particle clouds can also be seen through CMB maps. The Axis of Evil which is named that because it may invalidate many theories because it is aligned with the ecliptic reveals the space time particle clouds of either the Sun or the Earth. Each multipole belonging to the Axis of Evil such as the quadrupole and the octopole are each either the space time particle cloud of the Sun or the Earth and they have the same three dimensional shape as 3d and 2p electron cloud orbitals however may be related to other electron orbital shapes. Our place in the universe is not special which the Axis of Evil was thought to convey. The CMB Dipole is aligned with the Axis of Evil also and this may be the space time particle cloud of either the Earth or the Sun and has the 2p electron orbital cloud shape or related to that of an electron cloud shape with two large lobes. Since the field of view of the CMB satellite always faces away from the Sun with the Earth in between, the Sun’s space time particle cloud could have seemed like it was centered around the Earth if one or more multipole moments aligned with the ecliptic are the space time particle cloud/s of the Sun. However it is possible one more of these multipole moments are the Earth’s space time particle cloud as well. The Axis of Evil and the Dipole are local phenomena related to the Earth and or the Sun which is why we do not see any gravitational lensing effects upon them from foreground objects. (Truncated by viXra Admin to fewer than 400 words).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2011] viXra:2305.0028 [pdf] submitted on 2023-05-04 00:53:58

The Brain, Gravity, and the Universe

Authors: Lachlan Madden
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper investigates what "everything" is, or, at the very least, offers on interpretation of "everything". A hypothesis has been formed to explain "everything", based on a paradoxical linguistic and mathematical equation, and under the assumption that everything is a paradox. Given this apparent paradox, this paper suggests that there is a fundamental contradiction that lies at the core of quantum mechanics. This contradiction can then be used to describe the non-quantum yet quantum universe. Therefore, this paper simultaneously will and will not try to explain "everything". An investigation into the dimensions of the universe is conducted, suggesting that no-dimension, is the all-dimension, what the cosmological singularity is, based on the cyclical model of the universe, what causes the cosmological singularity, what determines whether a quantum system is a wave or a particle, or a wave-particle. It describes what the forces are and the qualities and quantity of forces, suggesting everything is a force, and that the force of everything is a permanent "hyper-force" from which all "hyper-forces" stem, and offering a hierarchy of the universal forces based on brain structure and the senses of the brain, suggesting that the model of the brain shares symmetry with the model of the universal forces. The interpretation further suggests that the non-quantum model of the brain is the model of the non-quantum universe, and the quantum model of the brain is the model of the quantum universe (quantum forces). This paper also investigates whether the universe has a parallel universe, based on an understanding of the suggested hypothesis of force hierarchy, and suggests a hypothesis for quantum gravity and what it stems from, based on hypothetical brain structure. This paper also puts forth a hypothesis for evolution, suggesting there may be an "evolutionary singularity", and tries to explain the "code" of evolution.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2010] viXra:2304.0191 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-24 11:23:04

On Clifford-valued Actions, Generalized Dirac Equation and Quantization of Branes

Authors: Carlos Castro
Comments: 12 Pages.

We explore the construction of a generalized Dirac equation via the introduction of the notion of Clifford-valued actions, and which was inspired by the work of [1],[2] on the De Donder-Weyl theory formulation of field theory. Crucial in this construction is the evaluation of the $exponentials$ of $multivectors$ associated with Clifford (hypercomplex) analysis. Exact $matrix$ solutions (instead of spinors) of the generalized Dirac equation in $ D = 2,3$ spacetime dimensions were found. This formalism can be extended to curved spacetime backgrounds like it happens with the Schroedinger-Dirac equation. We conclude by proposing a wave-functional equation governing the quantum dynamics of branes living in $ C$-spaces (Clifford spaces), and which is based on the De Donder-Weyl Hamiltonian formulation of field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2009] viXra:2304.0162 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-21 00:06:27

Failure of 2640 Compounds in Lifespan-Extending Tests Because of Ignoring Quantum Gravity Effects

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please refrain from repetitions/regurgitations - They will not be accepted)

It is found that relativistic matter wave provides a biological clock for human beings. Due to gravity, the human mean lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years. In 2017, Sarnoski et al reported a 384-well plate-based technique which enables rapid assessment of lifespan in a high throughput manner. They sought to test whether it was suitable to screening for compounds that extend yeast replicative lifespan. They selected several libraries containing 2640 compounds, including kinase inhibitors, FDA-approved compounds, and compounds that had failed clinical development. Unfortunately, although there are some different readings from lifespan extension tests, Sarnoski et al were unable to determine a compound that could extend lifespan by more than 20%. We simply concluded that their efforts to screen compounds that extend lifespan among 2640 compounds have failed. The failure of 2640 compounds indirectly support our assertion that the biological clock is determined by quantum gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2008] viXra:2304.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-18 15:46:45

Cosmology/gravity

Authors: Matthew Stephenson
Comments: 10 Pages.

Notes on cosmology/gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2007] viXra:2304.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-17 01:38:11

The Antilight Theory

Authors: Renald Goulet
Comments: 15 Pages.

This antilight theory suggests nothing less than a new paradigm in theoretical physics. Antilight now becomes the aether Michael Faraday theorized with his fields around 1830 and almost every physicist was looking for at the end of the 19th century. Every object is built from exploding particles we can call antiphotonos coming from an infinite referential (at least one another dimension) at the speed of light, thus making sense of the formula E = mc² and all of Lorentz transformations. This way, the Planck equation E = hν also makes more sense, h representing the energy of one annihilation of a photono with an antiphotono. The photon is now described as a sequence of explosions with a momentum in a specific direction. Mass of an object can be considered as the total explosions of antiphotonos interacting with matter. The Louis de Broglie equation λ= h / p showing that every object has a wavelength and vibrating is obvious, the vibration rate is in fact the explosion rate. If any object can be the result of antiphotonos annihilation and consumption, gravity can now easily be explained as the missing antiphotonos flow from a big mass (earth or sun for example). We can get rid of gravitons. With this antiluminous gravity, the energy of the void of -1.2 E+42 Joules / m³ can be calculated and a global dynamic stopping pressure of the antiphotonos at 1.2 E+42 N / m². With this enormous pressure, gluons are no longer necessary to keep protons inside the nucleus. Linking of all 4 fundamental forces and linking of quantum and relativity are now possible with this theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2006] viXra:2304.0103 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-14 05:09:14

The Yang Mills Double Copy Leads to New Ads/cft + Gravity Correspondences, or How the M-Theory Encounters Multi-Fold Universes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 31 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Following up on our recent analysis of the double copy behavior of Yang Mills scatterings, and its duality with gravity, we review the conventional AdS/CFT correspondence and ER=EPR conjectures. Combining the dualities, we derive new types of AdS/CFT correspondences respectively for renormalized / asymptotically safe gravity derived from dual copy (AdS/CFT2CG Correspondence), and then for CFTs in the presence of such gravity (AdS/CFTYM2CG Correspondence), a priori a much better match for our real universe. Sources, i.e., particles, can be seen as colored/charged microscopic black holes linked by (potentially traversable) wormholes when entangled. These new dualities, and results, do not require multi-fold mechanisms for their derivation. However, the latter duality, Ads/(CFT plus double copy gravity), recovers explicitly the multi-fold mechanisms, implemented the best way that conventional physics can model them, generating gravity effects. In other words, a suitable 4D CFT spacetime with gravity is a multi-fold universe (possibly without CFTs but with asymptotic safety), where the AdS/CFT correspondence, ER=EPR and E/G conjectures are factual and one could expect to see emerge the SMG: The Standard model with gravity non-negligible at its scales. We revisit our suggested variations in its derivation that allows CFTs, or Yang Mills, to be generated and entangled by local brane to brane leakage. It allows for the emergence of the CFTs, and their entanglement, without depending on superstrings. This way, among the new AdS/CFT duality encountered, we can also discuss, and distinguish, flat 4D spacetime versus (asymptotic) de Sitter spacetime, and the implication on CFTs modeling super Yang Mills vs. Yang Mills. So, we now encountered multi-folds in M-theory. Also, we clarify how the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture relates to our real universe, beyond duality statements, including the real possibility of our universe being the boundary of an AdS(5)(+u2026) space, and gives hints that multi-folds may also be the source of gravity / General Relativity in AdS(5)(+u2026). The AdS/CFTYM2CG correspondence is what applies to our real universe as a dS/(C)QFT correspondence better suited to our real universe.All, these results are derived without multi-fold assumptions, only using the multi-fold theory as guidance. The paper also provides interesting considerations on the derivation of the AdS/CFT correspondence conjecture, and the associated asymptotic safety of such fields, and the glimpse a new proof of asymptotic safety of gravity.We also argue that the Ultimate Unification (UU) symmetry breaking, could involve a continuous switch from AdS/CFT2CG Correspondence to the AdS/CFTYM2CG Correspondence.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2005] viXra:2304.0088 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-12 08:27:56

Clocks in Quantum Scale

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 5 Pages.

In this paper I do present a model of quantum clock that follows a field equation. From that follows possible model of quantum gravity thus space-time in quantum scale.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2004] viXra:2304.0081 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-13 01:34:16

Orbital Velocity-Radius Quantization Mechanism Hidden Behind Newton's Law Of Orbital Velocity Of Celestial Objects

Authors: Antoine Nguyen
Comments: 16 Pages.

This paper is to present a discovery claim pertaining to a quantum gravity mechanism called: Orbital radius-velocity quantization mechanism. That is hidden behind Newton's law of orbital velocity of celestial objects (V2 = GM/R). Based on my findings, Newton's law of orbital velocity of celestial objects is an emergent classical law of gravitation, not a fundamental one. The fundamental law hereby is this claimed quantum mechanism. This quantum gravity mechanism possesses two major components: 1) Orbital quantizer That determines both classical orbital radius and orbital velocity (present in Newton's law). That is a divisor of speed of light to become orbital velocity. And the square value of Orbital quantizer is the multiplier of a quantum core radius to become orbital radius; 2) Quantum core radius with value of 1GM/c2.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2003] viXra:2304.0075 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-12 00:25:23

Moon Exploration for Human Lifespan 7500 Years on the Moon [?]

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 14 Pages.

It is found that relativistic matter wave provides a biological clock for human beings. Due to gravity, the human mean lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years, while the human mean lifespan on the Moon extends to about 7500 years. This finding will inspire great enthusiasm for Moon exploration. A scheme to explore the Moon is proposed in terms of relativistic matter waves in quantum gravity theory. The simulation of satellite explosion at the altitude 1000km above the lunar surface is carried out, the trajectories of the space debris can be used to determine the lunar parameters in quantum gravity theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2002] viXra:2304.0053 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-07 20:44:44

Unification of Fundamental Forces

Authors: Mohammad Hadi Mohammadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I found a mathematical method to unify fundamental forces. In this method, without using any quantum gravity theoriessuch as string theory and loop quantum gravity I created a field equation for the unification between fundamental forces. Also, I found outthe acceleration equation of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2001] viXra:2304.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-05 11:01:00

Beyond Newton and Einstein to Flowing Space

Authors: Henry H. Lindner
Comments: 31 Pages. The publisher allows reposting of the paper with proper attribution to the journal.

In order to explain the physical nature of motion and of gravity and their effects, wemust ascribe physical qualities to Cosmic space. Space is a substance: the seat of gravity, inertia, electromagnetism and particle formation. The author asserts that space has many of the qualities imputed to it by Newton, Maxwell, and Lorentz, but that gravity is caused by matter’sconsumption of space. Space appears to be a massless, frictionless quantized fluid. It accelerates as it flows centripetally into all matter at GM/r^2, explaining gravity’s ballistic effects. Its velocity at any given height is sqrt (2GM/r) , explaining gravity’s electromagnetic (relativistic) effects including the gravitational redshift and black holes. This flow of gravitoinertial-electromagnetic space is the physical reality underlying the successes of Newtonian Mechanics and General Relativity. The theory is philosophically superior to existing models: it explains, simplifies and unifies the phenomena; and makes additional predictions.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[2000] viXra:2304.0027 [pdf] submitted on 2023-04-03 11:12:28

Exploration of Fundamental Principles and Free will: Towards Theory of Everything

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 33 Pages.

Everything starts from nothing. The fundamental principle is to create a point out of nothing, and a point creates time and space. Time and space create the stars and galaxies, the solar system, and the earth. On Earth, life is created, and humankind emerges. And the existence called 'me' is born. This paper assumes fundamental principles from several facts and tries to explain various phenomena such as the birth process of the universe, the movement of particles, and the double slit experiment. Also, from the similarity between the wave function and the neural network, it was confirmed that the square of the absolute value of the wave function is different from a probability but corresponds to each other like an input and output signal. In addition, it was found that there is a threshold value in the wave function, and through this, the fundamental principle could be assumed much more clearly. In addition, by integrating the mental world, the mathematical world, and the physical world, various phenomena were explained within a single theoretical system called the fundamental principle. This dissertation includes Euclidean geometry, relativity theory, quantum mechanics, the concept of string theory, consciousness, and free will, which are the basic contents for making a theory of everything. There is a lot of content in the thesis, but the conclusion is simple. The conclusion of this paper is as follows. Free will always exists.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1999] viXra:2303.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-29 21:41:09

Multi-folds in Yang Mills Feynman Diagrams

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 21 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. In QFTs, scattering amplitudes are perturbatively computed using Feynman diagrams. Recent work showed that classical scattering of massive or charged particles, or objects, and resulting wave radiation, are classically fully characterized by up to the five-point tree-level diagrams. All the loop and other order diagrams contribute quantum corrections. We explain such results in multi-fold universes. Furthermore, doing so we detail how gravitons are unphysical quasi-particles, a key difference with gauge interactions that also results into gravity QFT/EFT non renormalizability. Yang Mills theory and gravity have many commonalities, including the double copy behavior in scattering amplitude. Besides relating this behavior to Kaluza Klein, and space time matter induction, the paper shows not only how double copy is compatible with multi-fold mechanisms, but also argues that it implies the multi-fold emergence of gravity from (virtual) entangled particle pairs, which is at the core of the multi-fold mechanisms. Furthermore, gravity contains Yang Mills, as implication of its square root of scattering amplitudes. Also, it explains why one therefore also can derive, under the right conditions, Yang Mills from the Hilbert Einstein action, as are encountered by superstrings when adding a conformance condition. As announced by the title, we show how these results imply that GR is obtained, at the scale of the SM, from the kinematics of SM, i.e., from Yang Mills, (massless) particles. It validates one of the a priori arbitrarily imposed axiom of the multi-fold theory, and provides a microscopic explanation for the double copy behavior, which so far is unjustified in conventional QFT or superstrings. This way, the paper explains how Yang Mills contains gravity / GR, and, conversely, quantum gravity / GR contains Yang Mills, so that the E/G conjecture is satisfied. A microscopic mechanism to explain the Ultimate Unification (UU) is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1998] viXra:2303.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-28 00:55:02

Review of the Multi-fold Theory Principles and the SM_G

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 32 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation

The paper explains sometimes in simplified terms, sometimes in more details the principles that motivate and are behind the Multi-fold theory. It provides an overview of some of the key results in particular the SMG, i.e., the Standard Model with gravity effects non-negligible at its scales.In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, which is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.Recent work shows that the multi-fold theory can be encountered in GR at Plank scales, in spacetime quantization starting from the Hilbert Einstein action, and in the equivalence principle of suitable quantum reference frames in relational quantum physics. Conversely, GR and Quantum physics, including path integrals, the Born rule, and wave functions, can be recovered through different paths from multi-fold spacetime reconstruction and the W-type multi-fold hypothesis. The main principles of the multi-fold theory are that while in GR spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve, when adding Quantum Physics with entanglement, we also impose a non-local wave function behavior, and Lorentz invariance imposes no supra-luminosity. As a result, gravity is the result of spacetime going out of its way, and contorting , to support such requirements, as demanded by the content of the universe. The multi-fold theory is about explaining and reconciling this, and all the consequences of it. These include the SMG, i.e., the Standard Model where gravity is non-negligible at its scales, multi-fold dark matter and energy, the E/G factual conjecture. The SMG potentially explains many problems with the SM.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1997] viXra:2303.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-24 21:16:45

Theory of Original Gravity Revisited; Unified Field Theory, Starting Out from Quantum Formulation to Manifold Geometry

Authors: Amal Kumar Ghosh
Comments: 23 Pages.

This paper assumes an acquaintance with a new concept of time and gravity to provide a unified field theory. A new mathematical attempt intended to formalise the gravity current and the speed of gravity signal have been shown.The present author starts out from the Theory of Original Gravity and presents to unified field theory in a simple manner. This paper includes the formulations of quantum theory, pseudo-Riemannian manifold, four-gradient operator and Lorentz-invariant interval as a notable mathematical tools.All of the ideas and matters presented in this paper are mainly based on quantum theory and manifold geometry.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1996] viXra:2303.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-19 02:54:57

Multi-Fold Gravity and Double Copy of Gauge Theory

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 12 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as the SMG., the Standard Model (SM) with gravity non-negligible at its scales. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the SM, and the Standard Cosmological Model, without new Physics other than gravity. Over the last 20 years, a set of papers have introduced studies that indicate that gravity appears to be the dual of a suitable squared gauge theory: the double copy duality. This property appears through multiple order of perturbations, and multiple loop, and it is conjectured to extend through any order. In this short note, we explain how such a results is actually directly, and globally, i.e. not only perturbatively, or, in other words, to any order, explained by the multi-fold mechanisms behind gravity and entanglement along with the underlying spin-2 symmetry. It physically, and microscopically explains both the double copy duality, and its validity to any order. The results holds for massless gravity and for massive multi-fold gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1995] viXra:2303.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 03:45:28

On the Cosmic Evolution of the Quantum Vacuum Using Two Variable G Models and Winterberg’s Thesis

Authors: Christopher H. Pilot
Comments: 32 Pages. 1 Figure, 4 Tables

We work within a Winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two variable G models, where, G, is Newton’s constant, and, G^(-1) , increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of Winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/ zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1994] viXra:2303.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-11 02:01:46

Neoclassical Physics Presentation

Authors: Marius Lelong
Comments: 11 Pages.

Since 1905, physics has lost its soul, the intimate contact with reality and reason.The modern era has brought a revolution, a profound change in the representationswe have of the world. But the old classical Newtonian physics is resisting, it hasnot yet said its last word. Throughout this article, we will show that it provides anelegant, clear and precise answer to current questions in physics. Despite appearances,it remains consistent with all the empirical, experimental data that it can explain whilemaintaining a requirement for realism and rationality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1993] viXra:2303.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-08 02:08:03

A New Interpretation of the Higgs Vacuum Potential Energy Based on a Planckion Composite Model for the Higgs

Authors: Christopher H. Pilot
Comments: 20 Pages. Submitted for publication

We present a new interpretation of the Higgs field as a composite particle made up of a positive, with, a negative mass Planck particle. According to the Winterberg hypothesis, space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of both positive and negative physical massive particles, which he called planckions, interacting through strong superfluid forces. In our composite model for the Higgs boson, there is an intrinsic length scale associated with the vacuum, different from the one introduced by Winterberg, where, when the vacuum is in a perfectly balanced state, the number density of positive Planck particles equals the number density of negative Planck particles. Due to the mass compensating effect, the vacuum thus appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, energy density, or entropy. However, a situation can arise where there is an effective mass density imbalance due to the two species of Planck particle not matching in terms of populations, within their respective excited energy states. This does not require the physical addition or removal of either positive or negative Planck particles, within a given region of space, as originally thought. Ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy can thus be given a new interpretation as residual vacuum energies within the context of a greater vacuum, where the populations of the positive and negative energy states exactly balance. In the present epoch, it is estimated that the dark energy number density imbalance amounts to, ((n_+ ) ̅-(n_- ) ̅)_Λ=8.52 E-3, per cubic meter, when cosmic distance scales in excess of, 100 Mpc, are considered. Compared to a strictly balanced vacuum, where we estimate that the positive, and the negative Planck number density, is of the order, 7.85 E54 particles per cubic meter, the above is a very small perturbation. This slight imbalance, we argue, would dramatically alleviate, if not altogether eliminate, the long standing cosmological constant problem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1992] viXra:2303.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-07 02:33:19

Explanation of Muon G-2 Discrepancy Using the Dirac Equation and Einstein Field Equations in Geometric Algebra

Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 28 Pages.

In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to combine the Einstein Field Equations with the Dirac Equation... The muon g-2 discrepancy could be due to gravitational effects (they are in the order of the difference between the measured value and the theoretical value). It is important to remark that the gravitational effects in this regard are due the mass of the muon itself, it is not necessary to include higher gravitational potentials as the Earth or the Sun gravity. Just the muon mass is capable of creating this discrepancy. Also, we have seen how using Geometric algebra it is possible to combine gravitational equations (generally used in tensor formalism) with the Dirac Equation (normally used in Matrix formalism).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1991] viXra:2303.0037 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 02:52:36

The Fine Structure Constant in a PhR Context

Authors: W. Berckmans
Comments: 8 Pages.

The fine structure constant is a fundamental parameter in Physics and its value and properties must not be in conflict with a candidate Physical reality model as proposed on viXra ("About Physical Reality"). This document goes one step further and outlines its crucial role in the evolution of our cosmos. It explains the significance in PhR terms of a fixed value 137 of the inverse parameter and calculates its fractional part for matter and contra-matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1990] viXra:2303.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 02:54:22

From Fundamental Principles to String Theory

Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 17 Pages.

This paper provides the inevitable principle that string theory can only be the theory of everything. The purpose of this paper is to arrive at the beginning of string theory through the assumption of the fundamental principles, and to apply it to the double-slit experiment to confirm the validity of string theory. According to the fundamental principle postulated in this paper, systems can form or break symmetry by free will. Symmetry formation and symmetry breaking coexist based on the indistinguishability of free will and chance. This fundamental principle inevitably leads to the appearance of strings. Through this, phenomena such as the uncertainty principle and the double-slit experiment can be explained simply. It also explains how the formation and collapse of wave functions occur. String theory can explain not only the hyper-microscopic world, but also the microscopic and macroscopic worlds. The fundamental principle is applied as the only philosophical principle of string theory, where all kinds of mathematical techniques are rampant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1989] viXra:2303.0031 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 01:43:14

Yeah or Nay on Black Holes as Explanation for Dark Energy?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 22 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Two recent papers argue having observationally confirmed that black holes could explain the universe accelerated expansion as sources of such expansion. These papers have generated a large interest in the wider public.The present paper presents arguments against, and a few in favor of such a proposal, as well as some variations on what could happen if the answer to the title was positive. Even if it isn’t.Then, we analyze the proposal in a multi-fold universe, where we can take advantage of more microscopic interpretations. Some could support the new proposal, but overall, most seem to go against it.Our conclusions are that while it might be possible that black holes could explain the acceleration of the universe expansion, because based on solutions to General Relativity (GR), we have more arguments against that view than in favor. It is therefore our conclusion on the matter: it’s a nay.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1988] viXra:2303.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 02:57:42

A Quark Fields Emergent Space-Time and Gravity

Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 11 Pages.

The idea of using the gauge theory paradigm of the SM to couple Quark-Lepton Model of matter and fields to Space-Time, as an emergent structure, is suggested. The color QCD quark fields, as SU(2)-connections of EM type, allows to define an adapted Space-Time metric compatible with the SU(3)-symmetry. It uses the double role of EM U(1)-connection, with the electric charge of the electron as a 4th color T, aside the RGB quark colors. The Quantum Flavor-Dynamics (Weak Force) corresponds to the break of symmetry due to finite subgroups of symmetry of SU(2), of Platonic type, and plays the role of a theory of transitions of states defined by principal quantum number in 3D, that we call "generation", similar to the case of electron transitions in an atom (2D finite subgroups). Gravity is a nuclear spin-spin dependent interaction, resulting from the fractional electric charge of quarks, as U(1)-components of the quark fields. This allows to derive Newtonian gravity as an emergent force, always attractive, by averaging over quark spin directions, providing a solution to the Hierarchy Problem. The compatibility between the fiber structure (SM Gauge Theory) and base connections (Space-Time and EM) is conjectured to allow in principle to relate the SM and General Relativity. This approach provides a unified approach to the four fundamental interactions. Several other remarks are included, e.g. regarding the relation between the emergent Space-Time approach and String Theory, GUTs, TOEs and Quantum Gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1987] viXra:2303.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-05 04:10:59

Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture: Factual in Multi-fold Universes as well as GR Universes

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 14 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scales than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Multi-folds can be encountered in GR at Plank scales, in spacetime quantization starting from the Hilbert Einstein action, and in the equivalence principle of suitable quantum reference frames in relational quantum physics. Conversely, GR and Quantum physics, including path integrals, the Born rule, and wave functions, can be recovered through different paths from multi-fold spacetime reconstruction and the W-type multi-fold hypothesis. In a multi-fold universe, GR and Quantum Physics are not incompatible, they are just different facets of multi-fold mechanisms, something that neither theory can well model.This paper discusses the implications of the multi-fold spacetime reconstruction, or its encounter in GR, in terms of the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture. We provide a microscopic explanation to the conjecture that becomes factual in a multi-fold universe and relate it to the issues of inflation, black hole physics and Planck scale Physics. The results extend to any universe described by GR, and probably to any universe with minimum length. In fact we see acceptance of TCC as another way to deduce that spacetime must be discrete or with minimum length.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1986] viXra:2303.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-06 04:35:19

A Corpuscular Space-Time to Explain Gravitation

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 8 Pages.

We want to show here that it is possible to conceive a theory of gravitation, built with very simple physical notions derived from the most classical mechanics . This is achieved by making the assomption that physical space is a granular fluid medium constitutied by "corpuscles" with infinitesimal energy and dimension and endowed with quantified cooperative properties . We will show that such a point of view can explain the principles on which Relativity is based and recover all its results . It also allow us to understand a quantum character for Newton strenght and shed some light on these mysterious "black objects" .
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1985] viXra:2303.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-05 10:11:09

Revealing the Quantum Origin of Gravity

Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 Pages.

Some additional features of the low-energy quantum gravity model are described: the presence of anomalous deceleration, the many-valued nature of the luminosity distance, another possibledistance dependence of the redshift and damping of radio waves, and the prohibition on the existence of black holes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1984] viXra:2302.0149 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-28 10:39:15

Equation of Motion for the Throat of Wormhole in Three Dimensional Gravity

Authors: Tatsuyuki Sugawa
Comments: 14 Pages.

We investigate the equation of motion for the throat of wormhole in three dimen-sions , both classically and quantum mechanically. Minisuperspace model is applied tothe latter case. Our main purpose is to treat the motion of the throat in the same wayas the wave function of the universe by Hartle-Hawking. The resulting wave functionmay have the Yukawa potential like solution. In this article some part is preliminary.u20021
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1983] viXra:2302.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-28 20:16:52

Potential Quantum Gravitational Kick (6πGM/c2) As Origin Of Mercury's Perihelion Precession Shift Anomaly Instead Of Spacetime Curvature

Authors: Antoine Khai Nguyen
Comments: 15 Pages.

"Quantum gravitational kick" alternative to Einstein's spacetime gravity paradigm as the root cause of Mercury's perihelion precession shift anomaly (and other orbiting celestial objects for that matter).This Quantum gravitational kick has a length value defined by the formula "6πGM/c2", which has been somewhat "hidden" inside Einstein's formula of perihelion precession shift angles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1982] viXra:2302.0131 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-25 02:30:25

Guess About the Equations in the Form of Gravity

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 3 Pages.

By analogy with Maxwell's equations in electromagnetic form, we can find a group ofequations in gravitational form that looks very interesting.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1981] viXra:2302.0129 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-24 18:39:45

Deriving the Multi-fold Theory from General Relativity at Planck scale

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 28 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. Multi-folds mechanisms also result in a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting in what we defined as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. In recent papers, we encountered multi-folds in universes described by non-multi-fold physics, including when discussing how to fix challenges in the quantization of the Hilbert Einstein action by LQG, or in enforcing an equivalence across Quantum Reference Frames for coherent or entangled systems. In this paper, starting from a paper that seeks to encounters EPR = ER beyond (asymptotic) AdS universes, we encounter the presence of multi-folds in GR field equations at Planck scales, in the form of traversable wormholes. Doing so, we also encounter hints that, at such scales, spacetime is discrete, 2D, non-commutative while Lorentz symmetric, and yet to become continuous. Doing so we even explained how the previous sentence is not self-contradictory. These results are in perfect alignment with the results obtained in the multi-fold theory, and, in particular, the multi-fold spacetime reconstruction, including the ultimate Unification (UU), the multi-fold inflation and the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking.Then, we derive that spacetime entanglement implies non-commutative spacetime and we clarify the meaning of the ER = EPR and QR = QM conjectures, as facets of the multi-fold theory, that is the umbrella theory that neither GR nor QM can fully model. These conjectures become factual, when seen as such facets.The paper also proposes a re-derivation of the whole multi-fold theory from GR at Planck scales: the top-down-up-and-upper derivation of the multi-fold theory, that rigorously confirms the spacetime reconstruction, and that multi-fold mechanism recover GR. Finally, we provide a new derivation, without any multi-fold assumptions, that gravity is asymptotically safe.The main outcome of the paper remains: universe modeled by GR are multi-fold, and the E/G conjecture is not a conjecture but factual. All these results are strong hints that our real universe may be multi-fold.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1980] viXra:2302.0121 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-23 18:27:38

Human Lifespan 84 Years on Earth and Reduction to 8.6 years on Mars Determined by Relativistic Biological Clock

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 16 Pages.

It is found that relativistic matter wave provides a biological clock for human beings. At the first, two examples are given to show the validity of the relativistic matter wave. Next, the sunspot period, earth’s atmosphere circulation with season clock and human biological clock are investigated, the clock formula is derived. As the results, the period of sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.93 years, the human mean lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years, while the human mean lifespan reduces to 8.6 years on the Mars. A guidance of anti-ageing is devised for the biological clock.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1979] viXra:2302.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-21 19:00:59

From Quantum Relational Equivalence to Multi-Folds Encounter in the Real Universe and Confirmation of the E/g Conjecture

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 16 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

A recent article proposed an intriguing model resulting from the combination of a few concepts and papers. The first one showed that exchanging quantum information between Alice and Bob creates reality, in 4D spacetime with Lorentz symmetries. The second argues, with non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics (QM), that relational relativity between Quantum Reference Frames implies non-invariance of entanglement, quantum coherence and correlation; a result not aligned with relativistic QM, or multi-fold universes. Finally, the article argues that, as construction of a relative reality occurs by exchanging quantum information, uncertainty will remain between Bob and Alice due to the non-commutativity of spacetime.Both in conventional relativistic QM, and in multi-fold theory, entanglement is not relative. Correcting such outcome in the non-relativistic use cases above, hints at multi-folds between entangled systems. Such result ensure invariance of entanglement/coherence and correlation. It is a result of conventional Physics, not just multi-fold theory, and a new original result.Multi-fold spacetime is non-commutative. Therefore, spacetime can be reconstructed by exchanging quantum information. However, reality is now invariant with a minimum unresolvable uncertainty.The exchange of quantum information associated with the reconstruction of reality, now invariant. It adds motivation for the activation of multi-fold when systems get locally entangled. The first paper requires non-zero spin systems to build reality via exchanges of quantum information. In multi-fold models, at small scales, with random walks of multi-fold massless Higgs particles, non-zero spins do not really exist until the Higgs field condensates into solitons that corresponds to microscopic black holes horizon and models other particles. Beyond fluctuations, this takes place at, and after, the multi-fold gravity electroweak symmetry breaking. This explains the seamless evolution, through spatial scales, of a discrete spacetime (2D regime) to 3D then 4D spacetime and from non-commutativity to continuousness. It is a unique new contribution of the paper and a significant consistency validation for the multi-fold theory.Encountering multi-fold-like mechanisms in conventional physics is a milestones for the multi-fold theory: if the real universe is governed by relational Quantum Physics, then ensuring invariance of entanglement, coherence and correlations, implies multi-fold-like mechanisms for entanglement, as well as the W-Type Multi-fold hypothesis. When combined with other results that we obtained recently, it looks like we have theoretically affirmed the E/G conjecture in our real universe: entanglement generates gravity like effects and gravity results from entanglement. These results are theoretical validations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1978] viXra:2302.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-10 12:30:27

A New Phenomenology of Force and Energy

Authors: Giustino Travaglini
Comments: 6 Pages.

Until now in modern physics energy and force have been considered two separate and distinct entities, the various forces of nature have not been linked into a single, coherent theory, and general relativity shows inconsistencies with some mechanical phenomena quantum.The purpose of this article is to show that energy and force are a single entity which I will refer to as " energy force " furthermore general relativity can harmonize with quantum mechanics in a single theory but needs to be expanded.To arrive at this result, I used recent studies carried out on some phenomena of quantum mechanics, in particular on the existence, nature and characteristics of "quantum entanglement".The results obtained from the observation and study of " quantum entanglement " show that energy and force are one and that light is to be considered not as an entity that moves with a constant speed but as a accelerating entity which, under certain circumstances, can exceed the 300,000 km/s barrier.Finally, a new vision of spacetime is provided and the problem of the dual nature (wave and particle) of light is resolved.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1977] viXra:2302.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-07 01:43:45

Why EPR Occurs: an Experimental Proof of [an Hypothesis]

Authors: Rajib Kumar Bandopadhyay
Comments: 6 Pages.

Discrepancies between theoretical and experimental results indicate flaws in the standard model. I proposed a simple hypothesis in the year 2003, the hypothesis of Residual Potential Energy and An Infinite Upper and Lower Continuum of Particles and Fields, represented as an acronym, RePInULCoPaFil. This simple hypothesis resolves all the paradoxes that plague the theory of quantum mechanics and more.The excitement over EPR paradox, following attainment of Schrödinger Cat-like State with 6 beryllium atoms gives me an opportunity to further probe into the chink in the armour of the standard model. I present an experiment, which, if conducted, would go on to simultaneously show (i) why EPR paradox (or Schrödinger Cat-like State) occurs, and (ii) make my hypothesis a theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1976] viXra:2302.0008 [pdf] submitted on 2023-02-03 01:30:44

A Few Insights Regarding Time and Dark Energy as it Relates to Quantum Gravity.

Authors: Robert Craig Murphy
Comments: 5 Pages.

Time, one of the most misunderstood concepts in science. Is it really limited to only being a cyclically measured duration between events, or merely being the parameter of change? Perhaps it has attributes and serves functions that we have not previously considered. Even if Time is just the parameter of change, Energy cannot exist without this continuous change. If t = 0, then E = 0; in fact Absolute Zero. It is hereby postulated and argued that Time itself is a fundamental form of dimensional energy and therefore it carriesits own force; commonly known as Dark Energy. If true, this somewhat radical hypothesis in regards to Time then also elegantly explains Quantum Gravity and Dark Matter, as well as providing further insight into the inner functionality of Black Holes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1975] viXra:2301.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-31 01:10:29

Gravitational Bootstrap, S-matrix, Superstrings, and The Plausible Unphysicality of Gravitons

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 17 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

Historically, string theory was the result of modeling amplitude scattering for hadronic physics, then discovering that it contains a spin-2 massless boson reminiscent of the graviton. Adding conformal conditions, General relativity and Yang Mills field equations can be recovered in a 10D universe, as a supersymmetric theory. This evolution implies that superstrings are derived from the bootstrap and string theory, and that, therefore, recent claims of range compatibilities between superstring results and gravitational bootstrap are actually expected and not the surprise, or divine sign of nature, that some have claimed. In fact pursuing the reasoning, also inspired from our multi-fold theory work, we conclude also that indeed superstrings is the only theory that satisfies sufficiently well-defined, essentially non perturbative, gravitational bootstrap. While this may sound like a resounding confirmation of string theory, we then discussed why it might not be so, but instead emphasize that conventional gravitons, susceptible to scattering modeled with S-matrices, simply do not exist in any other consistent theory of quantum gravity like QFT-based gravity, LQG, Causal set sand other reconstructive theories. In particular, this is confirmed in the Multi-fold theory. We take it as a hint that much of the challenges encountered in quantum gravity may come from gravitons not existing. As a result, we continue to argue string challenges to the physicality of superstrings, now also including the physicality of gravity.The paper introduces a few theorems on gravitational bootstraps and gravitons and a new notion of quasiparticles, when the theory is not non-perturbatively renormalizable.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1974] viXra:2301.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-28 02:03:40

"Graviton Gas", at Start of Pre Planckian to Just Before Planckian Regimes, Suggesting Gravitational Quantum Pressure

Authors: Andrew W. Beckwith
Comments: 10 Pages.

Using particle density’ of a ‘graviton gas. For volume in space time for showing pressure formation. The radius would be, r(t) approximately Planck length, whereas the change in would be a decrease from the mass, M of the black holes, Pre Planck (very large), to the tiny micro sized black holes of the order of Planck mass, i.e. a down grading of mass from about 10^60 grams to say 10^5 grams with millions of micro black holes, Plank mass or above
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1973] viXra:2301.0116 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-22 23:21:45

Comparison of Inertial Frame of Reference in 5D L3T2 Vs. 4D L3T1 Envelopes Misconception Between E=mc2 and E=hf

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 4 Pages.

It has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time : space-time is 5 dimensional, i.e. comprises three space and two time dimensions : L3 and T2. An experiment was suggested and confirmed the predicted phenomenon that π = Unit of time / Unit of length. (Speed of light is given by rotation of earth). Here a short geometrical comparison of a Inertial Frame of Reference in 5D L3T2 vs. 4D L3T1 is given. It is found that E= mc2 and e=hf can be derived geometrically from 5D Space-time, but are incompatible. It is shown in geometry, why quantum theory and general relativity are incompatible and how this can be remedied.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1972] viXra:2301.0115 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-23 00:47:27

The Generic Action Principles of Conformal Supergravity

Authors: Boris Stoyanov
Comments: 27 Pages.

All N = 4 conformal supergravities in four space-time dimensions are constructed. These are theonly N = 4 supergravity theories whose actions are invariant under off-shell supersymmetry. Theyare encoded in terms of a holomorphic function that is homogeneous of zeroth degree in scalarfields that parametrize an SU(1, 1)/U(1) coset space. When this function equals a constantthe Lagrangian is invariant under continuous SU(1, 1) transformations. Based on the knownnon-linear transformation rules of the Weyl multiplet fields, the action of N = 4 conformalsupergravity is constructed up to terms quadratic in the fermion fields. The bosonic sectorcorrects a recent result in the literature. The construction of these higher-derivative invariantsalso opens the door to various applications for non-conformal theories.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1971] viXra:2301.0100 [pdf] submitted on 2023-01-19 03:42:08

Causality and Arrow of Time in 5-Dimensional Space-Time

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 7 Pages.

So far (1234) it has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time and spacetime is 5 dimensional, i.e. comprises three space and two time dimensions. This was alsoconfirmed experimentally and proved that Einstein's postulate of constant speed of light isflawed, since the speed of light maps the Earth's rotation and must be given as a constant in theunit [m^2/s]. Here it will be briefly illuminated how the causality principle behaves in two timedimensions and what implications the existence of two time dimensions in nature results for the "arrow of time". It is also briefly shown in which relation the speed of light is with Kepler'slaws and how the connection E=mc^2 can be derived from Kepler's laws .
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Replacements of recent Submissions

[1615] viXra:2402.0117 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-28 00:32:06

The Time-Neutral Exterior Schwarzschild Metric in Polynomial Form

Authors: Kevin Loch
Comments: 5 Pages.

The time-neutral metric is introduced and the time-neutral exterior Schwarzschild metric is con- verted to polynomial form in r and total mass M. The polynomials are found to be cubic with no constant term, which allows the two non-zero roots of each to be extracted from the reduced quadratic form.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1614] viXra:2402.0112 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-25 23:20:07

On the Origin and Unification of Electromagnetism, Gravitation, and Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Ingo D. Mane
Comments: 59 Pages. The author welcomes feedback and discussion.

Physical action is a spacetime bivector. Based on this single assumption, this paper argues that spacetime itself is responsible for much of physics. The properties of its elements and their derivatives, especially the transformations of special relativity, allow us to successively derive and confirm major empirically found laws and equations. We exemplary derive equations for electromagnetism including: Biot-Savart Law, Electrostatic Force, Lorentz Force, Maxwell's Equations including charges, and also constants like the fine-structure constant, electric permittivity, and even additional terms that are related to spin. In strict analogy, we gain very similar equations for gravitation which, e.g., include Poisson's equation for gravity. A further derivation of these equations of gravitation leads to field equations which are comparable to the field equations of general relativity. Electromagnetism and gravitation unite into one set of equations. The fact that bivectors can be written as wave equations also unify classical physics with wave mechanics.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1613] viXra:2402.0107 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-24 04:22:04

Diverse Use of Smoothed Asymptotics in Quantum Field Theory that Help to Additionally Provide Rigorous Proofs for Riemann Hypothesis, Polignac's and Twin Prime Conjectures

Authors: John Yuk Ching Ting
Comments: 86 Pages.

We validly ignore even prime number 2. Based on all arbitrarily large number of even prime gaps 2, 4, 6, 8, 10...; the complete set and its derived subsets of Odd Primes fully comply with Prime number theorem for Arithmetic Progressions. With this condition being satisfied by all Odd Primes, we argue that Modified Polignac's and Twin prime conjectures are proven to be true when these conjectures are treated as Incompletely Predictable Problems. In so doing [and with Riemann hypothesis being a special case], this action also support the generalized Riemann hypothesis formulated for Dirichlet L-function. By broadly applying Hodge conjecture, Grothendieck period conjecture and Pi-Circle conjecture to Dirichlet eta function (which acts as proxy function for Riemann zeta function), Riemann hypothesis is separately proven to be true when this hypothesis is treated as Incompletely Predictable Problem. We highlight crucial connections between these Incompletely Predictable Problems in Number theory and Quantum field theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1612] viXra:2401.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2024-03-05 23:27:43

On Real Flat Quantum-Spacetime Linelement from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1611] viXra:2401.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-12 07:27:06

On Real Flat Quantum-Spacetime Linelement from First Principles

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 5 Pages.

In an uncomplicated way there can be derived a quantum-lineelement of local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type from a fundamental form of physical anouncements. This term includes a variable, which can be interpreted as combination of Ricci-scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck-constant is included in the linelement-form in a natural way. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-linelement is wrong. So since it is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations also must be false and be modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck-transformations can be derived for some special conditions of velocity values. This explorations for quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of quantizing gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1610] viXra:2401.0025 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-24 00:36:27

What Is Time? On the Construction of the World Formula

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages. Added posters and additional illustrations, updated text, changed abstract.

In the previous works A way was shown how a fundamental misconception in contemporary science can be uncovered by an investigation of the concept of "time" and how a world formula can still be constructed by correcting fundamental misconceptions and fallacies of Einstein and Planck. The main results of the author's work in recent years are to be summarized here and the world formula is to be formulated tentative - according to the current state of research. As a result, a simple plausible explanation is identified as the cause of the current incompatibility between the Standard Model of physics (Electromagnetism) and the General Theory of Relativity (Gravity): While the General Theory of Relativity uses the gravitational center of the solar system as a reference point for the definition of time and space, the Standard Model of physics uses the center of the Earth as a reference point for the definition of space and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1609] viXra:2312.0007 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-26 06:45:46

The Nature of Vacuum Energy

Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 7 Pages.

The aim here is to show that the consideration of a quantum fluid, therefore granular, to describe space empty of matter and particles, is likely to resolve the question of its energy density in agreement with the data of standard cosmology. The Casimir effect should then make it possible to access its value which can be compared to the local gravitational energy. This also explains why quantum field theory is ineffective in accounting for this quantity.We also show that we can, through this basic hypothesis, give a concrete meaning to "dark energy" and "dark matter".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1608] viXra:2311.0153 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-15 04:47:15

Anthropocosmos: From Analogy to Solanthropy in a Billionth-Precision Cosmology

Authors: Francis M. Sanchez
Comments: 48 Pages.

Diophantine treatment of Kepler laws, the Holographic Principle and Arthur Haas's forgotten Principle of Coherence induce a steady-state cosmology down to the billionth precision, which explains the observation of "impossible galaxies", and predicts the isothermicity of the background radiation at temperature 2.725820456 Kelvin. The connections of parameters with those of the solar system impose the Solanthropic Principle: we are alone in the universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1607] viXra:2311.0046 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-17 13:37:54

Exploring Dark Energy Through Gravity and Its Relationship with Quantum Mechanics

Authors: Yeomyung Lee
Comments: 32 Pages.

Modern physics requires a new gravity theory to explain relationship about gravity and quantum effects. However, quantum mechanics have an unsolved problem about the interpretation. Also, theory of relativity cannot explain dark energy. Currently, there is no theory that can comprehensively solve these problems. Here, as a result of reinterpreting the concept of reduced mass, this paper shows that quantum superposition can be explained as the intersection of spacetime trajectories of each quantum according to gravitational potential. Spacetime which is absolute in relativity theory is relative in this theory, and it can be explained why the speed of light is independent from the inertial system. Additionally, because the classical mechanical energy conservation law is relative, as in the Casimir effect, a new conservation law for a quantum version is proposed. Dark energy can be explained by the theory that rest mass changes according to gravitational potential. Dark energy is an action along the dimension of gravitational potential, and its size increases as that of rest energy decreases. Dark energy affects quantum effects and the asymptotic freedom of strong interaction can be explained similarly.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1606] viXra:2310.0148 [pdf] replaced on 2024-01-05 08:05:12

Calculation of Jupiter's Size, Saturn's Size, Tides and Zonal Winds by Quantum Gravity Theory

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 22 Pages.

In recent years, de Broglie matter wave has been generalized in terms of the ultimate acceleration on planetary-scale. This paper shows that the Jupiter's size and Saturn's size are the consequence of the interference of the generalized matter waves on planetary-scale. In this calculation, Jupiter's radius is determined as 7.1491e+7m with a relative error of 5.05%; Saturn's radius is determined as 5.80057e+7m with a relative error of 3.75%. This calculation also correctly predicts the locations of Halo ring and main ring for the Jupiter; ring A, B, C and D for the Saturn. In this calculation to the Earth, the tide near the equator has one maximal peak and 45 billows on the circumference around the Earth; the tide occurs every 24.91 hours, the width of the maximal peak of the tide is 1741km which lasts about 1.04 hours. At the latitude 35.4N, its tide has two maximal peaks and 68 billows on its circumference around the Earth at the latitude, where the tide occurs every 12.45 hours. The equatorial belt has an eastward sea-flow at the speed of about 1m/s; on the north hemisphere, between latitudes 0.1N and 35.4N there is a larger ocean circulation; between latitudes 35.4N and 90N there is another ocean circulation. This paper shows that the Jupiter's south hemisphere contains five belts/zones that are separated by five coherent ridges at 0S, 28S, 41.6S, 54.5S and 70S, respectively, with the maximal wind of 120m/s, the Great Red Spot lives constantly at 23S. the Saturn's south hemisphere contains six belts/zones that are separated by six coherent ridges, with the maximal wind of 420m/s. These predictions agree well with the experimental observations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1605] viXra:2310.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-28 07:21:25

A Brief Note on Space-Time Spin

Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 4 Pages. Version 2

Space-time signature can be derived via a simple sort of spin-formalism. This formalism is described in a short comment .It comes from a simple Boole-algebra.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1604] viXra:2310.0085 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 12:03:17

Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes and 23 Antimatter Galaxies.

Authors: Antimatter Enigma Solved: Astronomical Data Allows Identification of 77 Supermassive Antimatter Black Holes, 23 Antimatter Galaxies.
Comments: 18 Pages. Updated considering results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment

Initial results from the Alpha-CERN antihydrogen experiment indicate no discernible difference in the gravitational behavior between matter and antimatter, challenging CP violation models. Given that antimatter exhibits the same gravitational behavior as matter, distinguishing between a supermassive black hole (SMBH) composed of matter and an antimatter supermassive black hole (ASMBH) becomes challenging, as their gravitational effects are indistinguishable. This raises the question: Could the SMBH in the Milky Way, and in all observed spiral galaxies, potentially be an ASMBH, with its event horizon concealing the equivalent number of antimatter particles, thereby preventing matter-antimatter annihilation within a matter galaxy?This article assesses astronomical data comparing the mass of 100 SMBHs with their host galaxies. A theoretical value for the logarithmic mass relationship Log( M_Stellar 〖/M〗_SMBH ) is presented: 2.963 for ASMBHs situated in matter galaxies, and 2.285 for MSBHs in antimatter galaxies. This relationship, derived from the Ulianov Theory, is based on the premise of matter galaxy formation from protons and electrons expelled by ASMBHs during cosmic inflation. The same theory also posits antimatter galaxy formation from antiprotons and positrons released by matter SMBHs during this period. The data base analysis (of 100 galaxies and their respective SMBHs) revealed that 77% of the SMBHs are composed of antimatter, resulting in a logarithmic relationship value of (2.945 ± 0.018) for the Log(M_Stellar/M_ASMBH ), while 23% are composed of matter, resulting in a value of (2.267 ± 0.036) for the Log( M_AStellar/M_SMBH ). The congruence between these values and the theoretical prediction is likely not mere coincidence. A thorough examination of the results confirms the model's validity and underscores the precision of astronomers' mass measurements, with only 3 cases showing actual measurement errors beyond the predicted range. This discovery is pivotal, as it suggests the Ulianov Theory's potential to produce novel predictions, such as this model. Originating from a cold and empty universe, this model outlines the galaxy mass formation process, in which ASMBHs harness energy from cosmic inflation, converting it into matter and antimatter particles. This process is termed the "Small Bang" model by the author, reflecting its cold and gradual nature, contrasting the explosive nature of the "Big Bang".
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1603] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2023-11-04 20:36:23

Gravity Extensions Equation and Complex Spacetime

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 18 Pages. Final Version

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be treat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1602] viXra:2310.0024 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-22 04:53:30

Extended Einstein Field Equations for Complex Spacetime

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 21 Pages.

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be treat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work. Where in the end I use complex spacetime as final model that integrates quantum effects into whole picture. Final conclusion is that field theory allows for something new that follows from Einstein Field Equations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1601] viXra:2310.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-03 14:27:03

Towards 6D Little String Theory of Particles

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 19 Pages. V4. JHEPGC (2024) in press.

A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Phenomenological predictions are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1600] viXra:2310.0005 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-28 11:17:11

A String Model of Particles in 6D

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 18 Pages. Little string theory framework introduced. Title changed accordingly.

A model for particles based on preons in chiral, vector and tensor/graviton supermultiplets of unbroken global supersymmetry is engineered. The framework of the model is little string theory. Some phenomenological results are discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1599] viXra:2309.0082 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-26 02:56:01

Theory of Electrons System

Authors: Sheng-Ping Wu
Comments: 12 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Last name should be after first name - For the last time, please conform!)

Self-consistent Lorentz equation is proposed, and is solved to electrons and the structures of particles and atomic nucleus. The static properties and decay are reasoned, all meet experimental data. The equation of general relativity sheerly with electromagnetic field is discussed as the base of this theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1598] viXra:2309.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-11 11:30:20

Why Einstein Was Right About Unified Field Theory?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 9 Pages. Final Version

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1597] viXra:2309.0054 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-29 17:12:28

Why Einstein Was Right About Unified Field Theory?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 8 Pages.

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1596] viXra:2309.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-25 14:21:15

Close-Orbiting Black Hole Pairs Are Macroscopic Quantum-Gravitational Systems. or Quantum Mechanics is Invalid.

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 13 Pages.

Close-orbiting black hole pairs with near-equal masses M≈m area new kind of macroscopic quantum object because they have inherentmass-uncertainty ΔMtotal>(M+m)/380.That makes them the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found,the first observable physical system plausiblyrequiring quantum gravity for an accurate description, and the firstwhich plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity viadirect observation.To show that, we combine(1) rigorous forms of the energy-time uncertainty principle with(2) graviton-emission rate estimates – large rates force highmass-uncertainties ΔM; and more gravitons are emittedduring a few minutes of super-super hole tight orbiting than the total countof non-graviton particles in the observable universe.
The final section, added for the third draft,argues that this all probably represents a crisisin physics in the sense it yields a self-contradiction derived fromthe axioms of quantum mechanics, which therefore are mathematically inconsistent.It then proposes, as the probable resolution of this crisis, that theΔEΔt uncertainty relations lose their validity when ΔEexceeds order 1 in Planck units, and explains how that is predicted by the author's"Cloud QFT" theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1595] viXra:2309.0044 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-26 13:30:16

Close-Orbiting Black Hole Pairs Are Macroscopic Quantum-Gravitational Systems

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 14 Pages.

Close-orbiting pairs of near-equal black holes (M≈m) area new kind of macroscopic quantum object because (I show) they have inherentmass-uncertainty ΔMtotal>(M+m)/380.These are the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found,the first observable physical system plausiblyrequiring quantum gravity for an accurate description, and the firstwhich plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity viadirect observation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1594] viXra:2308.0161 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-03 14:07:53

Dodecahedron as an Encoder of the Theory of Everything

Authors: Sylwester Kornowski
Comments: 5 Pages.

The Scale-Symmetric Theory (SST) is the lacking main part of the Theory of Everything (TOE). Here we show that the Gallo-Roman dodecahedron encodes the fundamental ideas on which the SST is based. It suggests contacts between earthly civilizations and representatives of advanced cosmic civilizations.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1593] viXra:2308.0100 [pdf] replaced on 2024-02-22 20:45:22

Dark Matter and Quantum Entanglement

Authors: ShengLi Zhang
Comments: 14 Pages.

This paper explores the possibility of unifying the four fundamental forces with dark matter and quantum entanglement. It was found that when dark matter has quantum entanglement, the dark matter vortex forms and the dark matter outside the vortex will expand. This will slow down the matter and dark matter being involved in the vortex. The dark matter inside the vortex will also expand under the effect of the rotating compression force . The expansion force is proportional to the internal rotation speed of the vortex. From the edge to the core, the expansion force increases with the increase of the rotational compression force, and the dark matter at the core expands the most. A compression force forms under the effect of the spin of the matter after it enters the center with the vortex. The gravitational layer forms because the core dark matter is subject to the spin compression force of matter and the compression force of vortex rotation. The expansion force of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer will increase with the increase of the rotating compression force of the matter at the core of the vortex. The much the core matter and the faster the vortex center rotate, the greater the density of dark matter in the gravitational layer, and the smaller the density of the dark matter outside the gravitational layer. In this case, three spheres will form at the vortex where microscopic particles and macroscopic objects are located, which are gravitational layer, expansion compression zone, and expansion zone outside the vortex from the core to the outside of the vortex. The smallest particle has no expansion compression zone. The largest vortex is the universe and there is no expansion zone outside the universe. The expansion compression zone is composed of high expansion zone and low expansion zone. The diameter of the former is the same as the radius of the gravitational layer, and the remaining part is a low expansion zone, which is most obvious when the core is a black hole. The density of the gravitational layer and the expansion zone outside the vortex can be controlled by controlling the rotation speed of the dark matter vortex. This principle can also be used to create dark matter vortexes and control nuclear fission and fusion and thus create aircraft. In addition, it can also be applied to control and make celestial bodies and black holes. Four basic forces can be explained and quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity can be unified by combining dark matters and quantum entanglement.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1592] viXra:2307.0162 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-04 16:20:58

Stringy Phenomenology with Preon Models

Authors: Risto Raitio
Comments: 8 Pages. Parts newly written.

We compare, following Pati, global symmetries our topological supersymmetric preon model with the heterotic E_8 x E_8 string theory. We include Pati's supergravity based preon model in this work and compare the preon interactions of his model to ours. Based on preon-string symmetry comparison and preon phenomenological results we conclude that the fundamental particles are likely preons rather than standard model particles.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1591] viXra:2307.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-15 01:33:26

Unification of Electromagnetism and Gravity by Correction of Ill Defined Speed of Light

Authors: Manfred U. E. Pohl
Comments: 8 Pages.

So far it has been worked out that the circle number connects space and time in 12 Dimensions and the speed of light in vacuum only represents the Diameter of planet earth and the rotation duration of one revolution of planet earth around its own axis (a day), because in 1793 the "meter" of length in space was defined to represent the circumference of planet earth, while the "second" of time was defined to represent 24 hours 60 minutes and 60 seconds (a day). The author tries to explain here how, on the basis of these findings, the system of units would have to be reformed in order to complete the connection found by Einstein and thus dissolve all natural constants (which only represent planet Earth) and to understand gravitation and electromagnetism as a unified interaction and to reinterpret quantum theory: God does not play dice, humanity play dice.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1590] viXra:2307.0119 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-29 03:47:08

A Conjecture: no Dark Matter Will be Discovered at LHC, or Elsewhere

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 18 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

CERN restarted the upgraded Large Hadron Collider (LHC), third run, with among its objectives the hope to detect "Dark Matter". With this paper, based on the multi-fold theory, and its encounter in General Relativity (GR) and Yang Mills theory, we apply the Occam’s razor principle to expect that no dark matter, including axions, will the detected at LHC or elsewhere, just as we also predicted that no supersymmetric partners will ever be encountered. The Multi-fold-derived Ultimate Unification (UU) furthers hints at no other fundamental particle above the (gravity) electroweak symmetry breaking energy scale, unless if UU had its own particles, something not likely, or if new and unknown interactions, non-supersymmetric, were to exist. The latter is something that may not be that likely either, especially as we have separately argued that the multi-fold theory predicts the Standard Model (SM) symmetries and can be seen as a quasi TOE that predicts most of its properties. Of course, these predictions do not include the massless Higgs boson, the particle responsible for the random walk, and spacetime location concretization.Interestingly, the paper also provides a random walk explanation for the absence of supersymmetry in a universe with a positive cosmological constant 4D , or lower dimensions, spacetime.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1589] viXra:2307.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-04 03:54:57

Gravity Extensions Equation and Complex Spacetime

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 25 Pages. Final Version

This hypothesis will present a possible extension of Einstein's field equations cite{1}cite{2}cite{3}cite{4} which reduces to his field equation by contractions. Basic concepts such as the description of the inertial system or the definition of a physical observer are discussed. The field equation predicts the existence of exactly four-dimensional space-time, as only four-dimensional space-time has an equal number of unknowns for each term of the equation. The equation itself can be written in two mixed and fully covariant forms:begin{gather}R_{mu sigma u}^ho-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmakappa}g^{kappa ho}g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu kappa}g^{kappa ho} g_{sigma u}R_{phimu sigma u}-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmaphi} g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu phi} g_{sigma u }end{gather}This model relates the field of matter to the curvature of space-time in a direct way, if matter is not present at a given point in space, it is simply flat space-time, which makes it a requirement that the momentum energy tensor does not zero in the presence of space-time curvature. In this work, I do not give the exact solutions of the equations, only their derivation and their form in a particular case. Field equation can be reduced to statement about equality between energy momentum tensor and Ricci tensor:begin{gather}R_{mu u} =-2 kappa T_{mu u }end{gather}I will also present a possible way to quantize field equations using complex space-time. This gives the quantum field equation which I can write asbegin{gather}left(R_{phimu sigma u}ight) ^dagger R_{phimu sigma u} = kappa left(R_{phimu sigma u}ight) ^dagger left(kappa T_{mu phi} g_{sigma u }+frac{1}{2}R_{sigmaphi} g_{mu u} ight) end{gather}This equation uses a special complex space-time and generates real invariants by using complex conjugates and transpositions. This removes it from singularity field theory as only normalizable fields that do not possess any kind of infinity are a consequence of this normalization.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1588] viXra:2307.0077 [pdf] replaced on 2023-08-27 19:39:38

Gravity Extensions Equation and Complex Spacetime

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 32 Pages.

This hypothesis will present a possible extension of Einstein's field equations cite{1}cite{2}cite{3}cite{4} which reduces to his field equation by contractions. Basic concepts such as the description of the inertial system or the definition of a physical observer are discussed. The field equation predicts the existence of exactly four-dimensional space-time, as only four-dimensional space-time has an equal number of unknowns for each term of the equation. The equation itself can be written in two mixed and fully covariant forms:begin{gather}R_{mu sigma u}^ho-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmakappa}g^{kappa ho}g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu kappa}g^{kappa ho} g_{sigma u}R_{phimu sigma u}-frac{1}{2}R_{sigmaphi} g_{mu u}=kappa T_{mu phi} g_{sigma u }end{gather}This model relates the field of matter to the curvature of space-time in a direct way, if matter is not present at a given point in space, it is simply flat space-time, which makes it a requirement that the momentum energy tensor does not zero in the presence of space-time curvature. In this work, he does not give the exact solutions of the equations, only their derivation and their form in a particular case. I will also present a possible way to quantize field equations using complex space-time. This gives the quantum field equation which I can write asbegin{gather}left( R_{phi mu sigma u}ight) ^dagger R_{phi mu sigma u} =kappa left( R_{phi mu sigma u}ight ) ^dagger left( T_{mu phi } g_{sigma u}-T_{sigma phi} g_{mu u}ight)end{gather}This equation uses a special complex space-time and generates real invariants by using complex conjugates and transpositions. This removes it from singularity field theory as only normalizable fields that do not possess any kind of infinity are a consequence of this normalization.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1587] viXra:2307.0047 [pdf] replaced on 2023-07-14 21:47:45

Biological, Quantum, and Gravitational Holomovement

Authors: D. Chakalov
Comments: 6 Pages.

The biological wave-like holomovement is compared to the quantum and gravitational holomovement created by the arrow of Time. We need a new theory of quantum gravity and gravitational radiation.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1586] viXra:2305.0143 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-31 07:06:58

Observational Evidence of the Axis of Evil Having Electron Orbital Shapes and Its Possible Link with Quantum Gravity

Authors: Harsimran Singh Dhaliwal
Comments: 21 Pages.

The anomalous ecliptic aligned Quadrupole and Octopole in the Cosmic Microwave Background has symmetries with electron orbitals. Since electron orbitals are a quantum phenomena, the Axis of Evil may be revealing a relation with Quantum Gravity. The Axis of Evil may be local to the Solar System which would explain its alignment and may have a purpose rather than seeming Evil. The Quadrupole includes a doughnut shape with two lobes just like the 3dz2 electron orbital and may be revealing one of the gravity causing particle clouds of either the Sun or the Earth. The gravity causing particle clouds seen via the Axis of Evil may be negatively charged. Positively charged gravity causing particle clouds may exist within the Sun or the Earth that are the nucleus of the Axis of Evil. Gravity is excluded from the Weak Force, Strong Force and Electromagnetic Force currently. Quantum Gravity may operate using these forces resulting in a full unification where ordinary matter accelerates from higher potentials to lower potentials within the gravity causing particle cloud system via Electrostatic forces. The gravity causing particle clouds of a star, galaxy, or galaxy cluster may also accelerate towards lower potentials of its host’s even larger gravity causing particle cloud system. We may have been asking the wrong questions. Perhaps General Relativity was a correct approximation analogously via curvature and indirectly describes the other three forces on larger scales yet curvature is not be the real cause of Gravity. Instead we should have asked how can gravity work via the three forces. By using known science at smaller scales and applying it to larger scales especially where we have observational evidence of its manifestation such as the Axis of Evil, we can unify Gravity with the Weak force, Strong force and Electromagnetic force.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1585] viXra:2305.0013 [pdf] replaced on 2023-06-06 07:09:57

Supervision Inside an Electronic Couponing System

Authors: Ivo Van Der Rijt
Comments: 1 Page.

This paper describes various ways of supervision inside (and of) a economic system that is not derived on a debt based money system.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1584] viXra:2304.0088 [pdf] replaced on 2023-04-17 18:27:34

Clocks in Quantum Scale

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 10 Pages.

In this paper I do present a model of quantum clock that follows a field equation. From that follows possible model of quantum gravity thus space-time in quantum scale.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1583] viXra:2304.0053 [pdf] replaced on 2023-05-09 08:23:16

Unification of Fundamental Forces

Authors: Mohammad Hadi Mohammadi
Comments: 4 Pages.

In this paper, I found a mathematical method to unify fundamental forces. In this method, without using any quantum gravity theoriessuch as string theory and loop quantum gravity I created a field equation for the unification between fundamental forces. Also, I found outthe acceleration equation of our universe.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1582] viXra:2303.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-04 21:19:16

The Fine Structure Constant in a PhR Context

Authors: W. Berckmans
Comments: 10 Pages.

The fine structure constant is a fundamental parameter in Physics and its value and properties must not be in conflict with a candidate Phusical reality model as proposed on viXra ("About Physical Reality"). This document goes one step further and outlines its crucial role in the evolution of our cosmos. It explains the significance in PhR terms of a fixed value of the inverse parameter and calculates its fractional part for matter and contra-matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1581] viXra:2303.0031 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-21 04:45:08

Yeah or Nay on Black Holes as Explanation for Dark Energy?

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 22 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/

Two recent papers argue having observationally confirmed that black holes could explain the universe accelerated expansion as sources of such expansion. These papers have generated a large interest in the wider public.The present paper presents arguments against, and a few in favor of such a proposal, as well as some variations on what could happen if the answer to the title was positive. Even if it isn’t.Then, we analyze the proposal in a multi-fold universe, where we can take advantage of more microscopic interpretations. Some could support the new proposal, but overall, most seem to go against it.Our conclusions are that while it might be possible that black holes could explain the acceleration of the universe expansion, because based on solutions to General Relativity (GR), we have more arguments against that view than in favor. It is therefore our conclusion on the matter: it’s a nay.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1580] viXra:2302.0131 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-17 02:49:14

Guess About the Equations in the Form of Gravity

Authors: Huang Shan
Comments: 4 Pages.

By analogy with Maxwell's equations in electromagnetic form, we can find a group ofequations in gravitational form that looks very interesting.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1579] viXra:2302.0121 [pdf] replaced on 2023-09-05 11:17:09

Modelling of Human Lifespan -- Based on Quantum Gravity Theory with Ultimate Acceleration

Authors: Huaiyang Cui
Comments: 15 Pages.

Rather than biological time being controlled solely by a molecular cascade domino effect, this paper suggests that the gravity-clock of planetary-scale relativistic matter wave acts to regulate lifespan. It is found that the gravity acting on human blood can provide an oscillation period of up to 100 years which can match well with human lifespan in order of magnitude. According to the gravity-clock concept, the period of sunspot cycle is calculated to be 10.95 years, the human lifespan on the Earth is calculated to be 84 years. The lifespan model is applicable to a variety of animals, it predicts that the total number of heart beats/lifetime among mammals and birds is remarkably constant: 3e+9 (beats/lifetime), the conclusion has been confirmed by the observations of 34 species of mammals and birds.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

[1578] viXra:2302.0051 [pdf] replaced on 2023-02-16 10:49:49

A New Phenomenology of Force and Energy

Authors: Giustino Travaglini
Comments: 6 Pages.

Until now in modern physics energy and force have been considered two separate and distinct entities, the various forces of nature have not been linked into a single, coherent theory, and general relativity shows inconsistencies with some mechanical phenomena quantum.The purpose of this article is to show that energy and force are a single entity which I will refer to as " energy force " furthermore general relativity can harmonize with quantum mechanics in a single theory but needs to be expanded.To arrive at this result, I used recent studies carried out on some phenomena of quantum mechanics, in particular on the existence, nature and characteristics of "quantum entanglement".The results obtained from the observation and study of " quantum entanglement " show that energy and force are one and that light is to be considered not as an entity that moves with a constant speed but as a accelerating entity which, under certain circumstances, can exceed the 300,000 km/s barrier.Finally, a new vision of spacetime is provided and the problem of the dual nature (wave and particle) of light is resolved.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory