Mind Science

Heuristics of Numerical and Conceptual Systems. Characteristica Universalis

Authors: Carles UDINA i COBO
Comments: 11 Pages.

We remember the historical vicissitudes, during more of thousand years -for simple intolerance and dogmatism- that had to pass until the efficient positional numerical systems could be implemented, but that in only four centuries have made possible the emergence of science and current technology. Three centuries ago LEIBNIZ analyzed these systems, such as the binary positional system for calculating (thus being a precursor of computer science), and was aware of the limitations of human languages, ambiguous and ambiguous, so he proposed the need for a "Characteristica universalis" common and integrative of all languages, which was analogous to the accuracy and intuitiveness of positional number systems. He sensed the difficulty of achieving it, but at the same time its ease of learning and use, as well as its communicative utility. At his death, after several failed attempts -and therefore the erroneous belief that it was not possible- this article explains that yes, it is possible such "Characteristica" and how it has been achieved. It was between 1984 and 1996 I analyzing the intrinsic characteristics of human thought and its languages on the basis of an innovative interdisciplinary methodology, integrating linguistics (semiology and semantics), psychology, neurology, mathematics and computer science. The possibility of defining concepts exactly, even the most virtual ones such as human psychic (i.e. mental) faculties, also makes it possible to bring order to the current ambiguities of psychology and pedagogy. A computer simulator, resulting from the same analysis, unequivocally demonstrates this tricentennial achievement regardless of whether or not its functioning is understood (a computer or a cell phone works, so no one doubts its complex technology and scientific basis). It has been transferred to the article "Children's Knowledge at the age of 2 years" (see Bibliography) several mathematical explanations about the analogy (permitted by the algebraic extension) of the exact positional numerical systems, to the conceptual system (exact and intrinsic) on which the "Characteristica universalis" is based. More than a thousand years had to pass before positional number systems became widely used (7th to 18th centuries). How long will it take to implement the Characteristica universalis (or Conceptual system [exact and intrinsic])?
Category: Mind Science

Children's Knowledge at the Age of 2 Years

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 29 Pages.

The emergence of language in children is a phenomenon that is as well known and admired as it is unexplained. We know more and more about every field, but we do not know how this human knowledge can be produced and structured in our own psyche. It has already been said that this inconsistency is the biggest ‘black hole’ in our extensive scientific knowledge. The first steps of this cognitive and linguistic process, which is at the basis of human civilization, are presented here. With total ignorance of current science, at just 2 years old and intuitively, through the transfer of psychomotor faculties, children exercise their first two specific cognitive faculties, union and complement, which allow them to construct "Short Exact Algebraic Sequences" (SEAC) in their simplest conception and CAUCHY Sequences of three or more levels, which allow them to establish tree-like structures of exact concepts. BOOLE (and especially his wife Mary EVEREST) was more important as a psychologist than as a mathematician, by contributing three of these first steps, which are the most common producers of concepts. The intuitive tree implies two more faculties: belonging and inclusion.Later, from the age of three onwards, contributions such as Freud's "Bahnungen," similarly ignored by linguistics, will add new specific faculties.And the most extraordinary thing is that at the age of two, children intuitively manage mathematical structures that many years later university students learn with difficulty. These are the first links between language and mathematics -two disciplines that until now have been irreconcilable- such as the aforementioned mathematical concepts, which in turn involve an "Algebraic Extension" (from algebra to semantics), and others such as topology and limits, systems of n-equations with n unknowns, algebraic duality (at age 6), etc. Thus, we can begin to define an intrinsic semantics that underlies human language.With the appropriate pedagogy, children should be facilitated and stimulated to build a tree structure of concepts (a structure analogous to the positional number systems). Never as isolated and unstructured concepts or groups of concepts (such as Roman numeration), which is the current teaching situation.Tree structures are fully intuitive because they are integrated in all living beings, in their structures (anatomical, functional, ...), and previously in material structures in general. That is why positional numerical systems are intuitive and infinitely more efficient than others such as Roman numeration (numeration that until it was not replaced by positional numerical systems prevented the emergence of current mathematical thought, current science and technology, current economy, ...).The concepts of such a tree structure they should be generated exactly from each other, as first-order logical propositions (by means of "Short exact algebraic sequences, which, as will be seen, are intuitive because of their tree effects).On the contrary, the current culture represses these relational intuitions, generating the well-known problems of lack of understanding and school failure. More specifically, the two main problems that are most widely recognized (PISA, etc.), and which begin at the age of 2, are:1) difficulty in learning mathematics,2) deficits in comprehension among adults (verbal, written, etc., leading to functional illiteracy);and due to:A) lack of stimulation of intuitive conceptual relationability (which is the basis of understanding) andB) repression of the remarkable mathematical intuition that children already have at this age, but which is ignored.From this point onwards, at later ages, the decisive contribution of human perception can be correctly added (from the age of three). And later on, the progression in all possible relationability (the basis of the aforementioned understanding and comprehension), forming an efficient, compact and complete conceptual system. All this prevents the possible distortion of subjectivity in thought and the emotions, which can lead to a lack of criteria, to mental fragility, or to absurdity and stupidity.All of the above is independent of the essential emotional, motivational and organizational environment provided by the family and education, but given this cognitive efficiency, the observation and explicit use of these early intuitions would lead to a dramatic increase in motivation and self-esteem in children.Furthermore, this would enable us to begin to resolve the three-century-old challenge that LEIBNIZ intuited and advocated in his ‘Characteristica universalis’.
Category: Mind Science

Two Cases of Stuttering Responsive to Benzodiazepine-Based Anxiolytics and Stellate Ganglion Block Therapy

Authors: Toshiro Takami
Comments: 6 Pages.

We report two cases of stuttering that responded temporarily but dramatically to benzodiazepine-based anxiolytics and stellate ganglion block therapy.The patients were a 13-year-old male and a 22-year-old male. In both cases, benzodiazepine-derived anxiolytics were discontinued due to their habit-forming nature. One patient continues to take escitalopram 10 mg/day, while the other is currently under observation with stellate ganglion block therapy alone. These two cases suggest that stuttering can be caused by strong anxiety and tension.
Category: Mind Science

Epigenetics: O(n) Emergent Integral Windup and Consciousness

Authors: Luke Kenneth Casson Leighton
Comments: 4 Pages.

Epigenetics is a distributed yet coordinated response to external signals including pathogens. The burning question is: how is the response so successfully coordinated without significant underproduction or overproduction of the antigen? From Distributed Computing the expectation is that the detection mechanism, like the production mechanism and communication mechanism, is also distributed. Single-point of failure is anathemaic (risky): Evolution would quickly weed out the same. This paper proposes that the signaling is inferred and implied: that other nearby cells note and decode the passage of replenishment ions (and other resources) to cells constructing a given antigen, Further, that Negentropy is achieved system-wide through inherent provision of an Integral term from Convolution. Furthermore that the inherent latency of detecting local resource replenishment would mitigate "Integral Windup" (a term from PID Control) at the System-wide level. Hankey notes Coherent O(N) Long-Range Order in Epigenetics, as do Sipling Zhang and di Ventra in Distributed Memory. Inherent Integral Windup would avoid catastrophic instability even when (if the group is large enough) individual O(1) contributors to the O(N) coherence paradoxically have no Integral term. Accidentally from the overall characteristics it is demonstrated that an Epigenetic system meets Definitions of Consciousness, as expected by a display of Negentropy.
Category: Mind Science

World Asymmetry and Consciousness (Aсимметрия мира и сознание)

Authors: Sergey Y. Kotkovsky
Comments: 12 Pages. Russian version of viXra:2504.0169

The studies of weak interactions in physics have revealed a prominent, so-called chiral, asymmetry of our world. More widely known is the asymmetry of particles and antiparticles, which is also connected to chiral asymmetry: we know that all neutrinos are left-chiral. The attempts made by many physicists to restore the symmetry between right and left, i.e. to discover "mirror matter", have not been successful. In live beings the asymmetry manifests itself in male and female, the functioning of the right and left hemispheres of the brain, in phyllotaxis, in algebras of genetic alphabets, and other key phenomena. Our world is fundamentally asymmetric, both in physical and biological sectors. To deal with world asymmetry we have developed chiral algebra that describes skew-symmetric relations. This algebra is proven to successfully work in physical theory of spin. Particularly it allows to formulate in a new way the famous Dirac equation. Within this new representation we can better understand this equation and also discover the noise immunity mechanisms built in it. Chiral algebra uses the apparatus of biquaternions in light-like basis with new types of multiplication and conjugation. Another application of chiral algebra is a model of the genetic code built by the author. This model reflects the genetic code internal symmetries, previously studied in other works. As a result, we put forward the following hypothesis: DNA has a quantum-like biological nature, which is based on an analogue of physical spin, which we call "biospin". The concept of biospin also supports the theory of biological field. We assume that both "inanimate" matter and living beings have field nature. We assume that biological field is a nonlinear extension of electromagnetic field. Within field approach a singularity of the field, having operational and projection nature, becomes the most suitable candidate on the carrier of consciousness. As is known, singularities of electromagnetic field are represented by point-like charge particles such as electron. Paradoxically, these point particles have an internal structure described by spin. Having a structure We find that dimensionless objects have an internal structure and that indicates an "exit" to another space. We claim that living beings are represented by field singularities. They exist simultaneously in two spaces, or worlds — inner and outer. Our consciousness, being a field singularity, carries out the connection between these worlds. Inner world is the space of virtual paths, wave functions and potentialities, while outer world is actual physical world operated by fields.

Исследования слабых взаимодействий в физике выявили заметную, так называемую киральную, асимметрию нашего мира. Более широко известна асимметрия частиц и античастиц, которая также связана с киральной асимметрией: мы знаем, что все нейтрино левокиральны. Попытки многих физиков восстановить симметрию между правым и левым, т. е. обнаружить «зеркальную материю», не увенчались успехом. В живых существах асимметрия проявляется в мужском и женском, в функционировании правого и левого полушарий мозга, в филлотаксисе, в алгебрах генетических алфавитов и других ключевых явлениях. Наш мир фундаментально асимметричен, как в физическом, так и в биологическом секторах. Для борьбы с асимметрией мира мы разработали киральную алгебру описывающая кососимметричные отношения. Доказано, что эта алгебра успешно работает в физической теории спина. В частности, она позволяет по-новому сформулировать знаменитое уравнение Дирака. В рамках этого нового представления мы можем лучше понять это уравнение, а также обнаружить встроенные в него механизмы помехоустойчивости. Киральная алгебра использует аппарат бикватернионов в световом базисе с новыми типами умножения и сопряжения. Еще одним применением киральной алгебры является модель генетического кода, построенная автором. Эта модель отражает внутренние симметрии генетического кода, ранее изученные в других работах. В результате мы выдвигаем следующую гипотезу: ДНК имеет квантово-подобную биологическую природу, которая основана на аналоге физического спина, который мы называем «биоспин». Концепция биоспина также поддерживает теорию биологического поля. Мы предполагаем, что как «неживая» материя, так и живые существа имеют полевую природу. Мы предполагаем, что биологическое поле является нелинейным продолжением электромагнитного поля. В рамках полевого подхода сингулярность поля, имеющая операциональную и проекционную природу, становится наиболее подходящим кандидатом на носитель сознания. Как известно, сингулярности электромагнитного поля представлены точечными заряженными частицами, такими как электрон. Парадоксально, но эти точечные частицы имеют внутреннюю структуру, описываемую спином. Наличие структуры Мы обнаруживаем, что безразмерные объекты имеют внутреннюю структуру, что указывает на «выход» в иное пространство. Мы утверждаем, что живые существа представлены полевыми сингулярностями. Они существуют одновременно в двух пространствах, или мирах — внутреннем и внешнем. Наше сознание, являясь полевой сингулярностью, осуществляет связь между этими мирами. Внутренний мир — это пространство виртуальных путей, волновых функций и потенциальностей, а внешний мир — это реальный физический мир, построенный на полях.
Category: Mind Science

What is Consciousness(-Raising)?

Authors: Carles Udina i Cobo
Comments: 87 Pages.

I decided to write this article in 2007, surprised by the conjectures that were appearing in the scientific field to explain the acquisition of consciousness, as its quantum origin and/or their supposed biological bases. As is also the case with other psychic faculties, "Consciousness" (strictly "Consciousness-raising", as we shall see) it is also undefined, without being clearly differentiated or correctly related to the other faculties. Unlike in the material natural sciences, where concepts are clearly defined (molecule, mammal, ...), in psychology the first problem is definitional ambiguity. From this point on, the rigorousness of the whole of psychology is seriously limited. It is surprising when the explanation starts from something as well known and homonymous as "Bodily consciousness", but -unfortunately- the virtual psyche is a domain traditionally annoying to material science. This is the problem. The physicist Heinrich Rudolf HERTZ wisely said ‘When in science conceptual contradictions are eliminated, our mind, free from bewilderment, will cease to formulate spurious/false questions’. Knowing how to speak is prior to trying to reason. ‘Nor do we [scientists] know what consciousness is. We say that we are conscious beings but we cannot determine exactly what that is’ (S. ZEKI). Despite the omnipresence of consciousness - as manifested by any persona - it is, therefore, one of the most elusive phenomenon for science. Consciousness-raising is, very briefly, ‘a auto-applying complexification (or complexation) of feelings, initiated based in psychomotor skills’, which, among many other applications, supports the subsequent structural levels of thought (and also including the mathematic). The reader will be able to read the first paper that explains it in detail. But first it will be necessary to begin by addressing the above misunderstandings. The article also explains: 1) the faculties that enable the development of mathematics - for many, another of the most important questions to be resolved in the scientific field-, and 2) the functioning of foot reflexology, another phenomenon that is already accepted, but has not been explained until now. With this faculty is understood, it will be easier to read "The kerygma of Thought" (on their structure), from 2007, along with the most recents articles of the Representation of Knowledge. After 18 years, I do not consider it necessary to modify the original text, only to add the necessary additions relating to other subsequent articles of mine.
Category: Mind Science