Nuclear and Atomic Physics

2105 Submissions

[3] viXra:2105.0086 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-15 06:47:46

Nuclear Valence Shell

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 6 pages, 2 tables, 3 figures

The study proves that the outer protons of the atomic nucleus form a shell. It determines the chemical properties of an atom because it shields the electric field of internal protons. Therefore, it can be called a Nuclear Valence Shell (NVS). The full NVS contains 8 protons. This corresponds to a 4-dimensional space inside nucleus with 2 protons in each dimension and explain Octet rule of periodic table of elements.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[2] viXra:2105.0067 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-12 11:03:46

Octet Rule and Space

Authors: Ilgaitis Prūsis, Peteris Prūsis
Comments: 5 pages, 3 figures

In contemporary physics and chemistry Octet rule states that an atomic shell is complete if it has eight electrons. It follows that there are eight basic groups in the periodic table of elements. Attempts to explain why there are exactly 8 groups are unsuccessful. The paper shows that it is determined by the structure of the atomic nucleus. There is a 4-dimensional space in the nucleus of an atom. It follows that a nuclear shell can contain 8 protons according to the Pauli principle. This corresponds to 8 groups in the periodic table. The atom is located in a 3-dimensional space. Therefore, the outer shell (8 electrons) may have 2 subshells p (6 electrons) and s (2 electrons).
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics

[1] viXra:2105.0059 [pdf] submitted on 2021-05-11 04:25:26

Kinetic Capacity Effect of Photons and Rest Mass Particles, and a Relativistic Rest Mass Model

Authors: Viktor Schatz
Comments: 15 Pages.

In an Einstein like gedanken experiment, the relativistic changes of energies of a photon and a rest mass particle caused by the same relative movement were compared and it was found, that the same relative movement was causing very different energetic changes on the photons and rest mass particles: photons have significantly more “capacity” for kinetic energy. To explain this phenomena, which could be named kinetic capacity effect, a physical model of a “folded and looped photon” was created and checked quantitatively through relativistic Doppler effect for kinetic and total energies, and for linear momentum. De Broglie’s material wave was identified as modulation wave of two interfering waves of the correlated half photons inside of the particle, resulting in known group and phase velocities. Photons themselves were not changed in physical description, so Quantum Mechanics will stay in use with them, and Special Relativity has now extended abilities for entering into particles, opening a way through discussed model to unify both theoretical worlds. For the moment, the two classical theories, waves and relativity, have confirmed exact the hypothesis of present model.
Category: Nuclear and Atomic Physics