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[15] viXra:2303.0161 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-29 21:41:09
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 21 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. In QFTs, scattering amplitudes are perturbatively computed using Feynman diagrams. Recent work showed that classical scattering of massive or charged particles, or objects, and resulting wave radiation, are classically fully characterized by up to the five-point tree-level diagrams. All the loop and other order diagrams contribute quantum corrections. We explain such results in multi-fold universes. Furthermore, doing so we detail how gravitons are unphysical quasi-particles, a key difference with gauge interactions that also results into gravity QFT/EFT non renormalizability. Yang Mills theory and gravity have many commonalities, including the double copy behavior in scattering amplitude. Besides relating this behavior to Kaluza Klein, and space time matter induction, the paper shows not only how double copy is compatible with multi-fold mechanisms, but also argues that it implies the multi-fold emergence of gravity from (virtual) entangled particle pairs, which is at the core of the multi-fold mechanisms. Furthermore, gravity contains Yang Mills, as implication of its square root of scattering amplitudes. Also, it explains why one therefore also can derive, under the right conditions, Yang Mills from the Hilbert Einstein action, as are encountered by superstrings when adding a conformance condition. As announced by the title, we show how these results imply that GR is obtained, at the scale of the SM, from the kinematics of SM, i.e., from Yang Mills, (massless) particles. It validates one of the a priori arbitrarily imposed axiom of the multi-fold theory, and provides a microscopic explanation for the double copy behavior, which so far is unjustified in conventional QFT or superstrings. This way, the paper explains how Yang Mills contains gravity / GR, and, conversely, quantum gravity / GR contains Yang Mills, so that the E/G conjecture is satisfied. A microscopic mechanism to explain the Ultimate Unification (UU) is also discussed.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[14] viXra:2303.0154 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-28 00:55:02
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 32 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation
The paper explains sometimes in simplified terms, sometimes in more details the principles that motivate and are behind the Multi-fold theory. It provides an overview of some of the key results in particular the SMG, i.e., the Standard Model with gravity effects non-negligible at its scales.In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, which is Lorentz invariant, and where spacetime nodes, and particles, can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model (SM) resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without new Physics other than gravity. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model.Recent work shows that the multi-fold theory can be encountered in GR at Plank scales, in spacetime quantization starting from the Hilbert Einstein action, and in the equivalence principle of suitable quantum reference frames in relational quantum physics. Conversely, GR and Quantum physics, including path integrals, the Born rule, and wave functions, can be recovered through different paths from multi-fold spacetime reconstruction and the W-type multi-fold hypothesis. The main principles of the multi-fold theory are that while in GR spacetime tells matter how to move; matter tells spacetime how to curve, when adding Quantum Physics with entanglement, we also impose a non-local wave function behavior, and Lorentz invariance imposes no supra-luminosity. As a result, gravity is the result of spacetime going out of its way, and contorting , to support such requirements, as demanded by the content of the universe. The multi-fold theory is about explaining and reconciling this, and all the consequences of it. These include the SMG, i.e., the Standard Model where gravity is non-negligible at its scales, multi-fold dark matter and energy, the E/G factual conjecture. The SMG potentially explains many problems with the SM.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[13] viXra:2303.0147 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-24 21:16:45
Authors: Amal Kumar Ghosh
Comments: 23 Pages.
This paper assumes an acquaintance with a new concept of time and gravity to provide a unified field theory. A new mathematical attempt intended to formalise the gravity current and the speed of gravity signal have been shown.The present author starts out from the Theory of Original Gravity and presents to unified field theory in a simple manner. This paper includes the formulations of quantum theory, pseudo-Riemannian manifold, four-gradient operator and Lorentz-invariant interval as a notable mathematical tools.All of the ideas and matters presented in this paper are mainly based on quantum theory and manifold geometry.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[12] viXra:2303.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-19 02:54:57
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 12 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure, and non-commutative geometry, that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales and semi-classical model remain valid till smaller scale than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as the SMG., the Standard Model (SM) with gravity non-negligible at its scales. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the SM, and the Standard Cosmological Model, without new Physics other than gravity. Over the last 20 years, a set of papers have introduced studies that indicate that gravity appears to be the dual of a suitable squared gauge theory: the double copy duality. This property appears through multiple order of perturbations, and multiple loop, and it is conjectured to extend through any order. In this short note, we explain how such a results is actually directly, and globally, i.e. not only perturbatively, or, in other words, to any order, explained by the multi-fold mechanisms behind gravity and entanglement along with the underlying spin-2 symmetry. It physically, and microscopically explains both the double copy duality, and its validity to any order. The results holds for massless gravity and for massive multi-fold gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[11] viXra:2303.0107 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-18 03:45:28
Authors: Christopher H. Pilot
Comments: 32 Pages. 1 Figure, 4 Tables
We work within a Winterberg framework where space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of a two component superfluid/super-solid made up of a vast assembly (sea) of positive and negative mass Planck particles, called planckions. These material particles interact indirectly, and have very strong restoring forces keeping them a finite distance apart from each other within their respective species. Because of their mass compensating effect, the vacuum appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, net energy density or entropy. In addition, we consider two variable G models, where, G, is Newton’s constant, and, G^(-1) , increases with an increase in cosmological time. We argue that there are at least two competing models for the quantum vacuum within such a framework. The first follows a strict extension of Winterberg’s model. This leads to nonsensible results, if G increases, going back in cosmological time, as the length scale inherent in such a model will not scale properly. The second model introduces a different length scale, which does scale properly, but keeps the mass of the Planck particle as, ± the Planck mass. Moreover we establish a connection between ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy, where all three mass densities within the Friedman equation must be interpreted as residual vacuum energies, which only surface, once aggregate matter has formed, at relatively low CMB temperatures. The symmetry of the vacuum will be shown to be broken, because of the different scaling laws, beginning with the formation of elementary particles. Much like waves on an ocean where positive and negative planckion mass densities effectively cancel each other out and form a zero vacuum energy density/ zero vacuum pressure surface, these positive mass densities are very small perturbations (anomalies) about the mean. This greatly alleviates, i.e., minimizes the cosmological constant problem, a long standing problem associated with the vacuum.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[10] viXra:2303.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-11 02:01:46
Authors: Marius Lelong
Comments: 11 Pages.
Since 1905, physics has lost its soul, the intimate contact with reality and reason.The modern era has brought a revolution, a profound change in the representationswe have of the world. But the old classical Newtonian physics is resisting, it hasnot yet said its last word. Throughout this article, we will show that it provides anelegant, clear and precise answer to current questions in physics. Despite appearances,it remains consistent with all the empirical, experimental data that it can explain whilemaintaining a requirement for realism and rationality.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[9] viXra:2303.0048 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-08 02:08:03
Authors: Christopher H. Pilot
Comments: 20 Pages. Submitted for publication
We present a new interpretation of the Higgs field as a composite particle made up of a positive, with, a negative mass Planck particle. According to the Winterberg hypothesis, space, i.e., the vacuum, consists of both positive and negative physical massive particles, which he called planckions, interacting through strong superfluid forces. In our composite model for the Higgs boson, there is an intrinsic length scale associated with the vacuum, different from the one introduced by Winterberg, where, when the vacuum is in a perfectly balanced state, the number density of positive Planck particles equals the number density of negative Planck particles. Due to the mass compensating effect, the vacuum thus appears massless, charge-less, without pressure, energy density, or entropy. However, a situation can arise where there is an effective mass density imbalance due to the two species of Planck particle not matching in terms of populations, within their respective excited energy states. This does not require the physical addition or removal of either positive or negative Planck particles, within a given region of space, as originally thought. Ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy can thus be given a new interpretation as residual vacuum energies within the context of a greater vacuum, where the populations of the positive and negative energy states exactly balance. In the present epoch, it is estimated that the dark energy number density imbalance amounts to, ((n_+ ) ̅-(n_- ) ̅)_Λ=8.52 E-3, per cubic meter, when cosmic distance scales in excess of, 100 Mpc, are considered. Compared to a strictly balanced vacuum, where we estimate that the positive, and the negative Planck number density, is of the order, 7.85 E54 particles per cubic meter, the above is a very small perturbation. This slight imbalance, we argue, would dramatically alleviate, if not altogether eliminate, the long standing cosmological constant problem.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[8] viXra:2303.0045 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-07 02:33:19
Authors: Jesús Sánchez
Comments: 28 Pages.
In this paper, we will use Geometric Algebra to combine the Einstein Field Equations with the Dirac Equation... The muon g-2 discrepancy could be due to gravitational effects (they are in the order of the difference between the measured value and the theoretical value). It is important to remark that the gravitational effects in this regard are due the mass of the muon itself, it is not necessary to include higher gravitational potentials as the Earth or the Sun gravity. Just the muon mass is capable of creating this discrepancy. Also, we have seen how using Geometric algebra it is possible to combine gravitational equations (generally used in tensor formalism) with the Dirac Equation (normally used in Matrix formalism).
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[7] viXra:2303.0037 [pdf] replaced on 2023-10-04 21:19:16
Authors: W. Berckmans
Comments: 10 Pages.
The fine structure constant is a fundamental parameter in Physics and its value and properties must not be in conflict with a candidate Phusical reality model as proposed on viXra ("About Physical Reality"). This document goes one step further and outlines its crucial role in the evolution of our cosmos. It explains the significance in PhR terms of a fixed value of the inverse parameter and calculates its fractional part for matter and contra-matter.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[6] viXra:2303.0034 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 02:54:22
Authors: YoungDae Seo
Comments: 17 Pages.
This paper provides the inevitable principle that string theory can only be the theory of everything. The purpose of this paper is to arrive at the beginning of string theory through the assumption of the fundamental principles, and to apply it to the double-slit experiment to confirm the validity of string theory. According to the fundamental principle postulated in this paper, systems can form or break symmetry by free will. Symmetry formation and symmetry breaking coexist based on the indistinguishability of free will and chance. This fundamental principle inevitably leads to the appearance of strings. Through this, phenomena such as the uncertainty principle and the double-slit experiment can be explained simply. It also explains how the formation and collapse of wave functions occur. String theory can explain not only the hyper-microscopic world, but also the microscopic and macroscopic worlds. The fundamental principle is applied as the only philosophical principle of string theory, where all kinds of mathematical techniques are rampant.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[5] viXra:2303.0031 [pdf] replaced on 2023-03-21 04:45:08
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 22 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/
Two recent papers argue having observationally confirmed that black holes could explain the universe accelerated expansion as sources of such expansion. These papers have generated a large interest in the wider public.The present paper presents arguments against, and a few in favor of such a proposal, as well as some variations on what could happen if the answer to the title was positive. Even if it isn’t.Then, we analyze the proposal in a multi-fold universe, where we can take advantage of more microscopic interpretations. Some could support the new proposal, but overall, most seem to go against it.Our conclusions are that while it might be possible that black holes could explain the acceleration of the universe expansion, because based on solutions to General Relativity (GR), we have more arguments against that view than in favor. It is therefore our conclusion on the matter: it’s a nay.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[4] viXra:2303.0030 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-04 02:57:42
Authors: Lucian M. Ionescu
Comments: 11 Pages.
The idea of using the gauge theory paradigm of the SM to couple Quark-Lepton Model of matter and fields to Space-Time, as an emergent structure, is suggested. The color QCD quark fields, as SU(2)-connections of EM type, allows to define an adapted Space-Time metric compatible with the SU(3)-symmetry. It uses the double role of EM U(1)-connection, with the electric charge of the electron as a 4th color T, aside the RGB quark colors. The Quantum Flavor-Dynamics (Weak Force) corresponds to the break of symmetry due to finite subgroups of symmetry of SU(2), of Platonic type, and plays the role of a theory of transitions of states defined by principal quantum number in 3D, that we call "generation", similar to the case of electron transitions in an atom (2D finite subgroups). Gravity is a nuclear spin-spin dependent interaction, resulting from the fractional electric charge of quarks, as U(1)-components of the quark fields. This allows to derive Newtonian gravity as an emergent force, always attractive, by averaging over quark spin directions, providing a solution to the Hierarchy Problem. The compatibility between the fiber structure (SM Gauge Theory) and base connections (Space-Time and EM) is conjectured to allow in principle to relate the SM and General Relativity. This approach provides a unified approach to the four fundamental interactions. Several other remarks are included, e.g. regarding the relation between the emergent Space-Time approach and String Theory, GUTs, TOEs and Quantum Gravity.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[3] viXra:2303.0025 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-05 04:10:59
Authors: Stephane H. Maes
Comments: 14 Pages. All related details of the projects (and updates) can be found and followed at https://shmaesphysics.wordpress.com/shmaes-physics-site-navigation/.
In a multi-fold universe, gravity emerges from Entanglement through the multi-fold mechanisms. As a result, gravity-like effects appear in between entangled particles, whether they be real or virtual. Long range, massless gravity results from entanglement of massless virtual particles. Entanglement of massive virtual particles leads to massive gravity contributions at very smalls scales. Multi-folds mechanisms also result into a spacetime that is discrete, with a random walk fractal structure and non-commutative geometry that is Lorentz invariant and where spacetime nodes and particles can be modeled with microscopic black holes. All these recover General Relativity (GR) at large scales, and semi-classical models remain valid till smaller scales than usually expected. Gravity can therefore be added to the Standard Model resulting into what we define as SMG. This can contribute to resolving several open issues with the Standard Model without New Physics other than gravity, i.e. no new particles or forces. These considerations hint at an even stronger relationship between gravity and the Standard Model. Multi-folds can be encountered in GR at Plank scales, in spacetime quantization starting from the Hilbert Einstein action, and in the equivalence principle of suitable quantum reference frames in relational quantum physics. Conversely, GR and Quantum physics, including path integrals, the Born rule, and wave functions, can be recovered through different paths from multi-fold spacetime reconstruction and the W-type multi-fold hypothesis. In a multi-fold universe, GR and Quantum Physics are not incompatible, they are just different facets of multi-fold mechanisms, something that neither theory can well model.This paper discusses the implications of the multi-fold spacetime reconstruction, or its encounter in GR, in terms of the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture. We provide a microscopic explanation to the conjecture that becomes factual in a multi-fold universe and relate it to the issues of inflation, black hole physics and Planck scale Physics. The results extend to any universe described by GR, and probably to any universe with minimum length. In fact we see acceptance of TCC as another way to deduce that spacetime must be discrete or with minimum length.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[2] viXra:2303.0024 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-06 04:35:19
Authors: Yvan-Claude Raverdy
Comments: 8 Pages.
We want to show here that it is possible to conceive a theory of gravitation, built with very simple physical notions derived from the most classical mechanics . This is achieved by making the assomption that physical space is a granular fluid medium constitutied by "corpuscles" with infinitesimal energy and dimension and endowed with quantified cooperative properties . We will show that such a point of view can explain the principles on which Relativity is based and recover all its results . It also allow us to understand a quantum character for Newton strenght and shed some light on these mysterious "black objects" .
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
[1] viXra:2303.0023 [pdf] submitted on 2023-03-05 10:11:09
Authors: Michael A. Ivanov
Comments: 5 Pages. Poster contribution to the workshop Witnessing Quantum Aspects of Gravity in a Lab, São Paulo, Brazil, September 23 — 27, 2024.
Some additional features of the low-energy quantum gravity model are described: the presence of anomalous deceleration, the many-valued nature of the luminosity distance, another possibledistance dependence of the redshift and damping of radio waves, and the prohibition on the existence of black holes.
Category: Quantum Gravity and String Theory
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