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[11] viXra:2101.0166 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-27 14:42:11
Authors: Abdelmajid Ben Hadj Salem
Comments: 6 Pages. In French.
In this note, we give the expression of the tolerance of the closure of the horizontal angles of a plane triangle and its numerical estimation for an equilateral triangle.
Category: Geophysics
[10] viXra:2101.0160 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-17 17:10:29
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 14 pages, 60 figures , 1 diagram ; added 2 pages
The magnetic-anomaly- and gravity anomaly- map and geological maps indicate a very old 50 km Impact Crater in the Pilbara Craton near Marble Bar / Western Australia. This impact crater (structure) was formed either by a large asteroid or comet (-fragment) which impacted in the Pilbara Craton ( Western Australia) approx 3 -3.5 billion years (Ga) ago. The impact structure, which probably is connected to the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) Impact Event which happened 3.26 - 3.24 Ga ago in South-Africa, may be responsible for the development of some of the first life-forms on Earth approximately 3.25 Ga ago ! The Geologist Andrew Y. Glikson pointed out, that there seems to be a clear correlation between the Barberton Greenstone Belt (BGB) Impact event 3.26 – 3.24 Ga ago in South-Africa and stratigraphic units of the same age in the Pilbara Craton in West-Australia.
I have used Micro-Raman spectroscopy on quartz samples which I collected north of the assumed Pilbara Crater, and I found first proof for an impact shock event as the probable cause of the described impact structure (see weblink).
Both impact events, the Impact Event in the Pilbara Craton / West-Australia and the BGB Impact Event in the Kaapvaal Craton in South-Africa probably happened at the same time ! It is possible that both impact events were caused by the same impactor, probably a large carbon-rich Comet. This comet probably collapsed just before the impact, and its fragments then formed the BGB impact structure and the Ø 50 km Pilbara Impact Crater structure described in this study, which later led to the Strelley Pool Chert (stromatolite carbonate platform). The development of the oldest known Stromatolites, that were found close to the two impact sites, in all probability was a longterm result of these two impacts and the organic- material which arrived together with the impactor ( comet ) fragments ! Water which ascended from Earth’s mantle after the impact may have contributed to life development.
There are only around 20 documented varieties of stromatolites for the period 2.8 - 3.25 billion years ago. The oldest 3.25 Ga Stromatolites are found in the Hooggenoeg Formation ( Buck Ridge ) / South Africa near the BGB Impact Structure and in the Dresser Formation / West Australia, less than 30 km away from each of the two impact sites !
Category: Geophysics
[9] viXra:2101.0153 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-25 20:05:14
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 8 Pages. 36 figures
Bengal Bay at the center of India’s east coast was formed by an elliptical Impact Crater with the dimensions of ≈ 450 x 380 km. This is indicated by gravitational anomaly- and magnetic anomaly-maps and by satellite- and topographic-maps. The remaining NW-section of the identified Bengal Bay Impact Crater located on the Indian Plate, and the SE-section of the 400 x 350 km elliptical Port Headland Crater located on the ocean-floor in the NW of the Australian Plate probably belong to the same Impact Crater which caused a massive fracture in Earth’s crust and separated India from Australia ≈ 200-250 million years ago.
The assumed trajectory of the Ø 20 to 40 km impactor, which produced this large Impact Crater, indicates that this crater in all probability is a large secondary crater which was caused by the Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event in Siberia 253 million years ago.
The impactor probably was a fragment of the asteroid or comet which caused the PT- Impact Crater. This is indicated by the iron-rich ejecta and ejecta rich in platinum-group elements that was ejected by the Bengal Bay- / Port Headland- Crater and which impacted on the Yilgarn Craton and Pilbara Craton in West-Australia, as traces on the gravity anomaly map indicate. Satellite images of India provide further evidence for this assumption. The linear western border of the Indian Plate was caused by the powerful Ejecta Ray R4 of the Permian Triassic Impact Event. Within this assumed Ejecta Ray R4 two more secondary craters of the PT-Impact Event are located. These are the two impact craters R4/8 with Ø 120 km, and the smaller Mumbai Crater with Ø 25 km ( see images on page 5 & 6 ).
There is strong indication that the Iron-Ore Deposits around Sandur (India) were caused by ejecta material which was ejected by the Mumbai Impact Crater. And the impactor which formed the Mumbai Crater also seems to be a fragment of the original PT-impactor. This is indicated by the 30 km long “drop-shaped” mountain range near Sandur which contains the Sandur Iron-Ore Deposits, and by the orientation of this enormous drop-shaped ejecta-impact-structure. [Truncated by viXra Admin to < 400 words]
Category: Geophysics
[8] viXra:2101.0152 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-25 09:25:44
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 15 pages, 23 figures
The magnetic anomaly map, satellite images and geological maps indicate a Ø 40 x 33 km elliptical Impact Crater and complex impact structures caused by this crater, near Port Headland ( in the Pilbara Craton / West-Australia ). This elliptical Impact Crater probably was formed by a large secondary impactor ( ejecta material ) which was ejected by another larger secondary Crater, in all probability caused by the Permian-Triassic (PT)- Impact Event 253 Ma ago, near Onslow, a town on the NW-coast. The larger secondary Crater near Onslow probably also caused the Iron-ore rich Hammersley Range in Western Australia.
The Ø 40 x 33 km elliptical impact crater near Port Headland shows a distinct center-line on the magnetic anomaly map, which is a clear indication for an oblique impact. That means the impactor which formed the elliptical crater impacted in a very shallow angle of probably less than 15 degrees.
Further along the trajectory of the impactor, complex impact structures were formed by the ejecta material that was ejected from the Ø 40 x 33 km elliptical Impact Crater.
These impact structures are good visible on the satellite images. Near the Goldsworthy Iron-ore mine there are two areas are noticeable where ejecta material impacted on the ground and then slipped along the surface in a precise linear direction. On one of the final resting places of the ejecta material the Mount Goldsworthy Iron Ore Mine deposits were formed, which contained the world’s richest deposits of ferrous (iron)-ore. The high-grade iron-ore veins of this mine ran deep and were graded as high as 68 % !
Another interesting impact structure which was caused by impacting ejecta material, that was ejected from the elliptical crater, is a complex cascade-shaped impact structure. The magnetic anomaly map provides the best overview of this cascade-shaped impact structure, which also was caused by iron-rich ejecta material.
For more information to the Permian-Triassic Impact Event 253 Ma ago, please see my other studies on www.vixra.org ( see weblinks under References on the last page ).
Category: Geophysics
[7] viXra:2101.0136 [pdf] replaced on 2022-03-08 16:19:57
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 14 pages, 86 figures, 1 diagram
The gravity anomaly map of Australia shows traces of a Ø 320 km Impact Crater east of the Cape-York Peninsula. This Impact Crater probably belongs to an impact crater-chain of at least three large craters in the 200–300 km diameter range. That is indicated by different gravity anomaly maps and topographic maps.
The assumed crater-chain in all probability represents a secondary crater chain that was caused by the giant 1270x950 km Permian Triassic Crater around 253 million years ago.
A manipulated gravity anomaly map, where New Guinea was rotated by 45 degree and moved close to the NE-coast of Australia, seems to confirm that this impact event separated New Guinea from the Australian Plate. New Zealand probably was cut-off from the Australian Plate by the same Impact Event. The impact crater chain caused the initial crack, and the later massive outflow of magma from the Cape York Crater was a driver of the separation of New Guinea and New Zealand from Australia. The traces of this assumed outflow of magma from the Cape York Crater (CYC) are clearly visible on the gravity anomaly map and topographic map.
Another indication for the assumed Impact Crater-Chain comes from the triangular shape of the Gulf of Carpentaria in the North of Australia, which probably was formed by the ejecta of another 300 km crater that belongs to the CY-Impact-Crater-Chain.
Proof for the impact event comes from Raman spectroscopy analyses of rock samples (Quartz) from the CYC-area.
The magma flowing out of the Cape York Crater seems to have caused a large magma enclosure, which not only finalized the break-off of New Guinea and New Zealand from Australia, but in all probability also caused a gigantic flood-event when it finally collapsed.
This flood event, is also indicated by traces on the gravity anomaly- and magnetic anomaly map. A chronology of the development and the collapse of the assumed magma enclosure, caused by outflow from the CYC, is shown on page 7. Different smaller secondary impact structures, probably also caused by the CY-Impact, are located along the NE-coast of Australia. Two interesting structures are the 8x7 km elliptical Warwick Impact-Crater and Mt Warning, which isn’t just a collapsed shield volcano, but rather the remain of a volcano that formed on top of the Ø30 km Mt Warning Crater, a secondary Crater of the CY-Impact Event.
Category: Geophysics
[6] viXra:2101.0132 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-20 18:02:48
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 4 pages, 11 figures
The large 840 x 630 km elliptical Pantanal Crater is easy visible on a Lithosphere-Thickness Map of South-America. A topographic map clearly shows a remaining crater-wall section of this gigantic impact crater. Further indication for the assumed impact crater can be found on a magnetic anomaly map of South America. The impact side is indicated by a red-colored flame-like feature on this map, which indicates the outflow of large amounts of magma from the original crater center.
The Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) may be the result of the Pantanal Impact. Because this flame-like feature appears two times on the magnetic anomaly map, the crater area probably was tectonically shifted away from the original impact side in the east, which then produced another outflow at a later time. The Pantanal Impact caused a large crack, visible on the Lithosphere-Thickness Map. Three other large Craters are visible on the different maps. These three craters are in the Ø 200-400 km diameter range.
The large craters found on different maps of South-America in all probability are Secondary- Impact Craters which were caused by Ejecta Material from the Permian-Triassic (PT) Impact Event. During the Permian Triassic (PT)-Impact Event which formed the 1270 x 950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater a large amount of rock-material was excavated from Earth’s crust. The impactor which caused the PT-Impact, was an asteroid or comet in the diameter range of probably 60 to 200 km, which collided with our planet at a very shallow angle of probably less than 8°. Because of its enormous size, the Pantanal Crater may be the result of a large fragment of the PT-Impactor in the diameter range of 30-60 km which either was ejected from the PT-Crater, or which broke-off from the main impactor and travelled a bit further before it impacted in South-America.
Category: Geophysics
[5] viXra:2101.0127 [pdf] replaced on 2022-01-26 17:46:38
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 45 pages, 175 figures, 8 diagrams - added 4 new pages
The 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact Crater on the ocean-floor of the Arctic-Sea will confirm the hypothesis that Global Impact Events are the cause for plate tectonics, or more precise the cause for a combination of plate-tectonics and expansion-tectonics ! The PT-Impact Crater in all probability was caused by a big comet or asteroid with a diameter of 60 to 200km, which probably collided with our planet at a very shallow angle of less than 8° near the North-Pole, with an estimated low impact velocity of ≈8km/s.
A global fracture pattern on Earth’s crust was caused by this powerful impact and the ejecta of the impact, which mainly impacted in the form of powerful ejecta-rays and caused secondary-crater-chains with craters in the range of Ø100-300km on different continents ! The most Impressive are the Ejecta-Rays 1 to 4 in Africa.
The sudden decompression of Earth’s mantle, caused by the PT-Impact, triggered an expansion process in the mantle, which was caused by volatiles like H2O, CO2 and SO2 in the mantle-material. The large amounts of ejecta-material, that were caused by the PTI, descended partly in Earth’s mantle and caused the African- and Pacific-LLSVP (& ULVZ) and in this way the volcanism on Earth for the last ≈250Ma ! The PTI also started a plate tectonics process on the expanding Earth-mantle, which is still going on today.
In the same way an Expansion-Tectonics- and Plate-Tectonics-process was triggered on Earth, such a process was triggered by other giant impacts on other planets and moons of our Solar System !
There is evidence for other powerful Global Impact Events which occurred on the planets Venus, Mars and Pluto, and on Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, on Saturn’s moons Enceladus & Iapetus, and on Pluto’s moon Charon, and on our Moon ! These global impact events, which occurred on other planets and moons, probably all took place within the last 300 million years !
The root cause of these global impact events, caused by large Impactors in the diameter range of 20-200 km, are probably large amounts of debris located mainly in (or close to) the galactic plane of our galaxy. Tidal debris streams, caused by galaxy-collisions seem to be the source of these debris (asteroids & comets). This dark (low-albedo) debris-material in the galactic plane may represent the long searched-for invisible “Dark Matter” !
Category: Geophysics
[4] viXra:2101.0120 [pdf] submitted on 2021-01-20 11:33:29
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 4 pages, 10 figures
The gravity anomaly map of Africa shows a complex impact crater with the enormous dimensions of 1200 x 850 km. This impact crater, which is responsible for the Congo Basin, probably was formed by ≥ 40 fragments of a large asteroid or comet that broke to pieces just before impact. The gravity anomaly signature shows where many of the fragments impacted. The impactor-fragments probably had ≥ Ø 3 - 10 km each, and the original asteroid or comet probably had a diameter of ≈ 30 – 50 km, and it impacted in a shallow angle. This is indicated by the “drop-shape” of the whole impact area. The trajectory of the asteroid or comet had a north-west direction.
The trajectory indicates that this impact probably wasn’t related to the PT-Impact. The acceleration of the North- & South-American-Plates towards North-West, which must have happened > 150 Ma ago, probably was initiated exactly at the Triassic/Jurassic boundary 200 Ma ago. In all probability the T/J-boundary was caused by the Congo Impact !
The Congo Impact transferred a very powerful impulse into the African Plate, which then passed this impulse to the North- & South-American-Plates. With a long delay of maybe 10 to 20 million years the North- & South-American-Plate probably began to slowly break-off and move away from the African Plate. The Congo Impact Impulse (CII) in this way may be responsible for the final break-up of Gondwana.
The gravity anomaly map of Africa also shows the three powerful linear Ejecta Rays R2 - R4 ( secondary crater-chains ) which were caused by the Permian-Triassic Impact in Siberia. These Ejecta Rays R1 – R4 meet at the original PT- Impact Point. ( please see my studies Part 1 to 6 about the PT-Impact Event – see weblinks in References )
Category: Geophysics
[3] viXra:2101.0096 [pdf] replaced on 2021-11-12 11:56:47
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 42 pages, 212 figures, 6 diagrams and tables, corrected page 3 and 35
First I give an overview of the Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event on the first pages, before I describe the Secondary-Craters and Impact-Structures of the PT-Impact in India, South-America & Australia, starting at page 14. The impactor which caused the 1270x950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater, an asteroid or comet in the diameter range of probably 60 to 200 km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle. Because of this shallow impact angle of less than 8° and the estimated low impact velocity of around 8 km/s, large amounts of material was excavated from Earth’s crust during the impact. This excavated crust material, together with large fragments of the impactor, is the ejecta material that caused many large secondary craters & impact structures on Earth. This ejecta material had a velocity of less than 8 km/s at impact.
The possible large secondary-impact-craters and -structures which I found in India, South-America and Australia were caused by impacting ejecta material that was produced during the PT-Impact Event. A large fragment of the PT-Impactor, or of the ejected material, caused the 450x380 km Bengal Bay Crater (BBC) near the east-coast of India. The gravity anomaly map of India indicates the remaining NW-section of the crater-wall of this Crater, as well as a linear ejecta ray structure which formed the SE-coast of India. There are also other secondary impact structures of the PT-Impact Event visible on satellite maps of India. For example the 30km drop-shaped impact structure that produced the Iron-Ore-Deposits in Sandur.
The 400x350 km Port-Headland Crater near the NW-coast of Western Australia, clearly visible on the gravity anomaly map, may be identical to the Bengal Bay Crater in India and it may represent mainly the original SE-section of the BBC. This crater produced ejecta rays, rich in platinum-group elements and gold, which impacted on the Yilgarn Craton. Two more large Craters with Ø>300km were found off the south-coast of West-Australia. And many secondary impact structures were found along the NE-coast of Australia which in all probability were caused by the Cape York crater-chain. An exceptional large 840x630 km elliptical Crater, probably caused by the PT-Event, was found in South-America. This Crater formed the Pantanal-Plain and it probably is responsible for the later Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP) around the Triassic/Jurassic boundary.
Category: Geophysics
[2] viXra:2101.0067 [pdf] replaced on 2022-02-11 18:39:25
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 44 pages, 163 figures, 8 diagrams ; added 4 pages, updated the summary
The Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event 253 million years ago produced most mineral- & energy-resources worldwide ! The hard evidence for the correctness of this statement will be the confirmation of the 1270x950 km Permian-Triassic (PT)-Impact Crater on the ocean floor of the Arctic Sea, as described in my study. The impactor which caused the PT-Impact Crater, was a comet or asteroid with a diameter of 60 to 200 km, that contained iron, a share of precious metals (platinum group elements) and many other elements.
The asteroid or comet collided with our planet at a very shallow angle. Because of this very shallow impact angle of probably less than 8°, and an estimated low impact velocity of around 8 km/s, large amounts of partly-melted material was excavated from Earth’s crust during the impact. This excavated crust material, together with large fragments of the impactor in the 10–50 km diameter-range, rich in iron and precious metals, is the ejecta-material that caused many large secondary-craters and impact structures on Earth.
First I give an overview of the PT-Impact Event, before I describe some selected secondary-craters and impact-structures caused by the PT-Impact, which produced many mineral- & energy-resources worldwide.
There are at least 10 secondary-impact craters with diameters ≥ 250 km and around 60 secondary craters with diameters in the 100–150 km range visible on gravity- and magnetic-anomaly maps, and on topographic- and satellite-maps. Regarding un-explored mineral resources the most interesting secondary craters are certainly located within the massive tracks of the PT-ejecta rays R1 to R4, which are clearly visible on gravity anomaly maps of Northern-Africa. Especially the craters located within Ejecta-Ray R4 should be very interesting for the oil-exploration industry ! In the Ejecta-Ray R4 area new discoveries similar to the Ghawar-oil-field in Saudi Arabia should be possible !, which is also located within R4, and was the result of a >300 km Crater ! There is a clear correlation of the main PTI-ejecta rays with the distribution of carbonatites and large oil- & gasfields, especially along Ejecta-Ray R4 (see page 17) ! Other interesting craters for exploration are the >350 km Bengal Bay Crater (India), the Victoria Lake Crater & EIC and the Congo Crater (CIC) in Africa, the Port Headland Crater & the Southern Ocean Craters in Australia, and the big Pantanal-Crater in South-America.
Category: Geophysics
[1] viXra:2101.0052 [pdf] replaced on 2021-11-10 06:47:33
Authors: Harry K. Hahn
Comments: 47 Pages. 226 figures, 6 tables, updated page 3 and 37
First I give an overview of the Permian Triassic (PT) Impact Event before I describe the Secondary-Craters and -Impact Structures of the PT-Impact, starting at page 12. The large secondary-impact-craters and –structures found in Australia, Europe and Africa were caused by ejecta material that was produced during the PT-Impact, which formed the 1270x950 km elliptical PT-Impact Crater. The impactor which caused the PT-Impact, an asteroid or comet in the diameter-range of probably 60 to 200km, collided with our planet at a very shallow angle. Because of this shallow impact angle of ≤8° and the estimated low impact-velocity of around 8 km/s, large amounts of material was excavated from Earth’s crust during the impact. This excavated crust material, together with fragments of the impactor, is the ejecta material that caused many large secondary craters & impact-structures on Earth. It probably had a velocity of slightly less than 8 km/s.
Some large fragments of the impactor or of the ejected material caused a secondary crater chain along the NE-coast of Australia. An exceptional large impact crater of this crater-chain, the >300km Cape York Crater caused a number of large-scale magma eruptions over a long time period, which were partly responsible for the creation of the Pacific-Plate as described in more detail in Part 1 of my hypothesis. In Europe and Africa powerful Ejecta-Rays from the PT-Impact Event caused further secondary impact-crater-chains with crater diameters of up to 200km. The tracks of these crater chains are clearly visible on gravity anomaly maps, which show the reduced thickness of Earth’s crust in these areas (blue areas). It is clearly visible that these tracks of the Ejecta Rays intersect at a certain point which was the impact location of the PT-Impact at the time of impact, in the North of Siberia. The outline of Italy is a direct result of these crater chains as my drawings indicate. Another large ejecta-fragment caused a secondary crater (VLC) at the location where the Victoria Lake is located today. A part of the impacting material was ejected again and caused the VLC-ejecta-rays, another part descended in Earth’s crust and caused the African-LLSVP & Pacific-LLSVP (see Part 1 & Part 6b). The indicated Congo Crater isn’t a result of the PT-Impact. It probably caused the Triassic/Jurassic boundary.
Category: Geophysics
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