Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Exploring the Potential Shifts in Our Understanding of Space and Time Through Quantum Gravity

Authors: Riddhiman Bhattacharya
Comments: 12 Pages.

In this paper, I tried to provide an overview of how various quantum gravity approachesprompt us to reconsider our understanding of space and time. The primary focus hasbeen on two prominent contenders: string theory and loop quantum gravity. However,it’s important to bear in mind that these theories remain unverified and lack a universallyaccepted consensus.As we navigate through these ideas, it becomes evident that our conventional notionsof space and time might necessitate a fundamental shift. The very fabric of spacetimecould reveal intricacies that challenge our prior assumptions. Moreover, our explorationwill encompass diverse viewpoints on the nature of time within the realm of quantumgravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Some Speculations on Black Hole Evaporation and Quantum Gravity

Authors: Randolph L. Gerl
Comments: 41 Pages.

A possible way to understand the preservation of information during black hole evaporation is explored and a new approach to quantizing General Relativity is considered. Black holes, like all physical objects, are subject to the energy-time uncertainty principle which means their spacetime characteristics must have quantum uncertainty. It is conjectured that this quantum uncertainty is what permits the escape of energy and information from black holes. It is further conjectured that spacetime and mass-energy can be quantized together (here termed metric quanta) by replacing spaces based on the real number line with a quantum information state. Eigenvalues of operators that act on the information state characterize the metric quanta and this means that differential equations do not ultimately describe nature. A formulation of General Relativity is explored that uses a quantization procedure which replaces the basis vectors for curvilinear coordinate systems with operators that act on the information state of the cosmos. This paper concludes with the possibility that these ideas can eventually be made into a workable theory.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Quantum Gravity from Dimensional Analysis of the Planck Scale

Authors: Thiago Campos Araújo
Comments: 125 Pages.

This article is proposed to demonstrate in an informal and conceptual way that the equations of Quantum Mechanics are derived from the dimensional analysis of Planck units, this gives the possibility of extracting the equations of Quantum Gravity through the same process of reverse engineering, although it seems something simple this is extremely powerful for visualizing the possibility of a unification.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

A Proposal for Pilot Experiments on Gravitational Levitation

Authors: J. W. A. Zwart
Comments: 5 Pages.

The purpose of this proposal is the disentanglement between tangential and radial energy stored around a gravitational source. Due to the disentanglement the attraction to a pilot mass is destroyed in the sense of quantum mechanical exchange between radial and tangential pseudo vector clusters. In other words the pilot mass levitates or hovers, no air involved, above the surface of Earth. Some precursor experiments are needed before the gravitational levitation is possible. Firstly the propagation of the electromagnetic power through all kind materials has to be researched. After this and understanding the power loss process then g-levitation is just a matter increasing the power cross section to the impact of the Earth surface.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Why Einstein Was Right About Unified Field Theory?

Authors: Tomasz Kobierzycki
Comments: 9 Pages. Final Version

Goal of physics is to arrive at new theory still rooted in old theory. From Newtonian physics to Einstein and most probably to quantum gravity and then to unified field theory that is most accepted view on how physics theories should progress. But what if this assumption is not true?What if from Newton to Einstein and then to Extended Einstein? What if final step does not take into account quantum physics? This seems absurd at first but I will explore this possibility. First question that arises is that basics or fundamental physics should stay at basic level same, basic physics is classical physics and then from it Relativity emerges as result of Maxwell equations. Then a new physic is born, quantum physics that changes the view of classical physics into probability theory with no way to say what will happen exactly.This approach was most successful theory of twenty century and to this day proves itself with amazing accuracy. On the other side of physics there is another successful theory that is general relativity, that proves itself with any experiment. But both theories are incomplete, quantum physics lacks gravity, relativity breaks down at singularities that emerge from it in crucial of universe evolution moment that is the moment of big bang itself.Most physics community effort goes into trying to quantize gravity one way or another, or in general unify quantum physics with gravity and extensions of standard model. But there should be equal amount of tries to do the opposite, try to make quantum physics consistent with gravity first. By that I mean that quantum should be relativized same way theory of relativity needs to be quantized.My approach will be even another one, I will assume that only step forward is to extend relativity into more general theory without need to quantize it at all. And that its generalization will be good enough to explain quantum effects. This may seem absurd at first but as I will show it gives pretty good results and in general is a good but very complicated model of spacetime curvature.Field a physical field should be threat as field a continuous one with no gaps with empty parts of that field. Same should apply to matter field, matter should be threat as one field that is continuous in all space and that is goal of this work.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Close-Orbiting Black Hole Pairs Are Macroscopic Quantum-Gravitational Systems. or Quantum Mechanics is Invalid.

Authors: Warren D. Smith
Comments: 17 Pages.

Close-orbiting black hole pairs with near-equal masses M≈m are a new kind of macroscopic quantum object because they have inherent mass-uncertainty ΔM_total>(M+m)/380. That makes them the largest and heaviest macroscopic quantum systems ever found, the first observable physical system plausibly requiring quantum gravity for an accurate description, and the first which plausibly will enable learning about quantum gravity via direct observation. Lengths and times measured in the vicinity also should have relative uncertainties⪆1/380. To show that, we combine (1) rigorous forms of the energy-time uncertainty principle with (2) graviton-emission rate estimates – large rates force high mass-uncertainties ΔM; and more gravitons are emitted during 1 hour of super-super hole tight orbiting than the total count of non-graviton particles in the observable universe.

Perhaps you think it crazy anything that huge can have this large inherent mass, length, or time uncertainties. If so, then you interpret this as a paradox or crisis which needs resolution via adding some extra ingredient to today's laws of physics. The penultimate section, added for the third draft, proposes as that extra ingredient: the ΔEΔt uncertainty relations lose their validity when ΔE exceeds order 1 in Planck units, and explains how that is predicted by the author's "Cloud QFT" theory. The final section,added for the fourth draft, covers the "Copenhagen controversy" and related data analysis, which I wish the LIGO team would publicly perform every time instead of ignoring.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory

Unruh Effects, Hawking Black Hole Evaporation, Quantum Corrected Larmor Formula, Numbers of Particles in Curved Spacetime: "Same-Same, But Just a Bit Different"

Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 29 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.

This paper explains the origin of the Unruh Temperature, in terms of disagreements, on the number of particles encountered between accelerated and inertial observers, and relates it to the conventional approach of Unruh accelerated detectors. It is not a new explanation.However, we argue that the same explanation applies to justify why (massive) accelerated charged particles radiate, leading to the Larmor formula, including its QED versions. We contend that not just the quantum corrections, but also the classical part, are just equivalent to the Unruh effects. It also explains why Hawking black hole radiation includes contributions both from particles escaping on the black hole horizon, and from particles created, by spacetime curvature changes, between the horizon and the asymptotic infinite away from the black hole. It is also why observers can’t agree on the number of particles present in a curved spacetime. The use of these phenomena to explain the full Larmor radiation formula, and the Hawking radiation derivation options may not be widely known. In fact, at the difference of recently published popular science articles about alleged first observation of Unruh radiations, the present paper argues that Unruh radiations have been observed from a long time: whenever an accelerated (massive) charged particle radiates, like for example in a radio source, antenna, or oscillator. In fact, the Larmor radiation can be extended to any Yang Mills interactions for accelerated massive particles, based on the Unruh effect. It has consequences on particle decays, with now the possibility for example that an "accelerated proton" decays due to the Unruh effect. We ruled out such decays in an inertial frame, but when accelerated, it is possible, and it still does not support GUTs.The paper also introduces the notion of Larmor gravitation radiation, that it exemplifies with frame dragging General Relativity (GR) effects, and the universe spacetime memory. It is then extended also to all the other interactions: QED, QCD, Electroweak. As a digression, we conclude that radiation when electron jump down to a lower level of energy in an atom are also Larmor radiations. Similarly, we present some considerations on the Schwinger effects and its relation to all this.We conclude with some multi-fold universe considerations, based on the microscopic composition of the spacetime of multi-fold universes (massless Higgs boson, including why gravity and entanglement break the Reeh-Schielder theorem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory