Linguistics

2410 Submissions

[2] viXra:2410.0173 [pdf] submitted on 2024-10-28 13:19:20

Validity and Soundness Simplified

Authors: Kim Tumlinson Eaton
Comments: 4 Pages.

This paper explores the concepts of validity and soundness within deductive arguments. A deductive argument is valid if its logical form ensures that the premises, if true, make it impossible for the conclusion to be false. Soundness, on the other hand, requires that the argument is valid and that all its premises are true. The distinction between validity and soundness is crucial, as a valid argument can still lead to a false conclusion if its premises are false. Conversely, a sound argument always guarantees a true conclusion. The paper emphasizes the importance of logical form in determining validity, illustrating that similar surface grammar can mask different logical structures. Additionally, it discusses how symbolic logic is used to clarify the relationship between premises and conclusions in formal reasoning. This distinction helps in understanding that while validity concerns the structure of an argument, soundness relates to the truthfulness of its premises. Finally, the paper touches upon the relevance of these concepts in more advanced logical systems, such as mathematical logic.
Category: Linguistics

[1] viXra:2410.0093 [pdf] replaced on 2025-08-27 08:09:17

The Thai-English Student's Dictionary Compiled by Mary R. Haas and the Graphical Law

Authors: Anindya Kumar Biswas
Comments: 21 Pages. A mistake in plotting BW(c=0.01) has been rectified

We study the head words of the Thai-English Student’s Dictionary compiled by Mary R. Haas, wayback in 1964. We draw the natural logarithm of the number of head words, normalised, startingwith a letter vs the natural logarithm of the rank of the letter, normalised. We conclude that the Dictionary can be characterised by BP(4,βH = 0), the magnetisation curve for the Bethe-Peierlsapproximation of the Ising model with four nearest neighbours in the absence of external magnetic field. β is 1/(k_B T)where, T is temperature, H is external magnetic field which is zero and k_B is the tiny Boltzmannconstant.
Category: Linguistics