| viXra.org > Economics and Finance > 2308 |
 |
 |
| viXra.org > Economics and Finance > 2308 |
|
|
[6] viXra:2308.0198 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-30 22:29:05
Authors: Massimo Titolo
Comments: 32 Pages.
The pharmaceutical industry, a dynamic sector integral to healthcare, is a highly complex field valued at nearly 1.5 trillion dollars. The sector encompasses the research, development, production, and marketing of drugs. Noteworthy companies like Pfizer and Bayer have played pivotal roles, tracing their origins to the 19th century. Presently, the industry is globally centralized, with developed and developing nations both participating. The industry's growth potential is vast, though developments face competition and challenges. The advent of COVID-19 has significantly impacted the industry, prompting both positive and negative effects. The drug pricing dilemma underscores the balance between profit and accessibility, spotlighting intricate ethical dilemmas. Regulatory systems like drug approval processes and pricing controls attempt to address these concerns. Government intervention seeks to strike equilibrium, but tensions persist between health and economics. Ethical controversies arise and are furthered by corrupt events such as the Thalidomide Scandal. Countries employ divergent pricing systems - the U.S. wrestles with private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, and 340B programs, while European nations emphasize healthcare efficiency. The UK navigates compulsory licensing, global trade, and equity pricing. The pharmaceutical industry's multifaceted landscape traverses history, economics, ethics, and health, influencing and being influenced by global policies and perspectives. By analyzing varying strategies employed around the world and the evolution of the industry, leaders can progress towards a solution for the various challenges involved in drug pricing and the pharmaceutical industry as a whole.
Category: Economics and Finance
[5] viXra:2308.0114 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-17 22:50:38
Authors: Pankaj Mani
Comments: 145 Pages.
The paper attempts to unify scientifically the two extremes in the form of Duality of Randomness & Causality, Predictability & Uncertainty in Market like Wave-Particle duality scientifically in Nature. And how that should be leveraged in Financial Investment & Risk Management Strategies in Real World Practical Applications.Conventional Financial/Factor Investing has been studied and practiced from an economic perspective logic for a long time through the application of Conventional flawed Popular Statistical Tools. Factor Investing (Often Misunderstood by the Modelers) affecting trillions of dollars in investment globally seems to lack the proper Scientific base. This paper aims to check the conceptual Scientific validity of Financial Investment, Factor Investing, Valuation, Conventional Risk Management Tools, Black Swan , Tail Risk, Convexity, Conventional Statistical Tools e.g. Linear Regression, and Popular Risk measurement metrics e.g. Sharpe Ratio, Max Drawdown etc. , Historically important Puzzle e.g. Equity Risk Premium. Then it further explains the proposes the scientific foundation of Convexity, Causal Laws of Motion in Markets, Causal Based Randomized Factor Investing for Portfolio Management, and how Financial Investment & Risk Management should be studied and practiced in a Scientific way in the Real World rather than based on many economic theories without proper Scientific validation. It also talks about how Value should be redefined Scientifically in Real World Investment unlike Conventionally flawed definition . It looks scientifically at the foundational issues with the Conventional Statistical /Mathematical /AI/ML tools e.g. Non-Stationarity ,Linear Regression etc. applied in Real World Financial Investment and tries to make it scientific in improved way. It also proposes the new Causal Based Randomized Learning Approach for ML in Investment in Real World.This is basically a Conceptual Paper that also looks at the foundation of Conventional Mathematical & Statistical Tools applied in Investment & Risk domains e.g. Monte Carlo Simulations Probability theory, Expectations etc and how that need to be evolved in Real World Investment driven by Quantum Human Behavior Dynamics. In a nutshell, It explores how financial investment and risk management/taking should be done scientifically in forward direction of time rather backward direction of time as usually happens in most statistical based models in financial investment and risk areas.
Category: Economics and Finance
[4] viXra:2308.0076 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-12 12:48:05
Authors: Bryce Petofi Towne
Comments: 26 Pages.
In an era marked by intricate global financial interdependencies, traditional economic paradigms underpinning value dynamics are under scrutiny. This paper introduces the "Value Systems" theoretical framework, offering a holistic perspective on the multifaceted mechanisms of value creation, perception, and transmission in modern financial markets. Grounded in both historical and contemporary analyses, the framework categorizes market participants into distinct types, from active proponents to intermediaries, elucidating their roles in shaping value dynamics. Real-world examples, ranging from the 2008 financial crisis to niche fandom economies, serve as illustrative touchpoints, highlighting the framework's applicability and implications. While primarily conceptual, this nascent framework underscores the need for a more comprehensive understanding of value in the face of evolving global financial challenges.Keywords: Value Systems, Financial Interdependencies, Market Participants, Value Dynamics, Economic Paradigms.
Category: Economics and Finance
[3] viXra:2308.0069 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-11 09:41:44
Authors: Bertrand Wong
Comments: 12 Pages.
This paper raises some points about the economy and economic policies, and presents some possible economic solution, providing the stimulus for economic thought and importantly action to forestall economic problems. The practicable economic policies suggested in the paper would to some extent alleviate the serious economic problems of inflation, deflation, recessions and unemployment, though it is also hoped that the suggested economic policies could permanently eliminate these serious economic issues. The successful implementation of these economic policies would certainly lead to a better society, possibly with inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all. [This paper published in an international economics journal is the sequel to the paper "We should Control the Economy and Not Let the Economy Control Us: How this May Be Achieved through a Macro-Economical Way" (which was published in 2021, https://doi.org/10.20935/AL3001 ).]
Category: Economics and Finance
[2] viXra:2308.0052 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-10 20:07:34
Authors: Lu Zhang
Comments: 6 Pages.
A common goal of portfolio investors is to seek for a higher risk adjusted return. However, according to Samelson (1965) and Farma (1970), the stock market is efficient and the market prices incorporate all information, which leaves no possibility for investors to achieve abnormal returns (Hilsted, 2012). There are various factors under the real world financial market, nevertheless; prevent the market from achieving its efficiency and thus leave room for arbitrage opportunities. The superior performance comes from factors such as market timing, economic environment, stock selection, trading and etc. In our project, we are interested in exploring the effect of active portfolio management strategy on portfolio performance. we used mean-variance optimization method to construct various portfolios of nine stocks that we have chosen from five different industries. More details of these nine stocks will be demonstrated in section 2. The two main optimization method we employed were minimization of risk with and without given expected return level. Then we utilized three strategies to invest and managed our portfolio, one passive strategy and two active strategies. The passive strategy would use the weights calculated from first year historical returns and fix the number of shares of each stock for next 4 years. The active strategies enable investor change the weights invested in each stock frequently: one allowed them change every year and the other allowed changing every quarter. We would employ mean-variance optimization method on a rolling basis in active strategies. To evaluate these three management strategies, we apply them to three-month intervals from 2012 to first quarter of 2016 and compare values of these portfolios during this period. In section 2, mean-variance optimization method will be explained, including risk-return tradeoff and efficient frontier, followed by details of rolling analysis of our portfolios. In section 3, we will present our results of portfolio constructions under two different optimization restrictions. Then the performances of passive strategy and two active strategies will be compared in terms of value of portfolio. In addition, we will explain limitations of our project and demonstrate future work that could be done to improve our findings.
Category: Economics and Finance
[1] viXra:2308.0051 [pdf] submitted on 2023-08-10 00:08:02
Authors: Petar Radanliev
Comments: 44 Pages.
This study contextualises the common queries of "why is crypto crashing?" and "why is crypto down?", the research transcends beyond the frequent market fluctuations to unravel how cryptocurrencies fundamentally work and the step-by-step process on how to create a cryptocurrency.This research examines blockchain technologies and their pivotal role in the evolving Metaverse, shedding light on topics such as how to invest in cryptocurrency, the mechanics behind crypto mining, and strategies to effectively buy and trade cryptocurrencies. Through an interdisciplinary approach, the research transitions from the fundamental principles of fintech investment strategies to the overarching implications of blockchain within the Metaverse. Alongside exploring machine learning potentials in financial sectors and risk assessment methodologies, the study critically assesses whether developed or developing nations are poised to reap greater benefits from these technologies. Moreover, it probes into both enduring and dubious crypto projects, drawing a distinct line between genuine blockchain applications and Ponzi-like schemes. The conclusion resolutely affirms the continuing dominance of blockchain technologies, underlined by a profound exploration of their intrinsic value and a reflective commentary by the author on the potential risks confronting individual investors.
Category: Economics and Finance
| Third-Party Links: |
|