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[7] viXra:2412.0192 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-31 09:28:43
Authors: Ronen Yavor
Comments: 12 Pages.
This study suggests that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties and proposes a geometric nuclear model to confirm this. The model contains the advantages of the liquid drop, shell, collective and cluster models and can serve as a starting point to an effective field theory process. The main goal at this stage is not necessarily to obtain more accurate results than existing models, but rather to raise the possibility of a tangible interpretation of nuclear and atomic physics and to explore different perspectives of this idea. According to the model, the nucleus generally has an ellipsoidal shape, made up of a three-dimensional lattice of proton-neutron bonds (treated here as a cubic system) and nuclear shells populated by protons, which resemble the atomic shells of the periodic table. The excess neutrons (those not paired with protons) are in the nuclear envelope. First, it is shown that the model is empirically confirmed (to a good approximation) via nuclear mass calculation and a consistent development of the nuclei with filled sub-orbitals. It is then argued that the periodic system is derivable from the model. Furthermore, the spatial nuclear structure is shown to correlate with the covalent atomic radius, and this potentially implies that the nuclear structure determines the atomic properties.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[6] viXra:2412.0178 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-28 23:36:27
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 94 Pages.
STEM (Spin Torus Energy Model) is an energy-centric approach to atomic Physics that is based upon the simple hypothesis that ‘there is only one type of energy-generating material’, and that material is electromagnetic in nature and has been called energen. STEM proposes that, rather than positively charged matter (e.g. positrons and protons) being distinctly different to negatively charged matter (e.g. electrons), all forms of matter are to be related to energen-based structures or various combinations thereof. All fundamental particles, composite particles, electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and matter are thus considered to be derived from and definable in terms of energen concentrations, flow patterns or combinations thereof.STEM is a pragmatic approach whose ‘proof of concept’ has been in terms of how well it sits with existing mathematical theory (such as the QM wave equations), existing experimental observations, and the theory behind the practical applications of the applied Science and engineering areas. STEM has resulted in physical models for fundamental and composite particles but, being a pragmatic approach, very little new mathematical theory has accompanied its development. Whereas conventional Atomic Physics tends to be disjointed and conflicted, the beauty of the STEM approach is that it provides consistent seamless explanations across the applied Science areas.This paper is the first of three volumes covering a wide range of Physics-related phenomena. Volume 1 proposes and develops a toroidal structure for the electron, and applies it to explain electricity and electromagnetism. Volume 2 addresses atomic structure, developing a structure for quarks, nucleons and atomic nuclei. Volume 3 addresses the physical nature of light and related forms of electromagnetic radiation (EMR).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[5] viXra:2412.0144 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-23 02:20:22
Authors: Bijon Kumar Sen, Subha Sen
Comments: 16 Pages. 7 Figures; 1 Table
Forces operative in the universe have so long been considered to be pull of particles towards their own both in small and long range. From the properties of short-range nuclear attractions, characteristics such as particle independence, saturation, pair and pairs of pair formation have been developed. Consideration of scattering of atoms by different types of projectiles show that Rutherford’s atomic structure which was modified by Bohr imposing quantum condition does not satisfy known facts. Thus, photons can scatter extranuclear electrons but not powerful enough to scatter nucleons. Although, α- particles and slow neutrons are able to scatter nucleons leading to β+ and β- emission, the neutron- β-neutrino scattering proposed by Fermi poses some difficulties. To cap all these, there is the restriction imposed by de Broglie’s hypothesis that nucleus is neither a repository nor a manufacturer of electrons. To account for all these restrictions, it was found that Dirac’s suggestion of particles and anti-particles in which nucleons are embedded may be fruitfully utilized. Thus, an atomic structure based on modification of Rutherford-Bohr model has been put forward.Triggering impulse of β- emission may be related to the gluon field which holds the binding energy till the point of overstretching of the mass of the quark involved.Key-words: Universal Forces, Short- and Long-range Forces, Characteristics of Nuclear Forces, Modified Atomic Structure including Dirac’s and de Broglie’s Ideas.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[4] viXra:2412.0068 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-11 21:11:22
Authors: David Lindsay Johnson
Comments: 2 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: An abstract is required scientific references should be listed)
The geometry and size proposed for the toroidal STEM electron model satisfies the QM wave equations and produces a classical (or Newtonian Physics) estimate of angular momentum and g-factor that corresponds to QM’s ‘intrinsic’ spin estimate and associated g-factor.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[3] viXra:2412.0039 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-07 17:46:46
Authors: Norbert Buchholz
Comments: 51 Pages.
In the model of atomic nuclei presented here, we assume cubic protons and neutrons, with a classical structure of positrons and electrons. With this concept, stable nuclei can be constructed on a purely electrostatic basis, without the postulate of a strong nuclear force nor quarks and gluons, by assuming that the electrons are located on average 1/3 between neighboring nucleons, so that the 1/6 e+ of the neighboring positron charges are compensated and, in addition, stable electrostatic binding is generated. This also leads to the neutron rule, which states that 1/3 neutron must be available for each contact surface (inner surface). The structure of the nuclei is based on the simple principle of a modular system that consists only of the four basic building blocks D, T, He4, Be9 and single nucleons. When the basic building blocks are combined, new structures are created along the stacking direction, the mass defects of which are known or can be easily calculated. From this, the mass defects of the nuclides can be derived quite accurately. The relative errors of these calculations are smaller than those of the Bethe-Weizsäcker model by a factor of 10 and are excellent, especially in the range of smaller nuclei, where the droplet model only provides moderately good results. The basic building blocks mentioned above can be joined in different ways, which causes different structures along the stacking sequences and thus different mass defects. Our model thus leads to a substructure of the isotopes, which we have called isomeric structural variants or, more briefly, structural isomers. These differ by about 1 — 30 10-30 kg. Their mass differences are thus smaller by a factor of 100 — 1000 than those of the isotopes. Nevertheless, we assume that these structural isomers can be isolated and quantified, which would not only be extremely important for the verification of this model, but would also enable a very precise calculation of the isotope masses. Another very interesting point is that the composition of the isotopes with even and those with odd mass numbers follows completely different structural lines. The former all consist of stacked α particles and, where necessary, additional single nucleons. The latter isotopes are all derived from N15, which is formed by two intertwined Be9 rings. Adding two protons and neutrons produces the F19, a 33 cube with missing cornerstones, which can now be extended as desired by adding nucleons in pairs at the periphery, thus representing the core structure of all isotopes with an odd mass number.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[2] viXra:2412.0017 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 20:51:04
Authors: Hui Liu
Comments: 3 Pages. (Note by viXra Admin: Please cite and list scientific references)
Controlled nuclear fusion, as a potential solution for clean energy, achieves its controllability primarily through an energy counteraction mechanism. Based on the framework of energy counteraction, this paper explores the contradiction between energy surplus and controllability in controlled nuclear fusion. The research indicates that while controlled nuclear fusion is theoretically feasible, existing technologies face significant challenges in simultaneously achieving energy surplus and system stability. Therefore, the conclusion of this paper is that, at present, the feasibility of controlled nuclear fusion is extremely low.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[1] viXra:2412.0014 [pdf] submitted on 2024-12-05 21:00:57
Authors: Xianzhong Cheng
Comments: 11 Pages.
Objective: This study aims to reanalyze the essence of nuclear force and elucidate the genuine structure of atomic nuclei.Method: We employ an approach that encompasses the examination of nuclear mass loss, sub-nucleon constituents and dynamic nucleus behavior. Conclusion: Our findings challenge the conventional view of nuclear forces as fundamental forces and propose a dynamic crystal-like structure for atomic nuclei.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
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