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| viXra.org > General Science and Philosophy > 2508 |
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[10] viXra:2508.0160 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-13 22:49:27
Authors: Donald G. Palmer
Comments: 14 Pages.
Over the last several centuries, science has discovered objects in the world along a continuum of scale. In one direction, we have discovered planets and stars, as well as galaxies and galaxy clusters. In the other direction, we have found cells and proteins, atoms and neutrinos. To locate and model this world, we use the 3 traditional directions of length, width, and height. However, inherent in all our measurements is the scale of what we are measuring — a continuum we do not directly see with our eyes. The author presents the hypothesis that we need to include this continuum in a complete model of nature and our world. Why we have not already included this continuum can be traced to our lack of mathematical tools to handle the exponential structure of the measure of scale. The author presents the mathematical conjecture that the appropriate tools require a numeric representational system with more power than our traditional decimal or positional-based numerals. Such a system could provide a single value for complex numbers and make possible measurements currently invisible to science today.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[9] viXra:2508.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2025-09-08 01:21:23
Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton, Alex Hankey
Comments: 14 Pages.
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi posited the concept of ‘The Source of Thought’. In Vedic science (Shiksha), the concept may be equated with Para when describing the four levels of thought. Para is transcendental to the space of ideas. It is the state of mind in "transcendence" (deep meditation) i.e. empty of ideas. Yet the word Para also means supreme, which refers to that state also being the source of all possible ideas. From a Mathematical and Computer Science perspective, the only equivalentncandidate for such a source is a true Pseudo-Random Number Generator, with the caveat that it should have a seed of infinite-length and no periodicity. Maharishi also stated that "new ideas" in knowledge must be "discovered" simultaneously, citing Legendre's theorem "A subgroup subdivides a group", a statement which directly implies that knowledge forms the overall set. Indirect implications are that: Conscious beings form a set, and that ‘God’ is the largest member. However, it is not immediately obvious how Legendre's theorem applies to knowledge, until Sparse Distributed Memory emerges from Consciousness, Hankey's Complexity Biology critical instability theory is applied, and the properties of a Banach space applied recursively (fractally). This paper also explores the difference between time-distributed and domain-distributed randomness as a source of creativity and thought, and their implications for simplified efficient Particle Swarm Optimisation. Randomness is seen to be just as important a part of the Definitions of Consciousness (McKenzie's Memory, Perception, Imagination and Looping). It is then sufficient to postulate as a Law of Nature: non-zero Negentropy indicates the presence of Consciousness. Finally, we highlight the insight that properties of Sparse Distributed Memory, aka a Banach space, inherently lead to Analogy. Its use by any Consciousness entity should result in self-directed learning. Tononi et al were right, with the caveat that Integrated Information Theory's properties may be inherent and emergent rather than exclusively explicit.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[8] viXra:2508.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-24 22:32:24
Authors: Volker W. Thürey
Comments: 5 Pages.
The article deals with evolution and the environment. I assume the unproven claimthat all life is generated through evolution. In the chapter titled "Evolution Sucks" I demonstrate that it can have sometimes negative consequences. Although there is no alternative academic explanation, I illustrate some of the ‘disadvantages’ of Darwin’s theory. In the final chapter "The Glut Society" I reference some older books on climate change and the environment in general.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[7] viXra:2508.0127 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-20 00:10:27
Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 75 Pages.
The United States has long been a global superpower, shaping world politics, economics, and culture. Yet, its history is riddled with blunders—costly mistakes in foreign policy, domestic governance, and societal evolution. This book explores America’s most consequential missteps, analyzing how they happened, why they were allowed to occur, and what lessons can be learned. From disastrous wars to economic collapses, from social injustices to diplomatic failures, America’s Blunders offers a candid look at the nation’s flaws—not to condemn, but to understand and improve. This book outlines what appears to be a critical examination of American history through the lens of significant mistakes and failures. The book "America's Blunders" seems to take a balanced approach—acknowledging America's global influence while honestly addressing its historical shortcomings.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[6] viXra:2508.0126 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-20 00:10:09
Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 98 Pages.
The year 2008 remains seared into global economic memory. The collapse of the American subprime mortgage market wasn't merely a banking crisis; it was a systemic cardiac arrest. Originating in the opaque corners of over-leveraged housing debt and repackaged into complex derivatives, the crisis exposed the terrifying fragility of an interconnected global financial system built on misplaced trust, perverse incentives, and regulatory blindness. The fallout was catastrophic: iconic institutions vanished overnight, trillions in wealth evaporated, Main Street suffered profound job losses and foreclosures, and faith in the very pillars of finance crumbled. The rescue — massive government bailouts and unprecedented monetary easing — staved off total collapse but sowed the seeds of long-term inequality, political polarization, and a lingering distrust in established institutions.Fast forward two decades. The financial landscape has been profoundly reshaped by the very forces unleashed (and lessons arguably unlearned) after 2008. Enter the contenders for the next potential crisis nexus: the volatile, rapidly evolving world of cryptocurrencies and digital assets, and the increasingly strained foundations of US Dollar hegemony.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[5] viXra:2508.0125 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-24 22:07:12
Authors: Yew Kee Wong
Comments: 74 Pages.
The question hangs heavy in the air, sharp as a freshly minted blade: Is the "West" interested in TRADING or THREATENING? It echoes in boardrooms and bazaars, in diplomatic cables and social media feeds, shaping perceptions and driving policy across an increasingly fractured planet. To pose it so starkly is to demand an answer that transcends simplistic narratives and convenient slogans. This book emerges not to offer a facile verdict, but to dissect the complex, often contradictory, reality. The West— a term we must constantly interrogate for its internal fractures and shifting boundaries— is neither a monolithic merchant solely driven by profit, nor a singular colossus brandishing threats for pure dominance. Its engagement with the world is a dynamic, often tense, interplay between these two impulses, woven into the very fabric of its history, institutions, and self-perception. For centuries, Western power projected itself globally through the twin engines of commerce and coercion. Trading posts preceded garrisons; merchant ships sailed alongside warships. The promise of open markets and shared prosperity became inextricably linked, for better and often for worse, with the reality of gunboat diplomacy, economic sanctions, and political pressure. The legacy of empires casts a long shadow, coloring how the West's present-day embrace of "free trade" and "rules-based order" is perceived. Today, the dichotomy feels more acute than ever. We witness unprecedented global supply chains and integrated financial markets— testaments to the West's deep investment in trading. Multinational corporations span continents, consumers crave global goods, and economic interdependence is touted as the ultimate peacekeeper. Yet, simultaneously, we see an escalating arsenal of threatening instruments: punitive tariffs wielded like economic broadswords, sweeping sanctions regimes isolating entire nations, technological embargoes designed to cripple rivals, and the constant hum of geopolitical maneuvering and military alliances aimed at containing perceived adversaries. Is this duality hypocrisy or pragmatism? Is the commitment to trade merely a velvet glove over an iron fist? Or are the threats a necessary, albeit unsavory, defence of the very system that enables beneficial trade? Does the West primarily seek partners in prosperity, or vassals in a managed hierarchy? Where does legitimate security concern end and economic warfare begin?
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[4] viXra:2508.0113 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-17 23:16:09
Authors: Tariq Khan
Comments: 7 Pages.
A short essay noting the true risks and rewards of the development of artificial general intelligence (AGI). Positive outcomes from the creation of an advanced artificial general intelligence are noted including its development of an optimal encyclopedia and language that could lead to an era of peace and progress. The risks of negative and unknown outcomes are also described including the potential dangers from artificial intelligence editing the human genome, providing the answers to metaphysical questions, or learning to control fundamental aspects of reality.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[3] viXra:2508.0111 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-18 07:34:16
Authors: Taha Sochi
Comments: 81 Pages.
This is the second article in our series "The Dark Sides of Modern Science" and is about publishing and dissemination of science (and knowledge in general). As the subject of "publishing and dissemination of science" is too big, we decided to divide it in more than one part. The remarks that we stated in the Introduction of the first article of this series (i.e. "Knowledge Production and Authoring") generally apply to this article and hence we do not need to repeat.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[2] viXra:2508.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-17 20:49:04
Authors: Muhammad Razzaq Aman Wattoo
Comments: 5 Pages.
Knowledge, as a shared human heritage, should not be trapped in bureaucratic monopolies, economic paywalls, or disciplinary silos. Yet the modern academic system has created artificial barriers: exorbitant publication fees, long delays in peer review, and the suppression of unconventional creativity. This paper argues that current practices of impact-factor—driven publishing reduce knowledge to a commodity rather than a universal good. By analyzing the flaws of peer review and suggesting alternatives such as community-driven platforms, rapid review models, and AI-assisted validation, this work calls for a more democratic, transparent, and holistic approach to the circulation of knowledge.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[1] viXra:2508.0094 [pdf] submitted on 2025-08-14 20:27:06
Authors: Igor Tkachenko, Victoria Miroshnichenko, Konstantin Tkachenko, YuryMiroshnichenko, Olesya Tkachenko, Sergio Miroshnichenko, Svitlana Tkachenko
Comments: 12 Pages.
We apply the early developed analytic approach which was used to model the macroplastic deformation of polycrystalline solids, for analysis of evolution of our visible Universe. Such evolution was considered as grand non-stationary stochastic process providing transferring the energy of the Big Bang in space. As consequences of the first and second laws of thermodynamics necessities were shown, respectively, to endless existence of life phenomena in the Universe as a form of the energy transferring together with — conservation of individual life for each living creature to provide spatial homogeneity conservation for the transferring. Proceeding from the spherical symmetry of the Big Bang products distribution and the principally limited time period of the Big Bang development, spherical ring structure of the whole Universe was proposed. Based on the structure, two possible variants of the material objects motion within the whole Universe was considered: 1) - practically free of interactions with the other products, motion in radial directions; 2) — strongly affected by the interaction the curved trajectories motion. Calculated percentages for the contributions in the energy flux for the various types of elementary particles as the energy carriers are in accordance with the known contents of the baryonic, Dark matters and Dark energy in the visible Universe. Early predicted countless number of the approach constitutive equation solutions were associated with the corresponding number of the energy carriers and the mono-universes. A mechanism for participating the mono-universes in the expansion of the whole, poly-universe was proposed. The observed non-monotonic time dependence for the speed of our visible mono-universe expansion is in accordance with the approach predictions. Time dependencies of the square density of the energy carriers and the stress caused the Big Bang energy gradient were calculated and their reciprocal mutual dependence was shown at finishing stage of the visible Universe evolution, in accordance with the known Chaplygin gas models.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
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