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[5] viXra:2403.0141 [pdf] replaced on 2024-04-08 03:44:26
Authors: Deden M. Akbar
Comments: 153 Pages.
As one of the requirements for research in doctoral studies regarding Loop Quantum Gravity (LQG), the author reviews several books and scientific journals related to the research topic in this article. In this article, the canonical LQG formulation is reviewed in detail for the kinematic sector ([2] — [12]), starting from a brief review of LQG, followed by the formulation of General Relativity in the ADM formulation and the problems that arise when the gravitational field is quantified in this formulation. Then it continues with a review of Palatini's formulation, up to the tetrad formulation in Ashtekar's new variables. The formulation of the action of General Relativity based on Ashtekar variables is a way to quantify the gravitational field based on the Dirac quantization program. The result is a canonical LQG formulation for the kinematic sector which is proven to be well defined. The prediction obtained from LQG is that space on the Planck scale is no longer smooth and continuous but discrete and chaotic, which is characterized by the eigenvalues geometric operators, namely area operators and volume operators which have discrete values the Planck scale. The final discussion in this article is the LQG-based Black Hole Entropy calculation which corresponds exactly to the Black Hole Entropy calculation based on the semiclassical approach ([4] — [5], [7]). In addition, the application of the LQG calculation technique at the toy model level known as Loop Quantum Cosmology (LQC) ([14] — [16]) for the Friedman-Robertson-Walker (FRW) cosmology model is also reviewed. The result is a modification of the Friedmann equation for the FRW model with the presence of a correction term for the quantum nature of the quantum gravitational field, where it is predicted that the beginning of the universe in the form of a Big-Bang was replaced by a Big Bounce originating from the collapse of the previous universe ([9], [14], [39] - [41]).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[4] viXra:2403.0104 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-21 20:16:15
Authors: George Coman
Comments: 17 Pages.
In general, fluids in motion or at rest tend to minimize their surface area due to their surface tension. It is shown that kinetic energy flow through space-time experience the same Plateau-Rayleigh instability observed in fluid dynamics. Energy, space-time act like fluids, and the space-time reaction to the energy action is the equivalent of an interface tension between energy and space-time. Energy cannot continuously flow through space-time due to an energy-space-time Plateau-Rayleigh instability, space-time compression (contraction) on kinetic energy direction of motion induces an energy wave like motion (a space-time compression wave acting as kinetic energy waveguide), the particle or energy packet must follow when moving through space-time, the reason for the observed wave-particle duality. Quantum phenomenon is simply a consequence of the space-time compression on kinetic energy direction of motion. Kinetic energy and space-time are fluids and energy quanta can reach a critical point when energy quanta can change from linear to circular motion and assume a spherically symmetrical shape (the minimum surface area possible to minimize the tension at the space-time energy interface ) and so it condensates as mass energy. It is shown that energy quanta to mass transformation occurs via Plateau—Rayleigh energy-space-time instability and it is governed by an energy-space-time Young-Laplace equation. Electric field lines are described as space contraction energy shock waves induced by a dynamic space-time phase transition at maximum kinetic energy-space-time interface tension which is the "charge". Space-time always reacts to the presence of energy and that reaction is the interface tension at the energy-space-time boundary : gravitational & electric energy fields are consequences of energy-space-time interface tension ( at either rest or kinetic energy boundary ) also governed by an energy-space-time instability Young-Laplace equation. Gravitational constant G and the fine structure constant ∝ are respectively, the energy interface fields interaction constants. The Strong force is a consequence of a direct contact between the nucleon's energy-space-time interface tension fields and has no interaction constant. The range and variation in the strength of the Strong force is due to Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[3] viXra:2403.0061 [pdf] replaced on 2024-07-12 11:00:36
Authors: Holger Döring
Comments: 7 Pages.
In an uncomplicated manner a quantum-lineelement of the local tangent-spacetime of Minkowski-type can be derived from a fundamental form of physical analysis. This term includes a variable that can be interpreted as a combination of Ricci -scalar and cosmological constant. In this method, the Planck - constant is included in the lineelement-form in a natural manner. If this ansatz is seen as real from first principles, then classical Minkowski-lineelement is wrong. So because this is the limiting case for GRT without gravity, quantum gravity-equations must also be false and modified. Local invariant Lorentz-Planck- transformations can be derived for certain special conditions of the velocity values. This exploration of quantum in tangential-spacetime may lead to a deeper understanding of gravity quantization.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2403.0056 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-13 05:36:11
Authors: David Brown
Comments: 2 Pages.
In July 2017 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Professor Nima Arkani-Hamed gave a lecture entitled "Where in the World are SUSY & WIMPS?" — is it possible that evidence for SUSY occurs not in the form of particles, but in the form of paradoxical MOND inertia caused by multiverse boundary conditions? Can MOND-string theory explain MOND’s empirical successes?
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1] viXra:2403.0002 [pdf] submitted on 2024-03-01 22:11:27
Authors: Angel Garces Doz
Comments: 7 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please use a shorter/concise title and avoid repetition/regurgitation))
The first string theory was a purely 26-dimensional bosonic theory. He did not implement fermions. But there is a notable empirical fact that seems to indicate that these twenty-six dimensions could refer to the number of elementary particles of the standard model on the energy scale of the Higgs vacuum. Or maybe that there really are 26 dimensions, 22of them compacted into circles. Perhaps there is some ingredient that can convert the original 26-dimensional purely bosonic string theory intoa string theory with bosons and fermions. A mass that could be either the scale of the unification energy or even the mass of gravitino, and even that of the magnetic monopole. We do not know. In this work we obtainthe value of a mass in the way indicated in the title of this article. The Gaussian system of units is used to obtain the dimensions of the electric charge as a function of mass, length and time.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
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