Chemistry

2307 Submissions

[3] viXra:2307.0036 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-06 18:34:15

The Bouguer-Lambert-Beer Absorption Law: Spectrophotometry in Electrolyte Solutions

Authors: Yu. E. Zevatskiy, S. S. Lysova, T. A. Skripnikova, S. V. Voronab, L. V. Myznikov
Comments: 19 Pages. : Bouguer—Lambert—Beer Absorption Law, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, strong and weak electrolytes, molar absorption coefficient.

The Bouguer—Lambert—Beer absorption law is one of the key laws in spectrophotometric research. Over the last few decades, the researchers have pointed out a number of factors that influence the validity of this law. The paper shows that for the weak electrolytes with the formal linear dependence of the absorbance on the concentration А = f(C) with the correlation coefficient r ≈ 0.99 and more, a major deviation of the experimentally determined molar absorption coefficient εobs from the Bouguer—Lambert—Beer Absorption Law can be observed, and it depends on the concentration of the electrolyte solution.The article presents experimental and calculated data illustrating the reasons that lead to the instability of the molar absorption coefficient εobs ≠ const in the solutions with the concentration of less than 10—3 mol/l. It is suggested that, for precise spectrophotometric measurements, the εobs = f(C) dependance, rather than А = f(C), is the most informative one. First time a theoretical model is offered, that reliably describes the εobs = f(C) dependences for the electrolytes of various strengths, which can be instrumental for the further, more detailed studies and analyses of equilibrium in electrolyte solutions, using the innovative method of concentration spectrophotometry.
Category: Chemistry

[2] viXra:2307.0005 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-02 22:34:07

The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Principle of Particle Identity

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 6 Pages.

Using only classical interactions between electrons and atomic nuclei, it is impossible to correctly describe a chemical bond. But, applying the principle of particle identity, quantum mechanics can formally explain the energy of a chemical bond by the delocalization of electrons (exchange energy). The bond electrons are delocalized, equivalent and indistinguishable, and as a consequence, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, fundamentally have no position. That is, when a chemical bond is formed, there are no individual electrons and cannot be, which is due to the quantum nature of the bond.
Category: Chemistry

[1] viXra:2307.0004 [pdf] submitted on 2023-07-02 22:34:32

The Nature of the Chemical Bond and the Principle of Particle Identity (in Russian)

Authors: Bezverkhniy Volodymyr Dmytrovych
Comments: 7 Pages.

Using only classical interactions between electrons and atomic nuclei, it is impossible to correctly describe a chemical bond. But, applying the principle of particle identity, quantum mechanics can formally explain the energy of a chemical bond by the delocalization of electrons (exchange energy). The bond electrons are delocalized, equivalent and indistinguishable, and as a consequence, according to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, fundamentally have no position. That is, when a chemical bond is formed, there are no individual electrons and cannot be, which is due to the quantum nature of the bond.Используя только классические взаимодействия между электронами и ядрами атомов, корректно описать химическую связь невозможно. Но, применяя принцип тождественности частиц, квантовая механика формально может объяснить энергию химической связи, делокализацией электронов (обменная энергия). Электроны связи делокализованны, эквивалентны и неразличимы, и как следствие, согласно принципу неопределенности Гейзенберга, принципиально не имеют никакого положения. То есть, при образовании химической связи, индивидуальных электронов нет и быть не может, что обусловлено квантовой природой связи.
Category: Chemistry