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| viXra.org > General Science and Philosophy > 2012 |
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[8] viXra:2012.0217 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-26 02:12:23
Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 144 Pages.
In a figure which is composed of hyper surfaces of a hyper cube in space from 3 dimensions, we do a tiling.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[7] viXra:2012.0199 [pdf] replaced on 2021-01-24 15:03:46
Authors: Yegor Shɨshkin
Comments: 10 Pages. Under a Creative Commons license — CC BY 4.0
In natural sciences, the key criterion for proving the existence of an object (like a physical particle of a previously unknown kind, an atom of a previously unknown element or an organism of a previously unknown species) is its observation and/or observation of traces of the existence of this object (radiation, remains of vital activity etc.). Only objects that meet this criterion can be classified (e.g. entered in the periodic table of elements or described as a species). Single unknown organisms or species cannot enter the classification. Despite this, the current system of phylogenetic terms (holo-/monophyly, paraphyly, and polyphyly as they are currently defined) is not adapted to the separation of known and unknown organisms (as well as populations, species, etc.) including ancestral ones. There are longstanding confusion and controversy regarding these “phyletic states”. There seem only two ways in such a situation. The first way is to somehow directly include unknown ancestors in taxa, describe species for them and unavoidably to introduce at least one paraphyletic subtaxon during dividing each taxon. The second way is do not include unknown ancestors in taxa directly and amend the system of concepts and terms. Here the second way was followed and the possible definitions of the main phylogenetic concepts for the views of dealing only with known group members were proposed. Inability to provide a concise definition of holophyly using the existing terms indicates the lack of more basic concepts. These concepts were also proposed here and holophyly was defined using them near the end of the paper. The intersection of four basic “phyly” (enophyly, merophyly, kollitophyly, and schizophyly) results in the unambiguous triad of holophyly, paraphyly, and schizophyly. The definitions of the terms in this triad are believed to be unambiguous unlike the widespread definitions of holo-(mono-), para- and “polyphyly”. Here, many terms were defined using others in order not to make the definitions too cumbersome. Nevertheless, the “primary phyly” seem not less useful in phylogenetic discussions than the phyly of the triad. So also is the terms inprestor, rendestor, ancessure, drade and skade as well as the more precisely defined term clade. The first two terms seem to be necessary and important regardless of the views on the classification of unknown organisms.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[6] viXra:2012.0179 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-25 12:40:41
Authors: Vladimir Aksayskiy
Comments: 2 Pages.
Within the framework of similarity of analogies, the interrelation of stellar and planetary forms of life is considered, which allows interpreting and predicting the dynamics of a pandemic in the spirit of Alexander Chizhevsky - as the terrestrial echo of solar storms.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[5] viXra:2012.0150 [pdf] replaced on 2021-09-07 00:36:11
Authors: V.A. Kizka
Comments: 9 PAGES; DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.25354.08649
In this article I am trying to connect the processes in our conscious with existence.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[4] viXra:2012.0123 [pdf] replaced on 2021-04-02 20:54:36
Authors: Huhnkie Lee
Comments: 279 Pages. Some graphical and typographical errors were corrected [Corrections made by viXra Admin to confirm with the requirements on the Replacement Form]
This book is a collection of five academic research papers written by the aforementioned
author in Alaska between August 2020 and December 2020.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[3] viXra:2012.0108 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-14 10:31:58
Authors: G. L. Harnagel
Comments: 4 Pages.
Concerns that tachyons, which have imaginary
mass, may violate causality have been been discussed in the context of two distinct embodiments for constructing a message loop. One
employs transmitters in motion relative to receivers, while the other has transmitters and
receivers at rest with each other and messages
are passed between moving observers using electromagnetic signals. The latter (Method II) is
of interest only to those who seek to disprove
the existence of faster-than-light phenomena by
constructing hypothetical thought experiments
based solely upon kinematics that purportedly
violate causality, often by specious means. The
former (Method I), on the other hand, is based
upon the wider foundation of both kinematics
and dynamics, and sound analysis proves that
causality is not violated. For Method I, the relative speed between transmitter and receiver limits the propagation speed according to u = c^2/v, where u is the maximum possible propagation
speed and v is the relative speed between transmitter and receiver. This paper discusses this paradigm for communicating between outposts
in different star systems. Techniques will be discussed for increasing propagation speed beyond
that limited by the relative motion between earth
and a planetary base in orbit around a distant
star.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[2] viXra:2012.0052 [pdf] replaced on 2022-07-26 02:07:19
Authors: Kikuchi Morio
Comments: 125 Pages.
In a space from 3 dimensions, we do a tiling with one sort of figure applying periodic boundary condtion.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
[1] viXra:2012.0016 [pdf] submitted on 2020-12-03 20:19:01
Authors: Finn Newman, Izabelle Diesen, Ryan King
Comments: 51 Pages.
When pizzas are transported in carryout boxes, oil seeps into the cardboard and makes the box unrecyclable. In the recycling process, paper and cardboard are mixed with water to make a slurry. When contaminants such as oil are introduced, the whole batch of slurry becomes landfill because contaminated slurry makes for poor-quality paper that is not worth using ("Because You Asked: Why Can't I Recycle Stuff with Food n It?", 2014). Even small amounts of contaminants can ruin products made from recycled material. In fact, if contaminated materials are used to produce food packaging, the contaminants can migrate into food and become safety hazards (Triantafyllou, Akrida-Demertzi, & Demertzis, 2006). Food waste is one of the top five recycling contaminants, and if dirty materials go through recycling machinery, they can clog the system, leading to significant downtime at recycling centers (Marshall & Bandhauer, 2017). With the ever-growing threat of climate change and resource depletion, humans need to be more aware of how they use resources. In the city of Denver, only 12% of the waste was recycled, but if recycling contamination were to be eliminated, the recycling rate could be 16%, which represents a difference of over nine thousand tons of waste (McMillin, 2019; Cotton, 2017). Being able to recycle pizza boxes would decrease the amount of waste sent to landfills, so more work needs to be done to stop oil from ruining batches of recycling.
Category: General Science and Philosophy
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