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[4] viXra:2312.0155 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-29 20:29:55
Authors: Nigel B. Cook
Comments: 26 Pages.
This paper reviews the declassified technical data in the official book "Britain and the H-Bomb". Secrecy-cleared UK thermonuclear warhead historian Lorna Arnold (and her assistant Katherine Pyne) in the UK official history "Britain and the H-Bomb" summarized Atomic Weapons Establishment secret data on UK thermonuclear warhead design tests up to the early interchanges of H-bomb data with America, in 1958-59. The book's information clarifies beyond any doubt the role of plastic foams in dispersing x-rays in the British type of weapon with an isotropically compressed spherical secondary stage, as opposed to the USA use of foam as simply a "radiation mirror" to re-radiate soft x-rays onto the cylindrical Teller Sausage secondary stage requiring only axial compression. Comparing this information to declassified double-primary Russian nuclear warhead design data (see nukegate.org for that) conclusively confirms the different merits of different approaches. This information should be available to inform public debate on not merely whether we have a nuclear deterrent that is efficient and cost effective, but the designs we really need; whether they come from a secrecy-obsessed groupthink culture that drives warhead design into an expensive, inefficient, incredible dead end; or radical, innovative, cheap, credible designs. A summary is given in Fig. 1 of this paper.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[3] viXra:2312.0070 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-13 20:20:50
Authors: V. G. Bondarev, L. V. Migal
Comments: 19 Pages.
The structure of light atomic nuclei, such as hydrogen, helium and lithium nuclides, was studied based on the cluster approach. Atomic nuclei are formed as systems consisting of free and bound lovetons, as well as neutron electrons and electron-positron pairs. The work focuses on the mass of the atomic nucleus and its binding energy as the main basic characteristics. There were determined the mechanisms considered binding nucleons into clusters, as well as the main patterns of changes in binding energy depending on the structure of the nucleus.As part of this study, atomic nuclei were visualized and the dependence of the nuclear binding energy on the number of lovetons, electron-positron pairs and neutron electrons was revealed. The possibility of forming a shell structure of an atomic nucleus consisting of cluster associations of α-particles has been shown. An algorithm for constructing the structure of the atomic nucleus is presented. The conditions for choosing the number of nuclear elements included in the atomic nucleus are determined. As additional results, an estimate of the binding energies of hypothetical hydrogen nuclides 8H and 9H was obtained, and their mass formulas were constructed. The charge radii of a number of hydrogen, helium and lithium nuclides have been calculated. The possibility of using the spiral structure of nuclei instead of the shell representation has been revealed. The nature of the occurrence of the binding energy of the atomic nucleus is explained. Comparison of the obtained values of binding energies and charge radii with experimental data allows us to assert an adequate approach to the formation of the structure of the atomic nucleus.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[2] viXra:2312.0055 [pdf] replaced on 2023-12-18 19:58:00
Authors: Gang Chen, Tianman Chen, Tianyi Chen
Comments: 38 Pages. 11Figures, in Chinese.
This paper is written in Chinese. It was originally written in Chinese from December of 2017 to March of 2018, and was registered for copyright in the end of March of 2018. In this paper, we originally presented two scientific principles. One is that the chirality (represented by a pair of hands) could be scientifically abstracted to a counterclockwise circle and a clockwise circle corresponding to the right hand and the left hand respectively, and hence should be mathematically expressed as +2π and -2π, ie, chirality=+2π/-2π. The other is that a circle should be divided into 420 degrees instead of the traditional 360 degrees, so the chirality (a pair of hands) should correspond to +420 degrees and -420 degrees or 840 degrees in total, ie, chirality=840°. As there are right-handers and left-handers in human beings, the complete chirality including these two situations (±chirality) should actually correspond to ±2π and ∓2π or ±840 degrees, ie, ±chirality=±840°. The number of 840 can be expressed with its factors in the form of 840=1(2 4 8)(3 5 7), and the products of (2 4 8) times 1 and (3 5 7) or (2 4 8) are called stable numbers of chirality, in which 56 (8×7) is the biggest and most stable. As the atomic nuclei are located in the space or time-space which has the feature of chirality, we suppose that they live in the space of ±840 degrees, so the stable numbers (the magic numbers) in atomic nuclei are products of (2 4 8) times 1 and (3 5 7) or (2 4 6 8), their double numbers and so on, in which the most stable is 56. When the numbers of proton, neutron and total nucleon in atomic nuclei are equal to these stable numbers, these nuclei are stable, so the most stable nuclide is Fe56 and the natural terminus of the atomic elements is the 112th element Cn*. These stable numbers in atomic nuclei correspond to the hands of human beings and to Chinese metrical poetry because they all are derived from the theory of 840 degrees as stated above.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
[1] viXra:2312.0042 [pdf] submitted on 2023-12-08 21:18:28
Authors: Garry Goodwin
Comments: 3 Pages. Eq 5 and Eq 6 are the centrepiece of this note
In this note a model is put forward whereby the proton has mass and charge shell radii in the ratio 1:1.68. The fine structure constant is proportional to the thickness of the shell. Two new formulae for calculating �� are introduced. Eq 5 and Eq 6 are the centrepiece of this note. These make use of the usual set of fundamental constants, including the proton / electron mass ratio. Eq 6 gives the same value for $alpha$ as standard formulae. However, it is suggested that in an optimal physics, this method with reasonable confidence, gives a slightly lower value for �� reliable to 12 decimal places, i.e., $0.007297352566$. Whether this is the actual fine structure constant depends on the veracity of the model and the accuracy of the proton /electron mass ratio.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics
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